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Ka Pili Kai University of Hawaiÿi Sea Grant College Program KaUniversity of Hawaiÿi Sea PiliGrant College Program Vol. 26, No.Kai 4 Winter 2004/2005 Addressing Coastal Hazards Ka Pili Kai University of Hawaiÿi Sea Grant College Program Ka Pili Kai Vol. 26 No. 4 Ka Pili Kai is published quarterly by the University of Hawaiÿi (UH) Sea Grant 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345Contents College Program, School of Ocean and 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Earth Science and Technology (SOEST). 3 Tsunami Sense: Understanding Tsunamis and UH Sea Grant is a unique partnership of university, government and industry, Preparing for the Next Event focusing on marine research, education 7 ExtensionView: Zoe Norcross-Nuÿu and and advisory/extension services. Director: Dolan Eversole E. Gordon Grau, Ph.D. 9 Book Review: Hawaii Coastal Hazard Associate Director: Mary J. Donohue, Ph.D. Mitigation Guidebook Periodicals postage paid at Honolulu, HI Postmaster: Send address changes to: 10 Waiting for the Sirens? Nature is Already Ka Pili Kai, 2525 Correa Road, HIG 208, Giving You the Signals Honolulu, HI 96822 (808) 956-7410; fax: (808) 956-3014 12 Forecast: Improving Warning Systems and [email protected] www.soest.hawaii.edu/SEAGRANT Evacuation Maps Acting Communications Leader: 14 Photo Gallery - Beach Erosion in Action Mary J. Donohue, Ph.D. Assistant Communications Leader: 16 Nä mea like ÿole (Miscellany) Kerry Irish 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345 Information Technology Specialist: N. Harold Richman, III, Ph.D. In this issue of Ka Pili Kai... Web and Multimedia: Ed Tamura Staff Writer: Craig Okumura Ka Pili Kai – “things connected with the sea” highlights connections The University of Hawaiÿi was designated between people and our ocean environment. Lately when we think of a Sea Grant College in 1972, following the coastal hazards, our minds turn to the December 2004 tsunami in the National Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1966. Indian Ocean. This disaster reminds us in Hawaiÿi of our intimate connection with the sea; we are uniquely blessed by our environment Ka Pili Kai is funded by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric but also vulnerable to a myriad of coastal hazards. Administration, project M/C-1, sponsored by the University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant This issue of Ka Pili Kai focuses on understanding and addressing College Program/SOEST, under Institu- coastal hazards in Hawaiÿi. Edison Gica describes the science behind a tional Grant No. NA16RG2254 from the NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department tsunami and details facts every resident of Hawaiÿi should be familiar of Commerce. The views expressed with; while Yong Wei shares his research to improve tsunami warning herein are those of the authors only. systems and update Hawaiÿi’s tsunami evacuation maps. Focusing on Ka Pili Kai Editors: Mary J. Donohue, coastal erosion, Zoe Norcross-Nuÿu and Dolan Eversole highlight Ph.D. and Kerry Irish some of their current and timely research, and we introduce the Hawaii Layout and design: Craig Okumura Coastal Mitigation Guidebook, an indispensable reference for coastal On the cover... homeowners and developers alike. This issue is rounded out with a The eastern shores of Oÿahu like feature on research into behavioral responses to natural disasters by that of Lanikai Beach are Chris Gregg. susceptible to coastal hazards Kerry Irish, Assistant Communications Leader from beach erosion to tsunamis. ~Photo courtesy of the University of Hawaiÿi Coastal Geology Group 2 KaKa PiliPili KaiKai A tsunami scattered fishing boats throughout Kodiak, Alaska, April 1963. ~Photo courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration TsunamiTsunamiTsunami SenseSenseSense UNDERSTANDING TSUNAMIS AND PREPARING FOR THE NEXT EVENT By Edison Gica and Craig Okumura n May 22, 1960 the largest earthquake ever Tsunamis, meaning harbor waves in Japanese, are recorded occurred on the Chilean coast of frequently misunderstood events of nature. Often OSouth America. The earthquake and incorrectly referred to as ‘tidal waves’, tsunamis resulting tsunami took more than 2000 lives in have no connection to the rise and fall of earth’s Chile then traveled across the Pacific Ocean, taking tides – in fact, they are caused by large-scale ocean 61 lives in Hawai‘i and 122 more in Japan. disturbances. Most tsunamis are caused from Tsunamis can create great destruction and loss of earthquakes, though are occasionally caused by life within minutes on shores near to their source other forces such as landslides or submarine and within hours across an entire ocean basin. How volcanic eruptions. After the initial disturbance of can such a wave cause so much damage? the water surface, tsunami waves radiate away in Ka Pili Kai 3 Hawaiian Islands Alaska Chile Hawaiian Islands Figure 1. Numerical simulation of the 1946 Figure 2. Numerical simulation of the 1960 Chile Aleutian tsunami waves propagating through the tsunami waves propagating through the Hawaiian Hawaiian Islands (five hours after the Islands (15 hours after the earthquake). earthquake). ~Courtesy Edison Gica ~Courtesy Edison Gica all directions, washing over nearby shores and shore in their destructive state. As it enters shallow propagating across large ocean basins (see areas, the wave speed slows down, wave length examples in Figures 1 and 2). shortens and height increases making it very visible. A common tell-tale sign that a tsunami will A common misconception about a tsunami is that it arrive is when near shore waters recede is a single wave, when in fact it is a series of waves significantly, exposing the ocean floor. that can last for several hours. Usually, the first wave to reach shore is not the largest and this is Tsunamis can travel quite fast, over 800 km/hour where unsuspecting curiosity can quickly turn into in the deep open ocean and will slow considerably tragedy when onlookers and survivors of the first as they travel over shallower areas. Although speed wave begin to inspect the damage too soon. decreases as it nears shore, tsunamis still move faster than a human can run and are strong enough Wave lengths (the measurement between crests) to pick up boats and debris and carry them and wave periods (time between successive wave hundreds of feet inland, often destroying crests) of tsunamis are astoundingly different from everything on the land in its path (see photo on common wind-generated waves. In comparison, page 3). waves produced from the wind have wave lengths generally from However, as 60 meters (m) powerful and to 150 m and A common misconception about a tsunami is devastating as about a 10- that it is a single wave, when in fact it is a a tsunami can second wave be, not all period. On the series of waves that can last for several hours. tsunamis are other hand, destructive. tsunami waves can have wave lengths of 160 For example if an earthquake is relatively small kilometers (km) or more with wave periods ranging and the nearest coastline far away, a very weak from five minutes to one hour. tsunami wave can arrive onshore at only a few centimeters high – not big enough to be Tsunami waves are generally unnoticeable as they distinguished from normal wind generated waves. move across the deep ocean until they reach the Also, as the world has seen with Indonesia in 4 Ka Pili Kai recent months, destructive tsunamis are not always are six DART buoys deployed in the Pacific Ocean the inevitable conclusion to a major earthquake. which help to provide real time information for the The earthquake on March 28, 2005 measuring 8.7 warning center. Once a determination has been on the Richter scale, did not produce a destructive made if an earthquake is of concern and there is a ocean wide tsunami compared to the similarly real possibility of a tsunami, Civil Defense registered 8.5 earthquake on December 26, 2004 in agencies will implement evacuation procedures. the same region generating a tsunami reaching nearly all countries bordering the Indian Ocean. Hawaiÿi has had its share of tsunami encounters. On November 29, 1975 an earthquake was generated in Kalapana on the southern coast of the island of Hawaiÿi. Neighboring Keauhou Landing experienced a local tsunami (1,000 km or less from the source); waves were reported as high as 14.3 m. Fortunately, the other Hawaiian islands were unaffected with reported wave heights were less than 0.5 m. Besides being susceptible to local tsunamis, the geographic location of the Hawaiian Islands should make residents vigilant to the potential of distant tsunamis (earthquake 1,000 km or more from Hawaiÿi). The Pacific Rim, an area with frequent and often significant earthquakes, could produce a tsunami that would affect Hawai‘i (see Figures 1 and 2). Two of the most destructive tsunamis originating in the Pacific Rim that have hit the Hawaiian Islands were caused by the 1946 Aleutian Island and 1960 Chilean earthquakes. A combined death toll of more than 200 people was recorded in Hilo Bay on the Island of Hawai‘i alone as a result of Figure 3. Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis both events. The maximum recorded wave (DART) Buoy setup. ~Illustration courtesy NOAA/PMEL heights at Hilo Bay of each tsunami were 8.1 m in 1946 and 10.7 m in 1960. This warning system is just as useful to determine if there is no threat of a tsunami. In November While impossible to predict where and when 2003 a tsunami was generated off the Aleutian earthquakes that could cause a tsunami will occur, Islands, Alaska, but was considered a “no threat” we do understand that Hawai‘i is vulnerable. The event for Hawai‘i preventing unnecessary concern Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Ewa Beach, and unneeded evacuations on the islands. O‘ahu attempts to mitigate potential harm of a tsunami by closely monitoring earthquakes in the The accuracy of these warnings are critical to the Pacific region.
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