Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surf Ace-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainages, North and South Carolina, 1996

Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surf ace-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainages, North and South Carolina, 1996

By Thomas A. Abrahamsen, W. Brian Hughes, Eric J. Reuber, and Terry L. Sicherman

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Open-File Report 97-115

National Water-Quality Assessment Program

Columbia, South Carolina 1997 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director

The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government.

For addtional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from:

District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Stephenson Center-Suite 129 Box 25286 720 Gracern Road Denver, CO 80225-0268 Columbia, SC 29210-7651 FOREWORD

The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey Describe how water quality is changing over (USGS) is to assess the quantity and quality of the time. earth resources of the Nation and to provide informa Improve understanding of the primary natural tion that will assist resource managers and policymak- and human factors that affect water-quality ers at Federal, State, and local levels in making sound conditions. decisions. Assessment of water-quality conditions and This information will help support the development trends is an important part of this overall mission. and evaluation of management, regulatory, and moni One of the greatest challenges faced by water- toring decisions by other Federal, State, and local resources scientists is acquiring reliable information agencies to protect, use, and enhance water resources. that will guide the use and protection of the Nation's The goals of the NAWQA Program are being water resources. That challenge is being addressed by achieved through ongoing and proposed investigations Federal, State, interstate, and local water-resource of 60 of the Nation's most important river basins and agencies and by many academic institutions. These aquifer systems, which are referred to as study units. organizations are collecting water-quality data for a These study units are distributed throughout the host of purposes that include: compliance with permits Nation and cover a diversity of hydrogeologic set and water-supply standards; development of remedia tings. More than two-thirds of the Nation's freshwater tion plans for a specific contamination problem; oper use occurs within the 60 study units and more than ational decisions on industrial, wastewater, or water- two-thirds of the people served by public water-supply supply facilities; and research on factors that affect systems live within their boundaries. water quality. An additional need for water-quality National synthesis of data analysis, based on information is to provide a basis on which regional aggregation of comparable information obtained from and national-level policy decisions can be based. Wise the study units, is a major component of the program. decisions must be based on sound information. As a This effort focuses on selected water-quality topics society we need to know whether certain types of using nationally consistent information. Comparative water-quality problems are isolated or ubiquitous, studies will explain differences and similarities in whether there are significant differences in conditions observed water-quality conditions among study areas among regions, whether the conditions are changing and will identify changes and trends and their causes. over time, and why these conditions change from The first topics addressed by the national synthesis are place to place and over time. The information can be pesticides, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, and used to help determine the efficacy of existing water- aquatic biology. Discussions on these and other water- quality policies and to help analysts determine the quality topics will be published in periodic summaries need for and likely consequences of new policies. of the quality of the Nation's ground and surface water To address these needs, the Congress appropri as the information becomes available. ated funds in 1986 for the USGS to begin a pilot pro This report is an element of the comprehensive gram in seven project areas to develop and refine the body of information developed as part of the NAWQA National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Pro Program. The program depends heavily on the advice, gram. In 1991, the USGS began full implementation cooperation, and information from many Federal, of the program. The NAWQA Program builds upon an State, interstate, Tribal, and local agencies and the existing base of water-quality studies of the USGS, as public. The assistance and suggestions of all are well as those of other Federal, State, and local greatly appreciated. agencies. The objectives of the NAWQA Program are to: Describe current water-quality conditions for a large part of the Nation's freshwater streams, rivers, and aquifers. Robert M. Hirsch Chief Hydrologist

Foreword BLANK PAGE

IV CONTENTS

Foreword ...... iii Abstract...... 1 Introduction...... 1 Purpose and Scope...... 1 Description of Study Area...... 3 Acknowledgments...... ^ 6 Selected Data Sources...... 6 Selected Study Descriptions: Aquatic Ecology...... 10 Selected Study Descriptions: Surface-Water Quality...... 16 Selected Study Descriptions: Ground Water...... 19 Summary...... 21 References...... ^^ 22 Appendix 1 - Aquatic Ecology Bibliography...... 23 Appendix 2 - Surface-Water Quality Bibliography...... 31 Appendix 3 - Ground-Water Bibliography...... 41

FIGURES 1. Map showing physiographic provinces of the Santee River Basin and coastal drainage study area, North and South Carolina...... 2 2. Map showing ecoregions within the Santee River Basin and coastal drainages study area, North and South Carolina...... 4

TABLES 1. Selected environmental databases-Santee River Basin and coastal drainages study area, North and South Carolina...... 7

Contents CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM

Multiply By To obtain foot (ft) 0.3048 meter foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day square foot per day (f^/d) 0.0929 square meter per day cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer gallon per min (gal/min) 3.785 liter per minute million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 3.785 million liters per day gallon (gal) 3.785 liter gallon per day per foot [(gal/d)/ft] 12.41 liter per day per meter parts per million (ppm) 1.0 milligrams per liter

Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929~a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level datum of 1929.

VI Contents Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996

By Thomas A. Abrahamsen, W. Brian Hughes, Eric J. Reuber, and Terry L Sicherman Abstract State, and local agencies to meet their individual needs. The NAWQA program, however, emphasizes a A literature search of aquatic ecology, sur large-scale water-quality assessment. The understand face-water quality, and ground-water studies in or ing of regional and national water-quality conditions is expected to provide a framework for in-depth, small- near the Santee River Basin and coastal drainages scale water-quality studies. in North and South Carolina was conducted to The NAWQA program consists of 60 hydro- facilitate current and future water-quality assess logic systems (study-unit investigations) that include ments for the U.S. Geological Survey National parts of most of the major river basins and aquifer sys Water-Quality Assessment Program. This report tems in the United States. The 60 study units range in summarizes 30 selected studies and provides an size from 1,000 mi2 to more than 60,000 mi2, and rep extensive bibliography of nearly 400 ecologic and resent 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and hydrologic studies in North and South Carolina. population served by public water supplies. Twenty Reference materials were provided by private study-unit investigations were started in 1991. Fifteen organizations, universities, and Federal, State, and additional investigations were started in 1994, and 20 local agencies. are planned to start in 1997. The Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainages (SANT) study unit was one of 15 units that began assessment activities in 1994 INTRODUCTION (fig- I)- At the request of Congress, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began a National Water-Quality Purpose and Scope Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1991. The goals of the NAWQA program are to report the status and The purpose of this report is to provide summa trends in quality of a large, representative part of the ries of selected ecologic and hydrologic studies that Nation's surface- and ground-water resources, and to were conducted in or near the SANT study area, or of identify the major factors that affect the quality of studies that are pertinent to an understanding of eco these resources (Gilliom and others, 1995). In meeting logic and hydrologic conditions in the study area. these goals, the program provides water-quality infor Additional sources of information, such as Federal, mation that will be useful to policy makers and man State, and local databases, are presented in table for agers at National, State, and local levels. mat. The lists of bibliographies (appendixes 1-3) The emphasis of the NAWQA program is on include citations related to water quality and ecology, regional-scale water-quality conditions. Currently but are not all-inclusive. The lists, organized alphabet (1996), there are many smaller-scale studies and mon ically by author's last name or organizational name, itoring programs designed and conducted by Federal, are available on computer diskettes. The diskettes are

Introduction ~^ North _ Carolina

Soutfi Caroling

Study Area Atlantic Ocean

EXPLANATION 35° Blue Ridge Piedmont Sandhills/Upper Coastal Plain Lower Coastal Plain

33°

0 20 40 60 80 MILES Atlantic 1- i _J i i 1 0 20 40 60 80 KILOMETERS Ocean

Figure 1. Physiographic provinces of the Santee River basin and coastal drainages study area.

2 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 in American Standard Code for Information Inter shore, and tides affect river stage as far as 30 mi change (ASCII) format for ease in retrieval by most inland. computer systems, and are available from the USGS Surface-water quality for much of the study area office in Columbia, S.C. Charges for the diskette is good, with about 60 percent of the rivers and include the cost of the diskette and the labor to transfer streams in South Carolina meeting the state's water- the files to the diskette. quality standards (S.C. Department of Health and Environmental Control, 1995).Water quality is locally Description of Study Area affected by agriculture, forestry, industry and other activities. The most common water quality problem in The Santee River Basin and coastal drainages lotic waters in the state is the presence of fecal study area is approximately 23,600 mi and covers coliform bacteria (S.C. Department of Health and parts of western North Carolina and much of South Environmental Control, 1995). Nonpoint sources of Carolina (fig. 1). The study area extends from the pollution such as agricultural and urban runoff intro mountainous part of western North Carolina to the duce trace metals, pesticides, nutrients, and other Atlantic Ocean in South Carolina and includes three organic compounds into surface-water bodies. Air physiographic provinces the Blue Ridge, Piedmont, borne pesticides, metals, and nutrients can be trans and Coastal Plain. The 1990 population of the study ported from one area to another, and can enter the area was about 3.6 million, with the most densely pop hydrologic system through precipitation or dry deposi ulated areas located in the northern Piedmont Province tion. Point sources such as industrial and municipal (Charlotte and Gastonia, N.C.; Greenville and Spar- waste-water treatment plants are regulated, but can tanburg, S.C.), along the Fall Line (Columbia, S.C.), contribute nutrients and toxic chemicals to the surface- and near the coast (Charleston, S.C.). According to water system. USGS land-use data from the 1970's, about 63 percent The study area includes parts of four major of the land area was forested, 25 percent was cropland ecoregions (J.M. Omernik, U.S. Environmental Pro and pasture, and 7 percent was urban. Textiles, paper, tection Agency, oral commun., 1996; Omernik, 1987): and chemicals are the major industries in the study the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Piedmont, the South area. Farming, feed lots, orchards, meat processing, eastern Plains, and the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain and mining constitute the current vital economic activ (fig. 2). These ecoregions are roughly coincident with ities. These activities can affect water quality to vari the similarly-named physiographic provinces; the ous degrees. Southeastern Plains and Middle Atlantic Coastal The major tributaries of the Santee River are the Plains ecoregions being included within the Coastal Saluda, Broad, and Catawba Rivers; their headwaters Plain physiographic province. are located in the Blue Ridge, a forested, mountainous Streams of the Blue Ridge physiographic prov region that changes rapidly to agricultural and urban lands in the upper Piedmont Province. Many man- ince are typically high-gradient (varying to greater made reservoirs are located in the tributaries to the than 20 percent) and densely shaded, and their biolog Santee River, especially a string of reservoirs in the ical communities depend upon allochthonous sources Catawba River. Downstream, the middle and lower (leaves and woody debris) to supply energy in the Piedmont Province is dominated by natural second form of organic carbon. The vertebrate niche is domi growth hardwood and intensively managed pine nated by salamanders in the headwaters of small forests. streams and fish, particularly brook trout (Salvelinus The headwaters of the Edisto, Salkahatchie, and fontinalis), in the downstream sections. Dominant Coosawhatchie Rivers are located in the Coastal Plain. aquatic invertebrates are among the collector-gatherer The most intensive agricultural region in the study groups (oligochaetes, mayflies, stoneflies, crustaceans) area is located in a belt that extends from east to west and collector-filterer groups (mayflies, caddisflies, and across the central part of the Edisto, Salkahatchie, and mollusks). High current velocities elevate the mosses Coosawhatchie Basins. The lower parts of these basins and liverworts to the dominant macrophyte niche by are dominated by intensive pine silviculture, forested excluding rooted plants (Wallace and others, 1992). wetlands, and, near the Atlantic Ocean, by saltwater Bed composition is typically bedrock, boulders, cob marshes. Brackish estuaries are located all along the bles, pebbles, and coarse sand, depending upon the

Introduction EXPLANATION Blue Ridge Mountains Piedmont Southeastern Plains Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain

t N

0 20 40 60 80 MILES h- _| Atlantic 1 1 1 1 0 20 40 60 80 KILOMETERS Ocean

Figure 2. Ecoregions within the Santee River Basin and coastal drainages study area, North and South Carolina (Modified from Omernick, 1996).

4 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 gradient and consequent water velocity. Important tic acid components (Livingston, 1992). The streams habitats include the undersides of rocks and bedrock are generally shallow and braided, and sediments ledges. Woody debris provides habitat and contributes range from loose, shifting sands to highly organic to stream structure by affecting water flow. soils. Although some streams in the northwestern sec The Piedmont ecoregion and the Southeastern tion of this ecoregion have riffles, the dominant geo- Plains ecoregion include portions of both the Pied morphic channel units in the Middle Atlantic Coastal mont physiographic province and the upper Coastal Plain are reaches and pools. The very low slope of Plain physiographic province. Streams in these ecore- streams in the ecoregion (0.04 percent to 0.1 percent) gions are generally of lower gradient (0.2 percent to exerts a major influence on their biological community 2.0 percent in the Piedmont ecoregion and 0.02 per structures and hydrologic characteristics. These cent to 0.1 percent in the Southeastern Plains ecore streams experience large seasonal variations in flow, gion) than streams in the Blue Ridge Mountains and their extensive flood plains serve as functional ecoregion and are variable in channel morphology. headwaters when they are flooded. The lower sections The flood plains tend to be relatively narrow, but flood of main-stem streams in this ecoregion are tidally plain swamp forests are common and extensive. These influenced. Fish species are numerous and collector- forests serve as important sources of organic carbon gatherer (chironomids, oligochaetes, mayflies) and fil and contribute significantly to secondary production. ter-gatherer groups (true flies and caddisflies) domi Fishes are the dominant vertebrates in the upper nate the macroinvertebrate community. The most stream reaches. Invertebrate communities are numeri important habitats in these streams are woody snags, cally dominated by the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and debris dams, and root masses. (Smock and Gilinsky, the true flies (Diptera) (Mulholland and Lenat, 1992). 1992). In general, streams in both the Piedmont and South The structure and health of aquatic communities eastern Plains ecoregions are variable in structure, are determined by stream-water quality and habitat ranging from those with relatively stable bedrock/cob stability. The primary water-quality factors that affect bles/pebble substrates to sandy, shifting bottoms, aquatic communities are nutrient loading, the presence which predominate. Woody snags and debris dams are of toxic substances, dissolved-oxygen concentrations, important features of streams in these ecoregions, and, current velocity, temperature, and suspended-sediment especially where there is an unstable substrate, pro loads. Organic compounds, metals, and nutrients (such vide critical habitat and refugia for aquatic biota. as phosphorus and nitrogen) are present in urban and These streams tend to carry greater suspended solids agricultural runoff, and some point-source discharges loads than streams in the other ecoregions in this to surface waters. Such substances also can enter bod study. Agricultural activities generate suspended sedi ies of water through atmospheric deposition. Toxic ments that limit the penetration of sunlight and, conse substances can shift community structure by causing a quently, primary production. Biota in these streams decrease in the number of intolerant species and an depend upon allochthonous energy sources. increase in the populations of more-tolerant species. The Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain ecoregion High nutrient loading caused by runoff of fertilizers extends from the first Pleistocene-age marine terrace from agricultural and urban sites, and from point- to the Atlantic Ocean. Blackwater streams dominate in source discharges, can cause algal blooms or dense this ecoregion. The physical, biological, and chemical growths of aquatic macrophytes. Blooms of algae characteristics of blackwater streams differ from those demand large quantities of dissolved oxygen (DO) and of streams in the Southeastern Plains, the Piedmont, can deplete DO concentration at night to levels below and the Blue Ridge Mountains ecoregions. The pH in those required for life support of other stream organ blackwater streams is generally lower because of their isms. Fish kills can result from dramatic decreases in complement of organic or mineral acids. These rivers DO concentration caused by algal blooms. The pres carry low suspended solids loads and their buffering ence of dead fish triggers an increase in bacterial pop capacity and nutrient concentrations are generally ulations and additional demand for dissolved oxygen. lower than that of streams in the ecoregions cited Natural habitats are altered when land use above. The designation, "blackwater stream," is changes prompt clearing of vegetation, channelizing derived from the color of the water, because of the of streams, the creation of impoundments or changes presence of humic and fulvic acid complexes and lac in flow conditions in the stream. For instance, an

Introduction increase in the concentration of suspended sediments have contaminated ground water in numerous but rela may drive changes in community structure by burying tively small areas. Some pesticides and nutrients are material that serves as the primary energy source, or found in ground water associated with agricultural may alter habitat such that a change in species compo areas. sition occurs. Removal of riparian cover leads to a decrease in allochthonous contributions to the stream- energy budget and increases in the amount of sunlight Acknowledgments reaching the water. Consequent increases in daily Many agencies and organizations provided pub mean temperature within the stream reach affected by lication lists and abstracts that were used to produce clearing can occur. These changes may drive a shift this report. The authors wish to thank Federal and from secondary to primary production by permitting State agencies and the members of the Santee River the establishment of a photosynthetic community and Basin and Coastal Drainages Liaison Committee for concomitant changes in energy processing (feeding) their cooperation in providing information for this groups within the macroinvertebrate community (Neu- report. Their contributions have helped to make this bold and others, 1980), as well as changes in fish-com report a useful tool. munity structure. The construction of an impoundment leads to changes in the downstream plant, macroinver tebrate, and fish communities because of the impound SELECTED DATA SOURCES ment's effect upon the size range of particulate organic material, scouring of the substrate by the periodic As part of the NAWQA program, information release of water, water temperature changes, nutrient from Federal, State, and local government agencies, concentration, and DO content. universities, and private companies was compiled to The SANT study area can be divided into two produce a list of environmental databases that contain hydrogeologic regions - the Blue Ridge/Piedmont and information on the SANT study area (table 1). The the Coastal Plain. In the Blue Ridge/Piedmont hydro- emphasis was placed on computerized databases that geologic region, ground water is present in fractures in covered a large part of the study area and could be the crystalline metamorphic bedrock and in pore readily obtained. The list is not exhaustive. Many spaces in the overlying saprolite, or weathered bed small databases and data that are only available in rock. Ground water in the Coastal Plain hydrogeologic print are not listed. The intent is to provide a list of the region is derived from clastic sedimentary rocks and major databases that can be used as starting points for limestone aquifers. Shallow aquifers in the study area additional data sources. The information contained in are recharged at land surface and discharge into the list was collected in 1995 and was current at that streams, lakes, and deeper aquifers. Flowpaths are time. generally short in the shallow system. In fractured- rock aquifers, recharge is from the overlying saprolite and flowpaths are longer than in the shallower system. In the confined aquifers of the Coastal Plain hydrogeo logic region, ground water is recharged where the aquifers crop out, generally near the Fall Line, and pre-development flow in the shallower aquifers is toward the coast. However, the direction of ground water flow within the deeper hydrologic units is toward the northeast. Although most ground water in the SANT study area meets drinking water standards, under natural conditions, some ground water contains high concen trations of dissolved minerals. Along the coast, saltwa ter is present in many aquifers because of natural flow conditions and subsequent depletion of freshwater supplies by humans. Spills and leaks of chemicals

6 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Table 1. Selected environmental databases-Santee River Basin and coastal drainages study area, North and South Carolina

[GIS, Geographic Information System; NCDEHNR, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources; SCDHEC, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control; SCDNR, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources]

Telephone Agency name Type of database numbers

Aquacoustics Hydroacoustic fish density and distribution (704) 664-7737 Catawba Regional Planning Council Catawba River Basin GIS coverages (803) 327-9041 Clemson University Pesticides in ground water (864) 656-2150 Duke Power Company Catawba River largemouth bass health assessment (704) 875-5455 Electrofishing data, Lee Steam Station, Saluda River (704) 875-5460 Fish entrainment studies (704) 875-5453 Fish tissue metals, pesticides, polychlorinated (704) 875-5236 biphenyls, aromatic hydrocarbons Species composition in reservoirs (704) 875-5459 Surface-water chemical data (704) 875-5202 Tailwater macroinvertebrate density estimate (704) 875-5425 Greenville County Soil and Water Soils information (864) 467-2756 Conservation District National Acid Deposition Program/ Precipitation chemistry (970) 491 -3608 National Trends Network NCDEHNR Division of Land Quality Surface-mine locations (919) 733-4574 Dam locations (919)733-4574 NCDEHNR Western Region Water intakes and withdrawals; finished water quality (919) 733-2321 NCDEHNR Division of Environmental Drinking-water analysis results (919) 733-2321 Health - Public Water Supply Section Water-quality compliance and monitoring (919)715-3243 (919)734-5422 NCDEHNR Division of Water Resources Water withdrawals and water-supply system data (919)715-5441 NCDEHNR Division of Water Quality Surface-water quality (919)733-9960 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (919)733-5083

Selected Data Sources Table 1. Selected environmental databases-Santee River Basin and coastal drainages study area, North and South Carolina-Continued

Telephone Agency name Type of database numbers

NCDEHNR Division of Waste Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensa- (919) 733-2801 Management tion, and Liability Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act sites Permitted hazardous-waste sites (919)733-2178 NCDEHNR Division of Ground Water Ambient ground-water quality monitoring (919)733-3221

Ambient ground-water-level monitoring (919)733-3221 Geophysical logs (919)733-3221 Incident-management database (919)733-1315 Injection-well database (919)733-3221 Well construction (919)733-3221 NCDEHNR Division of Epidemiology Private-well pesticide contamination (919)715-6430 NCDEHNR Division of Biological Benthic macroinvertebrate survey data (919)733-6946 Assessment Fish, macroinvertebrates, phytoplankton, community (919) 733-9960 structure, and tissue Resources for the Future Pesticide usage inventory (916) 978-4645 SCDHEC Office of Ocean and Coastal Permits required in coastal areas (803) 744-5838 Resource Management (OCRM) SCDHEC South Carolina GIS coverages (803) 734-4833 SCDHEC Environmental Monitoring Surface-water quality monitoring (803) 734-4631 SCDHEC Water use (803) 734-5283 SCDHEC Drinking Water Quality Water-quality compliance and monitoring database (803) 734-5310 Enforcement SCDHEC Water Pollution Control Water-quality station locations; National Pollutant (803) 734-5300 Discharge Elimination System; wastewater infrastructure SCDHEC Solid and Hazardous Waste Sites covered by the Comprehensive Environmental (803) 896-4000 Response, Compensation, and Liability and Resource Conservation and Recovery Acts Landfills; hazardous-waste facilities (803) 896-4000

8 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Table 1. Selected environmental databases-Santee River Basin and coastal drainages study area, North and South Carolina-Continued

Telephone Agency name Type of database numbers SCDHEC Drinking Water Protection Contamination sites; drinking-water infrastructure (803) 734-5310 SCDHEC Ground Water Protection Ambient ground-water database (803) 734-5328 SCDNR Land Resources Division Wetland inventory; land use/land cover (803) 734-9100 SCDNR Water Resources Division South Carolina Climatology (803) 737-0800 SCDNR Geological Survey Geologic maps; shallow drill logs (803) 896-7708 University of North Carolina-Charlotte Land cover, turbidity indices (704) 547-4248 (704) 547-2294 Land use and water-quality data for Mecklenburg and (704) 547-2293 Gaston Counties, North Carolina University of South Carolina Department Santee-Cooper reservoir water quality (803) 777-6994 of Environmental Health Sciences U.S. Department of Agriculture State soil geographic database (STATSGO) (800) 672-5559 Agricultural Best Management Practices and crop data (803) 727-4671 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National sediment inventory (202) 260-7301 Permit compliance system (PCS) (202) 260-6057 Storage and retrieval of U.S. waterways parametric (800) 424-9067 data (STORE!) Toxic release inventory (TRI) (202) 260-1531 U. S. Geological Survey Fertilizer use in 1987 (703) 648-6854 Ground-water data from North Carolina (919) 571 -4000 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (202) 260-6057 (NPDES) coverage Nitrogen and phosphorus from manure 1992 (703) 648-5842 Surface- and ground-water quality (803) 750-6100 Surface-water flow (803) 750-6100 Water use (803) 750-6100

Well inventory (803) 750-6100

Western Piedmont Council of Government Upper Catawba River Basin GIS coverages (704) 322-9191

Selected Data Sources 9 SELECTED STUDY DESCTIONS: salmoides), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). AQUATIC ECOLOGY In addition, the U.S. Fish Hatchery at Orangeburg, S.C., releases striped bass (Morone saxatilis] as well Fourteen publications from appendix 1 were as sunfish, bass, and catfish. In fish collections con reviewed in depth. Summaries of these studies are ducted from 1988-90, the spotted sucker (Minytrema included in this section. Some authors cited in this sec melanops) constituted the greatest biomass. The other tion make no distinction among the terms ecoregion most numerous fishes (by weight) included: bowfin and physiographic province, using them interchange (Amia calva\ largemouth bass, flat bullhead (Ameiu- ably or not at all. Where possible, the appropriate des rusplatycephalus), longnosed gar (Lepisosteus ignations are employed in the review. osseus), and American eel (Anguilla rostrata). A creel census indicated that the redbreast sunfish was the Adams, T.O., Hook, D.D., and Floyd, M.A., 1995, Effec most sought-after freshwater fish, accounting for 45 tiveness monitoring of silvicultural best manage percent of the fishes captured by anglers (32 percent ment practices in South Carolina: Southern by weight). The flat bullhead and the channel catfish Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 19, no. 4, p. 170-176. were the next most popular species. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols were evaluated for use in monitoring the effectiveness of silvicutural Berra, T. M., 1981, An atlas of the distribution of fresh best management practices (BMP) at harvested sites in water fish families of the world: Lincoln, Nebr., South Carolina. The authors employed studies of habi University of Nebraska Press, 197 p. tat and macroinvertebrate-community structure in streams adjacent to and within timber-harvested areas Useful information on the darters in the south to evaluate the effectiveness of BMP compliance. ern United States is provided. Cousins of the perch Through these methods, the effect of logging upon the and walleye, the darters fill a very important role as health of the stream community was assessed. The secondary consumers in streams and rivers. They are study concludes that silvicultural BMP are capable of bottom dwellers and generally feed upon insects and reducing the effect of logging operations on adjacent crustaceans. Darters that likely will be found within streams. Data on habitat type and macroinvertebrate- the SANT study area include: the Savannah Darter community structure in South Carolina streams are (Etheostomafricksium oligocephalus) - Broad and provided. Edisto River drainages; the fantail darter (E.flabel- lare) - first order through eighth order streams, North Barton, M.C., Jr., and O'Brien-White, S.K., eds., 1995, Carolina only, Catawba and Broad River drainages; Fishes of the Edisto River Basin: Columbia, Fisher the Carolina darter (E. collis collis) - Catawba River ies Habitat Committee, Edisto River Basin Project, drainage; the swamp darter (E.fusiforme barratti) - South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Catawba, Broad and Edisto River drainages; the Report no. 6,57 p. saluda darter (E. saluda) - listed as a species of con cern (threatened) - narrowly confined to the Saluda Following a brief description of the Edisto River and Broad River drainages above the Fall Line; and Basin in South Carolina, this report provides lists of the sawcheek darter (E. serriferum) - a Coastal Plain freshwater, estuarine, and saltwater fishes in the basin. species. Several detailed drainage area maps indicate collec tion sites for biological surveys and the types of col Hocutt, C.H., and WHey, E.G., eds, 1986, The zoogeogra lection devices employed at each site. A comprehen phy of North American freshwater fishes: New sive bibliography accompanies each major section of York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 866 p. the report. Eighty-seven species, representing 25 families This book details the distribution of freshwater of freshwater fishes, had been collected from the basin fish populations of North America and includes a as of March 1995. The South Carolina Department of description of the Edisto and Santee drainage basins. Natural Resources (SCDNR) periodically stocks the The Santee River drains major areas of upland and North Fork and South Fork Edisto Rivers with red montane habitat and supports 90 species, giving this breast sunfish (Lepomis auritus\ bluegill sunfish (Lep- basin the largest fish fauna assemblage on the Atlantic omis macrochirus\ largemouth bass (Micropterus Slope.

10 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 There are five endemic species in the Santee over larger crustacean species, such as the cladoceran Basin: the santee chub (Hybopsis zanemd), Notropis waterfleas, a primary food source for juvenile fishes. chloristius (common name not given), the greenhead This decrease in the favored prey of fishes that are shiner (Notropis chlorocephalus), the seagreen darter visual hunters (such as striped bass) could have an (Etheostoma thalassinum), and the saluda darter adverse effect upon their fisheries. Lacy suggests that (Etheostoma saludae). All except the saluda darter are the implementation of best management practices upland, montane species. The saluda darter is found in (BMPs) may decrease nonpoint-source turbidity con the Saluda and Broad River systems of the Piedmont tributions and drive reversion to a community struc physiographic province. ture with greater numbers of cladocerans, thus The Edisto River drainage in South Carolina, encouraging fishery growth. Lacy also suggests that with headwaters near the Fall Line, contains Coastal zooplankton community structure may better charac Plain fish fauna, with a total of 35 freshwater species. terize sediment effect on water quality, as it relates to Most of these have arrived in the river by lateral cap fisheries, than methodologies currently in use. ture. Although the Edisto River is a blackwater Coastal Plain stream, it contains a few upland and Mulholland, P.J., and Lenat, D.R., 1992, Streams of the montane species, probably from the Santee and Savan southeastern Piedmont, Atlantic Drainage, in nah Rivers. These upland species include: the yellow- Hackney, C.T., Adams, S.M., and Marshall, W.H., fin shiner (Notropis lutipinnis), the striped jumprock eds., Biodiversity of the southeastern United States (Moxostoma rupiscartes), the turquoise darter (Etheo aquatic communities: New York, John Wiley and stoma inscription), and the bluehead chub (Nocomis Sons, Inc., p. 193-269. leptocephalus). Following a brief discussion of the climate, Kuehne, R.A., and Barbour, R.W., 1983, The American geology, and land use of the Piedmont physiographic Darters: Lexington, University of Kentucky Press, province in the southeastern United States, the physi 177 p. cal, chemical, and morphological characteristics of Piedmont streams are presented. The influence of This work indicates that several darter species hydrology on water chemistry is mentioned, as are are likely to be within the confines of the SANT study effects of human-mediated disturbances. The effects area. These include: piedmont darter (Percina crassd) of human activities on the water quality of streams in in the upper Broad and Catawba River drainages; sea- the southeastern Piedmont physiographic province are green darter (Etheostoma thalassinum) in the Conga- extensive. The major effect of agriculture on Piedmont ree and Santee Rivers, and a subspecies of the streams is to contribute to increased nutrient concen tessellated darter (Etheostoma olmstedi maclaticeps) trations in the water column. Observed increases in in the Columbia, S.C., area. The turquoise darter suspended-sediment loads are the direct result of (Etheostoma inscriptum) may be present in the urbanization. Low dissolved-oxygen concentrations, Coosawhatchie system. The greenside darter (E. blen- and higher levels of toxic metals and nutrients are sec nioides), olive darter (P. squamatd), gilt darter (P. ondary contributions from the urbanization process. evides\ and redline darter (E. rufilineatum) may be Heavy erosion caused by past fanning practices present in parts of the North Carolina drainage. has resulted in increased sediment sinks, such that, in reforested areas, stream valleys are major sources of Lacy, C.M., 1992, Assessment of zooplankton dynamics suspended sediment during storms. Stream substrates in response to nonpoint source loadings to the San- in the Piedmont physiographic province are sand, gen tee-Cooper Lake System: Columbia, South Caro erally, and are too unstable for prolific algal growth lina Department of Health and Environmental except under long-term low-flow conditions. High Control Report SCP 002-92,96 p. suspended-sediment loads prevent the growth of periphyton by blocking sunlight. Macrophytes are gener Lacy's study shows that increased turbidity lev ally rare in Piedmont streams, their absence being els in the Santee River are the result of nonpoint attributable to unstable substrates, large variations in source runoff from agricultural and silvicultural areas. stream flow, and high or moderate gradients. An The increased turbidity forces a change in the structure exception is the river weed, Podostomeum ceratophyl- of the zooplankton community, favoring the rotifers lum, which grows on rock surfaces and is generally

Aquatic Ecology 11 unaffected by shifting substrates. Aquatic bryophytes report include: Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa), Hyd- (mosses) also are rare in streams of the Piedmont rilla (Hydrilla verticillatd), alligator-weed (Alternan- physiographic province. The mosses may be competi theraphiloxeroides), and water hyacinth (Eichornia tively excluded by algae during long-term low-flow crassipes). conditions. High silt loads may provide an unsuitable habitat. Pickett, J.R., 1992, Sources and accumulation of trace In the macroinvertebrate communities of the metals in sediments and the Asiatic clam, Corbicula Piedmont physiographic province, taxa richness is fluminea, in two South Carolina watersheds: South roughly comparable with that found in streams of the Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Blue Ridge Province and Coastal Plain Province. Control, Santee Cooper River Basin Water Quality However, streams of the Piedmont physiographic Management Study, 93 p. province are generally poorer in mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly taxa, while richer in beetles, dragonflies, Metal concentrations found in sediments and the damselflies, mollusks, and crustaceans than streams of water column at two sites in the basin were compared the Blue Ridge Province. In comparison, streams of with metal concentrations found in a benthic bivalve, the Coastal Plain Province generally have much lower the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea), collected from numbers of mayfly taxa than those of the Piedmont sediments at both sites. The sites were the Congaree physiographic province. River upstream of the U.S. Highway 601 bridge, and Among the fishes found in streams of the Pied the Wateree River at the South Carolina Electric & mont physiographic province, the shiners, members of Gas steam plant near Wateree, S.C. Both sites are the minnow family (Cyprinidae), are the most abun upstream from the confluence of the two rivers, which dant. Few of the shiners are omnipresent, but the fam combine to form the Santee River. ily is well-represented by a number of species, The major source of total suspended solids in especially Notropis spp. The most widespread of all the Congaree River was attributed to runoff associated the minnows is the golden shiner (Notemigonus cryso- with storms; reservoir releases were not implicated. leucas), which owes its extensive geographic range to Point sources contributed significantly larger total fishermen who transport it for use as bait. The game nutrient loading to the Congaree River than to the fishes important to the Piedmont physiographic prov Wateree River. The Congaree River had significantly ince include: redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus), larger water-column concentrations of chromium, bluegill (L. macrochirus\ warmouth (L. gulosus), and manganese, lead, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). copper than the Wateree River, which contained larger concentrations of cadmium in the water column than Patterson, G.G., and Davis, B.A., 1991, Distribution of the Congaree. Water-column mercury levels were sim aquatic macrophytes in 15 lakes and streams in ilar in both rivers. South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 89-4132, 57 p. Concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper were high in clams in both rivers. Concentrations of South Carolina has been invaded by a number of aluminum were higher in clams from the Wateree exotic aquatic plants that have become significant nui River. Mercury concentrations were similar in both sances because of their prolific growth. A decreased clams and sediment in each river. Sediment in both rate of sediment transport in streams of the Piedmont, rivers had greater mean concentrations of aluminum, resulting in deeper light penetration of the water col chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, and lead than the umn, has been suggested as a contributory factor in the clams. Corbicula fluminea does not appear to accumu rapid spread of these plants. The plants present a haz late trace elements from sediment to any large extent. ard to boaters and industries by clogging river and lake Point-source pollution accounted for less than 20 per channels and by impinging on water-intake structures. cent of the total nutrient load and less than 40 percent Large masses of the plants in lakes and streams of the total metals. Nonpoint-source runoff is the pri deplete the dissolved oxygen content of the water. mary method of introduction of trace metals and nutri Concomitantly, fish kills and fish population structure ents to both rivers. degradation occur when the dissolved oxygen level is depleted. Exotic invaders, which are listed in the

12 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Smock, L.A., 1988, Life histories, abundance and distri The Megalopteran, Sialis aequilis (Banks), was bution of some macroinvertebrates from a South found in the muddy sediment of the swamp and exhib Carolina, USA Coastal Plain stream: Hydrobiolo- ited a univoltine life cycle. The Isopod, Asellus lati- gia, v. 157, p. 193-208. caudatus (Williams), was found on snags and muddy banks. Cedar Creek is a second-order blackwater Among the dragonflies and damselflies (Odo- stream in the Congaree Swamp National Monument. nates), Calopteryx dimidiata, Enallagma divagans This stream is fully canopied with water tupelo (Nyssa (Selys), and Epitheca cynosura were all univoltine. aquatica L.), bald cypress, (Taxodium distichum L.), Gomphus lividus (Selys), the most abundant odonate and other hardwoods. Three sites in the stream were in the stream, resided in the sandy substrate; Boyeria sampled to determine the macroinvertebrate-commu- vinosa (Say) resided on snags; and Macromia geor- nity structure. The first site was at the entrance to the gina (Selys), resided in the mud substrate: they were swamp; the second site was outside of the swamp, all semivoltine. Adults emerged in late spring and about 3 mi upstream from the first; and the third site early summer. Epitheca cynosura (Say) was found in was about 3 mi downstream of the first, in the swamp mud habitats, and Calopteryx dimidiata (Burmeister) proper. was found in snags: both emerged in May. Enallagma Smock found that the three species of elmid divagans was found in mud and its emergence was beetles (Coleoptera) which were collected exhibited completed by June. univoltine (1 year) life histories. The most abundant The Dipteran, Simulium taxodium (Snoddy & beetle was Ancyronix variegata (Germar). Ancyronix Beshear), was the most abundant blackfly and pro variegata and Macronychus glabratus (Say) were duced at least 6 generations per year. It was found in found on snags, while Dubiraphia quadrinotta (Say) leaf packs, on woody snags, and on leaves of the was found in the stream sediments. aquatic plant Sparganium americanum (Nutt). Most species of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) col lected were univoltine except Stenonema modestum Smock, L.A., and Gilinsky, Ellen, 1982, Benthic macro- (Banks), which was at least bivoltine. Eurylophella invertebrate communities of a flood plain creek in temporallis (McDonough) emerged in April in all hab the Congaree Swamp National Monument: Atlanta, itats except sandy bottoms. Hexagenia munda (Eaton) National Park Service, Final Report, Contract emerged from early summer through August from Number CX5000-0-0945, 82 p. silty main-channel sediment in the swamp. Paralep- tophlebia volitans (McDonnough) was found in all Smock and Gilinsky determined the macroin- habitats where detritus accumulated. Stenonema vertebrate species composition of Cedar Creek, a modestum was the most abundant mayfly in Cedar blackwater stream flowing into the Congaree Swamp Creek and was found in snag and leaf pack habitats. National Monument near Columbia, S.C. They enu The insect was rare at the downstream site in the merated 142 separate taxa of macroinvertebrates in swamp. five major habitats (benthic sediment, stream banks, Caddisflies (Trichoptera) exhibited univolt- snags, allochthonous leaf packs, and leaf blades of the inism, partial bivoltinism, and complete bivoltinism. aquatic macrophyte, Sparganium americanum). The Macrostemum Carolina (Banks), and Nyctiophylax macroinvertebrate fauna of Cedar Creek were found to qffinis (Banks) were found on snags. Chimarraflorida be typical of southeastern Coastal Plain blackwater (Ross) and Cheumatopsyche spp. were found in leaf streams. Woody snags and tree trunks were the richest packs as well as snags. Pycnopsyche laculenta habitat overall, in terms of density and species diver (Betten) was the only abundant shredder and was sity. The dominant macroinvertebrates were: the may found in leaf packs and on the undersides of logs. fly (Stenonema modestum); the caddisflies Hydropsyche decalda (Ross) exhibited bivoltinism (Macronema Carolina, Cheumatopsyche spp., and and was both free-living and found living on the stems Oecetis spp.); and the elmid (riffle) beetle (Ancryonix of the aquatic macrophyte, Sparganium americanum. variegate). Woody snags and submerged tree trunks The adults of the bivoltine Phylocentropus placidus supported in excess of 90 percent of the standing crop (Banks) emerged during March through June and of macroinvertebrates, even though they represented again during August through October. Larvae of this only 20 percent of the available surface area in the insect were found along muddy banks. stream. Species richness and composition, and diver-

Aquatic Ecology 13 sity indicated that the water quality of Cedar Creek algae. Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) was good. There was no indication of any form of pol occur during summer and autumn low-flow periods, lution, including organic matter, toxic wastes, or because of the inverse relationship between DO con excessive loads of suspended material. centration and water temperature, and an increase in microbial respiration coinciding with autumnal leaf Smock, L.A., and Gilinsky, Ellen, 1992, Coastal Plain fall. blackwater streams, in Hackney, C.T., Adams, Plant communities of Coastal Plain stream flood S.M., and Marshall, W.H., eds., Biodiversity of the plains are important energy sources. Primary produc southeastern United States aquatic communities: tivity in blackwater streams is low and the streams are New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 271-313. highly heterotrophic. Measured photosynthesis/respi The authors discuss blackwater streams, the ration ratios typically range from 0.2 to 0.7. Instream most common type of freshwater habitats present algal communities are dominated by episammic dia throughout the Southeastern Coastal Plains ecoregion. toms and filamentous algae on stable substrates. Light The physical, biological, and chemical characteristics penetration, rather than nutrient availability, is the lim of blackwater streams differ markedly from those of iting factor in the growth of aquatic vegetation. In the rocky, higher-gradient streams of the Blue Ridge addition, low productivity is due to lack of stable sub Mountains and the Piedmont ecoregions. strate and high rates of respiration due to the presence Blackwater streams in the southeastern United of allochthonous material from extensive flood plains. States exhibit large seasonal variation in flow. High- During periods of flooding, detritus on the flood plains flow volumes in November and December, as a result is within the functional stream system. of winter rains, increase the aquatic habitat by causing The benthic macroinvertebrate community is the inundation of the flood plains. The flood plains varied but typically poor in scraper and shredder serve as water-storage areas for Coastal Plain river groups due to the absence of a stable substrate and systems. Low-flow periods in summer and autumn are consequent low leaf-litter retention on the sandy bot caused by an increase in evapotranspiration rates, not toms. Woody snags and debris dams comprise the by a decrease in precipitation. One study, cited by the richest habitats. Macroinvertebrate production is based authors, indicated that upwards of 61 percent of the on allochthonous detritus, specifically, fine particulate total annual precipitation in some North Carolina organic material. The filter-feeder group, occurring Coastal Plain streams was lost through evapotranspira mostly on snags, is well-represented by blackflies and tion, while only 37 percent was discharged to streams. caddisflies. Snags and debris dams also harbor the col High concentrations of dissolved organic carbon lector-gatherer group, represented by chironomids and (DOC) impart a dark color and high acidity to the oligochaetes. water. Most of the organic matter in stream water is Among the mollusks, the fingernail clams dissolved, rather than particulate. Humic and fulvic (Sphaeridae) are the most abundant and seem to have a acids, derived from the leaching of swamp soils, are higher tolerance of acidic conditions than other mol- prevalent. Whereas most of the lotic systems in the luscan families. Fishes are abundant in blackwater world have a typical dissolved inorganic carbon to dis streams of the Coastal Plain. Endemism and processes solved organic carbon ratio of 10:1, blackwater of subspeciation have contributed to a diverse and streams exhibit a ratio of 1:1. interestingly varied community. The inorganic chemistry of blackwater streams is based on sodium sulfate, rather than cal These streams are in heavy use by the public as cium carbonate. Consequently, buffering capacity and fishing waters, with approximately 50 to 70 percent of nutrient concentrations are low, as compared to other the standing-stock biomass of fishes being composed types of streams. The highly leached soils (very poor of gamefish. Many fish species use the flood plain as in soluble minerals) of the Coastal Plain yield few dis forage areas during periods of high water. The flood solved or particulate-associated inorganic ions. Con plains also serve as important spawning and nursery centrations of dissolved solids tend to increase from areas for other species offish. Most fish species found upper to lower Coastal Plain streams. Nitrogen and in the blackwater streams are typical of slow-flowing, phosphorus concentrations are low due to bacteria deepwater habitats. mediated denitrification and phosphorus uptake by

14 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 South Carolina Department of Parks and Recreation, solved organic carbon, bicarbonates, nitrates, sulfates, 1991, Animals and plants of South Carolina's Cat- and total base cations. awba River corridor: Columbia, 30 p. A dense deciduous, hardwood forest covers most of the Blue Ridge Mountains ecoregion, but the This report is a list of the animal and plant spe ridgecrests support a coniferous community of frazier cies that are present, or likely to be present in the Cat- fir (Abies fraseri) and red spruce (Picea rubens). awba River corridor in South Carolina. It provides These coniferous and hardwood forests provide a the common and scientific names of the organisms and major portion of the energy input to the streams indicates whether the plant or animal is native or intro (through litterfall and lateral movement of leaves and duced, common or uncommon. There are at least 67 wood). Primary production in shaded stream reaches species of fishes living in the Catawba River corridor. is only about one third of that in unshaded reaches. Among the more common fishes of public interest Woody debris from forest litterfall contributes to the listed in the report: channel catfish, white catfish, yel stream-energy budget and habitat definition. Such low bullhead, white bass, striped bass, largemouth debris provides habitat for fishes and invertebrates, bass, yellow perch, redbreast sunfish, bluegill sunfish, retains particulate material, provides food for xylopha- and black crappie. Other fishes of interest, but listed as gous organisms, and helps dissipate stream mechani not commonly seen, include: the fantail darter, the sea- cal energy. green darter, bowfin, American eel, and the longnose In turbulent streams, the dominant macrophytes gar. are the mosses and the liverworts (bryophytes). Highly turbulent flow insures saturation with carbon dioxide Wallace, J.B., Webster, J.R., and Lowe, R.L., 1992, (CO2), and these bryophytes are able to use free CO2 High-Gradient streams of the Appalachians, in as a carbon source. Four species of bryophytes domi Hackney, C.T. Adams, S.M., and Marshall, W.H., nate the high-gradient streams of the southern Appala eds., Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States chians: Fontinalis dalecarla, Hygroamblystegietum aquatic communities: New York, John Wiley and fluviatile, Sciaromium lescurii, and Scapania undu- Sons, Inc., p. 133-191. lata. Algal dominants include the filamentous red This document includes a well-rounded discus algae (Nemalionopsis shawiif. caroliniana and Boldia sion of the geography, geology, and climatology of the erythrosiphori) and the filamentous green algae, and southern Appalachian Mountains, followed by a diatoms, specifically, genera such as Acnanthes, description of the aquatic life forms and characteristics Eunota, Meridon, and Diatoma. Among the inverte of high-gradient montane streams. The southern Appa brate fauna, the collector-gatherer and the collector-fil- lachian Mountains (also called the Crystalline Appala terer groups are well-represented. They process fine, chians) encompass part of what is known as the Blue particulate organic material back to coarse, particulate Ridge physiographic province. In the Blue Ridge organic material as metabolic waste products, making physiographic province riparian vegetation inhibits the the carbon available to more species. growth of vegetation in streams, and the high current The vertebrate fauna are dominated by sala velocity of the streams limits the autotrophic commu manders (especially the black bellied salamander, nity. In undisturbed streams draining the Blue Ridge Desmognathus quadramaculatus) and fish; brook trout physiographic province, baseflow concentrations of (Salvelinusfontinalis), sculpins (Cottus spp.), darters most ions [chloride (Cl~), potassium (K+), sodium (Etheostoma spp.) and dace (Rhynichthes spp.) are the (Na+), calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), sulfate taxa most noted. Because there is limited primary (SO4")] are usually less than 1 part per million (ppm). production in these well-canopied mountain streams, Nutrient concentrations are very low, ranging from plant feeders such as the stoneroller minnows (Cam- 0.001 to 0.004 ppm for nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), postoma spp.) are absent and detritivorous species are ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), or phosphate (PO4-P). rare. Most of the streams are circumneutral in pH. Com The authors conclude that the fish community, pared with other Appalachian regions, southern Blue especially the brook trout, is heavily dependent upon Ridge Mountains ecoregion streams have lower acid allochthonous energy sources and this dependency is neutralizing capacity and lower concentrations of dis directly linked to feeding on terrestrial insects and

Aquatic Ecology 15 indirectly linked to the dependence of aquatic inverte pling stations used for the study. Water levels in the brates on allochthonous material. Four biologically river, swamp, and the lake are listed, and water-quality important characteristics of small, high-gradient data are discussed. Recommendations are made to pre streams are cited in the article. They are: (1) inverte vent the occurrence offish kills, including: monitoring brate production is generally low in most small, high- rainfall events, tracking the stage of the Wateree River, gradient Appalachian streams, especially those drain monitoring water-quality conditions in upper Lake ing areas dominated by crystalline rock, (2) the greater Marion and the Santee Swamp during summer and fall portion of invertebrate production is used by preda months, and surveying fish populations in the swamp cious invertebrates in the streams, (3) salamanders and the upper lake area for evidence of effects from dominate secondary production in small fishless head exposure to poor water-quality conditions. water streams, and that production tends to be similar to production of fishes in larger downstream areas, and Cooney, T.W., 1990, Concentrations of metals in bed (4) the availability of food resources may strongly material in the area of Congaree Swamp National influence the secondary production of carnivorous ver Monument and in water in Cedar Creek, Richland tebrates. County, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-370,18 p.

This report documents a water-quality study to SELECTED STUDY DESCRIPTIONS: measure concentrations of selected metals in the bed SURFACE-WATER QUALITY material of streams in the Congaree Swamp National Monument and in the water column of Cedar Creek. Eight publications from appendix 2 were 0 reviewed in depth. Summaries of these studies are The study area is 120 mi and includes the drainage included in this section. areas of Toms and Cedar Creeks. The Monument is preserved as a significant tract of southern old-growth river-bottom forest. The study was conducted in Bates, R.D., and Marcus, J.M., 1990, Hydrologic dynam response to concern that plant and animal life in the ics and water-quality characteristics of the Santee preserve may be endangered by trace metals. Levels of Swamp and the factors involved in fish kill episodes trace metals in bed material and surface water are in upper Lake Marion, South Carolina: Columbia, listed in tables in the report. South Carolina Department of Health and Environ Results indicate that metals that occur naturally mental Control, Report SCP 001-90, 49 p. in soils in the watershed are present in a wide range of concentrations. Bed material in Toms Creek contained This report describes a study designed to char significantly lower metal concentrations than were acterize water quality in the Santee Swamp, and to measured in the sediments of the lower reaches of identify correlations between water quality and other Cedar Creek. Concentrations of lead and manganese environmental factors. Between March 1988 and Feb were larger at upstream sites, possibly indicating an ruary 1989, an intensive study showed significant vari effect from runoff. Relatively large concentrations of ability in the physical and chemical characteristics of most metals in the bed material in the Monument indi surface waters in the Santee Swamp. Several fish kills cate that the flood plain of the Congaree River may act occurred in the swamp and upper lake area in 1986 as a sink for metals. No correlation between particle and 1989, which were associated with low concentra size and sample concentrations was found. Concentra tions of dissolved oxygen in the water column and tions that exceeded the 1990 U.S. Environmental Pro high water temperatures. Low dissolved-oxygen con tection Agency drinking water standards for cadmium centrations were attributed to the decomposition of and manganese were found in the surface-water sam naturally occurring organic material flushed into the ples from Cedar Creek. swamp after a rain that followed a period of drought. Flow patterns through the swamp were determined Jaynes, M.L., 1994, Hydrologic, water-quality, and and river and lake stages were related to various flow meteorologic data from selected sites in the patterns. upper Catawba River Basin, North Carolina, The report provides a physical description of the January 1993 through March 1994: U.S. Geo Santee Swamp in upper Lake Marion and of the sam logical Survey Open-File Report 94-509,76 p.

16 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 This report presents data collected in an inten Changes in streamflow were likely related to changes sive study, conducted from January 1993 through in precipitation. March 1994, to characterize the water quality of Rho- Historical water-quality patterns were assessed dhiss Lake, Lake Hickory, and three tributary streams. as they related to hydrology and land use patterns. The headwaters of the upper Catawba River Basin, Data collected from 1975 to 1991 indicated that water N.C., are in the Blue Ridge physiographic province, quality in the watershed was generally acceptable, and the basin extends into the Piedmont physiographic with declining total phosphorus concentrations and province. biochemical oxygen demand loads. Concerns over dis The report describes the mean precipitation, turbance in the North Fork Edisto River were geologic formations, topography, land use, and natural expressed; for example, poor forest management and resource development of the area. Water-quality prob nonpoint source effects from farming. Breeding-bird lems such as algal blooms and elevated nutrient con surveys were used to assess trends in species richness centrations have been observed in the reservoirs and composition in the Edisto River Basin. The breed during 1992 and 1994. Rhodhiss Lake has been classi ing-bird survey indicated trends associated with land- fied as eutrophic by the U.S. Environmental Protection cover and land use changes. Agency. Water samples were analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform bacteria, hardness, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health alkalinity, total and volatile suspended solids, sus and Natural Resources, and South Carolina pended sediment, nutrients, total organic carbon, chlo Department of Health and Environmental Control, rophyll, iron, calcium, and magnesium from three sites 1992, Water quality investigation of Lake Wylie April 1989 - September 1990: Report no. 92-04, in each reservoir and from the three tributary sites. 135 p. Monthly water-level statistics and daily mean values of discharge are presented in the report. Water-quality An in-depth study of the water quality of Lake data are provided in tables and graphics. Wylie is detailed in the report. Lake Wylie is located on the Catawba River and straddles the boundary between North Carolina and South Carolina. This lake Marshall, W.D., ed., 1993, Assessing change in the has been the subject of public concern because of the Edisto River Basin: an ecological characterization: effect of nutrient loading on water quality in the lake Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Com and the embayments of the lake. Lake Wylie is used mission Report no. 177,149 p. extensively for recreation and as a drinking water source. A study was conducted to assess the physical, This report is a comprehensive review of the chemical, and biological characteristics of the lake. conditions in the Edisto River Basin, with suggestions Results indicated that Lake Wylie is threatened by for future goals and planning efforts. The physical set eutrophic conditions. A modeling analysis of ting is described in detail, including the climate, pre eutrophication response was made, with results indi cipitation patterns, geology, vegetation, population, cating the need for point-source and nonpoint-source and economy of the basin. Historical land use patterns control of nutrient loading to the lake and tributaries. are discussed, with subbasins showing various Eutrophic conditions in the embayments were changes. Native wetland vegetation conversions to among the problems identified. Elevated nutrient con pine plantations or agricultural land were more com centrations and algal blooms were discovered in sev mon and prevalent in some areas, such as Four Hole eral tributaries. Modeling indicated that control of Swamp, where 34 percent of wetland areas were being point and nonpoint sources would be necessary to converted between 1968 and 1989. reduce nutrient loading to Lake Wylie and its tributar An assessment of the hydrology in the Edisto ies, specifically, South Fork Catawba River, Catawba River Basin is also included, with streamflow and pre Creek, and Crowders Creek. Modeling also indicated cipitation data evaluated for spatial and temporal that with decreased phosphorus concentrations, a sig trends. An analysis of single-mass curves showed no nificant amount of wastewater could be assimilated. significant change in precipitation between 1939 and 1990, and few temporal streamflow trends were found.

Surface-Water Quality 17 South Carolina Department of Health and Environmen all stations in the water column and in sediment sam tal Control, 1975?, Edisto-Combahee River Basin ples. Phytoplankton biomass decreased downstream, water quality management plan, 133 p. but then increased again. Seasonal variability in phytoplankton biomass was observed. This report also This report represents a long-term basin plan for includes a vascular plant survey of the flood plain, and the Edisto-Combahee Basin and is a required planning document for other basins in South Carolina. It a small mammal survey of the delta. describes the basin's climate, physiography, and geol ogy, as well as economic, social, and political condi U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, Santee tions. Surface- and ground-water resources are River Basin - a review and summary of available assessed, with point-source and nonpoint-source pol information on physical, chemical and biological lution addressed as they relate to resource develop characteristics and resources: Athens, Georgia, ment. The basin's existing wastewater-treatment U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ecology facilities are discussed, with recommendations for Branch, 129 p. meeting the needs of economic development and pro tection of water quality through current standards. The Concern over potential effects on the aquatic status of government-funded projects to meet these environment in the lower part of the river caused by needs is described, along with wasteload allocations the diversion of the flow to the Santee River prompted for the discharges in the basin. the state of South Carolina to request a review of Water-quality data assessment during 1970-74 available data. The U.S. Environmental Protection indicated that there were many water-quality standards Agency produced this summary of the data and reports violations for dissolved oxygen, pH, and fecal available at that time. The information continues to be coliform bacteria. Individual stream segments were assessed with problem areas mapped and locations of of value as the question of flow diversion to the Coo point-source discharges shown. By identifying those per and Santee Rivers is an on-going concern due to stream segments with standards violations and corre sedimentation, point-source discharge permit issu lating the violations with point-source discharges, ance, salt-wedge encroachment, and freshwater supply appropriate effluent limitations could be recom issues. mended to bring the streams back into compliance The report describes basin characteristics, through the wasteload allocation process. including morphology, geology, climate, demography, and land use. Ground water, surface water, and biota South Carolina Water Resources Commission, 1976, are also discussed. Water quality and biological moni Lower Santee River environmental quality study: toring data are reviewed, including reports prepared Columbia, Report no. 122,60 p. by Bears Bluff Laboratory, Inc., the U.S. Geological This report details water-quality parameters Survey, the South Carolina Department of Health and from May 1974 to February 1975. Four intensive sam Environmental Control, the U.S. Department of Agri pling periods included diurnal studies to characterize culture, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Data water quality. The study included 87 river miles of the on streamflow, water quality, and a list offish, plant, Santee River from Wilson Dam to the river's mouth. and invertebrate species collected in the basin are pre Significant findings included high levels of dissolved sented in tables. Municipal and industrial point oxygen in the lower Santee River, with lower percent sources of pollution are reviewed. ages of saturation in the warmer months. Biochemical Multiple recommendations are given to relieve oxygen demand was generally low, indicating good the silt deposition and shoaling in Charleston Harbor. water quality. Ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations were high in areas affected by indus One recommended action is the diversion of all flows trial effluents. Phosphorus levels were generally low, greater than 3,000 frVs to the Santee River or to Prices with a gradual increase downstream, perhaps due to Inlet. The intensive study conducted by the U.S. Fish agricultural runoff or municipal wastewater. The con and Wildlife Service concludes that alternatives centrations of metals in analyzed samples were below existed that would not be detrimental to fishes and drinking-water standards. Pesticides were detected at wildlife resources in the basin.

18 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surf ace-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 SELECTED STUDY DESCRIPTIONS: vertical hydraulic conductivities of the confining units GROUND WATER ranged from 2xlO"7 to 5xlO'2 ft/d.

Eight publications from appendix 3 were Harrigan, J.A., 1985, Water use in South Carolina, July- reviewed in depth. Summaries of these studies are December 1983: South Carolina Water Resources included in this section. Commission Report no. 148,18 p.

Aucott, W.R., 1988, The predevelopment ground-water The Water Use Reporting and Coordination Act flow system and hydrologic characteristics of the of 1982 provided the South Carolina Water Resources Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina: U.S. Geo Commission with the authority to collect and report logical Survey Water-Resources Investigations water-usage data. This report presents the compilation Report 86-4347, 65 p. of information on all water users who withdraw, divert, obtain, or discharge a single-day maximum of The Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) 100,000 gal, and who are responsible for quarterly program of the U.S. Geological Survey developed a reporting of their water use to the South Carolina comprehensive analysis of ground-water flow and Water Resources Commission. Not all water users availability in the Coastal Plain aquifers of South have complied with the Act. Carolina and parts of Georgia and North Carolina Water withdrawals for July-December 1983 prior to development for human use. A ground-water averaged 6,456 Mgal/d, which is 11.7 percent more flow model was created to aid in understanding and than in 1980. Surface water was reported to be the describing ground-water conditions in the Coastal source for 6,347 Mgal/d, or 98.3 percent, and 109 Plain aquifers. The quasi-three-dimensional model Mgal/d was withdrawn from ground-water sources. simulated deep, regional ground-water flow, that did Thermoelectric-power generation accounted for not include local shallow-flow systems, and consisted 77.1 percent of the water use; industry, 17.1 percent; of five layers and a (48 by 63) uniform square grid of 4 public supply, 5.2 percent; and agricultural irrigation, mi on a side. about 0.6 percent. Golf course irrigation, heated In the lower Coastal Plain, ground-water flow wastewater evaporation, and wastewater return are patterns among individual aquifers differed substan reported uses, but that data has not yet been added to tially. Ground water in the Floridan aquifer system the database. and the Tertiary sand aquifer generally flowed perpen dicular to the coastline in the lower Coastal Plain. LeGrande, H.E., and Mundorff, M.J., 1952, Geology and ground-water resources in the Charlotte area, However, the flow in the Cretaceous-age aquifers in North Carolina: North Carolina Department of the lower Coastal Plain was nearly parallel to the coast Conservation and Development, Division of Min and toward the northeast. This northeasterly flow was eral Resources Bulletin no. 63,88 p. due to the less effective confining units, lower altitude of the upstream rivers, and the closeness of Creta The Charlotte area is in the south-central part of ceous-age aquifers to land surface in the east. North Carolina, bordering South Carolina, and Simulations of the ground-water flow indicate includes the counties of Cabarrus, Cleveland, Gaston, that total recharge and discharge in the deep ground- Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Polk, and Rutherford. The area water- flow system is 825 ft3/s. Simulated direct totals 2,833 mi2 and, according to the 1950 census, recharge in outcrop areas is 789 ft3/s. The remainder had a population of 505,638. The Piedmont Province of the total recharge is from leakage of the overlying dominates the relief with mountainous and sharp fea source-sink beds (15 ft3/s) and inflow across bound tures. Slopes are commonly precipitous in the area, aries (21 ft3/s). Discharge to the upper Coastal Plain and major streams have steep to gentle gradients rivers is 735 ft3/s, whereas the remaining discharge is toward the southeastern Coastal Plain. by upward leakage to the overlying source-sink beds The area is underlain by igneous and metamor- (64 ft3/s) and by outflow across lateral boundaries (26 phic rocks, consisting chiefly of schists, gneisses, ft3/s). Aquifer transmissivities of all aquifers ranged granites, and slates. The slates and volcanic rocks to from less than 1,000 to 30,000 ft2/d. On the basis of an which they are related have a restricted occurrence in assumed average confining unit thickness of 100 ft, the extreme eastern part of the area. The mica schists,

Ground Water 19 and the mica and hornblende gneisses represent the Southwestern South Carolina has great potential chief country rocks that have been pervaded by gran for developing large supplies of good quality ground ite. Local variations in types of rocks are common, and water. The greatest use of ground water is in the Myr large homogenous masses of a single type are rare. tle Beach and Beaufort areas. Although these areas The rocks trend northeastward and are tipped on edge. can support a greater demand, potential problems have Ground-water supplies are obtained through led to their designation as capacity use areas for the drilled wells, bored wells, dug wells, and springs. The purposes of conservation and regulation. drilled wells tap into fractures in the bedrock, while bored and dug wells obtain water from the porous Newcome, Roy, Jr., 1990a, The 100 largest public water saprolite layer. Springs occur at all levels above the supplies in South Carolina: Columbia, South Caro valley floors except near the hilltops. lina Water Resources Commission Report no. 169, Municipal and industrial wells drilled in schist 57 p. have a slightly larger average yield, 31 gal/min, than wells in other rock units. The average yield of the The use of South Carolina public water supplies remaining rock units is about 28 gal/min. Topographic averages 400 Mgal/d. Of this amount, 80 percent is location, spacing of wells, thickness of saprolite, and obtained from public surface water and 20 percent the presence or absence of joints and fractures also from ground water. The five largest public suppliers have an important bearing on the amount of water are the cities of Charleston, Greenville, Columbia, yielded by a well. The average yield of wells drilled in Spartanburg, and the Beaufort-Jasper County Water valleys and draws is more than twice as much as that Authority. Sumter, the largest supplier using only of wells drilled on hills. ground water, and Anderson, which uses surface and Several tables shown in the report relate yield to ground water, share sixth place. The range in ground- rock type, topographic location, and to depth of wells. water withdrawals for the 100 largest public supplies The report also contains a discussion of the ground- is from about 0.6 Mgal/d to 50 Mgal/d. water resources, tables of well data and chemical anal ysis, and a geologic map for each of the seven counties located in the Charlotte area. Newcome, Roy, Jr., 1993, Pumping tests of the Coastal Plain aquifers in South Carolina, with a discussion of aquifer and well characteristics: South Carolina Newcome, Roy, Jr., 1989, Ground-water resources of Water Resources Commission Report no. 174, 52 p. South Carolina's Coastal Plain 1988, an over view: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report no. 167,127 p. Pump tests from 474 wells are used for deter mining aquifer and well characteristics in the Coastal The Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina Plain aquifers of South Carolina. All of the tests pro makes up two-thirds (28 counties) of the State. Creta vide values for transmissivity, with most of the tests ceous-age and younger sediment, containing a large providing information about specific capacity and effi amount of ground water, are thinnest at the Fall Line ciency. The Coastal Plain counties are unevenly repre and thicken to about 4,000 ft near the State's southern sented in numbers of pump tests. However, all of the coast. Nearly 200 Mgal/d are pumped from industrial significant aquifers are represented, including the and municipal wells in the Coastal Plain. Some aqui sandy Middendorf and Black Creek Formations of fers contain saline water that was trapped when the Cretaceous age and the limestone Floridan aquifer of sediment was deposited. In some areas the trapped Eocene age. seawater has been flushed by infiltration of fresh Nearly all the tests were made in confined aqui ground water over millennia. Freshwater can be found fer wells. The highest yielding well was in the Flori along the coast and on the coastal islands. dan aquifer, which also had the highest transmissivity, Most of the fresh ground water is found in the reaching 500,000 (gal/d)/ft. The second-highest yield Cretaceous and Floridan aquifers. The limestone ing water-bearing unit, and the one having the greatest Floridan aquifer contains harder, more mineralized areal extent, is the Middendorf aquifer. Tests of multi- water than that found in most of the older clastic aqui screened wells in the Middendorf aquifer have pro fers. Some of the sand aquifers yield concentrations of duced transmissivity values with a median of 21,000 dissolved solids comparable to rainwater. (gal/d)/ft. In pumping tests of the Black Creek aquifer,

20 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 the median transmissivity was 12,000 (gal/d)/ft. water-saltwater interface in the aquifers in Cretaceous Median values for the remaining aquifers were gener sediments is seaward of the present coast, and only ally less than 5,000 (gal/d)/ft. dilute saltwater is present onshore. Although the inter face may be intruding landward, the dilute saltwater of Patterson, G.G., and Padgett, G.G., 1984, Quality of the transition zone is being flushed seaward. water from bedrock aquifers in the South Carolina Piedmont: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4028, 24 p. SUMMARY This report contains a series of maps that show bedrock-aquifer water quality in 12 geographic At the request of Congress, the U.S. Geological regions. The sampling was conducted by the South Survey began a National Water-Quality Assessment Carolina Department of Health and Environmental [NAWQA] Program in 1991. The Santee River Basin Control and was restricted to aquifers of the South and Coastal Drainages [SANT] study area was one of Carolina Piedmont. The maps are based on analyses of 20 study units that began assessment activities in water samples collected from 442 public and private 1994. This report provides extensive bibliographies wells from 1972 to 1982. In general, the Carolina Slate and summaries of several studies that were conducted Belt showed higher alkalinity and hardness, and larger in or near the SANT study area, prior to 1996. A table concentrations of sodium, magnesium, and chloride of additional sources of information from Federal, than the other geologic belts of the Piedmont. State, and local databases is presented. The bibliogra phies are available on computer diskette, in ASCII for Speiran, G.K., and Aucott, W.R., 1994, Effects of sedi mat. ment depositional environment and ground-water The SANT study area encompasses approxi flow on the quality and geochemistry of water in mately 23,600 mi2, and includes three physiographic aquifers in sediments of Cretaceous age in the provinces (Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain) Coastal Plain of South Carolina: U.S. Geological and four major ecoregions - the Blue Ridge Moun Survey Water-Supply Paper 2416, 53 p. tains, the Piedmont, the Southeastern Plains, and the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain. There are four major Cretaceous sediments in the South Carolina metropolitan centers in the study area, with a com Coastal Plain have been deposited in fluvial, delta- bined population in excess of 3.6 million. Textiles, plain, marginal-marine, and marine environments. paper, and chemicals are the major industries in the Depositional environments of sediment within a single study area. Feed lots, meat processing, orchards, farm aquifer may grade from nonmarine, fluvial, or upper- ing, and mining constitute current vital economic delta plain near the updip limit of the aquifer to transi activities in the study area. tional, lower-delta plain and to marine toward the Streams in each of the four ecoregions differ in coast. These environments significantly affect the their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. water quality and geochemistry in samples taken from They range from high-gradient, narrow, densely aquifers in Cretaceous-age sediment. shaded mountain streams in the Blue Ridge ecoregion, The decomposition of organic material is the to lower gradient, wider, uncanopied streams with major source of inorganic carbon found in nonmarine extensive flood-plain forests and small well-canopied sediment. The major aqueous geochemical processes tributaries in the Piedmont and Southeastern Plains involved are the dissolution and alteration of silicate ecoregions, to very low gradient, slow-flowing, minerals. Silica is a major fraction of the dissolved heavily canopied blackwater streams in the Middle constituents in water from nonmarine sediment. Atlantic Coastal Plain ecoregion. Aquifers consisting of transitional and marine Surface-water quality for much of the study area sediments contain various amounts of calcium carbon meets state and Federal water-quality standards. Point ate and sodium-rich clay minerals. The geochemistry sources are regulated, but nonpoint sources of pollu of these aquifers is dominated by the dissolution of tion such as agricultural and urban runoff introduce calcium carbonate and the exchange of calcium for pesticides, nutrients, trace metals, and organics into sodium on the sodium-rich clay minerals. The fresh surface water. The primary water-quality factors that

Summary 21 affect aquatic communities are current velocity, water REFERENCES temperature, toxic substances, dissolved-oxygen con centration, and suspended-sediment load. Gilliom, R.J., Alley, W.M., and Gurtz, M.E., 1995, Design The SANT study area can be divided into two of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: occurrence and distribution of water-quality condi hydrogeologic regions, the Blue Ridge/Piedmont and tions: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1112, 33 p. the Coastal Plain. Ground-water quality in the SANT study area generally meets state and Federal standards. Livingston, R.J., 1992, Medium-sized rivers of the Gulf However, spills and leaks of chemicals have contami Coastal Plain: in Hackney, C.T., Adams, S.M., and nated ground water in numerous but relatively small Marshall, W.H., eds., Biodiversity of the southeastern areas. Some pesticides and nutrients are found in United States aquatic communities: New York, John ground water associated with agricultural areas. Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 351-385. A bibliography of nearly 400 publications per taining to aquatic biology, surface-water quality, and Mulholland, P.J., and Lenat, D.R., 1992, Streams of the ground-water studies in the SANT study area is pre southeastern Piedmont, Atlantic Drainage, in Hackney, sented in 3 appendices. From this bibliography, 30 C.T., Adams, S.M., and Marshall, W.H., eds., Biodi reports were selected for in-depth descriptions of their versity of the southeastern United States aquatic com munities: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., contents. p. 193-269.

Neubold, J.D., Erman, D.C., and Roby, K.B., 1980, Effects of logging on macroinvertebrates in streams with and without buffer strips: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 37, p. 1076-1085.

Omernik, J.M., 1987, Map supplement, Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 77, no. 1, p. 118-125.

Smock, L.A., and Gilinsky, Ellen, 1992, Coastal Plain blackwater streams, in Hackney, C.T, Adams, S.M., and Marshall, W.H., eds., Biodiversity of the south eastern United States aquatic communities: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 271-313.

South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, 1995, The quality of the environment in South Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, 20 p.

Wallace, J.B., Webster, J.R., and Lowe, R.L., 1992, High- gradient streams of the Appalachians, in Hackney, C.T, Adams, S.M., and Marshall, W.H., eds., Biodi versity of the southeastern United States aquatic com munities: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 133-191.

22 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 APPENDIX 1

Aquatic Ecology Bibliography

Appendix 1 23 BLANK PAGE

24 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 APPENDIX 1. AQUATIC ECOLOGY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ace Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve, 1995, Ace landfill near Pinewood, South Carolina, 1988: U.S. Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve, Research Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations summary report: [Charleston?], South Carolina, 10 p. Report 91-4140, 52 p.

Adams, T.O., Hook, D.D., and Floyd, M.A., 1995, Effec Benke, A.C., Van Arsdall, T.C., Jr., Gillespie, D.M., and tiveness monitoring of silvicultural best management Parrish, F.K., 1984, Invertebrate productivity in a sub practices in South Carolina: Southern Journal of tropical blackwater river: The importance of habitat Applied Forestry, v. 19, no. 4, p. 170-176. and life history: Ecological Monographs, v. 54, p. 25-63. Aldridge, Edmund, III, 1978, Pesticide and PCB levels in fish tissue collected from South Carolina waters, 1974- Benke, A.C., Henry, R.L., III, Gillespie, D.M., and Hunter, 1976: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health R.J., 1985, Importance of snag habitat for animal pro and Environmental Control Report no. 010-78, 52 p. duction in southeastern streams: Fisheries, v. 10, p. 8-13. Allred, P.M., and Giesy, J.P., 1988, Use of in situ micro cosms to study mass loss and chemical composition of Berra, T. M., 1981, An atlas of the distribution of freshwater leaf litter being processed in a blackwater stream: fish families of the world: Lincoln, Nebr., University of Archive of Hydrobiology, v. 114, p. 231-250. Nebraska Press, 197 p.

Anderson, W.D., 1964, Fishes of some South Carolina Blood, E.R., 1986, Biogeochemistry of blackwater Coastal Coastal Plain streams: Quarterly Journal of the Florida Plain streams: Association of Southeastern Biologists Academy of Science, v. 27, p. 31-54. Bulletin, v. 33, p. 60-68.

Bailey, J. R., 1977, Freshwater fishes, in Cooper, J.E., and Bonner, W.R., 1983, Survey and classification of state-man others, eds., Endangered and threatened plants and ani aged trout streams, District Eight: Raleigh, North mals in North Carolina: Raleigh, North Carolina, State Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Museum of Natural History, p. 265-296. [about 60] p.

Barton, M.C., Jr., and O'Brien-White, S.K., eds., 1995, Borders, T., 1987, Water quality modeling of the Lower Fishes of the Edisto River Basin: Columbia, Fisheries Saluda River: Columbia, South Carolina Department Habitat Committee, Edisto River Basin Project, South of Health and Environmental Control Report Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Report no. 010-87, 37 p. no. 6, 57 p. Brigham, A.R., Brigham, W.U., and Gnilka, Arnold, 1982, Bates, R.D., and Marcus, J.M., 1990, Hydrologic dynamics Aquatic insects and oligochaetes of North and South and water-quality characteristics of the Santee Swamp Carolina: Mahomet, 111., Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, and the factors involved in fish kill episodes in upper 833 p. Lake Marion, South Carolina: Columbia, South Caro lina Department of Health and Environmental Control Brownlow, C.A., and Bolen, E.G., 1994, Fish and macroin- Report SCP 001-90,49 p. vertebrate diversity in first-order blackwater and allu vial streams in North Carolina: Journal of Freshwater Beasley, B.R., Lange, D.A., Newland, K.T., and Brittain, Ecology, v. 9, no. 4, p. 261-270. W.C., 1988, South Carolina rivers assessment: Colum bia, South Carolina Water Resources Commission Burch, J.B., 1973, Freshwater Unionacean Clams (Mol- Report no. 164, 249 p. lusca:Pelecypoda) of North America: Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Project Num Belval, D.L., Bradfield, A.D., Krantz, D.E., and Patterson, ber 18050 ELD, Biota of Freshwater Ecosystems, G.G., 1991, Benthic invertebrates in Lake Marion and Identification Manual no. 11, 176 p. selected tributaries in the vicinity of a hazardous-waste

Appendix 1 25 Caldwell, W.S., 1992, Selected water-quality and biological Griffin, M.A., 1991, Macroinvertebrate community assess characteristics of streams in some forested basins of ment in northeast Columbia: Columbia, South Carolina North Carolina, 1985-1988: U.S. Geological Survey Department of Health and Environmental Control, Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4129, Bureau of Water Pollution Control Report no. 009-91, 114 p. 10 p.

Camper, N.D., and Paynter, M.J., 1986, Aquatic herbicide Heard, W.H., 1970, Eastern freshwater mollusks (II). The residues and fate in aquatic sediments: South Carolina South Atlantic and Gulf drainages: Malacologia, v. 10, Water Resources Commission Aquatic Plant Manage p. 23-31. ment Research Report no. 3. Hem, J.D., 1992, Study and interpretation of the chemical Carlson, P.C., 1980, Macroinvertebrate assessment of Stoop characteristics of natural water (3rd ed.): U.S. Geologi Creek, Lexington County: Columbia, South Carolina cal Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p. Department of Health and Environmental Control Report no. 024-80, lip. Hocutt, C.H., and Wiley, E.G., eds., 1986, The zoogeogra phy of North American freshwater fishes: New York, Carlson, P.C., and Gaymon, H.L., 1985, Macroinvertebrate John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 866 p. assessment of the Edisto River near Orangeburg, South Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Report Karr, J.R., Angermeier, P.L., and Schosser, I.J., 1983, Habi no. 012-85, 20 p. tat structure and fish communities of warmwater streams: Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. Environmental Pro Cooney, T.W., 1990, Concentrations of metals in bed mate tection Agency, 6 p. rial in the area of Congaree Swamp National Monu ment and in water in Cedar Creek, Richland County, Kuehne, R.A., and Barbour, R.W, 1983, The American South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Darters: Lexington, University of Kentucky Press, Report 90-370, 18 p. 177 p.

Corontzes, Z.J., ed., 1992, Statewide water quality assess Knowles, S.C., and Carlson, PH., 1981, A ranking of ment, FY 1990-1991: Columbia, South Carolina selected agricultural nonpoint source watersheds in Department of Health and Environmental Control, South Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina Department 100 p. of Health and Environmental Control Report 007-81,200 p. Cuffney, T.F., 1988, Input, movement and exchange of organic matter within a subtropical coastal blackwater Lacy, C.M., 1992, Assessment of zooplankton dynamics in river-flood plain system: Freshwater Biology, v. 19, response to nonpoint source loadings to the Santee- p. 305-320. Cooper Lake system: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Darr, D.P., 1991, A summary of South Carolina freshwater Report SCP 002-92, 96 p. fish tissue data, 1976 - 1990: Columbia, South Caro lina Department of Health and Environmental Control Lee, D.S., Gilbert, C.R., Hocutt, C.H., Jenkins, R.E., McAl- Draft Technical Report no. 010-90, 48 p. lister, D.E., and Stauffer, J.R., Jr., 1980, Atlas of North American freshwater fishes: Raleigh, North Carolina Fuller, S. L., Grimm, H.F., Laavy, T.L., Porter, H.J., and Biological Survey Publication no. 1980-12, 854 p. Shoemaker, A.H., 1979, Status report: freshwater and terrestrial mollusks, in Forsyth, D.M., and Ezell, W.B., Jr., eds., Proceedings of the first South Carolina endan Lenat, D.R., and Eagelson, K.W, 1981, Ecological effects gered species symposium: Columbia, South Carolina of urban runoff on North Carolina streams: Raleigh, Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, p. 55-81. North Carolina Division of Environmental Manage ment, Biological series no. 104. Gillentine, Clara, 1990, South Carolina river histories: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commis Lindsey, Ginny, and Lewis, Ann, 1994: The Rainbow sion, Office of State Climatology Publications Report River stain on the Piedmont: Asheville, Clean Water no. G-38. Fund of North Carolina, 52 p.

26 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Loyacano, H.A., 1975, A list of freshwater fishes of South Miglarese, J.V., and Sandifer, P.A., eds., 1982, An ecologi Carolina: South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Sta cal characterization of South Carolina wetland tion Bulletin 580. impoundments: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division Marshall, W.D., ed., 1993, Assessing change in the Edisto Report no. TR-51, 132 p. River Basin: an ecological characterization: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report Mulholland, P.J., and Lenat, D.R., 1992, Streams of the no. 177, 149 p. southeastern Piedmont, Atlantic Drainage, in Hackney, C.T., Adams, S.M., and Marshall, W.H., eds., Biodi Matthews, W.J., and Heins, D.C., 1987, Community and versity of the southeastern United States aquatic com evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes: munities: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Norman, Okla., University of Oklahoma Press, 310 p. p. 193-269.

May den, R.L., 1992, Systematics, historical ecology and Nelson, P.P., ed., 1974, The Cooper River environmental North American freshwater fishes: Stanford, Calif., study: South Carolina Water Resources Commission Stanford University Press, 969 p. Report no. 117, 164 p.

McKeller, H.N., Jr., Homer, Mark, and Tyler, Robin, 1988, Nelson, P.P., ed., 1976, Lower Santee River environmental The role of submerged macrophytes in aquatic commu quality study: Columbia, South Carolina Water nity metabolism, phosphorus budgets, and fish com Resources Commission Report no. 122. munity dynamics in shallow pond ecosystems: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commis North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and sion, Aquatic Plant Management Research Report Natural Resources, 1991, North Carolina inventory of no. 4. environmental data sets: Raleigh, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Meetz, G.R., 1980, Water-quality analysis of aquatic biolog Resources, 133 p. ical communities in the Catawba Wateree Drainage System for 1977: Columbia, South Carolina Depart 1994, Basinwide assessment report support docu ment of Health and Environmental Control, Bureau of ment, Catawba River Basin: Raleigh, Division of Envi Water Pollution Control Report no. 011-80, 13 p. ronmental Management, Draft Report, 234 p.

Meffe, O.K., and Sheldon, A.L., 1988, The influence of 1995, Catawba River basinwide water quality man habitat structure on fish assemblage composition in agement plan: Raleigh, Division of Environmental southeastern blackwater streams: American Midland Management [variously paged]. Naturalist, v. 120, no. 2, p. 225-240. Odum, H.T., and Copeland, B.J., 1972, Functional classifi 1990, Post-defaunation recovery offish assemblages cation of coastal ecological systems of the United in southeastern blackwater streams: Ecology, v. 71, no. States, in Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain 2, p. 657-667. estuaries: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America, p. 9-28. Menhinick, E.F., 1991, The freshwater fishes of North Caro lina: Raleigh, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Com Patterson, G.G., and Davis, B.A., 1991, Distribution of mission, 227 p. aquatic macrophytes in 15 lakes and streams in South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Messer, R.J., Davis, J.R., Crowell, T.E., and Games, W.C., Investigations Report 89-4132, 57 p. 1965, Survey and classification of the Broad River and its tributaries, North Carolina: Raleigh, North Carolina Pickett, J.R., 1992, Sources and accumulation of trace met Wildlife Resources Commission. als in sediments and the Asiatic Clam, Corbiculaflu- minea, in two South Carolina watersheds: Columbia, Meyer, J.L., and Edwards, R.T., 1990, Ecosystem metabo South Carolina Department of Health and Environ lism and turnover of organic carbon along a blackwater mental Control, Santee Cooper River Basin Water river continuum: Ecology, v. 71, no. 2, p. 668-677. Quality Management Study, 93 p.

Appendix 1 27 Post, H.A., and DeLaCniz, A., 1977, Litterfall, litter decom Department of Health and Environmental Control position, and flux of participate organic material in a Report no. 004-75,41 p. Coastal Plain stream: Hydrobiologia, v. 55, no. 3, p. 201-207. 1976, Special bacteriological study of the Edisto River above Givhan's Ferry: Columbia, South Carolina Scruggs, G.D., Jr., 1957, Reproduction of resident striped Department of Health and Environmental Control bass in Santee-Cooper Reservoir, South Carolina: Report no. 003-76. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 85, p. 145-159. 1982, An evaluation of potential agricultural nonpoint source problem areas in South Carolina: Water Smith, H.M., 1907, The fishes of North Carolina: Raleigh, quality and macroinvertebrates assessment: Columbia, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, v. 2, South Carolina Department of Health and Environ 453 p. mental Control Report no. 011-82, 81 p.

Smith, T.I.J., and Jenkins, W.E., 1985, Aquaculture research South Carolina Department of Parks and Recreation, 1991, with striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and its hybrids in Animals and plants of South Carolina's Catawba River South Carolina: Southeastern Association of Fish and Corridor: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Wildlife Agencies, v. 39, p. 255-260. Parks and Recreation, 30 p.

Smock, L.A., 1988, Life histories, abundance and distribu South Carolina Forestry Commission, 1994, South Caro tion of some macroinvertebrates from a South Caro lina's best management practices for forestry: Colum lina, USA Coastal Plain stream: Hydrobiologia, v. 157, bia, South Carolina Forestry Commission, 64 p. p. 193-208. South Carolina Water Resources Division, 1976, Lower Smock, L.A., and Gilinsky, Ellen, 1982, Benthic macroin- Santee River environmental inventory by counties, vertebrate communities of a flood plain creek in the river basins, and sub-basins in South Carolina: Colum Congaree Swamp National Monument: Atlanta, bia, South Carolina Water Resources Division Report National Park Service, Final Report, Contract Number no. 122, 60 p. CX5000-0-0945, 82 p. 1982, Fish and wildlife resources of South Carolina: 1992, Coastal Plain blackwater streams, in Hackney, Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Division, C.T., Adams, S.M., and Marshall, W.H., eds., Biodi 57 p. versity of the southeastern United States aquatic com munities: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, Santee River p. 271-313. Basin - a review and summary of available information on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics Smock, L.A., Gilinsky, Ellen, and Stoneburner, D.L., 1985, and resources: Athens, Georgia, U.S. Environmental Macroinvertebrate production in a southeastern United Protection Agency, Ecology Branch, 129 p. States blackwater stream: Ecology, v. 66, p. 1491-1503. 1977, Distribution of phytoplankton in South Caro lina lakes: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. Environmental Snelson, F.F., Jr., and Suttcuss, R.D., 1978, A new species Protection Agency, 64 p. ofSemotilus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the Carolinas: Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, U.S. Geological Survey, 1962-1995, Water resources data, v. 3, p. 1-11. South Carolina, water years 1961 - 1994: U.S. Geolog ical Survey Water-Data Reports SC-61-1 to SC-94-1, Snyder, H.S., de Kozlowski, S.J., Greaney, T.W., Harrigan, (published annually). J.A., Haralson, M.K., Shaw, H.T., Siple, G.E., Collins, F.L., and Miller, D.L., 1983, South Carolina state water Wallace, J.B., Webster, J.R., and Lowe, R.L., 1992, High- assessment: Columbia, South Carolina Water gradient streams of the Appalachians, in Hackney, Resources Commission Report no. 140, 367 p. C.T., Adams, S.M., and Marshall, W.H., eds., Biodi versity of the Southeastern United States aquatic com South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental munities: New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Control, 1975, Study of Lower Saluda River, West p. 133-191. Columbia, South Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina

28 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Wenner, E.L., Coon, W.P., III, Sandifer, P.A., and Shealy, M.H., Jr., 1991, A comparison of species composition and abundance of decapod crustaceans and fishes from the North and South Edisto Rivers in South Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division Report no. TR-78,48 p.

Wharton, C.H., Kitchens, W.M., and Sipe, T.W., 1982, The ecology of bottomland hardwood swamps of the Southeast: A community profile: Washington, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-81/37, 133 p. Woodall, R.W., and Wallace, J.B., 1972, The benthic fauna in four small southern Appalachian streams: American Midland Naturalist, v. 88, no. 2, p. 393-407.

Younginer, Edward, 1986, Water quality assessment of the lower Saluda River: Columbia, South Carolina Depart ment of Health and Environmental Control Report no. 013-86, 37 p.

Appendix 1 29 BLANK PAGE

30 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 APPENDIX 2

Surface-Water Quality Bibliography

Appendix 2 31 BLANK PAGE

32 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 APPENDIX 2 SURFACE-WATER QUALITY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bales, J.D., 1993, The role of models in evaluation of water hazardous-waste landfill near Pinewood, South Caro quality, in Proceedings of the Conference on Water lina, March 1987 through early January 1989: U.S. Issues in the 1990's: Hickory, North Carolina Environ Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation mental Policy and Studies Center, 2 p. Report 91-4056, 109 p.

1993, U.S. Geological Survey reservoir studies in Caldwell, W.S., 1992, Selected water-quality and biological North Carolina, in Abstracts, 2nd Annual Southeastern characteristics of streams in some forested basins of Lakes Management Conference, March 11-13, 1993: North Carolina, 1985-88: U.S. Geological Survey Chattanooga, Tennessee, North American Lake Man Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4129, agement Society, p. 7-8. 114 p.

1994, Some effects of development on hydrology Clemson University, 1971, The enrichment problem in Lake and water quality, in Ohrel, R.L., ed., Integrated Greenwood and the Reedy River Basin: Clemson, coastal wastewater management in North Carolina- S.C., College of Engineering, Clemson University. Protecting coastal water, Proceedings, December 2-3, 1993: Wilmington, North Carolina Coastal Federation, Cooney, T.W., 1988, Sediment inflow, outflow and deposi p. 35-37. tion for Lakes Marion and Moultrie, South Carolina, October 1983 - March 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Bates, R.D., and Marcus, J.M., 1990, Hydrologic dynamics Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4160, 49 p. and water-quality characteristics of the Santee Swamp and the factors involved in fish kill episodes in upper 1990, Concentrations of metals in bed material in Lake Marion, South Carolina: Columbia, South Caro the area of Congaree Swamp National Monument and lina Department of Health and Environmental Control in water in Cedar Creek, Richland County, South Caro Report SCP 001-90, 49 p. lina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-370, 18 p. Bates, R.D., Marcus, J.M., and Pickett, J.R., 1992, Hydrol ogy and water-quality characteristics of the Santee Crawford, J.K., and Lenat, D.R., 1989, Effects of land use Swamp, South Carolina: A baseline study: South Caro on the water quality and biota of three streams in the lina Department of Health and Environmental Control Piedmont Province of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Technical Report SCP 001-92, 72 p. Survey Open-File Report 92-494, 69 p. Birch, Joe, 1985, Water quality of the Congaree Swamp National Monument: Athens, University of Georgia, Daniel, H.S., 1984, Hypolimnetic oxygen depletion in 101 p. South Carolina reservoirs: Columbia, University of South Carolina Masters thesis, 138 p. Brown, D.C., 1981, The interactive effects of temperature and nutrients on periphyton assemblages from a low Duke, J.W., and Harvel, J., 1971, A reconnaissance survey pH South Carolina stream: Columbia, University of of streams in the South Carolina Coastal Plain for con South Carolina Masters thesis, 170 p. sideration as a part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System: Columbia, South Carolina Water Burrell, V.G., Jr., and Carson, W.Z., 1979, Low-flow study Resources Commission Report no. 110. in Wando River, South Carolina, 1978, in Adams, D.O, and others, eds., Cooper River controlled low-flow Duke, J.W., 1972, ed., Ashley-Combahee-Edisto (ACE) study: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources River Basin framework study: Columbia, South Caro Commission Report no. C-97, p. 179-188. lina Water Resources Commission Report no. 113.

Burt, R.A., McMahon, P.B., Robertson, J.F., and Nagle, Duke Power Company, 1994-1995, The Catawba, a journal D.D., 1991, Stream flow, lake-flow patterns, rainfall, of the river and its lakes: Charlotte, North Carolina, and quality of water and sediment in the vicinity of a Duke Power Company [variously paged].

Appendix 2 33 Eddins, W.H., and Crawford, J.L., 1985, Reconnaissance of 1989, The effects of land-management practices on water-quality characteristics of streams in the City of surface- and ground-water quality in rural northeastern Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina: Guilford County, North Carolina, in Pederson, G.L., U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga and Smith, M.M., compilers, U.S. Geological Survey tions Report 84-4308, 105 p. Second National Symposium on Water Quality: Abstracts of the technical sessions, Orlando, Fla., Eddins, W.H., and Cardinell, A.P., 1987, Surface- and November 12-17, 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open- ground-water quality data at selected landfill sites in File Report 89-409, 38 p. Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1980-86: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-564, 393 p. 1991, Effects of land-management practices on sedi ment yields in northeastern Guilford County, North Paris, D.D., 1973, A spatial analysis of water quality in the Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Saluda River Drainage Basin: Source to Lake Green Investigations Report 90-4127,40 p. wood: Columbia, University of South Carolina Mas ters thesis, 90 p. Hydrocomp, Inc., 1978, Columbia metropolitan water qual ity management plan, technical report 11, Water qual Fernandes, N., 1992, Integration of remote sensing and geo ity simulation and analysis: Atlanta, Hydrocomp, Inc., graphical information systems for modeling nonpoint- 7 chapters [variously paged]. source pollution in the Santee-Cooper River: Athens, Center for Remote Sensing and Mapping Science, Uni Inabinet, J.R., and Gaymon, H.L., 1977, Water-quality versity of Georgia. investigations of several dead-end canal systems in the Santee-Cooper reservoirs: Columbia, South Carolina Gardner, L.R., 1976, Exchange of nutrients and trace metals Department of Health and Environmental Control between sediments and estuarine waters; A field study: Technical Report 07-77, 26 p. Clemson University, South Carolina Water Resources Research Institute, 95 p. Inabinet, J.R., 1978, Lake Marion, an environmental assess ment: South Carolina Department of Health and Envi Geisy, J.P., Jr., and Briese, L.A., 1978, Trace metal transport ronmental Control Technical Report 001-78, 232 p. by particulates and organic carbon in two South Caro lina streams: International Association of Theoretical 1985, Water-quality characteristics of the Santee and Applied Limnologists, v. 20, p. 1401-1417. Cooper Lake System: Monck's Corner, South Caro lina, Santee Cooper Environmental Resources Divi Gibson, H.E., 1977, Special study on Spears Creek and sion, Water Quality Management Section, 95 p. Hardwicke Chemical Company: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Inabinet, J.R., and Pearse, J.G., 1981, A nutrient assessment Control Publication no. 004-77, 19 p. of Lake Greenwood, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Giese, G.L., and Mason, R.R., Jr., 1993, Low-flow charac Report 013-81, 152 p. teristics of streams in North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2403, 29 p. Jaynes, M.L., 1994, Hydrologic, water-quality, and meteorologic data from selected sites in the upper Catawba Harned, D.A., 1994, Effects of agricultural land-manage River Basin, North Carolina, January 1993 through ment practices on water quality in northeastern Guil- March 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File ford County, North Carolina, 1985-90: U.S. Geological Report 94-509, 76 p. Survey Open-File Report 94-60, 114 p. Johnson, F.A., 1977, A reconnaissance of the hydrology of Harris, B.L., Nipp, O.K., Waggoner, D.K., and Weber, A., the Edisto and Ashepoo Estuaries South Carolina: 1995, Agricultural water quality program policy con South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report siderations: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 24, p. no. 6, 53 p. 405-411. Kinsey, C.D., Boozer, A.C., Knox, J.N., Turner, L.E., Cain, Hill, C.L., 1987, Monitoring the effects of land-manage K.K., and Long, G.W., 1982, South Carolina clean ment practices on water quality in Guilford County, lakes classification survey: South Carolina Department North Carolina, in Proceedings of the American Water of Health and Environmental Control Technical Report Resources Association, p. 137-147. 019-82,428 p.

34 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Kitchens, W.M., Dean, J.M., and Stevenson, L.H., 1974, before, during, and after channel modifications, in Pro The Santee Swamp as a nutrient sink, in Howell, F.G., ceedings of the symposium on coastal water resources, Gentry, J.B., and Smith, M.H., eds., Mineral Cycling in Wilmington, N.C., May 22-25, 1988: Bethesda, Mary Southeastern Ecosystems: Technical Information Cen land, American Water Resources Association, ter, Office of Publications, U.S. Energy Research and p. 419-427. Development Administrations, 898 p. Mathews, T.D., Shealy, M.H., Jr., and Cummings, Nancie, Knox, J.N., 1982, Water quality assessment 1979-1981: 1981, Hydrography of South Carolina estuaries, with Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health and emphasis on the North and South Santee and Charles Environmental Control Technical Report 018-82, ton Harbor-Cooper River estuaries: South Carolina 235 p. Department of Natural Resources, Division of Marine Resources Technical Report TR-47, 128 p. Lagman, L.H., 1980, Water quality and aquatic vegetation in the Back River Reservoir, Berkeley County, South Mathews, T.D., and Shealy, M.H., Jr., 1982, A description Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources of the salinity regimes of major South Carolina estuar Commission, 62 p. ies: South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Division of Marine Resources Technical Report Lindsey, Ginny, and Lewis, Ann, 1994, The rainbow river: TR-54, 14 p. stain on the Piedmont: Asheville, Clean Water Fund of North Carolina, 52 p. McDowell, E.B., 1979, Phosphorus, planktonic metabolism, and dissolved oxygen depletion in Lake Murray, South Marcus, J.M., 1983, A water quality assessment of selected Carolina: Columbia, University of South Carolina coastal marinas, Beaufort County, South Carolina: Masters thesis, 64 p. Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Technical Report 022-83, Mcllvaine, C.M., 1990, Water quality assessment of Lake 233 p. Murray, S.C. 1987-1988: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Technical Report Marcus, J.M., and Knowles, S.C., 1983, A water quality SCP 002-90, 117 p. - standards-based trend assessment of selected natural swamp waters of the Edisto-Combahee and Pee Dee Meikle, R.L., 1983, Drainage areas of selected sites on River Basins, South Carolina: Columbia, South Caro North Carolina streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open- lina Department of Health and Environmental Control File Report 83-211, 163 p. Technical Report 006-83, 116 p. Moore Gardner & Associates, 1979, Myrtle Beach storm- Marcus, J.M., and Mathews, T.D., 1987, Trace metals in water study: Surfside Beach, South Carolina, Moore South Carolina estuaries, in Lindberg, S.E., and Hutch- Gardner & Associates, 16 p. inson, T.C., eds., Heavy metals in the Environment, Vol. II: Edinburgh, United Kingdom, CEP Consultants, 1979, Myrtle Beach water quality study. Data inter Ltd., p. 446-448. pretation and analysis (subtask D-3): Surfside Beach, South Carolina, Moore Gardner & Associates, 36 p. Marshall, W.D., ed., 1993, Assessing change in the Edisto River Basin: an ecological characterization: Columbia, Moser, R.W., 1992, Policy and engineering considerations South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report for stormwater quality management in the Central no. 177, 149 p. Midlands of South Carolina: Columbia, University of South Carolina, Masters thesis, 85 p. Martens, L.S., 1968, Flood inundation and effects of urban ization in metropolitan Charlotte, North Carolina: U.S. Nelson, P.P., 1974, The Cooper River environmental study: Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1591-C, 60 p. South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report no. 117, 164 p. Marter, W.L., 1970, Savannah River water-quality studies, 1964/65: Aiken, South Carolina, Savannah River Lab North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and oratory, E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Co., 27 p. Natural Resources, 1991, An Evaluation of the effects of the North Carolina phosphate detergent ban: Mason, R.R., 1988, Ground-water and surface-water condi Raleigh, North Carolina Division of Environmental tions in the Chicod Creek Basin, North Carolina, Management Report no. 91-04.

Appendix 2 35 North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Natural Resources, and South Carolina Department of Control, 1975?, Edisto-Combahee River Basin water Health and Environmental Control, 1992, Water qual quality management plan: South Carolina Department ity investigation of Lake Wylie April 1989 - September of Health and Environmental Control, 133 p. 1990: Report no. 92-04, 135 p. 1975, Study of Lower Saluda River, West Colum Patterson, G.G., 1983, Effect of the proposed Cooper River bia, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of rediversion on sedimentation in Charleston Harbor, Health and Environmental Control Report 004-75, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water- 41 p. Resources Investigations Report 83-4198, 65 p. 1975, Water quality trends of the Congaree River: Patterson, G.G., and Harvey, R.M., 1986, Retention time South Carolina Department of Health and Environ and flow patterns in Lake Moultrie, South Carolina: mental Control Report 005-75, 40 p. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga tions Report 85-4121, 32 p. 1977, An assessment of water quality and associated problems of the Bear Creek Reservoir, Lancaster Water Patterson, G.G., Speiran, G.K., and Whetstone, B.H., 1985, and Sewer District, Lancaster, South Carolina: South Hydrology and its effects on distribution of vegetation Carolina Department of Health and Environmental in Congaree Swamp National Monument, South Caro Control Report 001-77,43 p. lina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investi gations Report 85-4256, 31 p. 1977, Water quality investigations of several dead end canal systems in the Santee-Cooper Reservoirs: Pickett, J.R., and Harvey, R.M., 1988, Water quality gradi South Carolina Department of Health and Environ ents in the Santee-Cooper Lakes, South Carolina: Lake mental Control Report 007-77, 14 p. and Reservoir Management, v. IV, p. 11-20. 1977, Jackson Creek and the City of Winnsboro Waste Treatment Plant, Fairfield County: South Caro Putnam, A.L., 1972, Effects of urban development on floods lina Department of Health and Environmental Control in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina: U.S. Geo Report 012-77, 6 p. logical Survey Open-File Report, 87 p. 1977, Survey Report for Maple Creek, Spartanburg Robbins, J.C., and Lyke, W.L., 1990, Transferring model- County: South Carolina Department of Health and operating responsibility from a federal to a state Environmental Control Report 013-77,4 p. agency, in Janes, E.B., and Hotchkiss, W.R., eds., Transferring models to users, Symposium Proceedings, 1977, Home Branch study: South Carolina Depart November 4-8, 1990: Denver, Colorado, American ment of Health and Environmental Control Report Water Resources Association, p. 141-147. 014-77, 7 p.

Settlemyer, J.L., 1975, Chemical and suspended sediment 1977, Wilson Creek water quality survey, Green budgets for a tidal creek, Charleston Harbor, South wood County: South Carolina Department of Health Carolina: Columbia, University of South Carolina and Environmental Control Report 015-77, 10 p. Masters thesis, 125 p. 1978, Impact of controlled low flow on the water Schultz, D., 1987, Lake Greenwood and Boyd Mill Pond quality of the Cooper River: South Carolina Depart algal growth potential test, 1985-1986: Athens, Geor ment of Health and Environmental Control Report gia, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 025-78, 63 p. IV. 1978, Lake Marion: An environmental Assessment: Smith, D.G., 1993, Surface- and ground-water quality data South Carolina Department of Health and Environ at selected landfill sites in Mecklenburg County, North mental Control Report 007-78, 232 p. Carolina, 1979-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-437, 971 p. 1978, North Fork Edisto River cyanide study: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 003-78.

36 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental 1980, A water quality assessment of the receiving Control, 1978, Santee Branch and Four Hole Swamp - waters of the Port Royal Plantation wastewater treat Ware Brothers borrow pit study: South Carolina ment facility, Beaufort, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 008-78, 17 p. Report 005-80, 26 p.

1979, An intensive water quality survey of Rocky 1981, An intensive water quality survey of Ninety Creek, Union County, South Carolina: South Carolina Six Creek, Greenwood County, South Carolina: South Department of Health and Environmental Control Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Report 023-79, 22 p. Control Report 005-81,44 p.

1979, A review of the impacts of coastal marina sit 1981, A nutrient assessment of Lake Greenwood, ing, construction, and activities as related to water South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health quality considerations: South Carolina Department of and Environmental Control Report 013-81, 152 p. Health and Environmental Control Report 001-79, 30 p. 1981, An intensive water quality survey of Twelve Mile Creek, Lexington County, South Carolina: South 1979, A special survey of the Reedy River, Green Carolina Department of Health and Environmental ville and Laurens Counties, South Carolina: South Control Report 003-81, 85 p. Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 021-79,49 p. 1981, An intensive water quality survey of Wilson Creek, Greenwood County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental 1980, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina - Sea Pines Plantation Nonpoint Source Assessment: South Control Report 004-81, 79 p. Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 004-80, 119 p. 1981, A ranking of selected agricultural nonpoint source watersheds in South Carolina based on use impairment: South Carolina Department of Health and 1980, An intensive water quality survey of Lawsons Environmental Control Report 007-81, 200 p. Fork Creek, Spartanburg County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environ 1981, A water quality model Report for Wilson mental Control Report 003-80, 42 p. Creek and Ninety Six Creek: South Carolina Depart ment of Health and Environmental Control Report 1980, An intensive water quality survey of Meng 044-81,9 p. Creek, Union County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 1982, An intensive water quality survey of the Little Report 017-80, 62 p. Saluda River, Saluda County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental 1980, An intensive water quality survey of the Mid Control Report 002-82, 123 p. dle Tyger River, Spartanburg County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environ 1982, An intensive water quality survey of Wilson mental Control Report 001-80, 29 p. Creek, Greenwood County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental 1980, Water quality assessment of the effects of the Control Report 003-82. Tega Cay treatment plant #2 upon Lake Wylie, York County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of 1982, An intensive water quality survey of Ninety Health and Environmental Control Technical Report Six Creek, Greenwood County, South Carolina: South 026-80, 15 p. Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 004-82. 1980, Water quality assessment of the proposed addition of 130 boat slips at the Yacht Cove, Lake 1982, An intensive water quality survey of Maple Murray, Lexington County, South Carolina: South Creek, Spartanburg County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Technical Report 025-80, 11 p. Control Report 005-82, 66 p.

Appendix 2 37 South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental 1983, Water quality model of Wilson Creek, Green Control, 1982, An intensive water quality survey of the wood, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of South Tyger River, Spartanburg County, South Caro Health and Environmental Control Report 026-83, lina: South Carolina Department of Health and Envi 79 p. ronmental Control Report 006-82. 1983, Prediction of stream velocities in South Caro 1982, A water quality assessment of Princess Creek, lina; empirical determination using statistical method Greenville County, South Carolina: South Carolina ology: South Carolina Department of Health and Department of Health and Environmental Control Environmental Control Report 035-83, 9 p. Report 009-82, 28 p. 1983, A water quality assessment of Campbell 1982, A water quality assessment of Langston Creek, Beaufort County, South Carolina: South Caro Creek, Greenville County, South Carolina: South lina Department of Health and Environmental Control Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Report 037-83,210 p. Control Technical Report 010-82, 37 p. 1984, A reclassification survey of the Middle Saluda 1982, An evaluation of potential agricultural non- River, Greenville County, South Carolina: South Caro point source problem areas in South Carolina: Water lina Department of Health and Environmental Control quality and macroinvertebrates assessment: South Report 001-84, 34 p. Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 011-82, 81 p. 1984, A special survey - The South Saluda River, Greenville and Pickens Counties, South Carolina: 1982, An assessment of the fecal coliform bacteria South Carolina Department of Health and Environ levels in the Reedy River, Greenville County, South mental Control Report 002-84, 32 p. Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 012-82, 37 p. 1984, Water quality model of Durbin Creek, Laurens County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of 1982, A water quality assessment of Polk Swamp, Health and Environmental Control Report 004-84, Dorchester County, South Carolina: South Carolina 108 p. Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 024-82,44 p. 1984, An intensive water quality survey of the South Tyger River, Spartanburg County, South Carolina: 1982, A water quality assessment of Rocky Creek, South Carolina Department of Health and Environ Chester County, South Carolina: South Carolina mental Control Report 007-84, 109 p. Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 026-82, 34 p. 1984, Water quality assessment 1982-1983: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental 1983, Water quality model of Maple Creek and the Control Report 019-84, 153 p. South Tyger River, Spartanburg County, South Caro lina: South Carolina Department of Health and Envi 1984, Water quality model of the Wateree River, ronmental Control Report 012-83, 93 p. Kershaw County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 1983, Water quality model of Twelve Mile Creek, Report 021-84, 94 p. Lexington County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 1985, Catawba River water quality model review Report 014-83, 85 p. and wasteload allocation development: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 1983, Water quality analyses of the Beaufort River Report 002-85, 123 p. and Battery Creek, Beaufort County, South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Environ 1985, A summary of water quality sampling activi mental Control Report 025-83, 77 p. ties at Campbell Creek, Beaufort County, South Caro lina, November 14-15, 1983 through December 5, 1984: South Carolina Department of Health and Envi ronmental Control Report 003-85, 94 p.

38 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental 1990, A water quality assessment of two small Control, 1985, Shaw Air Force Base: Beech Creek unnamed creeks in vicinity of old Simpsonville land technical evaluation and water quality study, Sumter, fill, Greenville County, South Carolina, October 1989: South Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health South Carolina Department of Health and Environ and Environmental Control Report 008-85. mental Control Report 003-90,44 p.

1985, A water quality assessment of Boggy Branch 1990, Water quality modeling of the Saluda River, and Bull Swamp Creek, Lexington County, South Lexington County, South Carolina: South Carolina Carolina: South Carolina Department of Health and Department of Health and Environmental Control Environmental Control Report 009-85, 166 p. Report 006-90, 32 p.

1985, A water quality assessment of the Stono 1990, Water quality of two excavated Berkeley River, Charleston County, South Carolina: South Caro County wildlife ponds: South Carolina Department of lina Department of Health and Environmental Control Health and Environmental Control Report 008-90, Report 011-85, 73 p. lip.

1985, A water quality assessment of the Stono 1990, A review of Lake Wylie water quality data River, Charleston County, South Carolina: South Caro 1974-1989: South Carolina Department of Health and lina Department of Health and Environmental Control Environmental Control Report 009-90, 34 p. Report 01 l-85a, 110 p. 1982, 1987, 1991, South Carolina Clean Lakes Clas 1986, A water quality assessment of Sugar Creek, sification Survey: Columbia, South Carolina Depart York and Lancaster Counties, South Carolina: South ment of Health and Environmental Control, [variously Carolina Department of Health and Environmental paged]. Control Report 006-86, 75 p. 1993, Water Classifications and Standards (Regula 1986, A water quality survey of the lower Saluda tion 61-68), Classified Waters (Regulation 61-69): River, Lexington County, South Carolina: South Caro Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health and lina Department of Health and Environmental Control Environmental Control, 36 p. Report 013-86, 35 p.

1987, A water quality assessment of the Stono 1990-95, State of South Carolina Monitoring River - 1986, Charleston County, South Carolina; an Strategy: Columbia, South Carolina Department of analysis of heavy metals data: South Carolina Depart Health and Environmental Control, [variously paged]. ment of Health and Environmental Control Report 001-87, 84 p. 1991, Watershed water quality management strategy in South Carolina - program description: Columbia, 1987, Huff Creek Drainage Basin water quality South Carolina Department of Health and Environ assessment, Greenville County, South Carolina: South mental Control, 14 p. Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Report 002-87,47 p. 1993, Santee-Cooper River Basin water quality management study, Lakes Marion and Moultrie, sum 1987, Heavy metals and extractable organic chemi mary Report 1982-1992: South Carolina Department cals from the coastal toxics monitoring network 1984- of Health and Environmental Control Report SCO 1986: South Carolina Department of Health and Envi 1993, 69 p. ronmental Control Report 007-87, 34 p. 1994, Water quality assessment FY 1992-1993: 1987, Water quality modeling of the Lower Saluda Columbia, South Carolina Department of Health and River, Lexington County: South Carolina Department Environmental Control. of Health and Environmental Control Report 010-87, 37 p. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 1981, Surface water resource investigation of the Catawba- 1989, Review of Charleston Harbor water quality Wateree System: [Columbia?] South Carolina Depart data 1974-1987: South Carolina Department of Health ment of Natural Resources Report no. 134. and Environmental Control Report 002-89, 46 p.

Appendix 2 39 South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 1994, The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973, Santee River South Carolina Catawba River corridor plan: Colum Basin - a review and summary of available information bia, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, on physical, chemical and biological characteristics 89 p. and resources: Athens, Georgia, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ecology Branch, 129 p. South Carolina State Budget and Control Board, 1993, South Carolina Statistical Abstract: Columbia, South 1976, Report on Lake Greenwood: Greenwood, Carolina State Budget and Control Board, 422 p. Laurens, and Newberry Counties, South Carolina: Cor- vallis Environmental Research Laboratory National South Carolina Water Resources Commission, 1972, Port Eutrophication Survey Working Paper no. 431. Royal Sound environmental study: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commission, 555 p. 1986, Quality criteria for water: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and 1973, Wando River environmental quality studies, Standards. an interim Report: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commission, 115 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 1962-1995, Water resources data, South Carolina, water years 1961 - 1994: U.S. Geolog 1976, Lower Santee River environmental quality ical Survey Water-Data Reports SC-61-1 to SC-94-1, study: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources (published annually). Commission Report no. 122, 60 p. University of South Carolina, 1992, South Carolina's toxic ten: Columbia, University of South Carolina Institute 1981, Surface water resource investigations of the of Public Affairs, 27 p. Catawba-Wateree River System in South Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commis 1993, The good, the bad, and the ugly: Columbia, sion Report no. 134, 244 p. University of South Carolina Institute of Public Affairs, 38 p. 1988, South Carolina rivers assessment: Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report Van Dolah, R.F., and Anderson, G.S., 1991, Effects of Hur no. 164, 249 p. ricane Hugo on salinity and dissolved oxygen condi tions in the Charleston Harbor Estuary: Journal of 1993, A water plan for South Carolina (draft): Coastal Research (special issue), v. 8, p. 83-94. Columbia, South Carolina Water Resources Commis sion, 113 p. Wahl, M.H., 1992, Carbon transport in low-order low-gradi ent streams; The effects of storm events and stream 1993, Assessing change in the Edisto River impoundment: Columbia, University of South Carolina Basin ~ an ecological characterization: South Carolina Masters thesis, 132 p. Water Resources Commission Report no. 177, 149 p. Wilder, H.B., 1972, Investigation of the occurrence and transport of arsenic in the upper Sugar Creek Water Stamey, T.C., 1989, Effects of channel relocation and pro shed, Charlotte, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Sur posed bridge construction on flood flows of the Cat vey Professional Paper 800-D, p. D205-D210. awba River near Marion, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4207, 16 p.

Stewart, E.R., 1981, Evaluation of a water quality data set from the Ashley River, South Carolina: Columbia, University of South Carolina Masters thesis, 78 p.

Treece, M.W., Jr., and Bales, J.D., 1990, Monitoring tech niques for quantifying drainage from altered wetlands {abs.}: Denver, Colorado, American Water Resources Association.

40 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 APPENDIX 3

Ground-Water Bibliography

Appendix 3 41 BLANK PAGE

42 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 APPENDIX 3. GROUND-WATER BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aadland, R.K., Gellici, J.A., and Thayer, P.A., in press, Carolina Water Resources Commission Report no. 5, Hydrogeologic framework of west-central South Caro 28 p. lina: South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Division Report no. 5. Bloxham, W.M., Siple, G.E., and Cummings, T.R., 1970, Water resources of Spartanburg County, South Caro Aucott, W.R., 1988, The predevelopment ground-water lina: Spartanburg County Planning and Development flow system and hydrologic characteristics of the Commission Report no. 3, 112 p. Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina: U.S. Geolog ical Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report Boyter, PH., 1979, Fracture zones and their water quality in 86-4347, 65 p. northwestern South Carolina: Clemson, South Caro lina, Clemson University, 46 p. Aucott, W.R., Davies, M.E., and Speiran, O.K., 1987, Geo- hydrologic framework for the Coastal Plain aquifers of Busby, C.E., 1952, The beneficial use of water in South South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Carolina, A preliminary report on the historical, physi Resources Investigations Report 85-4271, 7 sheets. cal, and legal aspects of water problems in the state: South Carolina Soil Conservation Committee, 52 p. Aucott, W.R., Meadows, R.S., and Patterson, G.G., 1986, Regional ground-water discharge to large streams in Bright, WE., 1963, Ground-water conditions at Rutherford the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina and parts of College: North Carolina Department of Water North Carolina and Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Resources, Division of Ground Water, Ground-Water Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4332, 28 p. Circular no. 1,9 p. Brown, Laurie, and Barton, Charles, 1980, Paleomagnetism Aucott, W.R., and Newcome, Roy, 1986, Selected aquifer test information for the Coastal Plain aquifers of South of some early Paleozoic intrusive rocks in the southern Carolina: U.S Geological Survey Water-Resources Appalachian Piedmont [abs.]: EOS (Transactions, Investigations Report 86-4159, 30 p. American Geophysical Union), v. 61, no. 17, 220 p. Brown, P.M., Brown, D.L., Reid, M.S., and Lloyd, O.B., Jr., Aucott, W.R., and Speiran, G.K., 1984, Water-level mea 1979, Evaluation of the geologic and hydrologic fac surements for the Coastal Plain aquifers of South Caro tors related to the waste-storage potential of Mesozoic lina prior to development: U.S. Geological Survey aquifers in the southern part of the Atlantic Coastal Open-File Report 84-803, 6 p. Plain, South Carolina and Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1008. 1985, Ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aqui fers of South Carolina: Ground Water, v. 23, no. 6, p. Bush, P.W., 1982, Predevelopment flow in the Tertiary lime 736-745. stone aquifer, southeastern United States, a regional analysis from digital modeling: U.S. Geological Sur 1985, Potentiometric surfaces of the Coastal Plain vey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-905, aquifers of South Carolina prior to development: U.S. 41 p. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4208, 5 sheets. Butler, J.R., 1966, Geology and mineral resources of York County, South Carolina: South Carolina Division of Barbot and Associates, Inc., 1977, Report and recommenda Geology Bulletin 33, 65 p. tions and history of the wells of the property area, Newberry County, South Carolina: Florence, South Butler, J.R., 1971, Structure of the Charlotte belt and adja Carolina, Barbot and Associates, Inc., 37 p. cent belts in York County, South Carolina: South Caro lina State Development Board, Division of Geology, Jloxham, W.M., 1976, Low-flow characteristics of streams Geologic Notes, v. 15, no. 3-4, p. 49-62. in the Inner Coastal Plain of South Carolina: South

Appendix 3 43 1972, Age of Paleozoic regional metamorphism in fer in South Carolina, July 1986: South Carolina Water the Carolinas, Georgia, and Tennessee southern Appa Resources Commission Report no. 157, 1 sheet. lachians: American Journal of Science, v. 272, p. 319-333. Crum, F.H., 1979, Preliminary investigations of the ground- water resources of the Eastover area, Richland County, 1980, Reconnaissance geologic map and location of South Carolina: Tampa, Florida, Leggette, Barshears, mineral deposits in Smyrna region, York and Cherokee and Graham, Inc., 26 p. Counties, South Carolina: South Carolina Geological Survey Open-File Report 21, 22 p. Dale, M.W., 1995, Evaluation of the shallow aquifer, Hilton Butler, J.R., and Ragland, P.C., 1969, A petrochemical sur Head Island, South Carolina: South Carolina Depart vey of plutonic intrusions in the Piedmont, southeast ment of Natural Resources, Water Resources Division ern Appalachians, USA: Contributions to Mineralogy Open-File Report no. 2. and Petrology, v. 24, p. 164-190. Daniel, C.C., III, 1989, Statistical analysis relating well Cedarstrom, D.J., Boswell, E.H., and Tarver, G.R., 1979, yield to construction practices and siting of wells in the Summary appraisals of the nation's ground-water Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces of North Carolina: resources-South Atlantic-Gulf Region: U.S. Geologi U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2341-A, cal Survey Professional Paper 813-O, 35 p. 27 p.

Clark, S.L., and Stone, P.A., 1992, Ground-water mineral Daniel, C.C., III, 1990, Evaluation of site-selection criteria, ization in the Carolina Slate Belt near Chapin, South well design, monitoring techniques, and cost analysis Carolina, in Daniel C.C., III, White R.W., and Stone, for ground-water supply in Piedmont crystalline rocks, P.A., eds., Ground Water in the Piedmont: Clemson North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply University, South Carolina, p. 455-474. Paper 2341-B, 35 p.

Coble, R.W, Giese, G.L., and Elmers, J.L., 1985, North Daniel, C.C., III, and Payne, R.A., 1990, Hydrogeologic Carolina ground-water resources, in National water unit map of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces of summary 1984-Hydrologic events, selected water- North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water- quality trends, and ground-water resources: U.S. Geo Resources Investigations Report 90-4035, 1 sheet, logical Survey Water-Supply Paper 2275, p. 329-334. scale 1:500,000.

Colquhoun, D.J., and Johnson, H.S., Jr., 1968, Tertiary sea- Daniel, C.C., III, White, R.K., and Stone, P.A., eds., 1992, level fluctuation in South Carolina: Paleogeography, Ground water in the Piedmont Proceedings of a con Paleocene-Eocene stratigraphy of South Carolina ference on ground water in the Piedmont of the eastern reviewed: South Carolina State Development Board, United States: Clemson, South Carolina, Clemson Uni Division of Geology, Geologic Notes, v. 13, no. 1, versity, 693 p. 20 p. Doering, J.A., 1960,-Quaternary surface formations of Colquhoun, D.J., Woolen, I.D., Van Niewenhuise, D.S., southern part of Atlantic Coastal Plain: Journal of Padgett, G.G., Oldham, R.W, Boylan, D.C., Bishop, Geology, v. 68, no. 2, p. 182-202. J.W, and Howell, P.D., 1983, Surface and subsurface stratigraphy, structure and aquifers of the South Caro Duke, J.W., 1978, Municipal and industrial water use in lina Coastal Plain: Columbia, University of South South Carolina, 1977: South Carolina Water Resources Carolina, 78 p. Commission Report no. 127, 180 p.

Cooke, C.W, 1936, Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Duncan, D.A., and Peace, R.R., 1966, Ground-water Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 867, 196 p. resources of Cleveland County, North Carolina: North Carolina Department of Water Resources, Division of Cooke, C.W, and MacNeil, F.S., 1952, Tertiary stratigraphy Ground Water, Ground-Water Bulletin no. 11, 65 p. of South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Profes sional Paper 243-B, p. 19-29. Eddins, W.H., and Cardinell, A.P., 1987, Surface- and ground-water-quality data at selected landfill sites in Crouch, M.S., Hughes, W.B., Logan, W.R., and Meadows, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1988-89: U.S. J.K., 1987, Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aqui Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-564, 393 p.

44 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Fullagar, P.D., 1971, Age and origin of plutonic intrusions ground-water quality differences related to land use in the Piedmont of the southeastern Appalachians: [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, Programs, v. 24, no. 2, p. 20. p. 2845-2862. Harrigan, J.A., 1985, Water use in South Carolina, July- Giese, G.L., Mason, R.R., and Strickland, A.G., National December 1983: South Carolina Water Resources Water Summary 198 6-Ground-water quality North Commission Report no. 148, 18 p. Carolina state summary: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2325, p. 393-400. Harris, C.L., 1978, 208 ground-water statewide manage ment plans: Columbia, South Carolina Department of Glover, R.E., 1964, The pattern of fresh-water flow in a Health and Environmental Control, 117 p. coastal aquifer, in Sea water in coastal aquifers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1613-C, Hassen, J.A., 1985, Ground-water conditions in the Ladies p. 32-35. and St. Helena Islands area, South Carolina: South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report no. Glowaz, WE., Livingston, C.M., Gomer, C.L., and Clymer, 147, 56 p. C.R., 1980, Economic and environmental impact of land disposal of waste in the shallow aquifer of the Hatcher, R.D., Jr., 1978, Tectonics of the western Piedmont Coastal Plain: Columbia, South Carolina Department and Blue Ridge, southern Appalachians: review and of Health and Environmental Control, Ground Water speculation: American Journal of Science, v. 278, Protection Division, 9 volumes [variously paged]. p. 276-304.

Gohn, G.S., Christopher, R.A., Smith, C.C., and Owens, Hatcher, R.D., 1972, Development model for the southern J.P., 1978, Preliminary stratigraphic cross sections of Appalachians: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments of the southeastern v. 83, p. 2735-2760. United States - Cretaceous sediments along the South Carolina coastal margin: U.S. Geological Survey, Mis Hayes, L.R., 1979, The ground-water resources of Beaufort, cellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1015-A, 2 sheets. Colleton, Hampton, and Jasper Counties, South Caro lina: South Carolina Water Resources Commission Gohn, G.S., and Campbell, B.G., 1992, Recent revisions to Report no. 9, 91 p. the stratigraphy of subsurface Cretaceous sediments in the Charleston, South Carolina, area: South Carolina Heath, R.C., 1983, Basic ground-water hydrology: U.S Geology, v. 34, nos. 1 & 2, p. 25-38. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2220, 84 p.

Greaney, Theresa, 1993, Ground-water resources of Cal- Hem, J.D., 1992, Study and interpretation of the chemical houn County, South Carolina: South Carolina Water characteristics of natural water (3rd ed.): U.S. Geologi Resources Commission Report no. 175, 35 p. cal Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

Griffin, VS., Jr., 1971, The Inner Piedmont belt of the Horton, J.W., Jr., 1981, Shear zone between the Inner Pied southern crystalline Appalachians: Geological Society mont and Kings Mountain belts in the Carolinas: of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 1885-1898. Geology, v. 9, p. 28-33.

Groce, W.G., 1980, Relationship of geology to ground- Horton, J.W., Jr., and Butler, J.R., 1977, Guide to the geol water resources in South Carolina, South Carolina ogy of the Kings Mountain belt in the Kings Mountain technical note: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil area, North Carolina and South Carolina, in Burt, E.R., Conservation Service, 12 p. ed., Field guides for Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section meeting, Winston-Salem, North Harned, D.A., 1988, The hydrologic framework and recon Carolina: Raleigh, North Carolina Department of Nat naissance of ground-water quality in the Piedmont ural and Economic Resources, p. 76-114. Province of North Carolina, with a design for future study: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Inves Horton, J.W., Jr., Butler, J.R., and Milton, D.M., 1981, Geo tigations Report 88-4130, 55 p. logical investigation of Kings Mountain belt and adja cent area in the Carolinas, Carolina Geological Society 1992, Statistical characterization of ground-water Field Trip Guidebook: Columbia, South Carolina Geo quality in the Piedmont of North Carolina, and some logical Survey, 247 p.

Appendix 3 45 Howell, D.E., 1976, Major structural features of South 1956, Ground-water resources in North Carolin. Carolina: Geological Society of America Abstracts North Carolina Department of Conservation and with Programs, v. 8, p. 200-201. Development Bulletin 69. Hughes, W.B., 1987, Preliminary geohydrologic framework for Colleton County, South Carolina: South Carolina 1967, Ground water of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Water Resources Commission Open-File Report Provinces in the southeastern states: U.S. Geological no. 25, 15 p. Survey Circular 538.

Hughes, W.B., Crouch, M.S., and Park, A.D., 1989, Hydro- LeGrande, H.E., and Mundorff, M.J., 1952, Geology and geology and saltwater contamination of the Floridan ground-water resources in the Charlotte area, North aquifer in Beaufort and Jasper counties, South Caro Carolina: North Carolina Department of Conservation lina: South Carolina Water Resources Commission and Development, Division of Mineral Resources Bul Report no. 158, 52 p. letin no. 63, 88 p.

Hubbert, M.K., 1940, The theory of ground-water motion: Lieber, O.M., 1858, Report on the survey of South Carolina, Journal of Geology, v. 48, p. 785-944. Second Annual Report to the General Assembly of South Carolina: Columbia, R.W Gibbes, State Printer, Johnson, P.W, 1978, Reconnaissance of the ground-water 145 p. resources of Clarendon and Williamsburg Counties, South Carolina: South Carolina Water Resources Com Logan, R.W, and Euler, G.M., 1989, Geology and ground- mission Report no. 13. water resources of Allendale, Bamberg, and Barnwell Counties, and part of Aiken County, South Carolina: Johnston, R.H., Krause, R.E., Meyer, F.W., Ryder, P.O., Tib- South Carolina Water Resources Commission Open- bals, C.H., and Hunn, J.D., 1980, Estimated potentio- File Report no. 155. metric surface for the Tertiary limestone aquifer system, southeastern United States, prior to develop Lonon, G.E., Burnette, C.B., and Morris, H.J., 1983, Water ment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report use in South Carolina, 1980: South Carolina Water 80-406, 1 sheet. Resources Commission Report no. 138, 20 p.

Kesler, T.L., 1944, Correlation of some metamorphic rocks MacNeil, F.S., 1944, Oligocene stratigraphy of the south in the central Carolina Piedmont: Geological Society eastern United States: American Association of Petro of America Bulletin, v. 55, p. 755-782. leum Geologists Bulletin, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1313-1354.

King, P.B., 1955, A geological section across the southern Mann, L.T., Jr., 1978, Public supplies of North Carolina-A Appalachians ~ An outline of the geology in the seg summary of water sources, use, treatment, and capacity ment in Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Caro of water-supply systems: U.S. Geological Survey lina, in Russell, R.J., ed., Guides to southeastern Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-16, 61 p. geology: New York, Geological Society of America, p. 332-373. Markewich, H.W., and Markewich, William, 1994, An overview of Pleistocene and Holocene inland dunes in Koch, N.C., 1968, Ground-water resources of Greenville Georgia and the Carolinas - morphology, distribution, County, South Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina age, and paleoclimate: U.S. Geological Survey State Development Board, Division of Geology Bulle Bulletin 2069. tin 38,47 p. McCready, R.W, 1989, Water use and future requirements, Krause, R.E., 1982, Digital model evaluation of the prede- Hilton Head Island and vicinity, South Carolina: South velopment flow system of the Tertiary limestone aqui Carolina Water Resources Commission Report no. fer, southeast Georgia, northeast Florida, and southern 168, 54 p. South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 82-173, 27 p. McGill, H.J., and Stone, P.A., eds., 1985, Proceedings, Symposium on ground water and environmental LeGrande, H.E., 1954, Geology and ground water in the hydrogeology in South Carolina: Columbia, South Statesville area: North Carolina Department of Conser Carolina Department of Health and Environmental vation and Development, Division of Mineral Control Ground Water Division, 153 p. Resources Bulletin 68, 68 p.

46 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Meadows, J.K., 1987, Ground-water conditions in the San- Carolina Coastal Plain: South Carolina Water tee limestone and Black Mingo formation near Moncks Resources Commission Open-File Report no. 35. Corner, Berkeley County, South Carolina: South Caro lina Water Resources Commission Report no. 156, 1993, Pumping tests of the Coastal Plain aquifers in 38 p. South Carolina, with a discussion of aquifer and well characteristics: Columbia, South Carolina Water Meizner, O.E., 1923, The occurrence of ground water in the Resources Commission Report no. 174, 52 p. United States with a discussion of principles: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 489, 321 p. Olson, N.K., and Glowacz, M.E., 1977, Petroleum geology and oil and gas potential of South Carolina: American Miller, J.A., 1982, Thickness of the upper permeable zone Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 61, of the Tertiary limestone aquifer system, southeastern no. 3, 12 p. United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1179,1 sheet. Overstreet, W.C., and Bell, H., Ill, 1965a, The crystalline rocks of South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Bul 1986, Geohydrologic framework of the Floridan letin 1183, 126 p. aquifer system in Florida, Georgia, and parts of Ala bama and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Pro 1965b, Geologic map of the crystalline rocks of fessional Paper 1403-B, 91 p. South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Map 1-413, 1 sheet, 1:250,000. 1995, Geology, ground water, and wells of Green ville County, South Carolina: South Carolina Depart Park, A.D., 1979, Groundwater in the Coastal Plains region, ment of Natural Resources, Water Resources Division a status report and handbook: Charleston, South Caro Report no. 8. lina, Coastal Plains Regional Commission, 160 p. 1980, The ground-water resources of Sumter and Morgan, B.A., 1972, Metamorphic map of the Appala Florence Counties, South Carolina: South Carolina chians: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geo Water Resources Commissions Report no. 133,43 p. logic Investigations Map 1-274, 1 sheet, scale 1:2,500,000. 1985, The ground-water resources of Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester Counties, South Carolina: Mundorff, M.J., 1950, Flood-plain deposits of North Caro South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report lina Piedmont and mountain streams as a possible no. 139, 146 p. source of ground-water supply: North Carolina Depart ment of Conservation and Development, Division of Patterson, G.G., and Padgett, G.G., 1984, Quality of water Mineral Resources Bulletin 59, 20 p. from bedrock aquifers in the South Carolina Piedmont: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga Nelson, B.A., 1989, Hydraulic relationship between a frac tions Report 84-4028, 24 p. tured bedrock aquifer and a primary stream, North Carolina Piedmont, in Daniel, C.C., III, White, R. W, Peace, R.R., Jr., 1965, Geology and ground-water resources and Stone, P.A., eds., Ground water in the Piedmont: in the Broadway area, Wilkes County, North Carolina: Clemson, South Carolina, Clemson University, North Carolina Department of Water Resources, Divi p. 148-162. sion of Groundwater, Groundwater Circular no. 12, 18 p. Newcome, Roy, Jr., 1989, Ground-water resources of South Carolina's Coastal Plain ~ 1988, an overview: Colum 1965, Geology and ground-water resources in the bia, South Carolina Water Resources Commission Hays area, Wilkes County, North Carolina: North Report no. 167, 127 p. Carolina Department of Water Resources, Division of Groundwater, Groundwater Circular no. 9, 15 p. 1990a, The 100 largest public water supplies in South Carolina: Columbia, South Carolina Water Pelletier, A.M., 1982, Impact of the proposed Union Camp Resources Commission Report no. 169, 57 p. paper mill on the local ground water users in Richland County, South Carolina: South Carolina Water Newcome, Roy, Jr.,1990b, Using electric logs to predict Resources Commission Open-File Report 82-1, 13 p. ground-water quality in the sand aquifers of the South

Appendix 3 47 1985, Ground-water conditions and water-supply Abstracted 1966, South Carolina State Development alternatives in the Waccamaw capacity use area, South Board, Geologic Notes, 7-14 October 1965, v. 9, no. 4, Carolina: South Carolina Water Resources Commis p. 37-58. sion Open-File Report no. 144. 1967, Salt-water encroachment in coastal South Renken, R.A., 1984, The hydrogeologic framework for the Carolina: South Carolina State Development Board, southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system of the Division of Geology, Geologic Notes, v. 11, no. 2, p. United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water- 21-36. Resources Investigations Report 84-4243, 26 p. 1968, Memorandum report on impact of proposed Rodriguez, A., Newcome, R., Jr., and Wachob, A., 1994, canals on ground-water regime of Berkeley and Ground-water resources of Darlington, Dillon, Flo Charleston Counties, South Carolina, in Cooper River, rence, Marion, and Marlboro Counties, South Caro South Carolina: 90th U.S. Congress, 2nd session, Sen lina: South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, ate Document 88, p. 153-160. Water Resources Division Report no. 1,45 p. 1975, Ground-water resources of Orangeburg Secor, D.T., and Wagener, H.D., 1968, Stratigraphy, struc County, South Carolina: South Carolina State Devel ture and petrology of the Piedmont in central South opment Board, Division of Geology Bulletin no. 36, Carolina: South Carolina State Development Board, 59 p. Division of Geology, Geologic Notes, v. 12, no. 4, p. 67-84. Sloan, Earl, 1904, A preliminary report on the clays of South Carolina: South Carolina Geological Survey Secor, D.T., and Snoke, A.W, 1978, Stratigraphy, structure, Bulletin 1, Series 4. and plutonism in the central South Carolina Piedmont, in Snoke, A.W, ed., Geological investigations of the 1908, Catalogue of the mineral localities of South eastern Piedmont, southern Appalachians ~ Carolina Carolina: South Carolina Geological Survey Bulletin Geological Society 1978 Guidebook: Columbia, South 2, Series 4. Carolina Geological Survey, 123 p.

Siple, G.E., 1946, Progress report on ground-water investi Smith, D.G., 1993, Surface- and ground-water quality data gations in South Carolina: South Carolina Research, at selected landfill sites in Mecklenburg County, North Planning, and Development Board Bulletin no. 15, Carolina, 1979-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 116p. Report 93-437, 971 p.

Siple, G.E., 1957, Ground water in South Carolina Coastal Snipes, D.S., ed., 1981, Ground water quality and quantity Plain: Journal of the American Water Works Associa in fracture zones in the Piedmont of northwestern tion, v. 49, no. 3, p. 283-300. South Carolina: Clemson, South Carolina Water Resources Research Institute, Clemson University, 1959, Guidebook for the South Carolina Coastal 87 p. Plain field trip of the Carolina Geological Society, Nov. 16-17, 1957: South Carolina State Development Snipes, D.S., Padgett, G.G., Hughes, W.B., and Springston, Board, Division of Geology Bulletin no. 24, 27 p. G.E., 1983, Ground water quantity and quality in frac ture zones in Abbeville County, South Carolina: Clem 1960, Geology and ground-water conditions in the son, South Carolina, Clemson University Department Beaufort area, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey of Chemistry and Geology Report no. 102, 54 p. Open-File Report, 119 p. Snoke, A.W, 1978, Geological investigation of the eastern 1960, Some geologic and hydrologic factors affect Piedmont, southern Appalachians: Carolina Geological ing limestone terranes of Tertiary age in South Caro Society 1978 Guidebook, South Carolina Geological lina: Southeastern Geology, v. 2, no. 2, 11 p. Survey, 123 p.

1965, Salt-water encroachment of Tertiary lime South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental stones along coastal South Carolina, in Proceedings, Control, 1980, Economic and environmental impact of Symposium on Hydrology of Fractured Rocks, land disposal of wastes in shallow aquifers of the lower Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia: Tome I, v. II, p. 439-453, Coastal Plain of South Carolina, Columbia, South

48 Selected Aquatic Ecology, Surface-Water Quality, and Ground-Water Studies in the Santee River Basin and Coastal Drainage, North and South Carolina, 1996 Carolina Department of Health and Environmental 1982, Dissolved solids concentration in water from Control Executive Summary, v. 1. the upper permeable zone of the Tertiary limestone aquifer system, Southeastern United States: U.S. Geo South Carolina Water Resources Commission, 1983, South logical Survey Open-File Report 82-94, 1 sheet. Carolina state water assessment: South Carolina Water Resources Commission Report no. 140, 367 p. Swain, L.A., Hollyday, E.F., Daniel, C.C., III, and Zapecza, O.S., 1991, Plan of study for the regional aquifer-sys Speiran, O.K., and Aucott, W.R., 1994, Effects of sediment tem analysis of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge, depositional environment and ground-water flow on Piedmont, and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces of the quality and geochemistry of water in aquifers in the eastern and southeastern United States, with a sediments of Cretaceous age in the Coastal Plain of description of study-area geology and geohydrology: South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga Paper 2416, 53 p. tions Report 91-4066,44 p.

Speiran, O.K., Oldham, R.W., Duncan, D.A., and Knox, Swain, L.A., Hollyday, E.F., Daniel, C.C., III, and Mesko, R.L., 1988, National Water Summary 1986-Ground- T.O., 1992, An overview of the Appalachian Valleys- water quality: South Carolina State Summary: U.S. Piedmont regional aquifer-system analysis, in Hotch- Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2325, kiss, W.R., and Johnson, A.I., eds., Regional aquifer p. 449-456. systems of the United States Aquifers of the southern and eastern States: American Water Resources Associ Spigner, B.C., and Ransom, Camille, 1979, Report on ation Monograph, Series no. 17, p. 43-58. ground-water conditions in the Low Country area, South Carolina: South Carolina Water Resources Com Toth, J., 1963, A theoretical analysis of ground-water flow mission Open-File Report no. 132, 144 p. in small drainage basins: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 68, no. 16, p. 4795-4812. Spigner, B.C., Stevens, K., and Moser, W., 1977, Report on the ground-water resources of Horry and Georgetown Treece, M.W., and Bales, J.D., 1987, National water sum Counties, South Carolina: South Carolina Water mary 1987-Water supply and use: North Carolina State Resources Commission Open-File Report no. 129, summary: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 52 p. 2350, p. 393-400.

Sprinkle, C.L., 1982, Chloride concentration in water from Tuomey, Michael, 1848, Report of the Geology of South the upper permeable zone of the Tertiary limestone Carolina: Columbia, A.H. Johnson, 293 p. aquifer system, southeastern United States: U.S. Geo logical Survey Open-File Report 81-1103, 1 sheet. U.S. GeologiealrSurvey, 1985, National water summary 1984-Hydrologic events, selected water-quality trends, Stringfield, W.J., 1987, National Water Summary 1987- and ground-water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Water supply and use: South Carolina State Summary: Water-Supply Paper 2275,467 p. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2350, p. 453-458. 1990, Studies related to the Charleston, South Caro lina, earthquake of 1886 - Neogene and Quaternary Stricker, V.A., 1983, Base flow of streams in the outcrop lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy: Professional area of southeastern sand aquifer; South Carolina, Paper 1367, 7 chapters [variously paged]. Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation Report Winter, T.C., 1976, Numerical simulation analysis of the 83-4106, 17 p. interaction of lakes and ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1001,45 p. Strom Thurmond Institute, 1987, The situation and outlook for water-resource use in South Carolina, 1985-2000- Executive Summary: Clemson, South Carolina, Clem- son University, 7 p.

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Appendix 3 49