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Developing Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings

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Developing Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings Technical Note 1733 Developing Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings Erica D. Kuligowski, Steven M.V. Gwynne, Kathryn M. Butler, Bryan L. Hoskins, and Carolyn R. Sandler 2 Technical Note 1733 Developing Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings Erica D. Kuligowski, Steven M.V. Gwynne*, Kathryn M. Butler, Bryan L. Hoskins, and Carolyn R. Sandler Fire Research Division Engineering Laboratory *Hughes Associates UK London, UK March 2012 U.S. Department Of Commerce John E. Bryson, Secretary National Institute Of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director 3 Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1733 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note 1733, 361 pages (March 2012) CODEN: NTNOEF 4 Acknowledgements The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate sponsored the production of this material under Interagency Agreement HSHQDC‐07‐X‐00723 with NIST. The authors would also like to thank the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) for sponsorship of the Project Technical Panel. The members of the Technical Panel are listed here: Kathleen Almand, Fire Protection Research Foundation Oded Aron, Port Authority NY and NJ June Ballew, Cooper Notification Don Bliss, NI2 Center for Infrastructure Expertise (NH) Bob Boyer, UTC Edwards Robert Chandler, University of Central Florida Joe Collins, Dallas Fort Worth airport Rita Fahy, National Fire Protection Association’s Fire Analysis Division Daniel Finnegan, Siemens Fire Dave Frable, U.S. General Services Administration Denis Gusty, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Edwina Juillet, NFT/LSPwD Matthew Kelleher, Montgomery County Fire & Rescue David Killian, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Amanda Kimball, Fire Protection Research Foundation Scott Lacey, Lacey Fire Protection Engineering Chris Maier, National Weather Service Derek Mathews, Underwriters Laboratories Philip Mattson, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Dennis Mileti, University of Colorado Wayne Moore, Hughes Associates, Inc. Rodger Reiswig, SimplexGrinnell Lee Richardson, National Fire Protection Association’s staff liaison Robert Schifiliti, RP Schifiliti and Associates Guidance from the Technical Panel, as well as NFPA 72’s Emergency Communications Systems Technical Committee, was integral in the development of this document. Also, thank you to Andrew Flynn for his significant contributions to this document, and to Shonali Nazare, Richard Peacock, Jason Averill, and Anthony Hamins, with special thanks to Aoife Hunt, for a comprehensive review of the document before publication. Thank you to the Industry Project Sponsors: Siemens Industry, Inc., SimplexGrinnell, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., and xMatters, as well as to the Contributing Industry Project Sponsors: Bosch, Cooper Notification, and United Technologies. i Executive Summary When an emergency occurs, it is not always sufficient to simply initiate alarm bells. Individuals may not know what the alarm bell means and as a result may respond inappropriately to its sound. Many buildings have installed mass notification or emergency communication systems, based upon requirements provided in model codes and standards, that can be used to disseminate information in the event of an emergency. However, there is a lack of guidance on how to use current emergency communication systems in the most effective manner. As the use of newer technologies such as mobile devices or social networking tools grows, guidance on message content and dissemination becomes ever more critical for ensuring effective and safe response of building occupants during an emergency. The purpose of this report is to provide the foundation for the development of a document that provides recommendations on emergency communication message content and dissemination strategies. This report answers three major questions regarding emergency communication systems: 1) What technology exists or is proposed for use in emergency notification? 2) What approaches are currently being used to disseminate messages? 3) How does the public respond to different types of information and information sources? The document begins with a discussion of the technology that exists or is proposed for use in emergency notification, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each system. The ways in which social media tools can be used to provide warnings in emergencies are included. Second, the document discusses the various types of emergencies for which warnings are needed, the range of protective actions that may be taken by building occupants in emergencies, and the nature of the information required based upon the emergency type. The emergency communication systems installed in two different college campuses are described as examples of approaches used to disseminate warnings during emergencies. Finally, a comprehensive review of the scientific literature from different disciplines is presented on how the public responds to various types of information and information sources both in emergency and non‐emergency conditions. A summary list of the relevant findings from each literature source is assembled in Appendix A to identify the most effective ways to create or disseminate messages to achieve optimal occupant response. Detailed annotations for each source are presented in Appendix B. ii Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Historical Perspective: Misunderstanding the Need for Notification ................................................... 2 3 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 4 Warning Systems: Modes of Notification .......................................................................................................... 5 5 Warning Dissemination Approaches: Incident Scenarios and Procedural Measures ................... 9 6 Human Response to Emergency Warning ...................................................................................................... 14 6.1 Processing Information ........................................................................................................................................... 14 6.2 Inhibiting Factors ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 7 System Effectiveness: What questions need to be addressed to improve system design? ....... 19 8 Review Method ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 9 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................... 23 10 References ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24 APPENDIX A Key Findings ................................................................................................................................................................. 28 A.1 Perception (Pc) ........................................................................................................................................................... 30 A.2 Attentiveness (At) ...................................................................................................................................................... 45 A.3 Comprehension (Co)................................................................................................................................................. 57 A.4 Credibility (Cr) ............................................................................................................................................................ 73 A.5 Personalization (Ps).................................................................................................................................................. 79 A.6 Action (Ac) .................................................................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B Source Reviews ........................................................................................................................................................... 99 iii 1 Introduction At present, many buildings and building campuses in the United States are installing mass notification or emergency communication systems to improve communication given by the building or emergency officials to the public. The National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (NFPA 72), 2010 edition, provides requirements for the application, performance and installation of emergency communication (or
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