Napoléon Bonaparte

PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

MENTIONED IN WALDEN AND IN CAPE COD:

NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE

ON HEROES, HERO-WORSHIP, AND THE HEROIC IN HISTORY by Thomas Carlyle:

I. The Hero as Divinity. Odin. Paganism: Scandinavian Mythology. II. The Hero as Prophet. Mahomet: Islam. III. The Hero as Poet. Dante; Shakspeare. IV. The Hero as Priest. Luther; Reformation: Knox; Puritanism. V. The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns. VI. The Hero as King. Cromwell, Napoleon: Modern Revolutionism.

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

WALDEN: The last inhabitant of these woods before me was an Irishman, PEOPLE OF Hugh Quoil, (if I have spelt his name with coil enough,) who occupied WALDEN Wyman’s tenement, –Col. Quoil, he was called. Rumor said that he had been a soldier at Waterloo. If he had lived I should have made him fight his battles over again. His trade here was that of a ditcher. Napoleon went to St. Helena; Quoil came to Walden Woods. All I know of him is tragic. He was a man of manners, like one who has seen the world, and was capable of more civil speech than you could well attend to. He wore a great coat in mid-summer, being affected with the trembling delirium, and his face was the color of carmine. He died in the road at the foot of Brister’s Hill shortly after I came to the woods, so that I have not remembered him as a neighbor. Before his house was pulled down, when his comrades avoided it as “an unlucky castle,” I visited it. There lay his old clothes curled up by use, as if they were himself, upon his raised plank bed. His pipe lay broken on the hearth, instead of a bowl broken at the fountain. The last could never have been the symbol of his death, for he confessed to me that, though he had heard of Brister’s Spring, he had never seen it; and soiled cards, kings of diamonds spades and hearts, were scattered over the floor. One black chicken which the administrator could not catch, black as night and as silent, not even croaking, awaiting Reynard, still went to roost in the next apartment. In the rear there was the dim outline of a garden, which had been planted but had never received its first hoeing, owing to those terrible shaking fits, thought it was now harvest time. It was over-run with Roman wormwood and beggar-ticks, which last stuck to my clothes for all fruit. The skin of a woodchuck was freshly stretched upon the back of the house, a trophy of his last Waterloo; but no warm cap or mittens would he want more.

NAPOLEON HUGH QUOIL ST. HELENA HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

WALDEN: What recommends commerce to me is its enterprise PEOPLE OF and bravery. It does not clasp its hands and pray to Jupiter. WALDEN I see these men every day go about their business with more or less courage and content, doing more even than they suspect, and perchance better employed that they could have consciously devised. I am less affected by their heroism who stood up for half an hour in the front line at Buena Vista, than by the steady and cheerful valor of the men who inhabit the snow-plough for their winter quarters; who have not merely the three-o’-clock in the morning courage, which Bonaparte thought was the rarest, but whose courage does not go to rest so early, who go to sleep only when the storm sleeps or the sinews of their iron steed are frozen. On this morning of the Great Snow, perchance, which is still raging and chilling men’s blood, I hear the muffled tone of their engine bell from out the fog bank of their chilled breath, which announces that the cars are coming, without long delay, notwithstanding the veto of a New England north-east snow storm, and I behold the ploughmen covered with snow and rime, their heads peering above the mould-board which is turning down other than daisies and the nests of field-mice, like bowlders of the Sierra Nevada, that occupy an outside place in the universe.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE THE GREAT SNOW HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

CAPE COD: When I approached this house the next summer, over the PEOPLE OF desolate hills between it and the shore, which are worthy to have been the birthplace of Ossian, I saw the wizard in the midst of CAPE COD a cornfield on the hillside, but, as usual, he loomed so strangely, that I mistook him for a scarecrow. This was the merriest old man that we had ever seen, and one of the best preserved. His style of conversation was coarse and plain enough to have suited Rabelais. He would have made a good Panurge. Or rather he was a sober Silenus, and we were the boys Chromis SILENUS and Mnasilus, who listened to his story. CHROMIS “Not by Hæmonian hills the Thracian bard, MNASILUS Nor awful Phœbus was on Pindus heard With deeper silence or with more regard.” There was a strange mingling of past and present in his conversation, for he had lived under King George, and might have remembered when Napoleon and the moderns generally were born. He said that one day, when the troubles between the Colonies and the mother country first broke out, as he, a boy of fourteen, was pitching hay out of a cart, one Doane, an old Tory, who was talking with his father, a good Whig, said to him, “Why, Uncle Bill, you might as well undertake to pitch that pond into the ocean with a pitchfork, as for the Colonies to undertake to gain their independence.” He remembered well General Washington, and how he rode his horse along the streets of Boston, and he stood up to show us how he looked. “He was a r–a–ther large and portly-looking man, a manly and resolute-looking officer, with a pretty good leg as he sat on his horse.” –“There, I’ll tell you, this was the way with Washington.” Then he jumped up again, and bowed gracefully to right and left, making show as if he were waving his hat. Said he, “That was Washington.” He told us many anecdotes of the Revolution, and was much pleased when we told him that we had read the same in history, and that his account agreed with the written. “O,” he said, “I know, I know! I was a young fellow of sixteen, with my ears wide open; and a fellow of that age, you know, is pretty wide awake, and likes to know everything that’s going on. O, I know!”

OSSIAN JOHN DRYDEN KING GEORGE NAPOLEON HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1769

August 8, Tuesday: Charles Messer noticed that a great comet had appeared in Aries. This one would be growing a truly enormous (for an approaching comet; tails of receding comets can be quite a bit longer) tail of not less than 43 degrees as it plunged past the earth toward the sun. SKY EVENT

August 15, Tuesday: Napoleone di Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio, Corsica to Marie-Letizia and Carlo Buonaparte. The family was wealthy, by Corsican standards, and of the local nobility. By virtue of the family’s relentless social climbing –which would include his mother’s adultery with Corsica’s military governor, the Comte de Marbeuf– the lad would in 1779 be able to enter the French military academy at Brienne.

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

September 10, Sunday: Messer’s comet came as close as it would come to Earth, 0.35 astronomical units. Pingre, who was aboard ship between Teneriffe and Cadiz, alleged that the tail was 90 degrees in length, but acknowledged that at the end of the tail it was so tenuous that the competitive light brought by the rise of Venus above the horizon made several degrees at the end of it no longer visible. SKY EVENT

What might this mean?

October 8, Sunday: Messer’s comet whipped around the sun at a distance of 0.12 astronomical units. SKY EVENT

October 26, Thursday: Messer’s comet was again visible as it rose away from the sun. SKY EVENT

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 3, Sunday: Last sighting of Messer’s Comet, by telescope. Napoleone di Bonaparte would come to be of the opinion, and Charles Messer would of course concur, that this comet had been a celestial sign of his birth. SKY EVENT HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1779

Benjamin Franklin was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to France.1 At 10 years of age, Napoleone di Bonaparte obtained a place at the French military academy at Brienne. This was due in part to the lad’s evident abilities, but it was also due in part to the relentlessness of the Buonaparte family of Corsica’s social climbing — climbing which had included his mother’s adultery with the Comte de Marbeuf, that island’s French military governor.

1. Plenipotentiary means full of it. It’s a nice word. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1789

During the French revolution the French masses begin to puff on the cigarito, the form of tobacco use least similar to aristocratic snuffing. CIGARETTES

The detested tobacco monopoly would be abolished (only to be resurrected by Napoléon Bonaparte as a source of government revenue). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1791

Napoléon Bonaparte skated.

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1793

September: John Leonard Knapp was with the Herefordshire militia regiment during the riots at Bristol Bridge. Later he would become a captain in the Northamptonshire Militia. Up to the death of his father, the Reverend Primatt Knapp, he would reside mainly at Powick, near Worcester.

In France, the Reign of Terror began (at this point Napoléon Bonaparte was a captain, in charge of a wagon train).

In China, the Qianlong Emperor prepared a letter for Lord Macartney to take to his monarch: You, O King, live beyond the confines of many seas, nevertheless, impelled by your humble desire to partake of the benefits of our civilization, you have dispatched a mission respectfully bearing your memorial. Your Envoy has crossed the seas and paid his respects at my Court on the anniversary of my birthday. To show your devotion, you have also sent offerings of your country’s produce. ... As to your entreaty to send one of your nationals to be accredited to my Celestial Court and to be in control of your country’s trade with China, this request is contrary to all usage of my dynasty and cannot possibly be entertained. ... You, O King from afar, have yearned after the blessings of our civilization, and in your eagerness to come into touch with our converting influence have sent an Embassy across the sea bearing a memorial. I have already taken note of your respectful spirit of submission, have treated your mission with extreme favour and loaded it with gifts, besides issuing a mandate to you, O King, and honouring you with the bestowal of valuable presents. Thus has my indulgence been manifested. ... Hitherto, all European nations, including your own country’s barbarian merchants, have carried on their trade with Our Celestial Empire at Canton. Such has been the procedure for many years, although Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its borders. There was therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce. But as the tea, silk, and porcelain which the Celestial Empire produces are absolute necessities to European nations and to yourselves, we have permitted, as a signal mark of favour, that foreign hongs should be established at Canton, so that your wants might be supplied and your country thus participate in our beneficence. But your Ambassador has now put forward new requests which completely fail to recognize the Throne’s principle to “treat strangers from afar with indulgence,” and to exercise a pacifying control over barbarian tribes, the world over. ... Your Ambassador requests facilities for ships of your nation to call at Ningpo, Chusan, Tientsin and other places for purposes of trade. Until now trade with European nations has always been conducted at Macao, where the foreign hongs are established to HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

store and sell foreign merchandise. Your nation has obediently complied with this regulation for years past without raising any objection. In none of the other ports named have hongs been established, so that even if your vessels were to proceed thither, they would have no means of disposing of their cargoes. Furthermore, no interpreters are available, so you would have no means of explaining your wants, and nothing but general inconvenience would result. For the future, as in the past, I decree that your request is refused and that the trade shall be limited to Macao.

December 19, Thursday: When, after a siege of four months, British and Spanish forces quit Toulon, French Republican forces took control of the town. Among the victorious troops was a commander of artillery from Corsica, Major Napoléon Bonaparte, who proceeded to round up hundreds of royalists in the town square and mow them down with his cannon. The important buildings of Toulon were destroyed.

Georgia prohibited the importation of negroes not from everywhere but from locations specifically enumerated. “An act to prevent the importation of negroes into this state from the places herein mentioned.” Title only. Re-enacted (?) by the Constitution of 1798. Marbury and Crawford, DIGEST, page 442; Prince, DIGEST, page 786. SLAVERY INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE W.E. Burghardt Du Bois: In a few years [after the Haitian revolution began] the growing sentiment had crystallized into legislation. The Southern States took immediate measures to close their ports, first against West India Negroes, finally against all slaves. Georgia, who had had legal slavery only from 1755, and had since passed no restrictive legislation, felt compelled in 17932 to stop the entry of free Negroes, and in 17983 to prohibit, under heavy penalties, the importation of all slaves. This provision was placed in the Constitution of the State, and, although miserably enforced, was never repealed. South Carolina was the first Southern State in which the exigencies of a great staple crop rendered the rapid consumption of slaves more profitable than their proper maintenance. Alternating, therefore, between a plethora and a dearth of Negroes, she prohibited the slave-trade only for short periods. In 17884 she had forbidden the trade for five years, and in 1792,5 being peculiarly exposed to the West Indian insurrection, she quickly found it “inexpedient” to allow Negroes “from

2. Prince, DIGEST OF THE LAWS OF GEORGIA, page 786; Marbury and Crawford, DIGEST OF THE LAWS OF GEORGIA, pages 440, 442. The exact text of this act appears not to be extant. Section I. is stated to have been “re-enacted by the constitution.” Possibly this act prohibited slaves also, although this is not certain. Georgia passed several regulative acts between 1755 and 1793. Cf. Renne, COLONIAL ACTS OF GEORGIA, pages 73-4, 164, note. 3. Marbury and Crawford, DIGEST OF THE LAWS OF GEORGIA, page 30, § 11. The clause was penned by Peter J. Carnes of Jefferson. Cf. W.B. Stevens, HISTORY OF GEORGIA (1847), II. 501. 4. Grimké, PUBLIC LAWS, page 466. 5. Cooper and McCord, STATUTES, VII. 431. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Africa, the West India Islands, or other place beyond sea” to enter for two years. This act continued to be extended, although with lessening penalties, until 1803.6 The home demand in view of the probable stoppage of the trade in 1808, the speculative chances of the new Louisiana Territory trade, and the large already existing illicit traffic combined in that year to cause the passage of an act, December 17, reopening the African slave- trade, although still carefully excluding “West India” Negroes.7 This action profoundly stirred the Union, aroused anti-slavery sentiment, led to a concerted movement for a constitutional amendment, and, failing in this, to an irresistible demand for a national prohibitory act at the earliest constitutional moment. North Carolina had repealed her prohibitory duty act in 1790,8 but in 1794 she passed an “Act to prevent further importation and bringing of slaves,” etc.9 Even the body-servants of West India immigrants and, naturally, all free Negroes, were eventually prohibited.10

December 22, Sunday: The hero of Toulon, Major Napoléon Bonaparte, was promoted to Brigadier General (in September he had been a captain in charge of a wagon train).

6. Cooper and McCord, STATUTES, VII. 433-6, 444, 447. 7. Cooper and McCord, STATUTES, VII. 449. 8. Martin, IREDELL’S ACTS OF ASSEMBLY, I. 492. 9. Martin, IREDELL’S ACTS OF ASSEMBLY, II. 53. 10. Cf. Martin, IREDELL’S ACTS OF ASSEMBLY, II. 94; LAWS OF NORTH CAROLINA (revision of 1819), I. 786. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1794

February 16, Sunday: In recognition for his services at the Siege of Toulon the Committee of Public Safety confirmed Napoléon Bonaparte’s rank as that of Brigadier General. He was 23 years old.

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1795

Nicholas Appert entered a competition sponsored by Napoléon Bonaparte to find a way to prevent military food supplies from spoiling. To win the prize of 12,000 franks, this French chef would develop a technique for canning meats and vegetables inside jars sealed with pitch. In 1804 he would open his own vacuum-packing plant. But this was a military secret so big and so useful that it could not be kept away from the general public. By 1810 the British would also be canning food.

October 5, Monday: An ugly royalist mob threatened to overthrow the Thermidorian Convention by attacking the Tuileries and the National Convention. A stalemate between these royalists and loyal troops was reached by 2PM but then a new assault broke through the lines. The troops managed to funnel the mob toward the Eglise St.-Roch, where an artillery battery under the command of General Napoléon Bonaparte awaited their arrival. As they approached, Napoleon ordered his cannoneers to open fire point blank into the mass of Frenchmen. At least 200 were killed but of course the remainder fled and order was restored.

October 10, Saturday: Napoléon Bonaparte was appointed 2d-in-command of the Interior.

October 26, Monday: 26-year-old Napoléon Bonaparte was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army of the Interior.

The French National Convention completed the 3d constitution of the French Republic and disbanded, with the Committee of Public Safety taking over the temporary role of Head of State.

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1796

Napoléon Bonaparte led a French army into Italy and defeated the Austrians. The Peace of Campoformio. The Cisalpine and Ligurian Republic.

March 2, Wednesday: Napoléon Bonaparte was named commander of the French forces in the south.

March 9, Wednesday: Publication of Ludwig van Beethoven’s three piano sonatas op.2 was advertised in the Wiener Zeitung.

General Napoléon Bonaparte got married with Josephine Tascher de Beauharnais, widow of a general, before leaving Paris to take up his command in Italy.

BETWEEN ANY TWO MOMENTS ARE AN INFINITE NUMBER OF MOMENTS, AND BETWEEN THESE OTHER MOMENTS LIKEWISE AN INFINITE NUMBER, THERE BEING NO ATOMIC MOMENT JUST AS THERE IS NO ATOMIC POINT ALONG A LINE. MOMENTS ARE THEREFORE FIGMENTS. THE PRESENT MOMENT IS A MOMENT AND AS SUCH IS A FIGMENT, A FLIGHT OF THE IMAGINATION TO WHICH NOTHING REAL CORRESPONDS. SINCE PAST MOMENTS HAVE PASSED OUT OF EXISTENCE AND FUTURE MOMENTS HAVE YET TO ARRIVE, WE NOTE THAT THE PRESENT MOMENT IS ALL THAT EVER EXISTS — AND YET THE PRESENT MOMENT BEING A MOMENT IS A FIGMENT TO WHICH NOTHING IN REALITY CORRESPONDS.

April 2, Saturday: The French Army of Italy departed from Nice for Piedmont, led by Major General Napoléon Bonaparte.

April 10, Sunday: As Major General Napoléon Bonaparte was preparing his offensive into Italy, the Austrians unexpectedly attacked at Votri.

Joseph Haydn wrote to Prince Anton Esterhazy from England, offering his services again.

Ludwig van Beethoven “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

April 21, Thursday: French forces defeated the Austrians at Mondovi, west of Genoa, taking possession of the town and its arsenal.

Three Grand Sonatas for piano with violin and cello accompaniment B.455-457 by Ignaz Pleyel were entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.

April 23, Saturday: Austrian forces asked for a truce with the French but Major General Napoléon Bonaparte refused and pressed on into Italy.

British forces took the Dutch settlements of Demerara and Essequibo (Guyana).

April 25, Monday: French forces captured Cherasco and Alba northwest of Genoa.

In the Hoftheater of Weimar, incidental music to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s play Egmont, by Johann Friedrich Reichardt, was performed for the initial time.

May 15, Sunday: General Napoléon Bonaparte entered Milan with his troops, who promptly sacked the city.

By the Treaty of Paris, the King of Sardinia ceded Nice and Savoy to France.

May 16, Monday: The Lombardic Republic was established.

September 4, Sunday: French forces routed the Austrians at Rovereto, south of Trento.

September 5, Monday: French troops occupied Trento.

Publication of Three Duets for violin and viola B.529-531 was announced in the Frankfurter Ristretto.

September 6, Tuesday: Karl Theodor Christian Friedrich Follen was born at the small Hessian town of Romrod, in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, to Christoph Follen (1759-1833), a counselor-at-law and judge in Gießen, and Rosine Follen (1766-1799), who had retired to Romrod to avoid the French revolutionary troops that had occupied Gießen. He would have as brothers August Ludwig Follen and Paul Follen, and as an uncle Karl Vogt. He would be educated at the preparatory school at Gießen, where he would distinguish himself by his proficiency in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, French, and Italian.

French troops reached Cismona, having covered 100 kilometers in a 2-day march.

September 8, Thursday: French forces routed the Austrians at Bassano, northwest of Venice, capturing the town. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

September 12, Monday: Austrian forces again fought through the French to relieve Mantua, but were unable to raise the siege.

October 6, Thursday: French troops occupied Modena and Reggio, setting up a republic in Modena.

In Alta California, Cordoba drew up a detailed plan for the center of the pueblo which, in compliance with the Laws of the Indies, included a plaza, streets, houses, a church and town-lots. He also sketched a map of the four leagues of land which were to belong to the pueblo. These, along with his other recommendations, were sent to Branciforte in Mexico City.

October 10, Monday: Napoléon Bonaparte concluded a treaty with Naples, thus denying Neapolitan aid to the Pope.

October 16, Sunday: The Cispadane Republic was established by Napoléon Bonaparte from Bologna, Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio.

King Vittorio Amadeo III of Sardinia died at Moncalieri near Turin and was succeeded by his son Carlo Emanuele IV.

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1797

May 12, Friday: By a vote of the Council (512-20) Venice deposed Luigi Manin, its Doge, ending the Venetian Republic. Sovereignty was handed over to Napoléon Bonaparte.

Seamen aboard HMS Sandwich, inspired by the Spithead rebellion, began a mutiny at the Nore.

July 9, Sunday: Edmund Burke died in Beaconsfield, England.

The Cisalpine Republic was established by Napoléon Bonaparte from Lombardy, Reggio, Modena, Massa, and Carrara. An 8-man directory was established.

September 4, Wednesday: The four years of “Directory” government of France came to an abrupt terminus when Napoléon Bonaparte sent General Augereau to Paris to enable three of the Directors to execute the coup d’état of “18 Fructidor an V.”

In honor of the occasion an 80-gun ship of the line, the Foudroyant, would briefly be renamed Dix-Huit Fructidor. Military tribunals would be established to deal harshly with any émigrés who might attempt to return to France. Baron Joseph-Marie de Gérando would need again to flee from his homeland.

October 17, Tuesday: Napoléon Bonaparte imposed the Treaty of Campo Formio on Austria. France received Belgium and was allowed to occupy the left bank of the Rhine River, and the Ionian Islands. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic formed of Milan, Bologna, and Modena and received Venice, Istria, Dalmatia, and the Frioul.

October 26, Thursday: The Directory ratified the wildly popular Treaty of Campo Formio and recalled its author, General Napoléon Bonaparte, to organize an army on the Channel coast for the invasion of Great Britain. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

December 10, Sunday: General Napoléon Bonaparte was given an official welcome home to Paris by Etienne Nicolas Mehul’s Le chant du retour performed by 200 musicians and various officials, including the executive of the Directory.

December 27, Wednesday: General Napoléon Bonaparte was welcomed into the Institut de France. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1798

March 5, Monday: French forces occupied Bern, Switzerland.

General Napoléon Bonaparte submitted to the Directory his plan to capture Egypt and Malta. They had already decided to approve the expedition.

May 3, Thursday: General Napoléon Bonaparte departed from Paris with his wife, heading for Toulon where he would join the Egyptian invasion force.

May 9, Wednesday: A SERMON PREACHED IN MILTON ON THE MORNING AND AT Dorchester IN THE AFTERNOON OF THE 9TH OF MAY, 1798 BEING THE DAY RECOMMENDED BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR SOLEMN HUMILIATION, FASTING, AND PRAYER THROUGHOUT THE UNION BY THADEUS [SIC] MASON HARRIS... (Boston: Printed by Samuel Etheridge..., 1798).

General Napoléon Bonaparte and his wife arrived in Toulon, where the Egyptian invasion force had been awaiting him.

June 17, Sunday: The British fleet reached Naples in its search for Napoléon Bonaparte’s ships.

June 19, Tuesday: General Napoléon Bonaparte left 4,000 men in Malta and sailed for Egypt. He brought along with his army a group of 150 natural philosophers (scientists) and artists, mostly from the Académie des Inscriptions — if there was anything of value there that wasn’t nailed down, he was not going to be prevented by ignorance from finding it and carrying it off for the greater gloire of the homeland. (Somebody should have bitch-slapped him then and there, but nobody dared.)

July 21, Saturday: Publication of Ludwig van Beethoven’s 3 string trios op.9 was announced in the Wiener Zeitung.

Across the Nile River from Cairo, within sight of the Pyramids, the forces of Napoléon Bonaparte attacked and scattered the Mamelukes.

NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE JULY 21ST, 1798 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY (THE FOLLOWING DAY, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST).

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

July 24, Tuesday: General Napoléon Bonaparte entered Cairo at the head of his troops. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

August 1, Wednesday: Nathan Merriam was born in Concord to Ephraim Merriam and Mary Brooks Merriam (this child would remove to Newport, Maine and, like his brother Ephraim, would not marry or produce children).

13 British warships under Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson in his flagship HMS Vanguard sighted Admiral Francois-Paul Brueys’s squadron of 13 warships and 4 frigates anchored in a 2-mile line at one of the mouths of the Nile River, 9 miles below Alexandria. Late in the afternoon they sailed past the formation on both sides, firing, and at about 10:30PM the French flagship L'Orient detonated. The perception was that its explosion was so immense that the debris of the masts was in the air some 3 silent minutes before falling back into the sea and onto surrounding vessels. Flames and smoke were visible from Alexandria. The fighting continued until about 3AM. Of the French vessels the Guillaume Tell and Genereux managed to escape into the Mediterranean and 6 succeeded in surrendering. About 2,000 men were killed during the battle and almost that many wounded, with 3,000 French taken prisoner. With a single blow the French fleet in the Mediterranean had been destroyed and the expeditionary army of Napoléon Bonaparte had been trapped.

One of the alleged victims, Giocante Casabianca, 10-year-old son of the French flagship L'Orient commodore Louis de Casabianca, would be memorialized in Felicia Dorothea Hemans’s poem “Casabianca” that would appear in the August 1826 issue of New Monthly Magazine: Casabianca The boy stood on the burning deck Whence all but he had fled; The flame that lit the battle's wreck Shone round him o'er the dead.

Yet beautiful and bright he stood, As born to rule the storm; A creature of heroic blood, A proud, though child-like form.

The flames rolled on — he would not go Without his Father's word; That father, faint in death below, His voice no longer heard.

He called aloud — “say, Father, say If yet my task is done?” He knew not that the chieftain lay Unconscious of his son.

“Speak, father!” once again he cried, “If I may yet be gone!” And but the booming shots replied, And fast the flames rolled on.

Upon his brow he felt their breath, And in his waving hair, And looked from that lone post of death In still yet brave despair.

And shouted but once more aloud, “My father! must I stay?” While o'er him fast, through sail and shroud, The wreathing fires made way.

They wrapt the ship in splendour wild, They caught the flag on high, And streamed above the gallant child, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Like banners in the sky.

There came a burst of thunder sound- The boy — oh! where was he? Ask of the winds that far around With fragments strewed the sea!—

With mast, and helm, and pennon fair, That well had borne their part— But the noblest thing which perished there Was that young faithful heart.

THE FALLACY OF MOMENTISM: THIS STARRY UNIVERSE DOES NOT CONSIST OF A SEQUENCE OF MOMENTS. THAT IS A FIGMENT, ONE WE HAVE RECOURSE TO IN ORDER TO PRIVILEGE TIME OVER CHANGE, A PRIVILEGING THAT MAKES CHANGE SEEM UNREAL, DERIVATIVE, A MERE APPEARANCE. IN FACT IT IS CHANGE AND ONLY CHANGE WHICH WE EXPERIENCE AS REALITY, TIME BEING BY WAY OF RADICAL CONTRAST UNEXPERIENCED — A MERE INTELLECTUAL CONSTRUCT. THERE EXISTS NO SUCH THING AS A MOMENT. NO INSTANT HAS EVER FOR AN INSTANT EXISTED.

August 22, Wednesday: To aid an insurrection that had already failed, about 1,000 French troops landed at Kilcumin near Killala, County Mayo and proclaimed an Irish Republic.

General Napoléon Bonaparte set up the Institute of Egypt with four sections: mathematics, physics, political economy, and literature and arts, under director Gaspard Monge. These French scholars would be inventing the discipline of Egyptology and, during the following year, would be discovering and carrying off the Rosetta Stone, a stone that, relatively unimportant in itself, would prove to be the key to unlock the forgotten code of the ancient Egyptian writing system. This would be, it might seem, the sole worthwhile and lasting effect of the French adventure there, although the invaders would also be setting up hospitals and a health care system, engineering irrigation projects, and instituting a degree of temporary financial stability.

October 22, Monday: Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis replaced Mariano Luis de Urquijo y Muga as First Secretary of State of Spain.

In the midst of continuing fighting, General Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the bombardment of the al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, thus sacrificing any “hearts and minds” approach. At dusk the French forced their way into the mosque, killing everyone they could catch and trashing much of the religious materials inside.

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

October 23, Tuesday: Yusuf Ziyauddin Pasha replaced Izzet Mehmed Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

French troops continued to run amok in Cairo as General Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the complete destruction of the al-Azhar Mosque. He further commanded that all prisoners taken with weapons in their hands were to be beheaded and their bodies cast into the Nile (no more Mr. Nice Guy). EGYPT

December 24, Monday: The Second Coalition against Napoléon Bonaparte was formed by Austria, Great Britain, Russia, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Naples. French troops occupied Pescara.

The Virginia Resolution. READ THE FULL TEXT

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1799

The French Revolution was ending with Napoléon Bonaparte as the de facto ruler of France. At this point, power and control being what a ruler desires, Nicholas Cugnot’s steam tractor was retrieved from the arsenal in which it had been gathering dust for almost 30 years, and refurbished, and a demonstration was arranged for the commanding general. Of all the people in the world, this commanding general would be expected to appreciate the crying need of La France for portable canonization. Where M. Cugnot was by this time I don’t know –perhaps he had gone to his reward– but General Bonaparte was rushing around getting ready to go off on an escorted tour of Egypt — and so he missed this demo. Gosh, imagine what an unholy mess Nappy could have made out of the map of Europe had he been able to acquire an armored Blitzkrieg!

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

March 7, Thursday: When General Napoléon Bonaparte sent a truce officer into Jaffa to arrange a surrender of the town, the Turkish commander sent him back that officer’s head on a pike. The French thereupon attacked, and by nightfall had invested the city. The French general would report that “We were masters of the city, which for the next 24 hours was pillaged by us and subject to all the horrors of war in their most hideous forms.”11 EGYPT

March 10, Sunday: Nobody opposes Napoléon Bonaparte and gets away with it. He ordered the execution of the 4,400 who surrendered at Jaffa. EGYPT

March 18, Monday: When General Napoléon Bonaparte arrived at Acre (Akko) he found it heavily defended — on the same day the British captured a flotilla carrying half his siege guns.

In Paris, the Theate de l’Odeon was consumed by fire.

April 16, Tuesday: Near Mt. Tabor in Palestine, French troops attacked a Turkish force that outnumbered them 17 to 1, and would have been overwhelmed except for the timely arrival of a relief force under General Napoléon Bonaparte. As the besieged force was reinforced, the Turkish attackers scattered.

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” 11. The French slaughtered more than 20,000 Albanian captives — one wonders what might have happened if they had gotten really irritated. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

May 10, Friday: Over a period of ten days, five gallant and ineffective French assaults on the Turkish fortress of Acre (Akko) persuaded General Napoléon Bonaparte that this siege was hopeless.

May 17, Friday: General Napoléon Bonaparte announced the raising of the siege of Acre (Akko). He would march his soldiers back to Egypt.

May 18, Saturday: In Paris, in absentia, Napoléon was designated Emperor.

May 23, Thursday: Thomas Hood was born in London.

Antonio Salieri’s cantata Der Tyroler Landsturm to words of Ratschky was performed for the initial time, in Vienna. It was in honor of “the little land which successfully and heroically resisted Napoléon.”

Giovanni Paisiello conducted music at a religious service in Naples attended by members of the republican government.

June 3, Monday: After more than two weeks of forced marches, the defeated French units reached Katai in Egypt (along the way General Napoléon Bonaparte had narrowly avoided a number of mutiny attempts).

Jan Ladislav Dussek appeared at a benefit concert for Domenico Dragonetti — his final appearance of record in London.

August 18, Sunday: Pretending to be merely on an inspection tour, General Napoléon Bonaparte and a small number of his trusted officers left Cairo with the intention of achieving a dash to Paris — arriving prior to the arrival of the news of his Egyptian defeat so that this bad news could still be managed by their propaganda apparatus.

August 22, Thursday: General Napoléon Bonaparte and several high-ranking Frenchmen boarded ship and made for France at maximum speed, leaving behind 30,000 defeated French soldiers to fend for themselves among the resurgent Egyptians as best they might.

October 8, Tuesday: The final bragging dispatch of General Napoléon Bonaparte reached Paris, informing the public of the old news that he had achieved yet another victory on July 25th, at Abukir Bay in Egypt — celebrations in honor of the winning ways of the since-defeated general would therefore be the order of the day throughout the city, as he managed to arrive in advance of the bad news.

October 9, Wednesday: General Napoléon Bonaparte reached French soil at Frejus and found himself being greeted by cheering throngs and he became aware that his strategy had worked, that clearly he had gotten back while the situation could still be managed because word had not yet arrived of his ignominious defeat in Egypt.

Johann Simon Mayr’s farsa Labino e Carlotta to words of Rossi was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro San Benedetto of Venice. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

October 13, Sunday: News reached the Directory in Paris of Napoléon Bonaparte’s return from Egypt.

Two String Quartets op.77 by Joseph Haydn were performed for the initial time, at Eisenstadt Castle.

October 16, Wednesday: The Reverend William Emerson of Harvard, Massachusetts was installed as the minister of the First Church in Boston.

General Napoléon Bonaparte entered Paris a hero, owing to the victory over the Turks on July 25th, at Abukir Bay in Egypt.

October 25, Friday: Lucien Bonaparte was elected President of the Council of Five Hundred (the electors were unaware that he was 6 years under the requisite minimum age, and of course he wasn’t going to tell them).

October 28, Monday: Napoléon Bonaparte was called before the Directory to answer charges of embezzlement during his command of the army in Italy.

November 1, Friday: After a dinner in Paris given by Lucien Bonaparte, General Napoléon Bonaparte and Director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes concocted a coup d’etat. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

November 9, Saturday: The Coup of 18/19 Brumaire began as collaborators Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes and Roger Ducos effected a coup d’etat over their fellow directors. They accepted the resignation of Paul Barras, and arrested Louis Jerome Gohier and Jean Francois August Moulin. Loyal troops controlled the Tuileries and the Luxembourg. No opposition was encountered. The Council of Elders appointed Napoléon Bonaparte “executor” of a new constitution and nominated him, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, and Roger Ducos as Provisional Consuls.

November 10, Sunday: A debate began at Saint-Cloud in the Council of the Five Hundred, in regard to the events of the previous day. Impatient, General Napoléon Bonaparte entered and offered fire and brimstone in speeches to both houses. The Five Hundred shouted him down, some brandishing daggers. He retired. Soldiers loyal to the General then entered the chamber as the legislators fled. In the evening, those remaining approved the abolishment of the Directory and the setting up of a provisional consulate. Jean Jacques Regis de Cambaceres, duc de Parme was named Archchancellor.

November 12, Tuesday: General Napoléon Bonaparte announced to France that the constitution of the Year III was abolished.

American astronomer Andrew Ellicot Douglas first documented the Leonid meteor shower from a ship at the edge of the Gulf stream off the Florida Keys (there is an existing woodcut giving a contemporary impression of the shower as seen from that viewpoint). Alexander von Humboldt and his companion Bonpland observed a morning meteor shower over Cumana (now Venezuela). They were told by the residents there that in 1766 a similar meteor storm had been seen over Cumana. FALL OF STONES LEONID METEOR SHOWER Tausende von Feuerkugeln und Sternschnuppen fielen hintereinander, vier Stunden lang. (...) Nach Bonplands Aussage war gleich zu Anfang der Erscheinung kein Stück am Himmel so groß als drei Mond Durchmesser das nicht jeden Augenblick von Feuerkugeln und Sternschnuppen gewimmelt hätte. Von 4h an hörte die Erscheinung allmählich auf; ... — Humboldt

December 25, Wednesday: George Gordon, Lord Byron was spending the Christmas holidays with the Hanson family at Earls Court, Kensington.

Napoléon Bonaparte assumed the permanent post of First Consul. He sent letters to King George III of Great Britain and Emperor Franz asking for peace, while at the same time issuing a proclamation “To the French Soldiers” calling for them to prepare themselves for war beyond the borders of France. Hugues Bernard Maret became Secretary of State (chief minister). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1800

At about the beginning of the 19th Century, white people began to smoke tobacco in the form of rolled bundles of leaves, “cigars,” as well as by the use of “pipes” made of porous white porcelain. Napoléon Bonaparte’s armies spread this practice throughout Europe. The commercial growing of the plant began at this point in Canada. Pipe smoking was taken to be politically conservative, cigar smoking to be politically liberal.12 Smoking in the street could be taken as a political gesture. A text of this period stated that the pipe was to the cigar “as a lady in crinoline is to a naked beauty.” Typically, smoking was done only by men and only in the study, never in dining room or parlor.

January 18, Saturday: First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte created the Banque de France to deal with the post- revolutionary recession.

January 28, Tuesday: At al-Arish on the coast of the Sinai Peninsula, General Louis Charles Antoine Desaix, the French commander in Egypt, surrendered his army to British Commodore Sir William Sydney Smith, with the understanding that the English would allow the French to retain their arms and return to France (this would be rejected by the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, Lord Keith, and hostilities would resume).

February 9, Sunday: Napoléon Bonaparte ordained 10 days of mourning in the French army, following news of the death of George Washington.

12. Bear in mind, however, that the use of the term “conservative” in such a context is anachronistic, because no politician would until January 1830 characterize a party such as the Tories of England as “conservative.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

February 17, Monday: A special prefecture of police was created in Paris.

February 18, Tuesday: The Banque de France was created.

February 19, Wednesday: Napoléon Bonaparte established himself as First Consul in the Tuileries. The entire government, including cabinet ministers and the Council of State, was transferred from the Luxembourg Palace, the home of the Directory, to the Tuileries. There was an enormous procession of bureaucrats accompanied by 3,000 troops.

June 14, Saturday: First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte succeeded at Marengo at the cost of a battlefield littered with 21,000 corpses, sending the surviving Austrians in headlong flight towards Alessandria and establishing himself as 1st Consul. His army would proceed to conquer Italy. At the Treaty of San Ildefonso, he would oblige Spain to cede the entire Louisiana province to France. Giuseppe Rossini, father of Gioachino, would be freed from prison.

Lord Nelson arrived in Livorno (he would be there until July 10th).

At the Battle of Marengo, French forces seemed to be losing but then broke through. Austria signed the Convention of Alessandria on this night, agreeing to withdraw east of Ticino and to surrender all holdings in Piedmont and Lombardy, and to cease all military operations while considering Napoleon’s peace offer.

Jean-Baptiste Kleber, commander of French forces in Egypt, was stabbed to death in Cairo by a Turkish fanatic.

Friedrich Schiller’s play Maria Stuart was performed for the initial time, in Weimar.

La dansomanie, a ballet-pantomime by Etienne-Nicolas Mehul to a scenario by Gardel, was performed for the initial time, at the Paris Opera.

June 17, Wednesday: First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte left his army in northern Italy and turned toward Paris.

July 2, Wednesday: First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte arrived back in Paris to great acclaim after his Italian victories over the Austrians.

October 9, Thursday: The Republic of Lucca was reestablished by the French.

A plot to kill First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte, set to go take place on the following day, was intercepted by police and the conspirators arrested (they would be executed). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

October 14, Tuesday: Jakob Meyer Beer (Giacomo Meyerbeer) made his public performing debut, offering Mozart’s minor piano concerto K.466.

December 2, Tuesday: Lucien Bonaparte was received at the Escorial as French ambassador to Spain. Over the following year he would become a patron of Luigi Boccherini.

December 3, Wednesday: French forces defeated the Austrian forces at Hohenlinden near München, and advanced on Vienna.

December 24, Wedneday: At 8PM as First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte and his wife Josephine were in the Rue Nicaise on their way to the Opera to hear the Paris premiere of “The Creation,” a carriage bomb went off nearby. 20 were killed and 200 wounded but Napoleon and Josephine were unhurt (two royalists would be executed).

NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE DECEMBER 24TH, 1800 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY, AS NAPOLEON AND JOSEPHINE EXPERIENCED IT AS THAT BOMB WENT OFF (THE FOLLOWING DAY, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST).

December 25, Thursday: The Armistice of Steyr was signed by France and Austria.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod and Walden HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1801

Napoléon Bonaparte decided to bring back slavery in France. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

When the French army in Egypt surrendered, the British laid claim as spoils of war to any and all of the antiquities that the French investigators accompanying Napoléon Bonaparte had managed to loot. Among these materials was an inscribed black stone they had collected at Rosetta in the Nile delta. (Of course, the instant the inscription in three languages had been taken from the stone in the form of multiple rubbings, and distributed, it had become a matter of utter irrelevance who had actual custody of this particular hunk of rock. I’m sure I’ve seen uglier hunks of rock, it’s just that I can’t remember where.) JEAN-FRANÇOIS CHAMPOLLION HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May: General Toussaint Louverture’s army of Creole former slaves defeated the Spanish forces that had held the eastern portions of Hispaniola.13 Louverture became Governor-General and a Constitution was enacted.14

This Caribbean island would be safe for a year, until First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte, subsequent to the coup d’état of 18 Brumaire, with a pledge by our President Thomas Jefferson that there would be no US interference (a reversal of our federal diplomatic policy), would be able to send an expedition to attack his allies of color and thus restore order and slavery. —Welcome to your dream of American empire, M. Napoleon; when it comes down to black-and-white issues, we white people are all in the same boat!15

The harbor at Le Cap emptied of American vessels so 13. Now known as the Dominican Republic. 14. Eventually, in Concord, Waldo Emerson would be urging Frederick Douglass to make himself into a Governor-General François-Dominique Brèda Toussaint-Louverture for the continent of North America, and eventually we would learn of this –despite the fact that Emerson would attempt to cover it up by suppressing information as to the presence of the black man– because Thoreau had rushed off and gotten Emerson’s inflammatory recommendation printed up in Boston and distributed before it could be suppressed. 15. When Jefferson heard the motto “Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God,” he thought “Yes, of course that’s true if you are a white man — but if you are a black man of course it is false.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

swiftly that Toussaint was moved to ask sarcastically “if the change in administrations had destroyed all the American ships.” ... Race was at the root of all these ironies. Race drove all these Jeffersonian retreats. Race overrode all other considerations for Jefferson whenever it was salient at all.... Jefferson was a man intellectually undone by his negrophobia.... He was the foremost racist of his era in America. And St. Domingue constituted the crisis in which all this came clear. — Michael Zuckerman, ALMOST CHOSEN PEOPLE: OBLIQUE BIOGRAPHIES IN THE AMERICAN GRAIN, 1993, pages 194-6

Having placed himself in a position of permanent dictatorial control over Haiti, François-Dominique Brèda Toussaint-Louverture re-legalized the slave trade and invited the white planters to return and take control over their abandoned sugar plantations. He stipulated, however, that anyone who returned would need to be a practitioner of family values, who would encourage his slaves to marry and to produce legitimate offspring -- because, he suggested, only with the family as its basis would a stable and just social order be able to evolve. He also stipulated that whipping was in the future going to be forbidden, and that these white planters would need to be out in the fields with their slaves and would need to share the profits from the sugar with their slave workforces. He wrote to his own former manager of the Brèda estate, in exile in the USA, asking him in particular to return, and advised him: Be just and unbending, make the blacks work hard, so as to add by the prosperity of your small interests to the general prosperity of the administration of the first of the blacks, the General-in- Chief of St. Domingue.

May 4, Sunday: Caty Mason had her four children baptized by the Reverend Dr. Thomas Prentiss at the Medfield Congregational Church — including her eldest, named Lowell.

Ich freue mich for chorus and strings by Johannes Herbst was performed for the initial time.

May 5, Monday: First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte departed from Paris to join his troops in his initial offensive as leader of the nation.

June 7, Sunday: War between Spain and Portugal was ended by the Treaty of Badajoz, the treaty being back- dated to June 6th to make it seem that it had preceded rather than followed an ultimatum from Napoléon. Portugal was to pay an indemnity and grant commercial concessions to France, and cede part of Guiana to Spain. Spain acquired the border town of Olivença. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

June 14, Saturday: First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte succeeded at Marengo at the cost of a battlefield littered with 21,000 corpses, sending the surviving Austrians in headlong flight towards Alessandria and establishing himself as 1st Consul. His army would proceed to conquer Italy. At the Treaty of San Ildefonso, he would oblige Spain to cede the entire Louisiana province to France. Giuseppe Rossini, father of Gioachino, would be freed from prison.

Lord Nelson arrived in Livorno (he would be there until July 10th).

At the Battle of Marengo, French forces seemed to be losing but then broke through. Austria signed the Convention of Alessandria on this night, agreeing to withdraw east of Ticino and to surrender all holdings in Piedmont and Lombardy, and to cease all military operations while considering Napoleon’s peace offer.

Jean-Baptiste Kleber, commander of French forces in Egypt, was stabbed to death in Cairo by a Turkish fanatic.

Friedrich Schiller’s play Maria Stuart was performed for the initial time, in Weimar.

La dansomanie, a ballet-pantomime by Etienne-Nicolas Mehul to a scenario by Gardel, was performed for the initial time, at the Paris Opera.

June 17, Wednesday: First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte left his army in northern Italy and turned toward Paris. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1802

Napoléon Bonaparte became President of the Italian Republic.

François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand’s RENÉ, and his GÉNIE DU CHRISTIANISME, which was his attempt to justify his Roman Catholic faith. At the time Napoléon Bonaparte was campaigning to win the favor of the Church, and so he appointed Chateaubriand as secretary of a legation to the Holy See. Chateaubriand accompanied Cardinal Fesch to Rome but the two soon got on each other’s nerves. Napoleon then nominated him as minister to Valais, Switzerland.

Napoléon Bonaparte revoked the emancipation decree act of 1794 and reintroduced slavery to French colonies and sent an army to put down the rebellion in Haiti (Saint Domingue).

“The grandeur of a country is to assume all its history. With its glorious pages but also its more shady parts.” — President Jacques Chirac of France

SLAVEHOLDING

Walter Savage Landor went to Paris, where observing Bonaparte at close quarters was enough to cure him of his idealism in regard to French republicanism. His POETRY, BY THE AUTHOR OF ‘GEBIR’ (London: Rivingtons) included the narrative poems “The Story of Chrysaor” and “From the Phocæans.”

After December 23, 1845: ... {One-fourth page blank} Landor’s works are WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR 1st A small volume of poems 1793 out of print next Poems of “Gebir” “Chrysaor”, the “Phocaeans” &c The “Gebir” eulogized by Southey & Coleridge Wrote verses in Italian & Latin. The dramas “Andrea of Hungary” “Giovanna of Naples” and “Fra Rupert.” “Pericles & Aspasia” “Poems from the Arabic & Persian” 1800 pretending to be translations. “A Satire upon Satirists, and Admonition to Detractors” printed 1836 not published Letters called “High & Low Life in Italy” “Imaginary Conversations” “Pentameron & Pentalogia” “Examination of William Shakspeare before Sir Thomas Lucy, Knt., touching Deer-stealing.” {One-fourth page blank} Vide again Richard’s sail in “Rich. 1st & the Abbot” Phocion’s remarks in conclusion of “Eschines & Phocion” “Demosthenes & Eubulides” In Milton & Marvel speaking of the Greek poets –he says “There is a sort of refreshing odor flying off it perpetually; not enough to oppress or to satiate; nothing is beaten or bruized; nothing smells of the stalk; the flower itself is half-concealed by the Genius of it hovering round.” Pericles & Sophocles Marcus Tullius Cicero & his Brother Quinctus in this a sentence on Sleep and Death. Johnson & Tooke for a criticism on words. {Three-fifths page blank} ... HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

January 20, Wednesday: Joseph Bonaparte granted an annual pension of 3,000 francs to Luigi Boccherini.

January 26, Tuesday: Napoléon Bonaparte met in Lyons with a commission from the Cisalpine Republic, who requested that he assume the presidency of their country.

March 27, Saturday: The Treaty of Amiens was signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. The “Peace of Amiens,” as this would be known, would produce only a 14-month hiatus (or quietus) during the Napoleonic Wars. One of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondence across the English Channel would become again possible. Many British authors, artists, and politicians would be visiting France during this interruption in the hostilities.

April: Napoléon Bonaparte became Life Consul of France.

April 25, Sunday: Summoned by Napoléon Bonaparte, Giovanni Paisiello arrived in Paris.

April 26, Monday: Reuss-Schleiz and Reuss-Gera were unified. The new entity would be termed “Reuss- Schleiz und Gera.”

Napoléon Bonaparte signed an act granting amnesty to most of the émigrés from the French Revolution.

May 1, Saturday: The Lycée (secondary) schools were founded in France by First Counsel Napoléon Bonaparte.

May 5, Wednesday: Giovanni Paisiello was introduced to First Counsel Napoléon Bonaparte in Paris. In the evening he attended a performance of his own Zingari in fiera. He was recognized and applauded vociferously. The composer thereupon was invited to spend the 3d act in Napoléon’s box, and the two apparently begin a very amicable relationship.

Jan Ladislav Dussek made the acquaintance of Ludwig Spohr in Hamburg, at a dinner at the home of Herr Kiekhöver.

After a few defeats in battle Toussaint L’Ouverture suspended operations against the new French forces on Hispaniola and returned to his home at Ennery (he was waiting for the tropical climate and tropical disease to do his fighting for him). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May 10, Monday: Colonel Louis Delgrès, a mulatto with military experience, began armed resistance on Guadeloupe against the reimposition of slavery by First Counsel Napoléon Bonaparte (the holdouts would eventually fail, and off themselves by means of their own gunpowder).

May 19, Wednesday: Napoléon Bonaparte created the Order of the Legion of Honor.16 Originally intended for the military, later this would be extended to civilians.

June 26, Saturday: The Republic of Italy was created from Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. The President of this republic would of course be Napoléon Bonaparte.

A new constitution was given to the Ligurian Republic (Genoa), making it subordinate to France.

August: Napoléon Bonaparte’s title of First Consul (granted in 1799) was extended for life.

George Annesley, Viscount Valentia and Henry Salt visited St. Helena, where they joined up with the botanist Henry Porteous (Porteous would be noted for having as guests in his boarding house both the Duke of Wellington and Napoléon Bonaparte, albeit at different times). ST. HELENA THE HISTORIC

September 25, Saturday: Napoléon ordered Giovanni Paisiello to direct the music of the mass in the First Consul’s chapel every Sunday.

16. No other inducement to dishonor the commandment Thou Shalt Not Kill has ever come close to approaching the effectiveness of an appeal to a man’s honor. –Now isn’t that curious? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1803

Benjamin Constant followed Madame de Staël into exile from Napoléon’s France.

February 19, Saturday: Napoléon Bonaparte issued the Act of Mediation abolishing the Helvetic Republic and creating the Swiss Confederation.

April 23, Saturday: In France, Napoléon Bonaparte acknowledged the legitimacy of Huguenot religious worship.

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

May 23, Monday: Pierre-Antoine Daru, spokesman for First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte, advised the Tribunate of Napoléon’s intention to invade Great Britain. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May 24, Tuesday: Charles-Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte was born, a son of Lucien Bonaparte and Alexandrine de Bleschamp and therefore a nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte. He would grow up in Italy, where he would be known as “Carlo.” Before being forced out of Italy by politics he would discover a warbler new to science, the “Moustached Warbler.”17

The Sonata for violin and piano op.47 dedicated to Rudolf Kreutzer by Ludwig van Beethoven was performed for the initial time, in Vienna, with the composer at the keyboard.

July 30, Saturday: First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte announced the creation of a National Flotilla to invade Britain.

November 9, Tuesday: Having lost 19 generals including the brother-in-law of Napoléon Bonaparte, having lost more of their soldiers than eventually they would lose in the battle at Waterloo (Egad, talk about Vietnam!), the French acknowledged that they had been more or less at least temporarily militarily defeated at their sugary plantations of Saint-Domingue –which had before the slave revolt been considered not merely France’s most important possession but the most valuable colony of any in the Western world– and General Jean-Jacques Dessalines became the head of a new government.

17. That’s one hell of a lot more than his more recognized uncle ever accomplished.

underachiever HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 20, Tuesday: Samuel Hopkins died in Newport. He had been aware that he was dying, and preached a sermon about his own anticipated demise. ON HIS OWN DEATH

Though he had begun as a slaveholder, he had been the 1st of the Congregational ministers of New England to renounce human enslavement. He had been one of the sponsors of the enactment of 1774 which had interdicted the importation of negro slaves into Rhode Island, and of the enactment of 1784 which had declared that all children of slaves born in Rhode Island after the following March should be born free.

The obituary oration would be delivered by the Reverend Levi Hart, D.D. OBITUARY ORATION

In a move that more than doubled the land surface of the nation, the United States of America paid France approximately $20 per square mile to extinguish its claim to approximately 1,000,000 square miles of “Louisiana.” “Rights” to a general territory of 828,000 square miles18 which went under the name “Louisiana,” that is, “Land of Louis XV, King of France” (although whatever paltry “rights of ownership” Louis XV had had to this real estate, which had always been debatable, had passed to his erstwhile heir Napoléon Bonaparte) were sold to the national government of the United States of America for the paltry sum of $0.04 per acre.

18. It sounds much more impressive to say 828,000 square miles than 914 miles square, since in the conversion from square miles to miles square –as in the conversion from a red nation to our human nation– the relationship is of a power. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Once President Thomas Jefferson had procured that land doubling the size of the United States (14 new states would eventually be formed) from the peoples who actually lived on it, such as the Dakota nation, that land would belong to them! (However, when the national government of the United States of America subsequently went about purchasing rights to such territories from weaker people, they weren’t in the habit of paying nearly as much as this per acre, even when the rights to the real estate were far more real than whatever rights had devolved from King Louis of France.)19 READ THE FULL TEXT

19. Since we’ve spoken above about “rights” to this land, we should also say something about the “rights” of the peoples who were living on this land. Joseph J. Ellis has pointed out in AMERICAN CREATION that President Jefferson set us up for the extension of slavery westward, and for the removal of native American tribes from east of the Mississippi River, on this day December 20, 1803, when he specified that in these new federal territories, rights were granted only to the “white” inhabitants (we’re not saying that Jefferson had any real option other than to play the game out in this way, we’re only saying that this one word was in fact the critical juncture, the pivot point on which the world has turned, the thingie that would set us up for a whole lot of our subsequent agony). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1804

When Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the execution of the Duc d’Enghien, in protest François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand resigned his post as minister to Valais. Resolving to live on his income as an author, he laid plans to create a prose page-turner set in the period of the fascinating persecution of early Christianity. This was to be about the-ultimate-good-guys-who-got-done-wrong, LES MARTYRS, and about those-ultimate- nasty-dudes, the Romans — quite an outstanding formula for a trade press crowd-pleaser, huh?

Having displayed a certain reluctance to sacrifice convictions to further the schemes of Napoléon, Jean- Baptiste Say found himself removed as tribune. Having acquainted himself with cotton manufacture, he founded at Auchy in the Pas de Calais a spinning-mill would provide gainful employment for some 400 to 500 laborers, mostly of course women and children.

wanted what he wanted

February 20, Monday: Giovanni Paisiello, resident in Paris, received notification from the Regio Senato of Naples that he had been named Maestro di Cappella.

General Jean-Charles Pichegru was arrested by French police as part of a royalist conspiracy to overthrow the government. 20 years earlier, Pichegru had been Napoléon’s mathematics instructor at the Royal Military School.

February 25, Saturday: The French government levied “combined duties” in an effort to pay for Napoléon’s incessant wars. These included new taxes on liquor and salt, and an increase in the tobacco tax.

March: The Code Napoléon, a reformed code of justice, was promulgated throughout the French Empire.

March 9, Friday: The leader of a royalist conspiracy to overthrow the French government, Georges Cadoudal, was arrested by French police in Paris, but not before he killed one policeman and wounded another. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

March 10, Saturday: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark attended ceremonies in St. Louis formally transferring the “Louisiana” territory from France to the United States of America.

March 14, Wednesday: As a pledge to the regicides (those who had voted to execute Louis XVI), Napoléon engineered the kidnapping of a Bourbon, the Duc d’Enghien, in Baden.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 14th of 3 M / Nearer approaches to life has been witnessed, for which I am in degree humbly thankful & wish at this time to be dipt deeper & deeper into the Baptism of Holy Jesus —— I have been deeply wounded in mind of late on account of an evil report which has been in circulation about me —— tho’ I do solemnly declare it to be utterly false & appeal to the searcher of hearts for my innocency. Yet as I have made a profession of, & been thought well of by my friends & put forward in Society I cannot help feeling the reproach that such a report will bring upon Blessed truth, as when those who stand well come to be reflected upon, the cause suffers much more harm from one who makes no profession at all. ———— But I have thought it might have been permitted to humble & bring me lower & closer to the Cross & an entire dependence for protection on that Arm which is Invincible —— As for about 3 or four weeks before [this page is cut a fraction on the left] I heard of it, I had a feeling sense that something of that kind would befall me. And if it does but have the right effect, and no reproach upon the Profession which I profess, I shall esteem it as a visitation of love & wish not to repine at what I may suffer in mind about it ———— ————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 20, Tuesday: On orders from Napoléon, the Bourbon Duc d’Enghien was tried on trumped-up charges and shot at Vincennes.

March 21, Wednesday: After four years of preparation, the French Civil Code (Code Napoléon) went into effect. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

April 10, Tuesday: At about this point, Giovanni Paisiello obtained release as maître de chappelle to Napoléon Bonaparte.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 10th of 4th M 1804 / Our friends have just now gone on board the packet for Greenwich to attend the Quarterly Meeting to be held there. I wish them a good time tho’ it rains & I fear it will be unpleasant —— It would have been agreeable to me to have gone with them, but it seems as if it is best to stay at home this time & perhaps the time will come when I can leave home with more propriety than at present —— The rememberance of my visit there last year is still gratefully in my mind, & has at time raised humble thankfulness for the unexpected favors which I received & the openess of freinds towards me who was a total stranger, & unworthy of their kind reception. ———————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 18, Friday: Consul-for-Life Napoléon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France and the French Senate designated him as Napoléon I (this would not be recognized by Russia, Austria, Sweden, or the Ottoman Empire).

Publication of Familiar Airs, in Various Styles, for the Piano Forte no.2 by John Crotch and William Crotch was entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.

Amor non ha ritegno, a melodramma eroicomico by Simon Mayr to words of Marconi after Gozzi, was performed for the first time, at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan.

July 20, Friday: In spite of an onshore gale, Napoléon Bonaparte ordered the Boulogne naval flotillas to test the effectiveness of flat-bottomed boats intended for the invasion of Britain. 20 of these barges ran aground and 2,000 sailors drowned. Admiral Bruix, who had warned against the exercise and refused to give the order to proceed, was immediately removed from the service.

August 14, Tuesday: Admiral Louis Latouche-Tréville died of natural causes, inducing Napoléon Bonaparte to postpone his invasion of Britain.

October 8, Monday: Napoléon Bonaparte learned that his complete plans for attacking British interests on three continents had been captured by the British. He would be obliged to abandon them. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 2, Sunday: In a glittering ceremony at the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, a ceremony that included of course Pope Pius VII, Napoléon Bonaparte made himself the crowned emperor of France, and then crowned his wife Josephine as Empress. Everybody who was anybody was there. The music for the occasion, a mass and a Te Deum, was by Giovanni Paisello. Due to the entire absence of color photography, the scene would need to be depicted by David:

Our question for us of course would be, is the Napoleonic General Thoreau to be found anywhere in this sea of faces?

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1 day 2 of 12 M 1804 / Our Meetings to day were very large. D Buffum was concerned in a few words of testimony in the morning: but my poor mind was tossed about with but little life. in the Afternoon it was rather better. —— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 16, Sunday: At the Hôtel de Ville, the Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte threw the first biggie bash of his regime. This created a huge traffic jam in central Paris.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1 day 16 of 12 M 1804 / Our Meetings were small & silent. it was a roving unsettled day to me. — —————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1805

During this year Arthur Wellesley (later to be renowned as the iron 1st Duke of Wellington and as the man who had the balls to humble Napoléon Bonaparte) resigned in India.

Nicolò Paganini was appointed by Napoléon’s sister Princess Elisa Bacciocchi as the court solo violinist at Lucca.

WALDEN: Near at hand, upon the topmost spray of a birch, sings PEOPLE OF the brown-thrasher –or red mavis, as some love to call him– all WALDEN the morning, glad of your society, that would find out another farmer’s field if yours were not here. While you are planting the seed, he cries, –“Drop it, drop it, –cover it up, cover it up, – pull it up, pull it up, pull it up.” But this was not corn, and so it was safe from such enemies as he. You may wonder what his rigmarole, his amateur Paganini performances on one string or on twenty, have to do with your planting, and yet prefer it to leached ashes or plaster. It was a cheap sort of top dressing in which I had entire faith.

NICOLÒ PAGANINI THE BEANFIELD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Between this year and 1814 a Kingdom of Italy would be created, embracing Lombardy, Venetia, South Tyrol, and Istria, with Milan as its capitol (Napoléon Bonaparte king, Eugene Beauharnais viceroy). Piedmont, Genoa, Parma, and Tuscany would be ceded to France.

Baron Joseph-Marie de Gérando accompanied Napoleon into Italy. At Paris, publication of the baron’s ELOGE DE DUMARSAIS, — DISCOURS QUI A REMPORTE LE PRIX PROPOSE PAR LA SECONDE CLASSE DE L’INSTITUT NATIONAL. He was selected to became a member of what later would become the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres of the Institute of France, where there was an open position due to the death of the translator of RECHERCHES SUR LA NATURE ET LES CAUSES DE LA RICHESSE DES NATIONS D’ADAM SMITH, the marquis Germain Garnier.

At the age of 18, François Pierre Guillaume Guizot arrived in Paris and entered the family of M. Stapfer, formerly Swiss minister in France, to serve as tutor for his children. He soon began to write for a journal edited by Suard, the Publiciste, and was introduced to the literary society of Paris.

In this year the first of 30 volumes of the “Voyages of Humboldt and Bonpland” was going through a press in Germany. These volumes would include the 1st accurate maps and records of climate, geology, and measurements of the earth’s magnetic field, pertaining to the western hemisphere. THE SCIENCE OF 1805

Humboldt’s personal observations of many different plant habitats resulted in his important generalizations about the relationships of plants to their native climates. He is probably best known for making ecological correlations between the different plant habitats observed with rising elevation and the changing habitats seen when traveling from the tropics to arctic regions. Publication of his ESSAI SUR LA GÉOGRAPHIE DES PLANTES... may be considered the beginning of the science of ecology. PLANTS

At some point during this year of a battle at Trafalgar, which was a British naval victory, and one at Austerlitz, which was a victory of the Napoleonic army over Austro-Russian forces, Napoléon Bonaparte met this scientist Alexander von Humboldt (or vice versa). The words he dropped on him were with regard to the interests of Josefina Tascher Bonaparte, who was a mulatto from the Caribbean region:

You are interested in botany? So is my wife.

This is a response very similar to the response which another ruler who ruled by ruling, President Richard HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Milhouse Nixon, would generate when he was warned by a visiting delegation of computer scientists that there would be a problem with computer dates as of the end of the millennium — unless something was promptly done to correct the Pentagon’s computer code. Our leader responded:

Something’s wrong with my TV. Can you fix it?

This may be an opportune point at which to introduce a fabled exchange between the First Consul and Pierre- Simon Laplace, because it was in this year that Laplace completed the 4th volume of his MÉCHANIQUE CÉLESTE and so presumably it would have been at this point that he presented this astronomical work. Napoléon asked some question about the role of deity in the universe, such as whether he needed to presume as Newton had presumed that God would from time to time adjust the machinery of the heavens to keep everything running in synch with everything. Laplace’s famous response went something like this: “Je n’avais pas besoin de cette hypothèse-là.”

During this year Napoleon not only crowned himself as King of Italy but also abandoned the French revolutionary calendar — which might have offered our visiting delegation of computer scientists a hint as to what to do in regard to our Y2K situation but in fact did not.

The peak of the Sumatra/Salem pepper traffic; exports alone totaled 7,000,000 pounds in one year. It was at about this point that the body of a sailor was brought back home curing in the pepper, and upon arrival was uncovered as still looking “very natural.” SPICE HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

June 20, Thursday: Major General Sir Arthur Wellesley stopped by St. Helena aboard the Trident after his victory at Assaye, India. The conqueror commented favorably on the climate of the island. (This is a small island with few amenities: the Duke of Wellington occupied the same small pavilion in the garden of “The Briars,” home of the Balcombe family, that Napoléon Bonaparte would use until he relocated to “Longwood.”) ST. HELENA THE HISTORIC

“THE BRIARS” OF ST. HELENA

June 24, Monday: The emperor Napoléon made Lucca a principality and designated his elder sister Elise Baciocchi as its Princess (she would rule along with her husband, Felice Baciocchi).

August 9, Saturday: In reaction to the emperor Napoléon having proclaimed himself King of Italy and having annexed Genoa, Austria adhered to the Anglo-Russian alliance.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6 day 9 of 8 M 1805 / This day receiv’d a very acceptable letter from my ancient beloved friend Jamy Bringhurst of Philadelphia whom I am glad to find in every way alive ————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

September 23, Monday: George Gordon, Lord Byron went to Hanson’s in London.

The Emperor Napoléon announced to the French Senate that he had changed his plans — instead of invading Britain, he intended presently to lead a campaign east against Austria, Russia, Great Britain, and Sweden.

September 24, Tuesday: The advance guard of Napoléon’s Grand Armée crossed the Rhine River at Strasbourg. The Emperor, and Empress Josephine, departed from Paris for the front.

Hafiz Isamil Pasha replaced Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

October 1, Tuesday: Napoléon reached Ettingen where he met with the Duke of Baden, forcing him to sign an alliance with France.

October 2, Wednesday: The emperor Napoléon reached Louisbourg and received aid from his ally, the Elector of Württemberg.

October 12, Saturday: As Napoléon exited the Schönbrunn palace of Vienna with a large entourage to observe a military parade, a 17-year-old German, Friedrich Staps, demanded to present a petition, but was turned away by an aide, Jean Rapp. Staps then approached from a different direction, and Rapp had him taken into the palace for examination. He was found to be carrying inside his coat a kitchen knife wrapped inside a petition document (when the emperor would ask whether Staps would thank him if he were pardoned, the reply came: “I would kill you none the less”).

October 16, Wednesday: The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Columbia River.

The emperor Napoléon ordered his artillery to bombard Ulm.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4 day 16 of 10 M 1805 / I have had this day to witness inward peace & innocence in a time of outward pertubation, & am ready renewedly to acknowledge that I believe all true peace & comfort is only derived from virtue & religion. how sweet, how comfortable, beyond description, it is when we are visited calamity to feel our hands clean & can lift them up in the midst of it & say in sincerity, Lord it is not I that has offended thee. Oh! this innocence I feel it to be a precious thing, & may I be more & more to gain possession of it. my spirit is more affected with a sense of Gods goodness at this time than usual. I desire to be preserved in this tender frame of mind which I now experience beyond the power of words to express. ————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

October 17, Thursday: Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5 day 17 of 10 M 1805 / Our meeting to day was sweet & precious. I was favor’d soon after I took my seat with the incomes of Divine life, & to keep within the holy enclosure most of the meeting. I desire to thank & praise the Lord for his goodness vouchsafed this day, & am ready to believe that others beside myself was sensible that it was a good meeting. there was much solemn quiet over us, & dear Abigail Robinson was sweetly concerned in testimony which I have no doubt came from the fullness of an exercised mind, & was instructing & moving to my feelings ————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Austrian forces in Ulm agreed that they would surrender to the French should no help arrive by October 25th.

Behind the Schönbrunn bei Wien palace of Österreich in Vienna, in the Mauer des Schlossgartens, the young German who had attempted to stab the Emperor Napoléon on October 13th, Friedrich Staps, shouted “Long live freedom! Long live Germany!” just before the volley from the firing squad.

(There was nobody back there to hear him, of course, except Frenchmen, none of whom seem to have been particularly impressed.) Napoleon und Staps Wie vor Varus, den Römer, so trat im geknechteten Deutschland Vor Napoleon auch mahnend die Nemesis hin. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Hätt’ er den Jüngling verstanden, der, ohne zu zittern, das Leben Vor die Füße im warf, als er’s ihm wieder geschenkt: Nimmer hätt’ es der Völker bedurft, ihm die Lehre zu geben, Daß der germanische Geist immer den sittlichen rächt. — Friedrich Hebbel

October 24, Thursday: At the age of 17, George Gordon, Lord Byron entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he would meet E.N. Long and the 15-year-old Trinity choirboy John Edleson.

The Emperor Napoléon levied an “Army Fund” on Prussia and Austria (over the following five years this would collect 743,000,000 francs).

October 25, Friday: The French Grand Armée crossed the Isar River in Bavaria, making for Vienna.

October 26, Saturday: Prussian forces occupied Hannover.

Simon Mayr’s melodramma eroicomico La roccia di Frauenstein to words of Rossi after Anelli was performed for the initial time, in Teatro La Fenice, Venice.

December 3, Tuesday: President Thomas Jefferson’s 5th Annual Message.

The Emperor Franz I of Austria called on the Emperor Napoléon, to sue for peace.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3 day of 12 M 1805 / Tho’ I have been much engaged in outward business for some days past, yet the pure witness has often in the midst of it been raised, so that when my hands have been on my labor my heart has enjoyed the life, & thanks be to the Author of every blessing, things as to an outward living seems to increase, & I desire that the lure of wealth may not draw my mind from an entire dependance on the Lord, & that my feet may never stray from the holy enclosure, that neither heights nor depths or any thing else may lay waste the seed of life in my heart. ————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 4, Wednesday: A private performance in honor of the Emperor Napoléon was given at the Schönbrunn Palace of Vienna and was directed by Luigi Cherubini. 300 political and military men of Napoléon’s staff and government were in attendance. At the conclusion the Emperor stood and walked out without applauding or acknowledging the music. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 26, Thursday: A treaty of peace between France and Austria was signed at Pressburg (Bratislava). Austria ceded Dalmatia and Venetia to the Kingdom of Italy. Tyrol, Voralburg, and other Alpine lands went to Bavaria, a French ally, and Swabia was ceded to Württemberg. Bavaria and Württemberg were made kingdoms while Baden was created a Grand Duchy. Würzburg was made an electorate under Ferdinand Joseph Johann Baptist of Austria.

Gli americani, a melodramma eroico by Johann Simon Mayr to words of Rossi, was performed for the initial time, in Teatro La Fenice, Venice.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5 day 25 [sic] of 12 M 1805 / Rode to Portsmouth with my beloved friend A Greene to attend our MLY Meeting. Holder Almy & David Buffum was acceptable in testimony. David rose with the text “Be not deceived God is not mocked, if ye sow to the flesh, of the flesh ye shall of the flesh reap corruption but if of the spirit ye shall of the spirit reap life everlasting.” It was to me a good meeting, & in the last my heart was much reached at the reading of the London Epistle for the present year & was almost ready to conclude it was right for me to stand up & make some remarks on the part of it respecting Slavery & War but fearing the People as Saul did when he neglected to slay all that was appointed for destruction, I let it pass by, but D Williams was concerned to speak excellently on the subject of Slavery, endeavoring to awaken the minds of friends to a sense of the dreadful situation of the poor black held in bondage, & desired that our testimony against the traffic might not relax, but be maintained as far as possible, & said he believed that the exercions of society was not at an end. On the whole I was well paid for my expence & pain at going & hope it may prove lastingly useful to my mind. we dined at Richard Mitchells where were a precious company of friend both young & old. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 28, Saturday: The Emperor Napoléon left Vienna.

December 31, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon took up residence in München. By his decree the Revolutionary calendar adopted by the French in 1793 was discontinued.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3 day 31 of 12 M 1805 / This is probably the last minute which I shall make in this year, & am not desirous to invent many words to bed adieu to it, but may say that it has been a year of many viccissitudes particularly of mind, & I am willing to hope if I am permitted to close another, it may be still more to my own peace & the honor of my God... But Alas I am yet but young, & HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

there are many snares for my feet, which requires watchfulness to shun,— & there are some concerns of moment which have for a long time been weightily before my mind, & claims all the discression & discernment which I am capable of attaining too, to assceraint which path to persue — if whether I shall be favor’d clearly to discover the right is yet a matter of uncertainty. I desire thro all that I may meet with to retain my love for the unchangeable truth, & closely in all things, (both inward & outward) to consult with it, & if I do my present faith & even firm beliefs is that I shall never want for the best counsel tho’ I may be often left in the dark & be striped & tried even to an hairs breadth, yet I believe it will be for a trial of my faith & patience to see if my desires are still to be a true follower, willing to endure suffering. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” IS FABULATION, HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

The Emperor Napoléon “Stack of the Artist of HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1806

January: Aaron Burr plotted the establishment of the Louisiana Territory, recently purchased by Thomas Jefferson’s administration from Napoléon, as a separate nation.

As part of his prep for LES MARTYRS François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand made visits during this year and the following one to Greece, to Asia Minor, to Palestine, to Egypt, to Barbary, and to Spain. His notes during his travels would be useful for ITINÉRAIRE DE PARIS À JÉRUSALEM, which would appear in 1811, and the Spanish leg of the tour would inspire LES AVENTURES DU DERNIER ABENCÉRAGE, which would appear in 1826. When he returned to France, however, it was to publish an attack on Napoléon Bonaparte in which the emperor of the French was analogized with the Emperor Nero. What France needed was the appearance of a new Tacitus, to write the history of such misconduct. — The emperor didn’t overreact, he merely banished this inconvenient author from beautiful downtown Paris, and Chateaubriand relocated to his modest estate “Wolf Valley” (La Vallée des Loups) seven miles south of Paris, at Châtenay-Malabry.

François-Xavier-Joseph Droz’s ESSAI SUR L’ART D’ÊTRE HEUREUX. THE ART OF BEING HAPPY

Napoléon Bonaparte was bringing the Holy Roman empire to an end. His Berlin Decree began the “Continental System” (closing Continental ports to British vessels). He declared Joseph Bonaparte to be King of Naples (Joseph would rule until 1808, when Joachim Murat would acquire that title). He declared Louis Bonaparte to be King of Holland. Prussia declared war on France. Britain blockaded the French coast. A French army under General Joachim Murat entered Warsaw. A German heard the pounding of Nappy’s cannon in the distance and then witnessed the French conqueror’s triumphal ride through Jena. This now- famous German heard the thumps in the distance, and “flashed” on the fact that this represented — the unwitting realization of Reason! Reason had been rapping on the door and asking “Please let me in, please let me in.” While they were in town the French troops stole all this famous German’s money. This now-famous German philosopher thus had two ways to go, he could either detest such a dangerous and powerful leader — or might bring himself to adore him. He chose to adore and later this man would become the publisher of a pro-French newspaper in Stuttgart, the Bamberger Zeitung. He came to perceive the French commander who had robbed him as what he termed the Weltseele, the personification of reason. (Yes, go figure.) His name was G.W.F. Hegel and at this point he was writing away at his influential THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF MIND. The foundation-stone of his philosophy, upon which everything else evidently was to be predicated, was “Nothing succeeds like success.” (Can you tell how impressed I am?)

Giacomo Costantino Beltrami became a Vice-Ispettore delle Armate. When he began to do bookkeeping work for the Beretta Enterprise, which had a contract to provide rations for 2 divisions of Napoleon’s troops, his position would enable him, it seems, to very rapidly accumulate a great deal of money.

Napoleon’s invasions formed the Confederation of the Rhine and destroyed the remnants of the Holy Roman Empire. Francis II, the former Emperor, renounced the title in favor of a new one: Emperor of Austria. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Napoléon Bonaparte offered 100,000 francs to anyone who could create sugar from a native plant — Russian chemist K.S. Kirchhof would later notice that all you really need to do is mash a bowl of potatoes and then, SWEETS instead of buttermilk and salt, pour in a few pennies worth of readily available sulfuric acid. WITHOUT SLAVERY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

January 1, Wednesday: Use of the French revolutionary calender was interdicted by order of the Emperor Napoléon.

Nicolò Paganini was chosen as 2d violin in the Court Chamber Orchestra of Lucca.

By order of the French Emperor the Duchy of Bavaria became a kingdom — Elector Maximilian IV of Bavaria would be known as King Maximilian I, and Duke-Elector Friedrich II of Württemberg as King Friedrich I.

In his journal entry, Meriwether Lewis exhibited the homesickness that seemed to be afflicting everyone in the expedition during the rainy winter in which they had reached their western destination, during which there would be only a dozen days on which it failed to rain. “Nothing worthy of notice” was the phrase which was quickly replacing their previous “we proceeded on,” as the most common remark jotted down by these diarists: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

January 26, Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon returned to Paris after defeating Austria.

February 18, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon, full of himself after his victory at Austerlitz, authorized completion of the Pantheon.

By 1792 Paris’s Bastille had been demolished and the locale had become “Place de la Bastille” with mere traces of what had been. A fountain had been constructed there in the form a woman with the fountain’s water flowing down from her breasts (evidently one of the many monuments in honor of the Goddess of Poor Taste). For a location near Place de la Bastille, the architect Charles Ribart had proposed a 3-level, elephant-shaped structure that would be entered via a spiral staircase that led up into the elephant's gut (evidently yet another monument in honor of the God of Size-Worship). A guard was to be stationed in one of this elephant’s legs. There was to be a drainage system by way of the trunk. Napoleon had the bright idea of constructing such an elephant from the bronze of the guns his troops had collected after the Battle of Friedland. However, in a fit of good judgment, he would authorize instead the construction of a boxy Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile containing a 2d-story museum at the entry to the boulevard by the site of the former prison, with an observation platform on its roof, between the pillars of which he might parade his triumphal armies.

March: The task of deciding upon the best location for “erection of a triumphal arch at the entry to the boulevard by the site of the former Bastille prison” in Paris was assigned to architect Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin.

A young man named Frederic Tudor, the son of the Judge Advocate General of George Washington, began in the business of producing and wholesaling natural ice in Boston.20 He had borrowed $10,000.00 and had purchased the ice brig Favorite, for $4,750.00, that had been being used to transport ice from a pond in New York near the Hudson River to the hotels and plantations in the vicinity of Charlestown NC, and loaded 130 tons of ice from Massachusetts ponds onto this brig and sent it off to the port of Saint Pierre on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean to cool down the planters, who could well afford to pay for it. It was an obvious idea, not a new idea, to send coolness from some place where there was too much of it to some place where there was not enough of it. The Romans had done this, for instance, with teams of slaves toting snows down from the mountains to ice the Emperor Nero. Tudor would spend the next fifteen years of his life experimenting with the laws of world supply and demand in relation to this obvious idea. Ironically, however, in this initial venture he would lose $3,000.00 to $4,000.00 of his capital, in part because of inadequate insulation. If you are in the ice business but your ice has turned to water, it seems nobody wants to know you. This man would visit debtors’ prison several times over the next few years, before his dedication and concentration began to pay off for him, and pay off big, and cause his customers to begin to refer to him proudly/enviously as the American Ice King.

March 14, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon announced that he intended to create his brother Louis King of Holland.

20. Did he get this idea from President Washington’s humongous icehouse at Mount Vernon? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

March 15, Saturday: The Grand Duchy of Cleves and Berg was created and Joachim Murat, brother-in-law to the Emperor Napoléon, became its Grand Duke.

At 5:30PM a “chondrite” meteor crashed to Earth outside Alaïs, France. It would be on the basis of this one that the type of meteor (one containing carbon and organic-like chemicals) would be identified. SKY EVENT

March 30, Sunday: Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoléon, was created King of Sicily.

The Principality of Guastalla was created, subject to French rule under Prince Camillo Filippo Ludovico Principe di Borghese and Pauline Bonaparte. The Duchy of Massa and the Principality of Carrara were restored by the French under Duke and Prince Felice Pasquale Bacciochi.

April 4, Friday: An Imperial Catechism was printed in order to instruct young Roman Catholics about the wisdom of being obedient to the Emperor Napoléon. Be smart, kiddies, do exactly as the man says.

The Eagle Insurance Company was incorporated in New-York, the city’s first fire insurance company organized as a stock company.

May 9, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon accepted the recommendation of architect Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin that his “triumphal arch at the entry to the boulevard by the site of the former Bastille prison” be positioned at Place de l’Etoile in Paris.

May 11, Sunday: The project for “erection of a triumphal arch” at Place de l’Etoile in Paris was given to architects Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin and Jean-Arnaud Raymond.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1 day 11 of 5 M / Our meetings were silent & seasons of deep thoughtfulness with me ... particularly this afternoon mine eyes were led to look around & behold the gloomy prospect there is among us, & was almost ready to dispair of its being better. some who have known at least good from evil, & been very desirous to walk in the path which leads to everlasting peace & happiness, feeling at seasons the humbling hand of Almighty Power to operate on their hearts & draw them with the cords of his holy love unto his fold of rest, are ready to give out the path proves too narrow, the terms too hard for them. All that was alive within me often of late has been moved & drawn into mental & even vocal earnest prayer that they may yet come to know a being cleansed from all uncleaness, come forth with brightness, & as ornaments to the Church, but Oh how few there are that there are is much to be expectred from. I was this Afternoon ready to sink with discoragement & conclude All hopes prayers, & labors were in vain. Spent most of the evening at D Williams afterward called at J Er & C R. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

——————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 26, Monday: Lewis Cass got married with Elizabeth Spencer.

The Emperor Napoléon decreed the dissolution of the Republic of Dubrovnik.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2 day 26 of 5 M / In a pretty guarded State of mind & the pressure of exercise not so great, tho’ not free from it ——————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 5, Thursday: The Emperor Napoléon transformed the Batavian Commonwealth into the Kingdom of Holland, making his brother Louis the monarch there. The Principality of Benevento was created, subject to France.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5 day 5 of 6 M / I’m going to meeting where I hope to get to the center, having felt this morning a renew’d engagement lie [be?] in the line of religious improvement. In the forepart of the meeting felt pretty lively but grew dull before the conclusion — This evening had an agreeable visit from my beloved & intimate acquaintance A Barker, he felt very near to me. Should he continue faithful he bids fair to be of use to Society. ——————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 15, Friday: This being the 37th birthday of the Emperor Napoléon, a foundation stone was laid for an Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile at Place de l’Etoile in Paris. It would require more than several years merely to lay these foundations and prominent architects such as Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremere de Quincy, Charles Percier, Alexandre-Theodore Brongniart, and Pierre-Francois-Leonard Fontaine would be tendering helpful advice.

September 3, Wednesday: The Emperor Napoléon received Tsar Alyeksandr’s rejection of the July 20th treaty. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

September 5, Friday: Karl Wilhelm Isenberg was born at Barmen in the industrial sector of western Germany. He would translate the BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER into Marathi and Amharic and assist in revision of translations of the BIBLE into Amharic and Marathi.

The Emperor Napoléon, who definitely did not enjoy being opposed, fearful he said that there was some sort of international conspiracy going on against France (Lord knows why!), called to service 50,000 conscripts and 30,000 reservists.21

At the “Lewis and Clark” encampment south of what has become Decatur, Nebraska, at a lake formed by a cut-off oxbow on the Missouri River, Meriwether Lewis was “still in a convalescent state” from having been shot in the butt by Pierre Cruzatte (Pierre had only one eye, and the Captain had been mistaken, in his buckskin outfit, for an elk).

October 7, Tuesday: The Prussian ultimatum finally reached the Emperor Napoléon.

A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: The first documented use of a term similar to “carbon paper,” the term “carbonated paper,” came when on this day Ralph Wedgwood obtained an English patent for what he designated as his “Stylographic Writer.” His focus was not on the ELECTRIC making of copies but on helping the blind to write by the use of a mechanism, and his “carbonated paper” was WALDEN merely a means of applying ink. In Wedgewood’s application, a piece of paper was soaked in printer’s ink and dried, and then was placed between two sheets of writing paper in order to transfer a copy onto the bottom sheet. Horizontal metal wires on the writing-board acted as feeler-guides for the stylus and presumably helped the blind to write. It would not be until a few years later that Wedgwood would develop his idea in the direction of making copies of private or business letters and other documents at the time of writing by relying upon his ink-impregnated paper. Then the writer would use a metal stylus on a sheet of paper thin enough to be transparent, using one of the carbon sheets so as to obtain a black copy on another sheet of paper placed underneath. This other sheet of paper was a good quality writing paper and the “copy” on it formed the original which was to be sent out. The retained copy was in reverse on the underside of the transparent top sheet but, since the paper was very thin (what we know today as “tissue” paper), could be read without difficulty from the other side. A deficiency was that such carbon copies could not be used for contracts or for proving anything in court, since they would not be admissible as evidence.

October 8, Wednesday,: The Emperor Napoléon responded to Prussia’s ultimatum by invading Prussian territory by way of the Thuringerwald (Franconian Forest). Bayreuth passed into French administration.

Congreve rockets were used for the initial time by the Royal Navy, to destroy a substantial portion of the city of Boulogne, France.

21. Have you died for your nation yet? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

October 9, Thursday: Benjamin Banneker died at his farm.

As the first skirmishes occurred with a French army marching toward Berlin, at Schleiz, Prussia declared war on France.

At the home of the Prince of Rudolstadt, Jan Ladislav Dussek performed his concerto for two pianos and orchestra op.63 C.206 for the initial time (possibly with string quartet).

October 10, Friday: French forces defeated the Prussians at Saalfeld southeast of Erfurt. Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Prussia was killed in action. Upon his death, Prussian and Saxon troops fled before the French. He had been accompanied into battle by his friend and employee, Jan Ladislav Dussek, who would survive to honor the memory of his good friend by penning the Elégie harmonique sur la mort du Prince Louis Ferdinand de Prusse.

Friedrich Wilhelm replaced Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand as Duke of Brunswick.

October 27, Monday: Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle was born in Paris. His father Augustin Pyramus de Candolle would be involved until 1612 in a French government survey of the nation’s botanical and agricultural resources.

The Emperor Napoléon entered Berlin and immediately, to pay suitable homage, headed for the tomb of Frederick the Great.

A French administration took over in Fulda.

November 3, Monday: With Emperor Napoléon’s blessing, Polish leaders in Berlin issued a call for a national Polish uprising.

Essen was transferred from Prussia to Berg.

When the will Timothy Dexter had signed on March 1, 1799 was proved, it was revealed that he had made several public bequests such as $2,000 per year to be expended upon the town’s poor outside of the almshouse, $300 for a bell for the meetinghouse, and $2,000 for the preaching of the gospel there. The remainder of the estate after these bequests was to go to his son Samuel Lord Dexter and daughter Nancy Dexter Bishop, divorced wife of Abraham Bishop. His live-in personal trainer Lucy “Black Luce” Lancaster was not provided for, but then, as a free black, she would not have been expecting to be provided for. William “Dwarf Billy” Burley, the protector, similarly, had not been expecting consideration. The poet lauriet (sic) Jonathan Plummer, however, in the black livery uniform bearing stars and fringes that had been provided for him, was another matter — he had somehow come to expect that his needs would continue to be met and was considerably disappointed. He would live out his life with his unmarried cousins Eunice Alexander, Hannah Alexander, and Elizabeth Alexander in a home at the corner of High and Federal Streets, while tramping around New England making himself here and there a welcome nuisance. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 18, Thursday: Thomas Davis was born in Dublin, Ireland.

The Emperor Napoléon reached Warsaw, which had been under French control since November 28th.

December 29, Monday: A continued Russian retreat, a strategy of refusing to stand and fight, plus poor weather, obliged the Emperor Napoléon to take his army into winter quarters in Poland.

Representative Sloan urged the federal House of Representatives, in a proposal the full text of which has been lost, that illegally imported Africans should be either freed, apprenticed, or returned to Africa (ANNALS OF CONGRESS, 9th Congress, 2d session, pages 226-8, 254). SLAVERY INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1807

Napoléon Bonaparte signed the Treaty of Tilset with Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and the king of Prussia, outlawing all Russian trade with Britain. (Britain would blackmail and press-gang American sailors into pirate transportation of Russian hemp.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

After learning that a hussar who had been supposed to be Polish, and male, and named Aleksandr Sokolov was actually a Russian, and female, and named Nadezhda Andreyevna Durova (Надежда Андреевна Дурова), Tsar Alexander I awarded a medal for bravery on the battlefield, provided a new pseudonym “Alexandrov” to assist in the ongoing gender deception, and commissioned “him” to serve as a lieutenant in the Mariupol Hussar Regiment. This hussar “You got a problem with that?” officer would serve with the Russian Army throughout the Napoleonic Wars until, in 1816, after being wounded by a cannonball, retiring as a stabs-rotmistr (the equivalent of a captain). Male attire would be continued throughout life — even after becoming a married woman, even after giving birth to children, and even after going public in 1836 in a memoir entitled THE CAVALRY MAIDEN. The burial in 1866 would be with full military honors.

In this year the Emperor Napoléon wrote to Josephine that “I am satisfied with Alexander and he ought to be satisfied with me,” adding “If he were a woman, I think I would make him my mistress.”

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

January 14, Wednesday: Tsar Alyeksandr I of Russia formed a committee for internal security to keep watch on suspicious persons and societies.

The Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte created a directorate of five Poles to administer the area of Poland under French control.

February 1, Sunday (or August 20, Thursday depending on which source we believe): William James Hubard was born in Whitchurch Shropshire or Warwick, England, to William Hubard and Catharine Hall Hubbard.

Henry Clay warned that “death alone can check the career of this modern conquerer” Napoléon who had come to control so many of the governments of Europe, such as now even the Prussian.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1 day 1 of 2 M 1807 / Out Meeting this Morning was but a dull time to me. O Williams was concerned in a few words, “Expressing the great fear of our loosing [losing] divine favor by dallying with mercy, & the necessity of continual watchfulness”. In the Afternoon I was favor’d to be more more settled but not so much as I could wish. Between meetings while setting by my dear father who is much unwell & often in much pain, my mind was brought into deep seriousness & I was led to crave in secret that he might be favor’d with patience to endure his weakness & when the thread of life may be cut he may enter into the blissful regions of happiness, all that was alive within me was quickened. ——————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June: Napoléon Bonaparte defeated the Russians at Friedland.

July: The Emperor Napoléon and Tsar Alyeksandr signed the Treaty of Tilsit.

August 25, Tuesday: Nicolò Paganini’s “Napoleon Sonata” to honor the birthday of Emperor of the French and King of Italy Napoléon (which had actually occurred on August 15th) was performed, by the composer, for the initial time.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 25 of 8 M / I am a poor thing & allmost dead as to religious sensibility, but notwithstanding my poverty was much favord in writing to a young female at Salem for whom my Soul hath often felt much for I was thankful to find there was yet HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

something alive in me & readily Yealded to the impulse — Spent most of the evening at Jon a Greene’s in company with cousin Anne who has come over to attend the Moy [Monthly] Meeting - had a little opportunity with my valued friend Thos Howland whose company I love RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 7, Monday: Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte ascended the throne of Westphalia.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 7 of 12 / Accompanyed Our friend D Buffum in a visit to Rodman Gardner occasioned by some unjust unfounded & malicious aspersions which Rodman had utterd against David in presence of Joseph Briggs & John Price who went with us — Rodman accused David of having officiously [meddled with, crossed out] advised his father Anthony in the making of his Last Will, but when called upon to specify wherein, or what David had done worthy of blame declined offering any thing as accusation, whereupon David rehersed in the presence of J B, J P & myself all the conversation he ever had with his father on the subject, which amounted to no more than, that he visited him sometime before his death & was speaking with him on various subjects, & of necessity of leaving our outward concerns in such manner as to feel peaceful in the trying moment on which he said, Elisha immedeatly reply’d “mine are not” & wished David to call on C Rodman & ask him to call at his House the next day which he accordingly did, & when the will was rote David was one of witnesses, & with a little conversation on the subject of the Executors was all that ever passed between them - So David clearly satisfactorily cleard up his character before the witnesses without any grounded accusation from Rodman who only asserted things without proving them as he went - I was very desirous that the conference might end well, which it did, to David & myself but poor R was left in an hard unrelenting state & without any ground of hard thinking RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 10, Thursday: The Kingdom of Etruria (Tuscany) was annexed by the French empire.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5 day 10th of 12th M 1807 / Our meeting was silent. I tried to have a good one, & thought I should in the beginning, but found it hard to keep to the center before it concluded, however it was not the worst of times RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

December 17, Thursday: The Emperor Napoléon issued the Milan Decrees: all neutral shipping which submitted to British search or visited British ports would be banned from continental ports.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 17 of 12 M 1807 / It was a silent meeting, & to me a close searching season but I trust not the worst of times - Just now heard my brother James had arrived in NewYork after a passage of 29 days from Liverpool In the eveng walked out to D Buffums to wait on my H & sister A [?] home - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE DECEMBER 17TH, 1807 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY IN WHICH THE EMPEROR NAPOLÉON WAS UNDEFEATED AND JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER MERELY ANOTHER QUAKER INFANT RATHER THAN AN ELDER POET (THE FOLLOWING DAY, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST).

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project PEOPLE OF CAPE HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

John Greenleaf Whittier was born to a Quaker family of Huguenot ancestry (John and Abigail Hussey Whittier)22 living in an old hand-hewn oak cabin near Haverhill north of Boston. He was their 2d child, the 1st having been Mary, born in the previous year.

This was one family that would not be claiming, like some, to be blond-haired and blue-eyed and hereditarily

22.Using statistical methods, Abraham D. Lavender has calculated in his FRENCH HUGUENOTS: FROM MEDITERRANEAN CATHOLICS TO WHITE ANGLO-SAXON PROTESTANTS (New York: Peter Lang, 1990, page 171) that as of the middle of the 19th Century there were perhaps a million people in the US who had credentials similar to Thoreau’s and Whittier’s for descent, with considerable outmarriage, from French Huguenot religious refugees. WIKIPEDIA’S LIST OF HUGUENOTS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

privileged and to have come over in the Mayflower.23

JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER

WIKIPEDIA’S LIST OF HUGUENOTS

23. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow had been born on February 27th of that year in the Massachusetts town of Portland (Portland not yet having been assigned to Maine), to parents who did claim such distinction. According to the AMERICAN METHODIST MONTHLY, Volume II, page 229, John Greenleaf Whittier was descended from a religious refugee named Fouillevert who had fled from Brittagne in the early states of the persecution by the French government. John Greenleaf Whittier was distantly related to Benjamin Franklin, Friend Lucretia Mott, Octavius Brooks Frothingham, and Henry Adams. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

When Friend John would belatedly enroll at the Haverhill Academy, he would need to support himself by odd jobs and by crafting slippers for other students at $0.25 per pair. Due to poor health, as well as to lack of financial backing and to being quite a bit older than the other students, he would be quite unable to proceed HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

from the academy to college.

I was born on the 17th of December, 1807, in the easterly part of Haverhill, Mass., in the house built by my first American ancestor, two hundred years ago. My father was a farmer, in moderate circumstances,—a man of good natural ability, and sound judgment. For a great many years he was one of the Selectmen of the town, and was often called upon to act as arbitrator in matters at issue between neighbors. My mother was Abigail Hussey, of Rollinsford, N.H. A bachelor uncle and a maiden aunt, both of whom I remember with much affection, lived in the family. The farm was not a very profitable one; it was burdened with debt and we had no spare money; but with strict economy we lived comfortably and respectably. Both my parents were members of the Society of Friends. I had a brother and two sisters. Our home was somewhat lonely, half hidden in oak woods, with no house in sight, and we had few companions of our age, and few occasions of recreation. Our school was only for twelve weeks in a year,— in the depth of winter, and half a mile distant. At an early age I was set at work on the farm, and doing errands for my mother, who, in addition to her ordinary house duties, was busy in spinning and weaving the linen and woolen cloth needed in the family. On First-days. father and mother, and sometimes one of the children, rode down to the Friends’ Meeting-house in Amesbury, eight miles distant. I think I rather enjoyed staying at home and wandering in the woods, or climbing Job’s hill, which rose abruptly from the brook which rippled down at the foot of our garden. From the top of the hill I could see the blue outline of the Deerfield mountains in New Hampshire, and the solitary peak of Agamenticus on the coast of Maine. A curving line of morning mist marked the course of the Merrimac, and Great Pond, or Kenoza, stretched away from the foot of the hill towards the village of Haverhill hidden from sight by intervening hills and woods, but which sent to us the sound of its two church bells. We had only about twenty volumes of books, most of them the journals of pioneer ministers in our society. Our only annual was an almanac. I was early fond of reading, and now and then heard of a book of biography or travel, and walked miles to borrow it. When I was fourteen years old my first school-master, Joshua Coffin, the able, eccentric historian of Newbury, brought with him to our house a volume of Burns’ poems, from which he read, greatly to my delight. I begged him to leave the book with me; and set myself at once to the task of mastering the glossary of the Scottish dialect at its close. This was about the first poetry I had ever read, (with the exception of that of the Bible, of which I had been a close student,) and it had a lasting influence upon me I began to make rhymes myself, and to imagine stories and adventures. In fact I lived a sort of dual life, and in a world of fancy, as well as in the world of plain matter-of- fact about me. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1808

In France, Napoléon Bonaparte was establishing consistories to organize the religion and practice of the Jews. JUDAISM

The band saw.

A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: Pierre Lorilleux developed a technique for the mass production of printer’s ink (oil-based, and thus quite a bit different from the water-based inks used for writing pens). Just the ticket — but first wait till we can shake off this Napoléon ELECTRIC Bonaparte, who (like George W. Bush) had a total commitment to censorship. WALDEN HISTORY OF THE PRESS

HISTORY OF INK

Napoléon Bonaparte wanted to place French Troops at Russian ports to ensure obedience to the Treaty of Tilset. The Czar refused, and continued to turn a blind eye to Britain’s pirate trade in Russian hemp.

In the Bonaparte governmental apparatus, Baron Joseph-Marie de Gérando was nominated “master of requests.” (Evidently this was to serve as a sort of buffer, to keep favor-seekers from forever being in the important guy’s hair? — President Nixon kept a Quaker on his staff, whose function was to meet with Quaker delegations to the White House and thus keep these people away from him.)

Charles Messer authored a pamphlet agreeing with Napoléon’s attitude, that the magnificent comet he had had the honor to discover in 1769 had been a celestial sign, although at the time he had had no wit to recognize this, of the great one’s birth. (Flattery will get you everywhere.) SKY EVENT

January 1, Friday: “Mounseer Nongtonpow,” a poem expanding upon a Charles Didbin song, published by the publishing firm of William Godwin (M.J. Godwin) and illustrated by a Godwin protégé William Mulready, that some once supposed to have been authored by that publisher’s child Mary Godwin Wollstonecraft.

Herman Willem Daendels, appointed as governor by the French-controlled Dutch government, arrived in the Dutch East Indies.

The Code Napoléon went into effect in Spain and Holland.

Princess Elisa of Lucca reduced her court orchestra to a string quartet which included Nicolò Paganini and his brother. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Sierra Leone was made a British Crown Colony.

As of this day it supposedly became impossible legally, sort of, to import any more slaves into the United States of America.24

24. You will notice the manner in which Section 9 of the US Constitution is persistently misrepresented in our history textbooks. Where Section 9 explicitly prohibits the new federal Congress from restricting the international slave trade before 1808, saying that “The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ...,” our popular historians gloss this in our high schools as a victory for human liberty. This was instead a sop that had been thrown to the American enslavers. It categorically prevented the new federal government from interfering with their resupply of slaves prior to 1808 no matter how many votes there came to be, by decent and honorable Representatives, to duly restrict such an insidious traffic. Our popular historians present this concession to slavery, falsely, as if it were a 1787 declaration that as of 1808 the international trade in slaves was constitutionally declared to be outlawed. A built-in protection for slavery has been portrayed falsely in scholarly loose talk as an assault upon it. Yes, the federal congress did indeed in 1807 enact legislation making engaging in the international slave trade be a capital offense. However, we must take into account the fact that 1.) many slaveholders voted in favor of this new legislative approach, the fundamental economic motivation for this being that this legislation interfered with the international trade by others to the advantage of the national trade by themselves. This increased the value of the new crops of human property which they were themselves raising on their plantations, for sale within the nation. We must also take into account the fact that 2.) although the new legislation defined the offense as piracy, a capital offense calling for hanging, it also created a series of five loopholes through which almost anyone captured in the trade might expect always to escape unscathed. In other words, the hanging part of it was a straightforward sham. In fact between 1807 and 1861 not a single culprit “pirate” would get hanged! In 1862 one such bold “pirate” would be hanged — exactly one such criminal in the entire history of this legislation — but if you examine this one case, you will see that what he would be hanged for in 1862 was the crime of pride, in that he had neglected to make available to himself any one of these five built-in loopholes. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

(Please note: in this assertion, the words “impossible” and “legally” entirely alter each other’s implications.)

Although importation of slaves into the United States was banned by this act which Congress –becoming for the first time enabled to overcome the constitutional restriction– had passed in 1807, making slave import into a capital crime, some 250,000 additional enslaved persons would be illegally imported between this year and 1860. Although nowadays we congratulate ourselves by paying extraordinary attention to the “success stories,” the sad fact is that the combined total of escapes (vanishingly few, mostly of unattached young males of the border states) and manumissions (vanishingly few) would come nowhere close to making a dent in such a rate of continuing “recruitment.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

“There has never been a document of culture, which is not simultaneously one of barbarism.” — Walter Benjamin’s THESES ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY (1955)

»Es ist niemals ein Dokument der Kultur, ohne zugleich ein solches der Barbarei zu sein.« — THESEN ÜBER DEN BEGRIFF DER GESCHICHTE (1940)

Although this international slave trade had been made a capital crime, nobody would hang for such a crime for a long, long time. There were too many too carefully built-in escape clauses. In fact, only one unfortunate would ever be hanged, and the hood would not be pulled over the head of this slave importer until the Year of Our Lord 1862! THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

During this year the Reverend Absalom Jones would be proposing, to his African Episcopal congregation in Philadelphia, that all Americans should celebrate an annual holiday of Thanksgiving. This former slave would propose January 1st as the annual date of this Thanksgiving, it being the date on which the further importation of slaves into the US had at least ostensibly been made a federal capital crime. (Execute that turkey!)

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal about electricity: 6th day 1st of 1st M 1808 / The year commences but poorly as to the inward condition of my mind. if there was but a living up to the light afforded, there would not be those secret condemnations which I allmost continually feel — This evening curiosity lead me to an house, to try the curious effect of electricity. I received Several Shocks for the first time in my life - Set a little while with my H the latter part of the evening -25 RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

February 4, Thursday: The Emperor Napoléon demanded 40,000,000 francs from Portugal, to defray the cost of his having invaded their country. “You don’t think I do this sort of thing for free, do you?”

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5 day Before meeting went to Wm Almys where I had the allmost exquisit satisfaction of seeing my endeared friends Micajah Collins & Matthew Purinton - At meeting my mind was quieted in an unusual manner soon after I took my seat, & a very humbling season ensued, being favor’d with the renewal of the day spring from on high, & my soul was bowed with thankfulness to the Lord that I was there, & did not give way to the Mountains of discoragement that presented in view before I left home, which sometimes were so gloomy that I began to think there was no way to escape sudden destruction Soon after the meeting was settled James Greene stood up & expressed a few words to good satisfaction, on the necessity of our individually witnessing the resurrection unto life, then Holden Almy on the great privileges & usefulness of Silent waiting - then Micajah Collins in a very weighty manner addressed & encoraged the young people of our own Society to take up their daily cross & follow Christ, observing that he believed if the “Cross could be dressed up in something pretty to our fanciful immagination it would be much more readily embraced than it is by many” — Then Richard Jordan appear’d in a very edifying testimony endeavoring to stir up our minds to more life & dwelt considerable time on the very watering seasons experienced in the Meetings of our invaluable predicessors. The life & power was so great that even those that came as disturbers were many times smiten by it, & convinced of the truth, but now it was very often quite the reverse we are but poor dry & barran things our meetings allmost void of the Power of divine life - much more he said which was very cordial to my mind — then James Greene appear’d in a short supplication & the meeting ended - There was but little buisness in the last & it ended about 8 OClock. I took dinner at O Browns & after dinner went to Wm Almys to spend a little time with Micajah Collins & thereat took tea -returned to OBs in the evening & wrote a little to Mary Collins at Salem from whom I receiv’d one in the morning — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 17, Easter Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon issued a Bayonne Decree ordering the seizure of all United States ships in French, Italian, and Hanseatic ports.

25. Stephen Wanton Gould Diary, 1807-1812: The Gould family papers are stored under control number 2033 at the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections of Cornell University Library, Box 6 Folder 9 for July 24, 1807-April 30, 1809; also on microfilm, see Series 7 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

March 1, Tuesday: American slaver captains like La Coste of South Carolina, caught red-handed and convicted, were usually at the last moment the beneficiaries of “executive clemency” by the President of the United States. For instance, on this date President Thomas Jefferson, whose house slave Sally Hemings was six or seven months pregnant with his 5th child, pardoned Phillip M. Topham after a conviction for “carrying on an illegal slave-trade.” Go thou and sin some more: Mr. Topham’s “I’m so sorry I got caught” routine must have been of true eloquence, for this gentleman would benefit not once but twice from such clemency (PARDONS AND REMISSIONS, I. 146, 148-9).

The Emperor Napoléon created a new Imperial Nobility.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 1 of 3rd M 1808 / It has been a day of deep seriousness of mind, a search has been made in the camp & alass Saith my soul, several things have been discovered that are very offensive, & as sense of my wicked heart hath so affected my mind that I can scarcely assume confidence to lift my heart in prayer to God for Strength to remove whatsoever is still retained that is an impediment to my religious progress —

April 20, Wednesday: Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4 day 20 of 4 M / While ruminating on various subjects this forenoon relating to my own Situation & condition a passage of Scripture came very fresh & unsuaght after into my mind “A contented mind is a continual feast” & from the impression it made I felt encoraged to strive to be contented in whatever outward condition I may be in - believing that much greater happiness may be attained even in this life by a thankfulness for every favor received from the hand of Providence & not dwelling too long on the dark side of things - In the evening called at O W & C R found my dear H better — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

At some point during this night, Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was born.

May 2, Monday: When the Emperor Napoléon’s order for the arrest of the royal family became known in Madrid, the populace rose in revolt. 500 were killed, mostly Spaniards. Martial law was declared and days of execution would ensue.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 2nd of 5th M / Nothing worth inserting. Spent the eveng at C R Sarah Fish was there — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May 10, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon named his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples, to be King Jose of Spain.

General William Hildreth would be Sheriff of Concord until 1813.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3 day 10 of 5 M / No material occurrence. In the eveng called at C R’s RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 6, Monday: The citizens of Chaves, Portugal set up a junta which proclaimed loyalty to the house of Bragança. Other Portuguese cities would soon act in a similar manner.

Joseph Bonaparte was publicly proclaimed José I, King of Spain and of the Indies.

The National Museum of Brazil was founded in Rio de Janeiro by Prince Dom João.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 6 of 6M / Uncle & aunt Stanton arrived about 1 / 2 past 12 OClock - otherways nothing material. the mind overcast & little or no religious sensations - In the eveng at D Ws & C Rs — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 7, Tuesday: French troops captured Segovia, and captured and ransacked Córdoba.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 7 of 6 M 1808 / I rose early this morning & took a pleasant walk as to the outward, but my mind was Seriously affected - brother James come home at a late hour last night which banished sound sleep from my eyes the whole night, Oh saith my soul that young men would duly consider the effects of dissipation for in this life & that to come, in this it ruins their credit among men & unfits them for usefulness either to themselves or others & affords not one substantial enjoyment. tho’ they may for a moment feel their spirits exilerated by the rosy god, yet when that is off, Oh the Sting that must ensue & remain as a sorce of pain & misery untill the same dreadful measure for relief is again resorted too, or the spirit & power of truth as a shield. & oh that this may be the grand restorative of all that are unhappy & miserably following their vain & wicked propensities. My mind has been bowed this morning in prostration before the Lord that those may be met with in the narrow way even in the way in which there is no turning — In the forenoon rode to Portsmouth on buisness & dined at J Chases & in the way visited the Monthly Meeting School kept by Susanna Anthony - In HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

the evening a few minutes at CRs — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 7, Thursday: Mariao Luis de Urquijo y Muga replaced Pedro Cevallos Guerra as First Secretary of State of Spain.

France promulgated a Statute of Bayonne laying out a form for the government of Spain (this would never be enforceable but would eventually become the basis for a Spanish constitution).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 7th of 7th M 1808 / Finished a letter that I began last even to E R & put it in the post Office - A Silent & very still meeting & according to my sense a favord one, tho’ I had nothing to boast of myself as to livly sensibility in religion - In the eveng a little while at C R’s — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 8, Friday: A 3-man council of regency took over on behalf of Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples, the lately designated King Jose I of Spain.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 8th of 7th M / Red’ a letter from my friends David Smith dated 7th m 4th which seem’d refreshing to my mind - In the evening with my precious H RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 19, Tuesday: The Spanish overwhelmed French forces at Bailén northeast of Córdoba.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 19 of 7 M / Nothing material occurs that is of note, as to the State of my mind it is very poor, alass the backsliding which occasions so much Death & Darkness — In the eveng with my dear H — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

July 20, Wednesday: Joseph Bonaparte entered Madrid to become King Jose I of Spain. Only the French turned out to welcome his entourage, all Spanish citizens remaining in their homes.

The Emperor Napoléon decreed that all Jews of the French Empire who had not as yet chosen surnames for themselves had three months to do so (this would cause the Parisian scholar and poet Elias Levy to adopt the designator of a 13th-Century Jewish poet, “Halévy,” for himself and his family including his son, Fromental).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 20 of 7 M / Not so much back sliding as yesterday, & consequently my spiritual condition a little for the better - In the eveng walked round the Point with R Taylor, it was pleasant as to the outward & instructing in the inward, but Alass in the latter I am not in a State to improve much — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 23, Saturday: After days of negotiation, 17,635 French troops surrendered to the Spanish at Bailén.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 23 of 7 M / The air again oppressive, but the mind freer than yesterday - No material occurrance to insert, in the eveng where I usually spend time pleasantly — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 25, Monday: In Madrid, Joseph Bonaparte was crowned King José I Napoléon of Spain.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd 25 of 7th M / Nothing material, in the eveng at Mary Barkers, My beloved H Sister R, Brother D & wife were there, yet for all, my mind was not as free as might be expected — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 29, Friday: Alemdar Mustafa Pasha replaced Çelebi Mustafa Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

The French defeated combined Spanish and Portuguese rebels near Evora.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 29th of 7th M 1808 / Pretty much the old course thro’ the day. I don’t recollect any thing particular, that has occured either in feeling or circumstantially — except that the eveng was passed with my beloved H in renewed feelings of affection towards each other RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

July 31, Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon granted Giovanni Paisiello an annual pension of 1,000 francs (retroactive to September 23, 1804).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 31st of 7 M / At meeting this forenoon Anne Greene first appeared in supplication acknowledging it to be a low time among us & imploring divine help for those that are little & low in their own minds, that they may be enabled to look unto the Lord in times of trial, & that by his power the Stone be rolled from the wells mouth & those be enabled to draw water therefrom to their refreshment —- She then had a few words in testimony illustrating the necessity of attending to little things even Jesus loved little thing, even little children he blessed, & exorted us to due attention that when the Solemn change should come ever so Suddenly we might be ready to meet it — then Hannah Dennis repeted a passage of scripture Then D Buffum rose & said he thought it would be right for him just to inform us his feelings in that meeting which he apprehended has been in some degree excited by the accounts of the decease of a beloved brother which he had this morng received, he very feelingly exorted us to do our days work in the day time that when the Awful final change should come we might experience the Sting of death removed, &c there was more preaching & I thought more of the circulation of life in our meeting this morning than had been for some time, but alass but little of it flowed into my Vessel - In the Afternoon we were silent, & to me it was a time of digging, & made out to get a little lower than at some times - Took tea at A Carpenters & passed the eveng with my beloved H RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 1, Monday: British troops landed near the mouth of the Mondego River in support of the Iberian rebels.

Surprised by the Spanish victory at Bailén, King José I withdrew north from Madrid into Old Castile.

The Emperor Napoléon named Grand Duke Joachim Murat of Berg and Cleves as King of Naples.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 1st of 8 m 1808 / Rather a depression hath seemed to hang about my mind today, not from any particular cause, more than common, but so it is now & then the mind get in the glooms & when thus assailed how precious to feel the protecting hand & arm of Almighty Power underneath to support & sustain the poor drooping mind while thus led into exercise — but alass, how little of this Support do I deserve, Yet much more of it is mercifully vouchsafed than I have any claim too, which is cause of humbling thankfulness & ought to stimulate to renewed HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

dedication of heart — Spent the eveng at C R’s RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 4, Thursday: After 4 days of bombardment the French launched a 3d attempt to take Zaragoza. This time, although they were able to make their way into the city, they were halted by Spanish counterattacks. As night fell they still held a toehold in the town.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 4 of 8 M / This morn I rode with my beloved H to Portsmouth to attend the Quarterly meeting there held, when we got to P Lawtons for mercy sake unharnessed the horse & let him eat a little before meeting the weather being very warm & the horse wet with sweat while at Ps we were joined by John Casey whose company & conversation was peculiarly interesting & tended to prepare my mind for the meeting - At meeting soon after I took my seat I found it was like to prove a season of refreshment to me, feeling the precious influence to arise in my mind; James Green as usual opened the meeting in a few words which I thought were very sound & I believe no one had authority to find fault with him. then John Casey delivered as authoritative a testimony as I ever heard he highly recommended the reading of the writings of friends in old times, & recited many of their sufferings in vast stinking Dungons, & exorted us to a firm appearance to our religious and testimony -& not lightly to pass over the sufferings of those who bled for the testimony & laid the foundation of our Society - & concluded in a very affectionate address to the Aged & Middleaged, & the Youth in particular - In the last meeting we had a rather trying time several Money matters came before us which allways brings labor & difficulty —- After meeting we return’d to P L’s dine & staid till the heat of the day was over then had a pleasant ride home. I dont remember when I have been less fatigued after so long a meeting -In the eveng met with Wm Jenkins an acquaintance in Providence who had a mind to walk out to D Buffums I went with him & pass a little time very agreeably, then walked home in a pleasant Moon shine & agreeable conversation - so ended the day & I believe I am in degree thankful for the favor experienced — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 25, Sunday: The Supreme Central Governing Junta was created at the royal palace of Aranjuez as a central organizational point in the Spanish struggle against the French. José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca was named president.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 25th of 9 M / At meeting this forenoon I had a Serious time many things occupied the mind which lead to it — but Oh the Life (if I may be allowed the expression) Seemd closely confind in Prison - In the Afternoon a little more free - both meetings HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Silent - We dined & took tea at father R’s & set the eveng at home reading the works of I Pennington RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 27, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon and Tsar Alyeksandr met at Erfurt.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 27th of 9th M 1808 / This afternoon Met with C J Tenny at Arthur Flaggs on buisness of the African School & with him (CJT) visited the Work & Alms house. The poor objects that presented to our view in my mind (& I have no doubt did also in his) excite pity & a degree of concern for their wellfare in a future state — Some of them Attempted to speak of religion but the way seemd so shut up from the depravedness of their mind that on my own part I could say but little to them — neither did he - but I have thought & really have to believe that the reason why I am so disquallified from entering into the condition of others, is my want of dedication Oh that my heart was more devoted & that while my hands are at my labor the mind could be more in meditation on things celestial — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 3, Monday: Seven men involved in royalist organizations to overthrow the Emperor Napoléon were executed.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2 day 3rd of 10th M / This Afternoon the committee from the Directors of the Affrican Benevolent Society met & agree’d to open a School unter the Tuition of Arthur Flagg Junr - Our neighbor Venson & wife spent the Afternoon & took tea with us RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 11, Tuesday: François-Noël Prigent, who had led the royalist organizations working to overthrow the Emperor Napoléon, was executed by firing squad.

The 9,000 Spanish troops brought from Denmark reached Santander aboard British ships.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 11 of 10 M / This day my mind hath been severly beset with Satan, but have found a Stronger than he Striving against him & if satan prevails the fault will be my own RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

October 12, Wednesday: The Convention of Erfurt was signed by France and Russia. Russia would be allowed to occupy Moldavia, Wallachia, and Finland. France would remain neutral in any war between Russia and Turkey. The Emperor Alyeksandr would allow the Emperor Napoléon a free hand in Spain, and allied Russia with France in any war against Austria.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 12 of 10 M / I have again found that satan hath renewed his attack, he hath stirred up Anger that worst of Passions, so that I have still the thorn in the flesh RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 15, Saturday: Pedro Cevallos Guerra became First Secretary of State (prime minister) of the resistance government of Spain.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 15 of 10 M 1808 / Nothing material, it hath been rather a pleasant day, a small brook of life hath seemed to run along by the way which tho’ it hath not risen to much heighth has been very comforting at least — Brother John dined with us — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 29, Saturday: The Emperor Napoléon departed from Paris, heading for Spain.

French forces attacked the Spanish at Amorebieta just southeast of Bilbao. This was a French victory but the Spanish did well.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 29 0f 10 M 1808 / My mind this morning living in Cypress Sister E again spent the day with, having buisness with my H — her company all ways is acceptable RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 31, Monday: When French forces attacked the Spanish at Bilbao near the Bay of Biscay, they pushed them back but achieved no conclusive result.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 31 of 10 M / I am weary of myself, I am weary of my unfaithfulness in every respect - How long shall this be surely untill a greater dedication of heart; & more firm devotion to the precious cause is attained too —- There is nothing (it seems to me at this moment) wherein I am faithful in - — After dinner I heard of the very sudden departure out of Time of William Tew [Few?], a man much used in public buisness as Town Council Man &c - As he was on the wharf about going to Providence was taken in a fit & died in a few hours the same day he was taken - Thus HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

in another instance we see the uncertainty of time & has reminded me of the public Testimony of our friend D Buffum in our meeting last first day Afternoon when he feelingly told us it had “ran thro’ his mind again & again “Boast not thyself of tomorrow for thou knows not what a day may bring forth” &c exorted us to a right improvement of our time - My H spent the Afternoon & eveng at O Williams & of course took tea & spent part of the eveng there. J Earl Jun & wife & D & Wait Buffum was also there— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 7, Monday: The French forces in Spain, personally directed by the Emperor Napoléon, began a campaign to find and destroy all Spanish and British armies on the peninsula.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 7th of 11 M 1808 / My H spent the Afternoon at Neighbor Vinsons, I took tea & spent the eveng also - The visit was as agreeable as could be expected. We discoursed on Some doctrinal Points on which we did not agree but in the love — I was suprised to find how ignorant they were of friends & their principals RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 4, Sunday: After successive infantry attacks and artillery bombardments, Madrid surrendered to the invading French forces. King José I (which is to say, Emperor Napoléon’s brother Joseph) abolished the Inquisition.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 4 of 12 M / The weather being windy & unsuitable My dear H omitted meeting to be with he brother Caleb — I was favord with a good confortable Meeting, having to reflect on many things of a serious nature.- Dined at father Rs my H being there - found brother C more unwell - At meeting not so lively as in the Morng - Took tea at Aunt M Goulds - Spent the eveng at Rouse Taylors - My H at her fathers called at 9 OClock & took her home — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 13, Tuesday: Santo Domingo returned from French to Spanish rule.

Thousands of Spanish dignitaries, as well as ordinary citizens of Madrid, were forced to assemble in churches throughout the capital and swear allegiance to their new King José I (Joseph Bonaparte).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 13 of 12 M 1808 / Dilligently at trade. The mind Dull in things of a more important nature RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

December 20, Tuesday: French forces took the high ground south of Zaragoza and, after calls for surrender were refused, laid siege to the city.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 20th of 12 M 1808 / What shall I say? I have nothing to say of my spiritual growth, save that I am not in a thriving condition & have to fear my steps are retrograde, but thro’ divine mercy & kindness there seems to be a little seed in me that remains alive & at seasons is refreshed by the waters of life which arise, but Oh the spring is low & drawing is hard I long, yea pray that the times may alter, but there is no way for them to alter, but by diging deeper in the mind watching more constant & fasting more often - this I know & Oh Lord help, for without thee we are indeed as worms of the dust & wholly unable to help our selves — I am sensible that I have many favors & trust that a thankful disposition of heart is often felt, but come far short of returning due praise to the Giver of all good gifts for his many fold blessings — & it is my wish at this time to write down that I may keep more fully in rememberance my thankfulness according to my measure for my outward benefits. I have now kept house about four Months in which time I have been enabled to provide comfortable food, fuel & necessary rament, so that without some unforseen event takes place - My self & dearly affectionate wife are likely to be comfortable the ensuing winter, paid what rent hath become due & have not found myself more involved that when we were first married - But have paid off some debts & have more than sufficient Cash on hand to answer all demands that can be justly brought against me -& what is still further cause of greatful sensations is that notwithstanding the streight of the Nation & difficulty people generally are brought into I am favord with buisness sufficient to support me daily while others, or many others are much tried for want of necessary support for themselves & families RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 21, Wednesday: In a small engagement at Sahagún southeast of León, British cavalry routed a French force.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 21 of 12 M 1808 / The day hath passed with nearly the usual rounds. My Dearest H seems some better of her cough RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1809

Nicolas Appert invented a process for preserving foods indefinitely in airtight containers (canning). He won the prize that had been offered by the Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte ($300,000 in today’s money) to anyone who could find a more efficient way to feed his army while on the march.

Sylvestre François Lacroix was elected professor at the École Polytechnique, filling the chair in mathematics vacated due to ill health by Professor Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

Coronation of Joseph Bonaparte in Madrid. In the war between France and Austria, Austria defeated Emperor Napoléon I. Arthur Wellesley, in command in Portugal, defeated the French at Oporto and Talavera and was created Duke of Wellington. His brother Marquis Wellesley was appointed Foreign Secretary. The Emperor of the French divorced his Empress Josephine.

During this First French Empire, François Pierre Guillaume Guizot prepared a collection of French synonyms.

In the preceding years 5 years Napoléon Bonaparte has occupied most of Europe. This year he annexed the papal states and was of course excommunicated — he in turn of course arrested and imprisoned the Pope.

Napoléon Bonaparte played a game of chess in Vienna against what was ostensibly a chess-playing machine. The machine had been created in 1769 by Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen of Hungary, for the amusement of the Empress Maria Theresa. The pediment of this machine, owned at the time by Johann Nepmuk Mälzel the inventor of the metronome, unbenownst to the ruler, concealed a diminutive chess master. The little man inside needed a candle in order to manipulate the machinery, and so it was that every time a game with one of the crowned heads of Europe was scheduled, the first order of business was to light a candle and place it by the side of the board. The idea was that the odor from the candle outside would mask any odor from the candle burning inside the machine, by use of which the master was plotting his moves. By the 1830s this machine, its social standing no longer so excellent, would be touring the exhibition halls of the USA. Finally, in Baltimore, the secret of the machine would be detected when two young men hid and after a performance witnessed the little man emerging from behind the gears in the pediment of the machine.

January 23, Monday: When the Emperor Napoléon returned to Paris he established his headquarters not in the Tuileries but in the Elysée Palace.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 23rd of 1 M 1809 / The day again has passed much as usual - Sister Mary spent the day & staid with us all night. She is the first we have been able to accomodate with a lodging since we were housekeepers, never till yesterday having a spair bed RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

February 8, Wednesday: Fearful of an attack by the Emperor Napoléon, Emperor Franz of Austria and the Imperial Council decided to resume war against France.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 8 of 2nd M / This day is the commencement of trouble in our family Brother James has gone to NYork & it appears he has left P Sluman [Sherman?] in a State of Pregnancy RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 3, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon created his elder sister, Princess Elise, as Grand Duchess of Tuscany and annexed Lucca to Tuscany. He also created 5-year-old Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as Grand Duke of Berg, under his own regency.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6 day 3 M 3 / The mind under a little degree of life this eveng A friend called at the Shop this afteernoon who agrees with me that there is but little life in our meeting of late & that there is a cause for it of a serious nature - In the eveng at Aunt M Goulds & brother D R’s RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 10, Monday: Without a declaration of war the Austrian army crossed the River Inn at Branau into Bavaria, which was allied to the French. Residents of the Tyrol revolted against the Bavarians.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 10th of 4th M / Aunt Molly Wanton has had a very restless day, she is in a very trying State both to herself & those about her, & tho’ we have called medical advice, yet I believe that nothing short of that Power which heals the Lunatick we read of in scripture can heal her of her infirmity RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 13, Thursday: A day after learning of the Austrian advance into Bavaria, the Emperor Napoléon left Paris for the front.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 13th of 4th M / At meeting the mind in rather better case than at some other times, but tho’ I strove to overcome some rovings yet they would attack me on every side so that a quiet waiting place was hard to come at - we sat in silence & the meeting small, various engagements in the Afternoon — Aunt Molly grows worse & this Afternoon broak the window of the room she is in —at home in the eveng — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

April 19, Wednesday: French and Austrian forces clashed near Kelheim and Abbach on the Danube River southwest of Ratisbon (Regensburg). The French successfully defended against Austrian attacks.

Based on the Erskine-Smith agreement of April 7th, US President Madison resumed trade with Great Britain.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 19 of 4 M / There seems to be a considerable Stir among the People about the Election. I hope & trust from my present feelings that I shall not get much into the Spirit of it tho’ I may go & quietly put in my Voat I went to town meeting, the spirit of party was manifest, & the Potsherds clashed severly but I apprehended the best men prevailed — Aunt Molly & Hannah Gould Sat the Afternoon & part of the evening with us — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 17, Wednesday: The Emperor Napoléon signed a decree in Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna annexing the Papal States, abolishing the temporal power of the Papacy, and ordering the imprisonment of Pope Pius VII at Savona.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 17 of 5 Mo // My H continuing poorly - I have not been without religious impressions of thankfulness for my many favors. Oh may I remain so ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 10, Saturday: John Stevens took his Phoenix out of New-York into the open seas, headed for Philadelphia — the world’s initial oceangoing steamboat.

The Emperor Napoléon annexed the Papal States to France. French soldiers removed the Papal flag from the Castle San Angelo.

This was the effective date of the end of British restrictions against US ships.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 10th of 6th Mo 1809// Thus another Year has come about, this day commences our anual Sacrafice at Portsmouth & friends are now riding into Town, my mind is humbles at the reflection that another year has passed away & I so lean, so poor, & weak Oh father help me with a little help, renew the visits of thy love in my heart, let not this Anual Meeting pass away without some advances in the Truth - After we had nearly all got to bed this eveng - Our friend, B Purinton came up to see my dear H & tho’ it was late she went up & staid a few minutes HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 6, Thursday: In retaliation for the Emperor Napoléon’s excommunication of June 11th, French troops arrested Pope Pius VII and conveyed him to Grenoble.

After two days of fighting at Wagram, the cost of the battle had been 70,000 casualties or approximately a quarter of each of the opposing armies. When the Austrians retreated the French were too exhausted to pursue.

On this day or the following one, George Gordon, Lord Byron and Hobhouse arrived in Lisbon

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 6th of 7th Mo // A Silent meeting, & to me the most drowsey one I have had in a long time, but the forepart of it was a pretty good time - In the Afternoon my Dear H went out to see our friends D Buffum & family & I went & took tea with them -David & his daughter Wait seem much unwell & it is a doubt in my mind whether either of them sojourn with us long - ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 23, Monday: George Gordon, Lord Byron and Hobhouse left Tepeleni and arrived in Locavo.

A young German named Stapps attempted to stab the Emperor Napoléon but was intercepted by the emperor’s aide, General Rapp (the man would be offered clemency by Napoléon in return for an apology but would refuse and be executed).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 23 of 10 M 1809// This morng My dear Mother related to me her feelings for sometime perhaps two years past, about society [the Society of Friends] particularly when she has been at meeting, & as she told me was much affected & wept She said that many times & almost allways when she went to meeting, she felt desolation so to prevade her mind, that she has frequently shed tears, & looked about & said to herself - where is the weight, surely we are in a very desolate condition, & what will become of us - when she told me my mind was much affected & desires were raised that I might be one that should put forth a hand to help in raising the Standard among us - She also added that yesterday she had the best meeting she had had in a long time. - In the eveng met with the Directors of the AFrican Benevolent Society at Wm Pattens ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

October 26, Thursday: George Gordon, Lord Byron and Hobhouse left Zitsa and arrived in Janina.

Having defeated Austria, the Emperor Napoléon arrived back in Paris.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 26 of 10 M 1809// Rhode [sic] with beloved H to Portsmouth to attend our Moy [Monthly] Meeting, (Mother R took care of the little boy the while) Stoped before meeting at H Almys & took a little sustenance - At meeting M Morton was very sweetly engaged in testimony & in the last buisness went on pretty well - to me it was a precious meeting, especially the last, wherein my mind was brought to feel a sweet income of the precious life & my heart rejoiced in the belief that I was yet permitted to taste the dainties of the Lords table, tho’ not to feast very largely -& was incoraged to accept appointments to treat with two young men One for bearing Arms at a Military training the Other for keeping company with a young Woman not in membership with us, which however incapable I am of performing, I thought It was best for me to accept & do what I could — & Also found strength when it was preposed to enter into subscriptions for the poor of Society, to stand up & mention, that since the Matter was preposed I had remember’d, & according to my measure had been dipt into sympathy with friends in early times when they suffered much spoiling of goods [goods confiscated] & imprisonment & yet when supscriptions were made they allmost allways exceeded what was wanted for the purpose, & had Money left - We took dinner at P Lawtons & then rode home & found our little boy had been very well thro’ the day which was also cause for thankfulness ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 28, Tuesday: Austrian Chief Minister Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Count Metternich-Winneburg Portella moved into the Ballhausplatz, his official residence in Vienna (he would not move out for almost four decades).

When retreating Spanish troops were attacked by French cavalry at Alba de Tormes southeast of Salamanca, they fled in great disorder.

Gaspare Spontini’s tragédie lyrique Fernand Cortez, ou La conquête du Mexique to words of Jouy and d’Esmenard after Piron, was performed for the initial time, at the Paris Opéra in the presence of the Emperor Napoléon as well as the King Friedrich August I of Saxony and the King of Westphalia.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 28th of 11 Mo// Sister Ruth spent the day with us of which we were very glad, her company helped to dispell some lonesome feelings of which my Dear H has many — HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 30, Thursday: Pimmalione, a dramma lirico by Luigi Cherubini to words of Vestris after Rousseau and Sografi, was performed for the initial time, privately, in the Tuileries, Paris (a rumor would arise that it was during this performance that the Emperor Napoléon resolved to divorce his wife Joséphine de Beauharnais).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 30th of 11 Mo// Our first meeting was short & to me a time of drouth - The last was long, & also a season of drouth & famine, several weighty matters were before us, but such was my state that I dare not meddle much with them, & was only active in those matters in which I was concernd, (i e) answering to those appointments that I was under - Before meeting I recd a very acceptable letter from my friend S Barker which I answered this evening - Uncle P Lawton was our only guest at Dinner Sister R took care of the little Boy. - ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 15, Friday: George Gordon, Lord Byron and Hobhouse left Larnaki and arrived in Chryso.

In his office at Fontainebleau, before his brothers and sisters, the Emperor Napoléon and the Empress Joséphine de Beauharnais signed an act of annulment.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 15 of 12 Mo // Frank Sayer, an acquaintance of mine & boarder with Aunt A Carpenter arrived from a Voyge to sea, on going in to see him my mind very feelingly recurred to the joy we felt on the arrival of my poor brother David who is now in his silent grave, Many times when he has come home from a long tedious Voige, how were our hearts renew’d at the sight of him, & at hearing his recital of his many adventures, but Alass he’s gone no more to return. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1810

January 11, Thursday: Johann Ludwig Krapf was born into a Lutheran family of farmers at Derendingen, near Tübingen in Württemberg, in southwestern Germany. He would be found to have a gift for languages, and would initially studied Latin, Greek, French, and Italian, adding more and more languages throughout his life.

The Emperor Napoléon and Joséphine de Beauharnais, age 46, formally ended their childless marriage (on March 11th, petitioner would remarry, by proxy, with Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia von Habsburg-Lothringen of Austria, age 18 and never been kissed).

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 1st M 11th// At Meeting the mind was rather barran & dry, tho’ before & since a good degree of life has been experienced —I feel oppressed & depressed with my infirmities within & trials without — Called at brother D R’s thins eveng & set a little while very pleasantly — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

February 2, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon and his Privy Council came to agreement that he ought to get married with an eligible 18-year-old daughter of Emperor Franz of Austria (that would obviously be a marriage arranged in Heaven, or something).

Archduchess Marie-Louise von Hapsburg of Austria was almost as cute as his sweetheart ex Joséphine de Beauharnais and could also, you know, make babies.

For the wedding a mock-up of the eventual Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile would be constructed in Paris of wood and painted canvas at Place de l’Etoile. This being a wedding with a fecund young bride –the French being who they are– it is not clear whether the arch was to symbolize her vagina or her womb. Seeing what the arch was actually going to look like would incline the architect Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin to make some last- moment adjustments.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 2 of 2 Mo// The mind in a low & rather discoraged state -I hope & pray that I may be favord to keep my confidence in him that helpeth the needy to everything needful — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE THE EVENTS OF FEBRUARY 2D, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1810 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY IN WHICH THE EVENTUAL OUTCOME FOR THE NATION OF FRANCE IS ENTIRELY UNKNOWN, UNDETERMINED, NOT YET DECIDED (THE FOLLOWING DAY IN FRANCE, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST).

February 6, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon announced that he was going to get married with Austrian Archduchess Marie Louise. (Maybe they would have a boy baby that had royal blood at least on its mama’s side, and maybe that would help some of the French royalists –of whom there were still more than a few with intact necks– to overcome their hostilities. At least that was to be hoped.)

For a 2d time British forces occupied the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 6 of 2 Mo// I drempt last might that it seem’d to be Yearly Meeting time & that as usual at that time there were many friends about town, & that I went to Banisters Wharf to meet some that had just arrived. A ship lay across the head of the Wharf & another right on the right side going down & both had brought friends - I went to the one at the head of the Wharf & found Our frd John Casey who Seemd to be engaged in religious communication setting about mid way of the Ship & I thought my mind was much affected & all present were uncommonly serious & some wept -While on board I observed the Ship seem’d to be a good strong one & lay firm, but not very sightly - I was anxious to leave her after our frd J C had got through to go on board the other to see my much love’d friend Micajah Collins who I observd setting near the Tillar - accordingly I steped to her & observed her to be an exceedingly neat Vessel & apparently well finished in every part, but when I stepd my foot upon her I found she creaned [careened] & was very totteling, however I took hold of something that seem’d to hoist me in very readily, but when on board was obliged to crawl on my hands & knees to get to my friend to shake hands with him, I then says to him Micajah why You could never come here in this Vessel in this condition she has got no ballace [ballast] on bord & the least puff of wind would have overset you all - his reply was, we put plenty of ballace in when we go to sea & throw it out when we are at the Wharf - Now to my mind there is instruction in this Dream - I believe it is much best to keep the ballace on board all the time -or, that it is best for us to keep our spirits weighty both in meeting & out of them I had this forenoon a few lines from my dearly beloved S Barker which was a refreshing brook by the way — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

March 9, Friday: The publication of Jan Ladislav Dussek’s Three Duos concertantes for piano and harp C.234 was entered at Stationer’s Hall, London.

Archduchess Marie-Louise renounced all claims to the imperial throne of Austria and swore allegiance to France. At Schönbrunn Palace a marriage contract with the emperor Napoléon was signed.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 9 of 3 Mo// My health is poor, my breast is sore, & I have no doubt but being affected as my breath & lungs are at present for any considerable length of time, the termination would be severe but I think the Coltsfoot & Hysop tea Sweetened with Honey & a little Sweet Nitre with it which I took last night & the Coltsfoot & Indian bran sweetend with honey today has a good effect — Rec’d this morning a very acceptable letter from my friend Micajah Collins ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 11, Sunday: In Vienna, the emperor Napoléon got married by proxy with Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria, daughter of the Emperor Franz I. In Bergamo, Simon Mayr’s Cantata per le nozze di Napoléone con Maria Luisa d’Austria to words of Count Carrara-Spinelli was performed for the initial time, for the marriage of the Emperor and the Archduchess. Ferramondo, another cantata by the same composer to words of Carrara-Spinelli, was also performed for the initial time.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1day 11 of 3 Mo// I staid at home this forenoon while my dear H went to Meeting & took care of the little boy - In the Afternoon We went together & Sister E took care of him the while we had silent meetings, & to me it was a pretty good time In the evening went to see my dear Aunt Martha Gould ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 23, Friday: In the “Rambouillet Decree,” the Emperor Napoléon directed the seizure of all ships of the United States of America entering French ports (his order was issued retroactive to the previous May 20th).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 23 of 3 Mo// Divers have gone from town to attend the funeral of Joshua Barker an aged man & Uncle to my valued friend Susanna Barker. I should have been glad to have gone but having latly been at Tiverton I thought the time that it would take was more than I could afford — I understand he left time suddenly, having a cold for several days but not more unwell than he frequently was & about. As usual the family carried him his HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

breakfast, & when they went to him again found him on the floor Dead. - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 1, Sunday: Meyer Beer (Giacomo Meyerbeer) went, accompanied by his brother/tutor, to Darmstadt to study with Georg Joseph Vogler.

In a civil ceremony at Saint Çloud, the Emperor Napoléon, this time in person, got married with Archduchess Marie-Louise, daughter of the Emperor Franz I of Austria (the cantata for the occasion was by Johann Nepomuk Hummel).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 1 of 4 M 1810// We had silent meetings & in the Afternoon a very small one owing to a severe storm of Wind & Rains - My mind was in a very roving condition, I was hardly able to have one good thought - Oh how often is this my case. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 2, Monday: In a religious ceremony at the Louvre, the emperor Napoléon got married with Archduchess Marie-Louise, daughter of the Emperor Franz I of Austria. At night, at the Tuileries Palace in the presence of the honorees, Cantate pour le mariage de l’Empereur by Etienne-Nicolas Méhul to words of Arnault was performed for the initial time.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 2 of 4 M // Reluctanly submitted to the Appointment of guardian of Violet Flagg a black Woman, but hope to be found faithful in the discharge of my trust.- ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 21, Saturday: This was the year in which the Emperor Napoléon declared himself to be divorced. On this day he wrote to Josephine: My love, I have received your letter on April 19 — it is in a bad style. I am always the same; persons like me never change. I do not know what Eugène has told you. I had not written you because you had not written and because I wished only what should be agreeable to you. I note with pleasure that you are going to Malmaison and that you are content. I shall be happy to receive news of you, and to give you news of myself. I say no more till you have compared this letter with yours; and that, I shall leave you to judge which is the better or the greater friend, you or I. Adieu, my love; keep well and be just to yourself and to me. Napoleon HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

At the height of his power and prestige Bonaparte would wed Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 21st of 4th Mo// The day has passed with the usual rounds, father Rodman dined with us & towards eveng my father called to see us but being very unwell was able to set but little while — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 3, Tuesday: Due to actions by the Emperor, his brother Louis Bonaparte abdicated as King of Holland in favor of his sons, either Napoléon Louis or Louis Napoléon it didn’t much matter which, and on this night began a flight into Germany — headed toward safety in Austria. (Can you imagine having a guy with as much blood on his hands as Napoléon, as an intimate loving relative? –Louis must have been just scared shitless.)

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 3rd of 7th Mo// Again the usual rounds. And how long they will continue is a thing sealed & known only to him who sees & knows all things — I feel desirous to be doing my days work but Alass how short I come of faithfulness in allmost every respect. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 9, Monday: Holland was annexed by the Emperor Napoléon’s France, along, of course, with all its overseas colonies.

The Spanish defenders of Ciudad Rodrigo in Leon surrendered to their French besiegers.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 9 of 7 Mo// It has seemed as if the good spirit has been hovering about my mind. I have had to reflect on many things of a serious nature, & particularly to recur to seasons when the divine hand has undoubtedly been on me for good. I have no doubt but I have had a good, a very good beginning, but thro’ halting & disobedience I have had much to walk in dry places, but I have never seen the time Yet when I thought the strivings of the Lords spirit had ceased with me, having to experience at times the arisings of light & life to the comfort of my inner man. But Alass how painful to insert, there has not been that inward faithfulness that has been required at my hands, hence I have not grown in grace as I might have done, and Oh! that I may renew my covenant, & again shake my self from defilement, that there may be a journeying forward — HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 10, Sunday: In Paris, Du trône ou jusqua’à Toi, a cantata by Etienne-Nicolas Méhul to words of Arnault, was performed for the initial time, to further celebrate the union of the Emperor Napoléon with his bride Marie-Louise.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day // Our Morning meeting was large. The public laborers were John Shoemaker, E Thornton, Betsy Purinton & Lydia Rotch - in the Afternoon (as it usually is) the meeting was larger the public laborers were Peter Hoxie, Joseph Duglas, Cyrus Beady & E Thornton & altho I do not consider them as still & quiet meetings as some we have had at some Yearly Meetings Yet I thought they were favor’d with the Wing of devine love & in good measure owned by the great Master - We had at Dinner the company of Daniel Johnson - at Tea Micajah Collins & Wife Matthew Purinton & Wife, Henry Russel & Wife Edward Cobb & Wife, Easter Newhall & several others that I do not now recollect - Easter lodged with us - ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 5, Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon announced his “Trianon Decree” placing heavy tariffs on colonial materials.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 5th of 8th M 1810// We carried our little son to my fathers this morng Which enabled my dear H to attend both meetings which was gratification to her as she has been much confind of late to what she was once - We dined & took tea at fathers — Our Meetings were both Silent & I believe dull Seasons to most present - I may confess that I do not know when I was so tried with drowsiness & particularly in the Afternoon. — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 13, Thursday: Napoléon annexed the north coast of Germany (Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, Aremberg, Münster) to France in an attempt to tighten his blockade against Britain. Parts of the Kingdom of Westphalia were also annexed by France.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 13 of 12 M // I staid away from Meeting, as a man that was going many miles off wanted his Watch clean’d & was to call for it while meeting was setting, but as it happened I might HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

have gone, he did not come untill the Middle of the Afternoon, & I may now say that I believe, there is nothing lost by dedication of heart to the good cause - I got the Watch done time enough to have gone to meeting, & ought to have gone — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1811

Upon the death of architect Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin, leadership of the project for an enormous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile at Place de l’Etoile in Paris was taken over by Louis-Robert Goust (one of his pupils).

Benjamin Delessert was awarded the Légion d’honneur for his work with sugar beets. The Emperor Napoléon ordered that 32,000 hectares be devoted to indigenous beet cultivation and, ever the advocate SWEETS of a muscular diplomacy, hinted where the English should hear that for all he cared they might pitch their WITHOUT damned sugar into their bloody Thames. SLAVERY A number of “canneries” opened in England, to provide preserved food for troops and for the general public. By the battle of Waterloo, the opposed English and French armies would both be maneuvering on canned rations. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

This data module is about how what goes around, comes around. Hang on tight!

How are horses like foundlings? How are horses unlike locomotives? How are diplomats like cannon fodder? How does being well rewarded, by an evil man, somehow resemble being punished?

The first “railroad” in the USA, in effect, was the gravity-operated car system which brought Quincy granite down from the hills into Boston for such projects as the monument on Bunker Hill, the Horticultural Hall in Boston, and for shipment to New York harbor in the construction of the Astor House Hotel. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

The emptied carts needed, of course, to be tugged back up the slope to the quarry, by teams of horses.

In the Bonaparte administrative apparatus, Baron Joseph-Marie de Gérando received the title of councillor of state (after Nappy’s battles, it seems, in effect guys like him would prove enormously useful, to help tug all those carts back up all those slopes). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

The new techniques of total warfare between populations were having interesting side-effects. For one thing, the usefulness of horses for warfare on the Continent had driven the price of horse fodder in England to quite ridiculous heights.

It was this cost compared to the cost of the local coal which was the economic stimulus, for John Blenkinsop and Matthew Murray to develop a rail system to carry coal from the mines to the furnaces of Leeds!

Their rack steam engines powered by the local coal product, the Prince Regent and the Salamanca, could each 1 replace a team of 8 pairs of draft animals, by moving 94 tons of coal 3 /2 miles along a level track in one hour, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

consuming not retail oats but only a small fraction of the wholesale commodity that they were pulling.26

For another thing, in order to ensure replacements for the killed in his massive battles employing his massive citizen armies, the Emperor Napoléon was having turntable devices installed in the entries to French foundling hospitals in which infants would be fed goat’s milk and donkey’s milk. Patriotic French parents were to be able to merely turn the wheel, and safely deposit any and all unwanted infants without censure or interrogation.27 (Please help this 1811 data module make sense, by putting on an aluminum foil hat and thinking hard.)

26. After the war the price of horse fodder would plummet, and the great Shire horses that pulled loads would make a comeback, but for only a brief period of time. From an abstract standpoint, the technology of horse breeding for size and power was already at its point of diminishing returns while the technology of railroad engine “horsepower” was at the beginning of its improvement curve. And anybody who knew anything about anything could see that this was the case, could see it quite clearly even without hindsight. 27. Nappy had not invented this device, but merely sponsored its use. By 1833, this simple device for anonymity would have increased the number of such deposited infants from 63,000 per year to 127,000 per year. Nowadays such devices are common in Russia and elsewhere in the civilized world. The photo below is illustrative. –And some say there’s no such thing as progress! HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

January 22, TuesdayIn violation of the Peace of Tilsit, the Emperor Napoléon annexed the Duchy of Oldenburg to France.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3 day 22 of 1 Mo// Nothing material has occurd thro’ the day — In the eveng I set at home transcribing the manuscript Jornal of our friend Mary Mitchell deceased, at the request of Saml Thurston who wants it done to carry to the next meeting for suffering - being well acquainted with the deceased I was very willing to undertake the task. It was very comfortable to read the account of her convincement, it appears that she was much helped & strengthened by reading a book which was very precious to me when I first was visited with the day Spring from on high Viz Elizabeth Bathhursts “Truth Vindicated” Oh how has that book tended to strengthen & enliven me in the days of my Childhood — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

February 2, Saturday: Publication of the Twelve Dances for piano op.40 by Johann Nepomuk Hummel was announced in the Wiener Zeitung.

President James Madison restored the US embargo on British trade after the Emperor Napoléon promised the resumption of normal trade relations with France.

Russian settlers established a trading post in northern California, Ft. Ross, as a base for fur traders and a warm- weather supplier for colonies in Alaska. The colonists included 25 Russians and more than 80 Aleut natives from the islands of western Alaska. Peg-legged Ivan Kuzkov (Kuskov) would manage the settlement until 1821.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 2nd of 2nd Mo// Last night I had another turn similar to the one I had a few weeks past at P Gardiners in Narragansett. I dont know exactly what it is but, am fearful the effect will one day or another be serious. The day has passed as usual. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

February 28, Thursday: The Emperor Napoléon wrote Tsar Alyeksandr of Russia that, because he’d opened his ports to British ships, and because he’d raised duties on French imports, it might be appropriate for them to consider that the existing alliance between their two countries had run its course and come to an end. (Translation: if I invade you, remember that you were asking for it.)

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 28 of 2 Mo// I am this morning going with my beloved H to attend our Moy [Monthly] Meeting at Portsmouth, & I feel a little prayer to assend from my heart that it may prove a season HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

of favor to us both, even a season of renewal of covenant with the Lord - Oh Lord help us — Our ride to Portsmouth was attended with more peril & danger than I ever experienced by land before. The banks of Snow were deep in many places which occasioned us to ride sometimes in very bad places - but we went & return’d safe for which I desire to be thankful, & I may also thankfully acknowledge that I have experienced a season of favor, tho the first meeting was not the most lively Season I have experienced yet it was a good Silent time, & in the last, buisness was conducted with good & becoming order, & I may acknowledge that I was glad I went — We dined at Richd Mitchells. — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 20, Wednesday: George Caleb Bingham was born in Virginia.

In Paris, the Empress Marie-Louise presented the Emperor Napoléon with his first and only child, Napoléon- François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte.28

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 20 of 3 Mo// Nothing material has occur’d, the mind in a reflective Mood — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 22, Friday: French forces retreating from Portugal began to reach Spain. They left behind them the most brutal atrocities, bringing torture and death to thousands of Portuguese civilians.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 22 of 3 Mo// It has been a good day to me, having experienced much Sweetness of Spirit, indeed it has been a renewal of favor for which I desire to be thankful. Benj’m Freeborn has been in town & called a little while at the Shop — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

28. While still a toddler with a silver spoon in his mouth, the Pope of Rome would renege on a deal to crown him as King of Italy. Then Daddy would need to abdicate subsequent to his defeat at Waterloo, not only in regard to himself as the Emperor Napoleon I but also in regard to this son as Napoleon IId. Mommy would grab him and flee to the Austrian court of her father, the Emperor Francis I, but then in 1817 would come more tough luck as the Treaty of Paris would exclude him from succession to his mama’s Italian dominions. In 1818 he would receive as consolation prize an Austrian title as duke of Reichstadt (quite good enough to allow unlimited dining out in high society). In 1830 when political opportunity would arise during the overthrow of King Charles X of France, on account of tuberculosis he would be unable to rise to the occasion. At the age of 21 on July 22d, 1832 he would die in Schönbrunn, Austria (sometimes you just can’t win for losing). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

June 22, Saturday: The British East India Company had up to this point been able to maintain a monopoly over the sale of opium to China. That situation changed on this day when the American brig Sylph out of Philadelphia docked at Macao with a cargo of opium from Smyrna, Turkey. The United States and Portugal would become players in this game.

The Emperor Napoléon decreed that all members of his family currently reigning as kings were reduced to princes of France.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 22 of 6 Mo// It has been a very warm day which relaxes the body & mind. - Thos Scatteergood & S Horn are persuing their visits. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 15, Thursday: Instructions from the Wurttemberg capital Stuttgart were that Carl Maria von Weber was to be deported by being placed on a boat for Constanz (guess what, this boat had been destination all along).

At a diplomatic reception in Paris the Emperor Napoléon made a scathing verbal attack on the person of Tsar Alyeksandr. (Watch out, Nappy knows where you live.)

In Paris, A Mass in G by Giovanni Paisiello was performed for the initial time (this was a different setting than the one premiered two years earlier).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 15 of 8 M 1811// Clarke Rodman again spake pretty soon after the gathering of meeting nearly as follows “I believe it right in the early part of this meeting for me to express a wich that th th present may be a season of favor, & in order thereto self must be entirly divested of Self”— towards the close H Dennis was concern’d in a short but lively & well adapted communication on the necessity of a religious life & by being religious at home we should be in a way when we come to meetings, of receiving benefit & experience the verity of the declaration. They that wait on the Lord shall renew their strength that shall mount up with Wings as Eagles that shall run & not be weary they shall walk & not faint.—I believe it was a favor’d season to some present, but for my own part I had nothing to boast of tho’ I may acknowledge it was not the worst of seasons. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

August 17, Saturday: After a siege of 4 months, and with all their food gone, the Spanish defenders of Figueras in Catalonia surrendered to the French.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 17 of 8 Mo// This Afternoon Rec’d a letter dated 13 inst from Jos Bringhurst giving me some particulars of the decease of his late Uncle Joseph, of which I am very glad, but could wish that he had been a little More particular as he did not mention the exact time of his decease — It appears that his mind was preserved during his Illness, calm, collected & resigned to the solemn final change, even to the last moment of his life - I feel that in him I have lost a valuable correspondent, but he was far advanced in Years, having lived 79, & it could not be expected that he could survive long to correspond with any one, & why should I murmur or complain, I have seen many dear friends and acquiantances pass into the grave, & those much younger in life than either he or myself, & soon I must follow them even if I live 79 Years. This I often, yea, oftener than the morning think of & hope it may continue to be held in proffitable rememberance. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1812

Germaine de Staël’s DE L’ALLEMAGNE was confiscated by Napoléon Bonaparte. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Prussia agreed to allow French troops free passage in case of war with Russia. In June, Napoléon Bonaparte invaded Russia with a “Grand Armée of Twenty Nations” of 550,000, then returned in defeat in the winter with no more than 100,000 escaping Russia and only some 20,000 managing eventually to return to their homes in France.29

François Pierre Guillaume Guizot translated Edward Gibbon’s THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, with additional notes. Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes, grand-master of the university of France, selected him to take the chair of modern history at the Sorbonne. He got married with Mme. Pauline de Meulan.

29. Although it has been conventional to ascribe his defeat to an unexpectedly severe Russian winter, actually that winter was unexpectedly mild one. Some of the French fell of heat prostration and sunstroke during a persistent summer heat wave, some drowned during an attempt to ford a thawed river, and then many were carried away by a lice-borne infection. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Sugar prices began to rise. To the delight of Napoléon Bonaparte, Benjamin Delessert managed to manufacture loaves of white sugar not from the slave-produced cane sugar of French tropical colonies such as Martinique and Guadeloupe but from beet sugar obtained from locally grown Beta vulgaris. You see, Napoleon was an opponent of enslavement (domination by the will of another) and a friend of enslavement (domination of others by one’s own will), and to have to rely on an external import produced by France’s black slaves which could be intercepted and denied by the British naval blockade represent his very real enslavement to the British.30

SWEETS WITHOUT SLAVERY

Baron Joseph-Marie de Gérando was appointed governor of the province of Catalonia at the border between

30. (Now you understand the late 20th-Century political phenomenon known as “The Libertarian Party.” It is the party which presents the argument of the 18th-Century and 19th-Century slavemaster, updated by the erasure of all reference to the issue of race.) With the removal of the threat of Napoleon this nascent sugar beet industry would collapse and would not begin to recover until the 1840s, despite the fact that by 1880 more sugar would be available from beets than from cane. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

France and Spain. This was a difficult period and life, as always, was cheap:

Nevertheless, upon the overthrow of the empire, his prudence and conciliation would be recognized as such and he would be allowed to remain in this position! (However, after being sent during the Hundred Days to organize defense in the department of the Moselle, at the beginning of the 2d Restoration he would be sidelined — only to then wend his way back into the council of state and again distinguish himself through prudence and conciliation.)

February 24, Monday: Prussia signed a treaty of alliance with France. The treaty bound Prussia to allow the free passage of French troops and to provide 20,000 Prussian troops for use with France. Prussia also adhered to the Continental System.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 24 of 2nd Mo// Nothing particular to insert, except the usual rounds - The weather is very close & winterlike which has a tendency with some other circumstances to depress my spirits. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

— ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Rosalind Cobb Wiggins has pointed out that while Captain Paul Cuffe’s vessel was being impounded by the US Coast Guard on Aquidneck Island in April, he would be lodging at the home of Stephen Wanton Gould and Hannah Gould in Newport, and that this amounted to a social gesture in the society of that day that was bold even for Quakers: “White people who could afford servants considered African-Americans to be the lowest sort of domestic, scarcely educable and more like the docile creatures in their barns. People of Color could be lodged in the stable and fed in the kitchen, but not Paul in Stephen and Hannah’s home.” I do not find evidence, however, within Friend Stephen’s journal itself, that Friend Paul lodged at the Gould home for more than one evening, or that he slept in some supposedly available area inside the home itself rather than in an outbuilding, and so I wonder whether Friend Rosalind had independent evidence of that lodging — or whether she was here merely drawing an unsupported speculative inference. (Within my own conceptual frame of reference, I rather doubt that there would have been available a “decent” space within the tiny home to put up a white adult male overnight, let alone putting up an adult male of color, unless he were to doze sitting up before the fire in the front room.)

NO-ONE’S LIFE IS EVER NOT DRIVEN PRIMARILY BY HAPPENSTANCE

March 14, Saturday: Fearful of Russian expansion, Austria concluded a military alliance with France, agreeing to provide an army for Napoléon Bonaparte.

Cirio in Babilonia, ossia La caduta di Baldassare, a dramma con cori by Gioachino Rossini to words of Aventi, was performed, presumably for the initial time, in the Teatro Comunale, Ferrara. This was a flop.

The birth of Friend Stephen Wanton Gould’s son, John Stanton Gould. 7th day 14 of Mo// My dear Wife has been sometime expecting to be sick & this Afternoon much indisposed but did not send for assistance untill near sunset & about 7 OClock was delivered of a fine boy for which I desire to [be] thankful to the Lord, the great giver of all good things. - This is an event which has long exercised my mind, & I can but repeat my thankfulness that it is thus far over. The Doctor was not in the house to exceed an hour, & my Dear H is as well this evening as can be expected- “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Captain Paul Cuffe HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 16, Monday: The Emperor Napoléon appointed his brother Joseph (King José I of Spain) as commander-in-chief of the French armies in Iberia.

An allied (Great Britain/Portugal) army reached the French-held fortress of Badajoz in Extremadura, Spain.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 16th of 3 M 1812// My Beloved H & her little son rested finally [?] last night & are comfortable today. I desire not to set my heart upon this child or promise myself any happiness in him. We have had a proof of the fallacy of such promises in the loss of our dear little Caleb, who I often think of & can scarcely help repining in seasons of weakness when I think of his very engaging ways. he was certainly a remarkable fine child -but it may be childish in me to say much more about him, if this is as forward & as engaging as he was it will be a renewed cause of humility & gratitude, which I hope my heart will not be calous to. - ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 1, Wednesday: Count Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov replaced Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tolly as Chairman of the Committee of Ministers of Russia.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 1 of 4th M 1812// This has been a precious day with me, my spirit has been much tender’d & sweetness from several occurences. particularly in Conversation with my dear friend Sarah Fish who has been to the Shop & opened Some of her exercises [meaning trials and difficulties] in which I was led into near sympathy with her & enabled to say a little which was at least satisfactory to my own mind & I believe was encouraging to her - My spirit was also tendered bu a short visit from my much loved neighbor Samuel Towle who has been in affliction all Winter, having had a sick daughter & now lays very low. - I was also not a little tender’d by a visit from Cousin William Borden. - our conversation turned on days that are gone & some of our relations that are doubtless at rest & the various changes that we are subject to in this World ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

May 9, Saturday: The Emperor Napoléon I departed from Paris for his invasion of Russia.

La scala di seta, a farsa comica by Gioachino Rossini to words of Foppa after Planard, was performed for the initial time, in Teatro San Moisè, Venice. It was one of three works performed that night.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 9 of 5 Mo// I have this Afternoon Spent a little time at the Court house, the General Assembly have had before them a law respecting the exemption of Friends & others conciencious scrupulous of bearing Arms, which after Some debate passed by a majority of 27 - It seems to Make much grumbling among many that friends should be exempt & I know not how long the law will stand in its present form, I fear it will be but temporary. - ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May 16, Saturday: William John Broderip graduated from Oriel College of Oxford University. He would enter the Inner Temple, and study in the chambers of Godfrey Sykes alongside Sir John Patteson and Sir John Taylor Coleridge.

ORIEL COLLEGE

The Emperor and Empress of France arrived in Dresden accompanied by a torchlight parade. Also in attendance were the various German kings, of Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, Württemberg, and Westphalia.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 16th 5 M 1812// A Season of precious favor this morng finished a letter to James D Ladd of Grancille Mill Virginia this Afternoon — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

May 18, Monday: Amidst celebrations by night and military preparations by day, the Emperor and Empress of Austria arrived in Dresden.

John Bellingham was hanged in front of Newgate Prison, for the murder of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval a week earlier. In the cheering multitude was George Gordon, Lord Byron.

Demetrio e Polibio, a dramma serio by Gioachino Rossini to words of Viganò-Mombelli, was performed for the initial time, in Teatro Valle, Rome.

Friend Paul Cuffe was in New-York while on his way back from Washington DC to Westport, Massachusetts. He wrote in his diary that On my Return Called to see Dr. Ross, a man that Resided 7 years in Jamaica in which time he Saw most horrible abomination inflicted on the Slaves being jibetted, Launced on a Plank Down a Steep Place Whiped Hanged Burnt and racked. Lord have Mercy I Pray Thee.

During this stop-over in the big city, Friend Paul went with Friend Thomas Eddy for a visit to the African School. There was a street encounter: P.S. I was traveling in the Street With my Guide he kindly introduced me to two Methodist preachers Who accosted me thus, “Do you understand English?” I answered them “There Was a Part I did not understand (Viz) that of one Brother professor making merchandize of and holding in Bondage their Brother professor, this part I Should be glad they Would Clear up to me.”

These white preachers, in the big city for a convention of their fellows, of course made no response to a person of color’s street insolence. Friend Paul was sufficiently disturbed by the encounter, however, that that evening he wrote the incident up as a letter. On the following day he would go to the convention of Methodists and make his protest heard, and later he would pay a call on the Methodist Bishop, the Reverend Asbury, in a further effort to discuss the pros and cons of human enslavement. RHODE ISLAND RELIGION

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 18 of 5 Mo// Tho’ its seems as if there is nothing to insert, yet I feel most easy to say that times are gloomy both within & without both as respecting myself & things at large in town, State & the world. yet it does not just at this present time seem as if the devastation of War was quite so much to be feared as some little time ago —- O Williams set the eveng with us, on our part very acceptably.- ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May 28, Thursday: The Emperor Napoléon I departed from Dresden, where he had extracted promises of troops for his Russian campaign from the leaders of Europe, and headed east.

The Peace of Bucharest ended hostilities between Russia and the Ottoman Empire and set the River Pruth (Prut) as the European boundary. Russia abandoned claims to Moldavia and Wallachia but annexed Bessarabia. Amnesty and autonomy were provided for the Serbians but Serbia was still to be occupied by Turkey. This freed Tsar Alyeksandr to act against Napoléon.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 28 of 5 Mo// We hear this morng that Poor Joseph Wilbour is very ill & not expected to continue long. This is an hevy prospect for me & has not a little depressed my spirits, his removal will probably bring a hevy burden on me as he has appointed his brother Wm & myself executors to his Will Our first meeting was silent, the last (Monthly) was conducted with good order, no very exercising case before us. Anne Greene disclosed a prospect she had long had of visiting some meetings in the Quarterly meetings of Nine Partners & Stamford & some other meetings in N York Yearly Meeting - Hannah Dennis also expressed a concern to accompany her, which was united with & they set at liberty to open their Prospect in the Quarterly Meeting - My H was at the last meeting ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 29, Friday: A New York State caucus nominated DeWitte Clinton for the presidency.

Robert Fulton’s wife Harriet Fulton offered an entertainment aboard his Paragon.

The Emperor Napoléon took leave of Empress Marie Louise in Dresden and headed toward the front.

On this day and the following one Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th & 7th days 29th & 30th 5th M 1812// Occupied as usual. The mind taken up on various subjects of an outward nature ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

June : Napoléon Bonaparte invaded Russia with a “Grand Armée of Twenty Nations” of 550,000 (he would return in defeat during the winter with no more than 100,000 escaping Russia and only some 20,000 managing eventually to return to their homes in France).31

31. Although it has been conventional to ascribe his defeat to an unexpectedly severe Russian winter, actually that winter would be an unexpectedly mild one. Some of the French would fall of heat prostration and sunstroke during a persistent summer heat wave, some would drown during an attempt to ford a thawed river, and then many would be carried away by a lice-borne infection. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

June 7, Sunday: Walton Felch was received into the 1st Baptist Church of Providence, Rhode Island, Pastor Stephen Gano, by baptism. (His connection with this congregation would culminate on August 4, 1825 “by erasure,” which is to say, he would neither die nor transfer his membership to some other church.)

The Reverend Stephen Gano (think “Gano Street”) The Emperor Napoléon arrived in Danzig (Gdansk) on his way to the front and inspected the supplies stored there.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 7 of 6 Mo// In the forenoon D Buffum was concerned in a lively testimony. In the Afternoon we were silent. After tea took a Walk around the hill & down the neck with D Rodman went to Coggeshall burying ground, where John Coggeshall the first President of Rhode Island was buried in the Year 1747, the oldest Stone I have yet met with in any of my researches. —- ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 10, Wednesday: The Emperor Napoléon I departed from Danzig (Gdansk) for the front. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

June 23, Tuesday: The news that the USA had declared war on Britain arrived in Boston and the Massachusetts General Court voted its disapproval.

Carlos Martínez de Irujo y Tacón, marques de Casa-Irujo replaced Ignacio de la Pezuela y Sánchez as First Secretary of State of the resistance government of Spain.

Napoléon Bonaparte arrived at the front at Alexota.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 23 of 6 M 1812// This evening Mail confirms, the news of War, the Act of Congress, signed by the President has come. we are no more in doubt as to the issue, the voice of Congress is heard in the language, terrific to the minds of the people Oh! this is a gloomy day in which we live, a day of sorrow & sadness indeed. — when & where it will end is beyond the ken of human sagacity to determine, we have no refuge but the Lord alone & in him we have as sure hiding place, if we put our whole trust in his Power ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 24, Wednesday: The unwieldy Grande Armée of Twenty Nations (Anhalt, Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Croatia, Dalmatia, Denmark, France, Hesse-Darmstadt, Holland, Illyria, Italy, Lippe, Mecklenburg, Poland, Portugal, Prussia, Saxony, Spain, Switzerland, Westphalia, and Wurttemberg) of the Emperor Napoléon, the largest military force assembled to that date, crossing the Niemen River near Kovno (Kaunas), entered Russia with the objective of intercepting the British navy’s main supply of high-quality cannabis for use as its maritime cordage. — England could not obtain such high-quality maritime cordage from the USA not only because of the state of war that existed between Britain and the USA at this time but also because the hemp farmers of Kentucky were using a “dew-rotting” process of leaching the resin out of the hemp fiber (as opposed to “water-rotting”). For the same reason the US Navy was avoiding the purchase of cordage made from this domestic hemp, and mostly the Kentucky produce was being used for bag fabric and as rope binding HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

for the baled cotton of the Deep South.

At the Middleton Colliery in West Yorkshire, England, John Blenkinsop introduced the public to his coal- powered rack-and-pinion locomotive Salamanca capable of pulling heavy loads of coal, replacing the labors of 50 horses and 200 men.

In Providence, Rhode Island, news of the War of 1812 was unwelcome, but the “patriots” organized nevertheless — organized to the extent even of formalizing and placing under discipline a group of “those who were exempt by law from the performance of military duty,” such as the followers of the Peace Testimony of the Quakers (evidently with the idea of obligating them to free corvee labor in general support of the war effort): 1812. The news of the Declaration of War with Great Britain was received June 24, and was noticed by the tolling of bells and displaying the flags at half mast. The majority here was opposed to the war and to the administration of the general government, but they promptly held meetings and passed spirited resolutions to make united efforts against a foreign enemy. The chartered companies were filled with new members, volunteer associations were formed, and those who were exempt by law from the performance of military duty, were organized into several corps, and officered and disciplined for service. THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS READ EDWARD FIELD TEXT

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 24th of 6th Mo// The times are such, as, is felt at the heart of every considerate man, every countenance continues to wear a gloom & as they pass the streets look piteously. altho’ the Act of warfare has not commenced, yet it has been declared by Congress to exist between this Country & England. Vast numbers of property is exposed on the seas & will doubtless be taken & much property in England will be confiscated which stares many in the face with ruin, & those of more indigent circumstances feel the strong probability of starvation, for the HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

want of buisness to procure food to eat My circumstances are streightened. I have nothing but what I earn from day to day, & how I am to pass the coming Winter is yet a sealed thing. I can but feel very keenly at the heart, but am disposed to labor to think as little about the future as may be & receive the present blessing with as much gratitude as I am capable of - ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 25, Thursday: A day after learning of the French invasion, Tsar Alyeksandr of Russia wrote to the Emperor Napoléon I asking for peace and a withdrawal from Russian territory. Napoléon would not be interested.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 25 of 6 Mo// Being a very rainy day My H was disappointed of her intention to go to Portsmouth to attend the Moy [Monthly] Meeting - So Brother D R & myself took a Chaise & rode out together - We stoped a few minutes before meeting at the house of our late friend Holder Almy & after drying ourselves a little went to meeting Hannah Dennis spoke a few words, the A Sherman a few & then D Buffum a few — Buisness went on rather dully in the last but we got through as well as could be expected — We dined at Peter Lawton & on our way home stoped at cousin Chases where my Mother has been for a day or two on a visit. found her & cousin Chases family all well, & then rode home & was not a little thankful to find my H & little son had done well thro’ the day ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 26, Friday: The Polish Diet declared the independence of Poland. No other power, including the Emperor Napoléon I, would endorse this act.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 26 of 6 Mo// Our old friend & neighbor Elizabeth Whightman wife of Vaneline Whightman Departed this life in the 75th Year if her Age about Sun set last evening —— ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

June 28, Sunday: Allied troops entered Vilna (Vilnius), abandoned by the Russians.

The Polish Diet in Warsaw proclaimed the reunion of Poland and Lithuania.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 28 of 6 Mo// Father Rodman was concern’d in supplication in the forenoon meeting in the Afternoon we were Silent - I set a little while at D Williams in the eveng Sister Ruth took care of the little boy while my H went to meeting ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 8, Wednesday: Allied troops entered Minsk.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 7 M 8th 1812 / My Mother, Aunt Patty Gould & Brother Isaac & wife with their little daughter Martha took tea with us this Afternoon. — I was particularly glad of Aunt Patty Goulds company it is allways greatful to me & grows more so as the time of final separation draws near - I may go first, but according to natures course her days are nearly number’d — Sister Ruth set the evening with us. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 14, Tuesday: King Jerôme of Westphalia, angry at his older brother Napoléon Bonaparte, abandoned the Grand Armée of Allies and returned to Kassel.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 7 M / Finished a letter which I began yesterday to Micajah Collins - In which I wrote nearly the following — “What a precious thing is love, & I think I can say of a truth, that an unusual degree of it has attended my mind since the Yearly Meetg & indeed I do not think at any time in my life I ever felt a greater disposition to salute every one in it. — There was something at that time which left a precious savor & has not departed like the early dew, for which my mind is at least in a very good degree humbled & thankful & believe there never was a time when there was a greater necessity for every one to cultivate in their minds love towards one another. The times are very peculiar & we know not to what the present depraved state of things will lead, there is much to fear, but amid all the recent talk & commotion in the minds of the people concerning War, I have again thankfully to acknowledge that my mind hath been preserved remarkably in the quiet, yet how I should retain this quietude in seasons of closer trials, when surrounded by an Army & perhaps bullets flying, I am unable to say. I know I am not mine own or my brothers keeper, & can only (by Divine HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

help) pray for the preservation of either. nothing that we can do of ourselves will avail anything, & if we can be favor’d to pray in the living faith, prayer will be as effectual in these as in the Days of the prophets & Apostles, in this true & living faith. I feel renewedly concern’d to abide & to increase, believing as Daniel Anthony once told us, that if it is suffered to decrease in the mind, the enemy will step in and jostle in proportion as we let go our hold, thus many good beginnings have been quite overthrown by that old deceiver. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 18, Saturday: Caleb Goldsmith Forshey was born in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, a son of John Sire Forshey (September 10, 1777-October 1857) and Elizabeth Monroe Forshey (circa 1778-October 1855). He would spend his childhood in Ohio, being educated in the local schools of Norwich, and then enter Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio as a part-time student.

The Alliance of Orebro combined Russia, Sweden, and Great Britain.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 7th M 18th / Nothing new to insert, things as it respects my own particular & the nation at large are pretty much as usual. -I am often hevy hearted when looking over the prospects before us. War with its attendant trains of honour stairs us in the face we know not now soon our peaceable habitations may be disturbed with the sound of guns & Armed Men in array against each other, May the Lord in mercy avert these calamities & draw our minds to look unto him for succor in every condition. — I have thankfully to acknowledge that our dear little boy has been very smart his the Day — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 24, Friday: Tsar Alyeksandr made a public appeal in Moscow for assistance from every ablebodied Russian.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 7th M 24th / Nothing worth inserting. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 28, Tuesday: When Allied forces reached Vitebsk west of Moscow, they found the city vacant.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 7 M 28th 1812 / This morng I called early to see my dear Aunt Martha. I found her sitting up & she thought rather more comfortable than yesterday - I conceived her ease quite HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

alarming, & have requested Dr Easton to visit her & try to help her a little; tho’ there appears no expectation of her ever being well, yet she may be kept along for some time, her life is of importance to her sisters. She has been her whole life time a care taker of them & her removal will be a severe shock, but I have no doubt that when ever it pleases the Lord to cut the slender thread of time, her change will be from a life of care & anxiety to one of happiness forever — She hath been ever since my time a religious & faithful Woman, & to her councul [sic] & example I owe much. in my childhood I lived with her several years & her care & tender concern for my present & future wellfare was obvious then, & has continued to the present day. One instance of her faithfulness to religious scruples was so impressive in my mind at the time, that I have not forgotten it tho’ a long time ago, & has been frequently revived since the present War & privateers have been fitting out, - When I was quite a boy, a Spanish prize was sent into this port by some of the then contending powers & the property sold, by some means a rare & delicious nut fell into my hands that came in the prise. I carried some of them to her prepared for eating, with which she seemed much pleased & was going to eat some, but at that moment was informed, either by me or some one standing by, which I do not recollect, of where they came from. She immediately declined touching them & altho’ I labord hard to induce her to partake of them, yet I could not suceed. — her firmness in declining was very impressive in my feelings, & the savor of it has never entirely left me. — Our dear little boy was very well & playful in the forenoon but in the Afternoon was very feverish & sick, & continued so thro’ the evening - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 8, Saturday: Russian Cossacks repelled Allied cavalry near Inkovo.

The 30-ton paddle steamer Comet began the first commercial steamboat service in Europe, over the 39 kilometers of the River Clyde between Glasgow, Greenock, and Helensburgh (this craft had been constructed by Henry Bell and John Wood).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 8th M 8th / Matthew Franklin has been in town resting & visiting his freinds & acquaintances. — Our dear little son has been quite unwell all day RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 14, Friday: Allied forces reached Krasnoye, southwest of Smolensk, and met the first organized Russian resistance.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

6th day 8M 14 / Our dear little boy seems to be very well now for which I believe my dear wife & I are cery thankful. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 17, Monday: The Federalist Party convened in New-York, choosing De Witt Clinton to run against incumbent President James Madison.

Russian and Allied forces had been battling near Smolensk for a couple of days and there had already been approximately 23,000 casualties without any strategic result. Under cover of darkness the Russians evacuated the city, which they had so trashed that it would prove logistically useless to the Emperor Napoléon I’s Grand Armée of Twenty Nations.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 8thM 17 / It has been a very stormy day, much rain & the Air as cold as in the [?] M — Our little boy has been very smartly well for several Days — The mind has been very lean & barran of Good — how poor & weak I am & alass I Know not when it will be more in the fullness with me. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 29, Saturday: Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov took command of the Russian army.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 29 of 8M / My dear Wife not having been to Portsmouth in rather more than a year. We concluded to take this pleasant Morning & go thither we carried our little Son he slept most of the time we were in the Chaise while going — We left him At Anne Anthonys & went to Meeting After meeting we returned there & dined then went to Cousin Z Chases & took tea, where we saw my dear Aunt Patty Gould She went out there some days past in hopes the change of Air may be beneficial to her health After tea we rode home & I believe our little Son is none the worse for his visit. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 30, Sunday: Isaac-Farwell Holton was born in Westminster, Vermont, a son of William Holton and Olive Rockwood Holton (they named him after Isaac Farwell, a revolutionary commander at the Battle of Bunker Hill). He would commence classical studies in Maine at the academies of South Berwick and Limerick, under the tuition of his uncle Isaac Holton, and complete his preparatory course under the Reverend Simeon Colton at the Amherst Academy in Massachusetts.

Daniel Rice Milts of East Sudbury got married with Nancy Baker.

Tsar Alyeksandr of Russia met Swedish Crown Prince Karl Johan at Åbo (Turku) and they reaffirmed the April 5th Treaty of St. Petersburg. The Tsar promised 35,000 men for the Swedish conquest of Norway. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

September: Despite a Russian summer that had been so hot and unrelenting that tens of thousands of his French soldiers had died of heat prostration and sunstroke, the Emperor Napoléon I’s grand army was able to win against the Russian army at Borodino and capture what was left of Moscow — which the retreating Russians had put to the torch.

September 5, Saturday: Allied forces reached the village of Borodino where the Russians had massed for the defense of Moscow. Some skirmishing began.

September 7, Monday: Twelve hours of fighting between Russian and Allied troops at Borodino, west of Moscow, ended in complete stalemate, both sides too exhausted to continue. The day produced somewhere between 70,000 and 90,000 total casualties (more soldiers were killed at Borodino than in any battle prior to World War I).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2 day 7 of 9 M / This morning I looked over some English news Papers - they much affected my mind particularly in observing their numerous notices of mirors[?] theft & need of every kind under the head of such trials by Law which it appears to be their custom to publish a list of accd to my heart true Prayer is the only safe spirit to dwell in & prayer ?? raised in my spirit for preservation from every vice RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

September 8, Tuesday: Russian forces withdrew from Borodino.

The news:

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 8th of 9th M 1812 / It is a very cloudy time both as respects the natural & Political world in the natural we have a very uncommon proportion of Cloudy & rainy weather & in the Political things are very dubious many days Mail brings fresh accounts of increased difficulty from various parts of the United States - Our Armys taken & defeated in some instances with much slaughter, & in the Southern State Negroes have in some places become disaffeced & made attempts to rise. - & the Minds of the people in allmost every quarter are much agitated HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

some with jealousies towards one another & some of the Government, & where these things will end is very uncrtain. — May we flee to the Strong Tower in which there is safey & there abide. I feel the desire to arise in fervant intercession in my own behalf from the full persuasions that nothing short will avail us in seasons of inward or outward conflicts This Afternoon in Company with Wm Allen & C J Tenny & some of the colourd directors visited the African Benevolent Society - was pleased with the appearance of the Scholars & their improvement in education. — As I was reurning from the above mentioned School saw our Ancient & very venerable friends Jeremiah Austin Senr standing on Washington Square with several with him - I was very glad to see him if it was but for a few minutes - he came to town on buisness & went out again directly. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 10, Thursday: French soldiers pillaged Novospasskoye, home town of Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 10 0f 9 M / Our Meeting was well attended the weather was pleasant & several elderly people came that does not in common from age & infermity — Job Chaloner was also with us & preached very sweetly & acceptably. I believe his appearance in the ministry was edifying & comforting to many present - C R had a few words towards the close of the Meeting, & I think I may say it was a season of favor. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 14, Monday: Russian soldiers and citizens torched Moscow and retreated to the southwest. About midnight the vanguard of the Grand Armée of Twenty Nations of the Emperor Napoléon I reached the abandoned metropolis. There would be no shelter and nothing to eat.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 14th of 9 M / This morning things have assumed their usual tranquility the English Ships appear to have gone by & the Military comapanys returning to their homes- It is wonderful how soon the Mind becomes fitted to its condition, perhaps if actual engagement had taken place I should have felt different but as it was in all the Meeting my mind was very calm. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

September 15, Tuesday: In New York, Robert Fulton reached a compromise with the Albany Company.

The Emperor Napoléon I took up residence in the Kremlin as fires broke out in the city, mostly set by Russian agents.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 15 of 9 M / Jeremiah Austin Junr is in town & been at the Shop he shewed me a letter which he had written to James Madison which I though a pretty good one. — I wrote to D. Smith — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 16, Wednesday: The fires were so intense in Moscow that the Emperor Napoléon I and his staff were forced to retire to the Petrovskoye Palace outside the city.

Lowell Mason’s first musical composition, the anthem Ordination, was performed for the initial time, at the ordination of Dr. Ralph Sanger as pastor of the Unitarian Church in Dover, Massachusetts.

September 17, Thursday: Over the previous three days fire had been destroying three quarters of Moscow as the invading army looted whatever they could.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 17 of 9 M 1812 / Our Meeting was pretty well attended, specially on the Womens side of the house. — We were silent in the first & the last (preparative) we had no buisness. My mind was comfortably refreshed in the first meeting, tho’ some roving was experienced. This Afternoon I took a Walk into the Neck as far as the Telegraph erected for the purpose of Alarm in case of Ships of War — John Tillinghast went with me. — I had much agreeable reflection of Mind & our conversation was mostly on subjects interesting & innocent — I travelled over fields & viewed scenes that I never did before & in returning we came the way I was Just eight Years & three days ago with Thos Hornsby. — My mind was solemnized in many reflections on things that are past since that space of time. — What will happen or where I shall be in the eight years to come is hid with him who knows all things, & who in infinite wisdom has ordered it so, for if we knew our fate, Miserable indeed should we be. — Many of my intimate friends & dear connections have within the last years descended to the grave & perhaps before the next comes around I may be number’d with them. And Oh saith my soul may my exit be in PEACE come when it may RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

September 18, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon and his staff returned to Moscow from their temporary refuge in the Petrovskoye Palace outside the city.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 18th of 9 M / My H with our little boy with Mother Rodman Spent the Day at Uncle Saml Thurstons. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 19, Saturday: Admitted to the bar in Middlesex County, John Keyes “hung out his shingle” as a lawyer in Concord.

The Emperor Napoléon authorized a French retreat from Russia.

In Spain, British forces withdrew from Burgos.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 19 of 9 M / Our dear little boy seems to be well at present which with the present good health of his mother I feel as a blessing to me. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September 24, Thursday: At Mozhaysk, west of Moscow, Russian forces severed the main supply line of the Emperor Napoléon’s Grand Army of allies. Suddenly this Grand Army was all alone and on its own. Oh, this is going to get ugly.

The Principalities of Waldeck and Pyrmont were rejoined as the Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont under Prince Georg.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 24 of 9 M / Our Meeting was well attended & a precious good one it was our friend Daniel Howland of Greenwich was with us & preached very sweetly & with good gospel Auntority. Job Chaloner was also present & concern’d in an acceptably testimony In the last meeting (Monthly) we had considerable buisness, some of it was exercising both on the mens & womens side of the house but things I believe will end well at last. — Rich Mitchell Geo Dennis & Anne Anthony dined with us. In the eveng went with my H & sister Ruth & sat a while with our good Old neighbor Saml Towle & Wife — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

October 5, Monday: The Emperor Napoléon sent out emissaries, searching for someone with whom he might conclude an armistice or peace. –My goodness, Mon General, are you suddenly interested in declaring peace?

Ludwig van Beethoven arrived in Linz to try and break up an affair between his brother Johann and the sister- in-law of Johann’s tenant, Therese Obermayer. The dispute would result in a physical brawl between the two brothers.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 5 of 10 M / The day has passed pretty much with the usual rounds — Aunt Patty Gould dined with us. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 18, Sunday: On the same day that the Emperor Napoléon I resolved to retreat to Smolensk, Russian forces took a body Allied cavalry near Vinkovo completely by surprise (the French would nevertheless manage to make their escape).

Jacob and Wilhelm, the Brothers Grimm dated the preface to the initial volume of their KINDER- UND HAUS:MÄRCHEN.

The USS Wasp captured the HMS Frolic well off the Virginia coast.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 18 of 10 M / Our friend Christopher Hely & Nathan Spencer & his wife of Rensillerville in N York state were at Meeting Christopher is an excellent preacher in a plain simple way - in the Afternoon he called together as many of the inhabitants of the town & people of colour as he could get & a favor’d meeting it was. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 19, Monday: The Emperor Napoléon I departed from Moscow. The Grand Armée of Twenty Nations began its long homeward trudge. In two days of fighting the Allies would be driven back at Polotsk, northwest of Smolensk.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 19 of 10 M / Much occupied in settling the Estate of Daniel Holloway which we are in hopes soon to compleate RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

October 23, Friday: US troops at St. Regise, New York killed 8 British soldiers, took 23 prisoners, and captured supplies meant for trade with the Indians.

After the retreating Allies took control of Maloyaroslavets and a bridge over the River Lusha, Russian troops appeared and drove them away.

In France a group of officers headed up by General Claude-François de Malet (who had for four years been being detained at a lunatic asylum), announced that the Emperor Napoléon had deceased and read to the public a faked proclamation of the French senate authorizing formation of a new government. The conspirators suborned the officers of the 10th Cohort, a body of 1,200 soldiers, and set up their military headquarters in the Hotel de Ville. General Malet occupied the offices of the district general of the Place Vendôme where, confronted by General Pierre-Augustin Hulin, commander of the Paris garrison, he shot him. Recognizing Malet as a recent detainee, Major Laborde then disarmed him, returned him to custody, and ordered the 10th Cohort back into barracks. A total of 84 people would be taken into custody.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 23 of 10 M 1812 / Nothing very particular to insert, the day has passed with the usual rounds. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

October 24, Saturday: After a fierce battle for Maloyaroslavets, during which the town changed hands five times, the Russians were forced to withdraw, although they would continue to fire on the Allies in the town.

Publication of Eight Piano Pieces op.37 by Johann Nepomuk Hummel was announced in the Wiener Zeitung.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 24 of 10 M / Our much lov’d friend Obadiah Williams left us this forenoon with his family for Albany intending to settle some where in the state of N York. - my mind was not a little affected at parting with them I loved them much & consider him & his family a loss to this meeting. — This Afternoon visited Sarah Stevens in company with the others of the committee, her situation is peculiar & has engaged our sympathy & fervant desires for her wellfare in treating with her my mind was uncommonly opened & favor’d to speak in a manner that was peaceful to myself RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

The Emperor Napoléon “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

October 29, Thursday: General Claude-François de Malet and 22 others involved in the failed coup d’état against the Emperor Napoléon I were convicted by a council of war.32

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 29th of 10th M 1812 / Rode with my dear H to Portsmouth to attend the Moy [Monthly] Meeting — Christopher Healy was there & was very largely concern’d in testimony he is a man of no education & not very largely endowed with human understanding, but is very uncommonly gifted in the Ministry. he is powerful & reaching upon an Audience & appears to attend very closely to divine openings & I said in my heart with Wm Penn who remarked after a very powerful testimony from John Steel appointed for a great Public dispute with some of the Priests of that day — After the Meeting ended Wm Penn remarked to Robt Barclay “This is neither the Wisdom of the North nor the elloquence of the South but the Power of God thro’ a Plowman which is Wonderful in our eyes.” Our last meeting was favor’d Christopher having much to communicate. — our buisness was conducted with uninimity & love tho’ some exercising things were before us & the meeting was detained late. — We reached Richard Mitchells about sunset & dined. - then rode home & found that our dear little John had done exceedingly well without his mother under the care of Mary Briggs which I consider an encouragement for her to leave him again when duty calls her away which at this time I thought did — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

32. It is accepted that a coup d’état that fails is by definition a mutiny, and treason. Nobody likes losers! HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

October 31, Saturday: Napoléon Bonaparte reached Vyaz’ma, 218 kilometers west of Moscow, and paused to assess his situation.

In France, 13 persons convicted of the failed coup d’état, three of them generals of the army, were executed on the plain of Grenelle.

As you can see here, mass executions by volley tend to be messy because not everybody gets aimed at — someone usually need to wait while the guys reload.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 31 of 10M 1812 / Aunt Patty Stanton sailed this forenoon about 10 OClock for New York. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 3, Tuesday: A Republican caucus chose DeWitte Clinton to run for the governorship of New York.

From this date until January 26, 1813, Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s Belles Lettres and his Shakespeare lectures would be being presented at the Surrey Institution.

Pursuing Russians succeeded in surrounding the Allied rear guard. The rear guard would eventually be saved, but at great cost to the Allies.

In Newport, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould became a juror: 3rd day 3rd of 11 M / I have the misfortune to be drawn a Juror at the now sitting Court of Common Please & have spent much of this day at the Court house. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS RHODE ISLAND HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

November 9, Monday: George Gordon, Lord Byron wrote a final letter to Caroline Lamb, which she would later publish in her novel, GLENARVON.

Napoléon Bonaparte and the Grande Armée reached Smolensk where they proceeded to loot the city. At the same time, Allied reinforcements were attacked by Russians southwest of the city and induced to surrender.

In Newport, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 9 of 11 M / Been buisily engaged in getting in my shop wood &c. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 12, Thursday: Allied forces began to retreat west from Smolensk.

In Newport, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 12 of 11 M / I have seem’d to be so much occupied in my shop that I was inclined to believe that duty to my family demanded the omission of Meetings, but on the whole I dont know nor hardly believe that I gained any thing by it. — By those who did attend I learnt that C R had a few words to communicate & H Dennis was largely concerned in public testimony — In the eveng I called a little while at D Williams.- RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 14, Saturday: The Allies attacked the Russians at Smolyani but were forced to withdraw.

Back again in Newport, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 14 of 11 M / This eveng by moonlight walked to Portsmouth & reached cousin Z Chases in season to set some time very agreeably with them before bed time — In the morng I rode with him to Meeting which was silent & a poor wandering time to me. I rode back with cousin Chase as far as Uncle Peter Lawtons where I stoped & dined transacted the little buisness that called me to Portsmouth & spent the afternoon very agreeably.- after tea Uncle Peter brought me homeward as far as John Goulds from thence I walked home stopping by the way at Sam’l Thurstons —found my H & little son fine & well — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

November 16, Monday: Russian troops captured Minsk, the main Allied supply point.

Georg Joseph Vogler gave the first public concert on his instrument, the triorganon, in St. Michael’s Church, München. This performance was a great success.

General Henry Dearborn began moving 5,000 men from Plattsburgh, New York to Rouses Point for a planned invasion of Canada.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2&3 days 16th & 17 of 11 M 1812 / These days have passed as usual except that My H & little son on 3rd day spent the day at my Mothers RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 17, Tuesday: Allied troops attacked the Russians south of Krasnoye and sent them reeling. Left for dead on the battlefield was 24-year-old Jean-Victor Poncelet. He would recover and in the following spring, in a Russian prison camp, invent projective geometry.

November 20, Friday: General Henry Dearborn’s New York militia refused to cross over into Canada.

Russian troops crossed from the west bank of the Berezina into Borisov northeast of Minsk, and captured it from Polish defenders.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 20 of 11 M / On 2nd day [Monday, November 16th] last Died Samuel Young Aged 85 Years he was a fisherman & accounted an honest Man I have been accustomed from boyhood to see him moving round the Neighborhood & Standing at the Grainary corner with his fish. he was a short man & wore a wig which rendered him somewhat remarkable for appearance as wigs of the description he wore are now very uncommon. - Thus one old standard after another is removed & we may in time take their places in the minds of the rising posterity & then be removed ourselves, but to calculate on long life is very precarious for we know not what Day or hour we may be called away, — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 25,Wednesday: After pressing Russian forces under Mikhail Kutuzov, Peter Wittgenstein, and Admiral Pavel Chichagov off the west bank of the Berezina River, the Grand Armée of Twenty Nations of Napoléon Bonaparte began to cross at Studienka. The river was unexpectedly thawed and, since the bridge had been destroyed, difficult to cross. Finally the river was crossed on a reconstructed pontoon bridge. Casualties were very high on both sides.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 25th of 11 M / My mind hath been introduced into feelings HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

not a little exquisite in looking at the prospect of things as respects a livelyhood if things remain as they are. The Rich will be made poor & the poo, poorer still even to wrtchedness. The War obstructs allmost every kind of traffic in which a man may be innocently concerned & there is no human prospect of cessation of hostillities between this country & Britain & where we shall land is only known to him who sees & knows all things. — Under tthese prospects my mind sometimes much depressed, for since the War commenced I have not done buisness sufficient to maintain myself & family & see no way to extend it. And Oh that my dependence may be on the Lord who is mindful of the smallest amongst men. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 28, Saturday: Russian forces attacked remnants of the Allied force still east of the Berezina River. Retreating to Studienka, the Allies gave battle but were captured.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th & 7th Days of Week / Have passed pretty much as usual & nothing particular to insert. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 29, Sunday: The Allies completed their crossing of the Berezina River and blew up their pontoon bridges, leaving behind 15,000 camp followers and refugees most of whom would be massacred by Cossacks. Russian forces attacked Plechenitzi on the Allied route of retreat but in a desperate action were fought off.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 29 of 11 M / Our meetings were very small owning to its being a very uncommon hevy rain all Day — I was however glad to observe John Castons zeal in getting out both forenoon, of whom recent convictions & change from a careless & very unconcern’d life to one very devoted & concern’d for his immortal part I may write when I feel more like it. Lewis Clarke & his nephew Sam’l took tea with & cousin Saml spent the eveng - he appears to be of strict Presbyterian he lives in Pomfret in Connecticut Sister Eliza has been with us all Day. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Winter 1812/1813: If Napoléon Bonaparte’s proud army of 550,000 French souls was defeated in Russia on account of the weather, it was not being defeated on account of deep snows or low temperatures, for in fact this winter was turning out to be a relatively mild one, more mild than a military commander who paid attention to weather patterns might have been expecting. The army had instead been decimated as the result of heat prostration and sunstroke during a persistent heatwave the previous summer, and was continually being reduced by epidemic camp disease carried by lice, and by the point at which it began its retreat from Moscow on October 19th numbered only 100,000. The first severe frost would not occur until October 30th, and then late November would produce an unexpected thaw. The re-crossing of the swollen, flowing Beresina River on November 26th was more difficult than expected because that river had been expected to be as usual hard- frozen. However, this winter the temperature wouldn’t get below zero until December 4th. That story we have all been told, of an exceedingly bitter, unexpectably cold winter, was something that would need to be carefully spread around merely to salvage Napoleon’s reputation (like the false English story according to which this French general was a shortie, this sort of explanatory disinformation is what tends to persist and endure in popular accounts). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 3, Thursday: At Molodesczo, the Emperor Napoléon I issued the 29th Bulletin informing his countrymen that there has been a disaster in Russia and he would need for them to get busy and raise for him a new army of 300,000. –Hey, French people, “when the going gets tough the tough get going”!

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 3rd of 12 M / Our meeting was well attended & a comfortable season my mind was favor’d with a good degree fixedness tho’ somewhat tried with roving — C Rodman was concernd in a few warning sentences to such as rejected the truth, & A Robinson was larger in testimony to the same effect RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

December 5, Saturday: At Smorgon east of Vilna (Vilnius), Napoléon informed his generals that he was abandoning the army in retreat and making a separate dash of 12 days toward Paris, where because of the recent attempt at a coup d’état he obviously needed to be. He departed that evening.

In the Bolshaya Lipovitsa settlement in Russia, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Grenkov was born in the family of sexton Mikhail Fyodorovich Grenkov and Marfa Nikolayevna Grenkova as the 6th of 8 children. He would become the venerable Ambrose of Optina Monastery, would be referred to in Dostoevski’s THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV as “an earthly angel and a heavenly man,” and would in 1988 be canonized (he can now be referred to as St. Ambrose of Optina).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day & 7th day 4 & 5 of 12 M / 6th day furnished nothing worthy of remark -7th day I attended the examination of a young man taken up on suspicions of robing David Williams shop the night preceeding. he was an object of pity, but I was far from feeling him guiltless of the charge tho nothing could be proved against him.— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 9, Wednesday: The exhausted Allied army reached Vilna (Vilnius) and found it was not too exhausted to plunder.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd & 4th days / On third day nothing to insert. On fourth day rec’d a letter from D Smith which seem’d refreshing — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

December 10, Thursday: Napoléon Bonaparte reached Warsaw on his way back to Paris.

Samuel Tully was hanged as a pirate on Nook’s Hill in South Boston. His accomplice, John Dalton, received a reprieve on the gallows (this is of course not the Friend John Dalton who introduced atomic theory into chemistry).33

33. THE LAST WORDS OF S. TULLY WHO WAS EXECUTED FOR PIRACY, AT SOUTH BOSTON, DECEMBER 10, 1812. Boston, Printed by N. Coverly, 1812 PIRATES HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 11, Friday: Professor François Pierre Guillaume Guizot delivered his initial lecture as Professor of Modern History at the Sorbonne (reprinted in his MEMOIRS). His patron Louis-Marcelin de Fontanes, grand- master of the university of France, had clued him in to all the conventions, and nevertheless the newly minted professor omitted in this lecture to make any of the usual obsequious remarks about the all-powerful Emperor Napoléon I of France.

December 12, Saturday: When the remnants of the Emperor Napoléon I’s Grande Armée of the Allies straggled across the Nieman River into Prussia at Kovno, there were but 5,000 men remaining in recognizable military formations. The balance of them, whether or not they were still carrying their weapons and whether or not they still possessed ammunition, would have been useless for any military action.

December 13, Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon I reached Dresden on his way back to Paris.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 13 of 12 M / Our Meeting this forenoon was well attended but to me a poor wandering season. After I came out I thought I felt so poor & destitute that I could hardly realize that I had been setting in a meeting. — Hearing the decease of my Aged cousin Elizabeth Anthony mentioned at the close of the meeting I thought I would walk out to her late residence & passed a little time with the family, & I was glad I did as the visit & walk afforded sensations which produced very precious feelings & I was not a little thankful to feel my mind quickened with the renewals of life — My dear H attended both meetings, & in the eveng went down to see my mothers who is very unwell RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 17, Thursday: The 29th Bulletin of December 3d of the Emperor Napoléon was published at Paris.

The Piano Concerto no.2 J.155 by Carl Maria von Weber was performed for the initial time, in Gotha, with the composer himself at the keyboard. Weber would report that everything “went excellently.”

Upon orders from General William Henry Harrison, Lieutenant Colonel John B. Campbell took a detachment of 600 mounted troops on a sweep down the Mississinewa River valley, to destroy all the villages of native Americans there all the way from what is present-day (relocated) Somerset to what is now the city of Peru (“PEE-roo”) on the Wabash River. This of course was genocide, but it was all right because neither the word nor the concept had yet been invented — and of course it would be mere presentism to condemn the past on the basis of present-day enlightened attitudes. Anyway, on this day the armed white men arrived at a Miami village and destroyed it at the cost of two dead troopers and eight dead native Americans. Then the troopers proceeded downriver for a couple of miles, destroying a couple of other villages, before they returned to site of their initial triumph in order to bivouac for the night.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 17th of 12 M / Last night D Rodman & myself watched with John Cooke; he died this morng at exactly 5 OClock HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

In consequence my last nights Watching I feel very miserable today with a pain in my side & drowsiness, & have not felt able to attend meeting. I understood however that it was a quiet season & C Rodman & H Dennis had short testimonys to deliver. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 18, Friday shortly before dawn: You know how, in the movies, the Injuns always attack in the quiet just before dawn? Miami and Delaware braves assaulted Lieutenant Colonel Campbell’s command right on schedule, and kept up their assault for a couple of hours, during which time 10 more whites were killed and 48 wounded, and about a hundred of their horses killed, with the surviving 588 troopers claiming, on their part, 40 confirmed kills. We know that exactly 12 white men were killed in this two days of interracial negotiation, because we now have exactly 12 white memorial stones each with a name and rank and a military organization of origin. The attack being broken off, in the late afternoon the 588 white survivors hightailed it back to Fort Greenville.34

Some of the stragglers of the Grand Armée reached Bialystok and crossed into Austrian territory, and safety. Only some 93,000 souls would be celebrating the New Year, of the 550,000 that had marched east across the Russian border of the Vistula River that summer. On this day the Emperor Napoléon arrived back in Paris.

December 19, Saturday: Allied forces evacuated Riga.

December 30, Wednesday: Russian troops surrounded Prussian forces who were among the allies evacuating Riga. The Prussians, in the “Convention of Tauroggen,” declared themselves neutral. Even though the act was unknown to King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, it signaled a change of heart among Germans.

Ludwig van Beethoven petitioned the estate of Prince Kinsky that he be paid his stipend at the revalued rate to which the Prince had agreed (before being thrown by his horse and dying).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 30 of 12 M / With this Day I finish my 31 Year of my life. I feel most sensibly feel that time with me is passing away very swiftly & that I Shall soon come to a conclusion & Oh that I may be prepared RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 31, Thursday: In München, Meyer Beer (Giacomo Meyerbeer) played the piano at a concert to benefit wounded Bavarian soldiers. His performance so overwhelmed everyone that when he entered the room at the dinner that followed, the guests burst into applause.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 31st of 12 M 1812 / Sister ELiza & Mary Briggs being willing to keep house for us & take care of our little son I 34. This episode in our American race relations is now celebrated annually in Wabash, Indiana, and with no particular sensitivity to race relations. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

went with my H to Portsmouth to attend Our Moy [Monthly] Meeting which was to me a good time Hannah Dennis was concerned in a lively & well Authorized testimony Also Sarah Fish — In the last Meeting buisness was conducted in good harmony, tho’ some things of an exercising nature was before us — Sarah Stevens was disowned - & it was agreed to cut the Wood from the lot on which Portsmouth Meeting House stands which is supposed will sell for money sufficient to pay the present Debt of the Meeting We dined at Peter Lawtons & rode home before Dark & learn’d our little boy had done well without his Mother. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1813

By the end of this year France had 334 plantations of sugar beets and had manufactured 35,000 tons of beet SWEETS sugar. However, by the end of this year Napoléon Bonaparte, advocate of French sweetness, had been defeated WITHOUT by a cabal of rancid foreigners at the “Battle of the Nations” near Leipzig. SLAVERY

January 1, Friday: Russian troops crossed the Nieman in pursuit of the French.

Carl Maria von Weber’s cantata In seiner Ordnung schafft der Herr for solo voices, chorus and orchestra to words of Rochlitz was performed for the initial time, in Leipzig.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 1st of 1st M 1813 / This Morng rec'd a letter from Betsy Purinton & another from L L Clarke - My H spent the Day with our little boy at Aunt A Carpenters & this eveng I met with the Directors of the A Benevolent Society at C J Tennys ——35 RHODE ISLAND

The New Year never comes in but that I notice another Year of my life has rolled away & reflect that they will all rapidly fly away even should they be extended to the age of Man allotted by scripture, but the time no Man knows, therefore how great indeed is the necessity of a preparation for the solemn change. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

35. Stephen Wanton Gould Diary, 1812-1815: The Gould family papers are stored under control number 2033 at the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections of Cornell University Library, Box 7 Folder 11 for July 1, 1812-August 20, 1815; also on microfilm, see Series 7 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

January 3, Sunday: Allied troops retreating from Riga reached the comparative safety of Königsberg (Kaliningrad).

Meyer Beer (Giacomo Meyerbeer) departed München for Stuttgart to produce Wirth und Gast.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 3 of 1 M / From the medicine which Mother has taken she is more relieved this eveng — In the forenoon Meeting H Dennis D Buffum & father Rodman bore testimony to the necessity of doing our Days work in the Day time — In the Afternoon father R had a few words to communicate — My mind was much tried with insensibility but the Keeping close to the little; believe I was favor’d to experience a little quickening. - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

January 4, Monday: The Emperor Napoléon ordered King José of Spain (his brother) to evacuate Madrid and move north to Valladolid.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 4 of 1sr M / This has been a day of such great depression of spirits that I have been allmost good for nothing. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

January 6, Wednesday: French troops began to evacuate the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.

Wirth und Gast, oder Aus Scherz Ernst, a Lustspiel by Meyer Beer (Giacomo Meyerbeer) to words of Wohlbrück, was performed for the initial time, in the Court Theater, Stuttgart. The presence of the composer didn’t help the poor preparations and the opera did not fare well with the audience.

January 11, Monday: The Emperor Napoléon called for 100,000 new troops.

January 13, Wednesday: Russian forces crossed the Vistula and entered Pomerania.

March 23, Tuesday: French forces retreated to Valladolid.

March 24, Wednesday: Pope Pius VII openly negated the Concordat of Fontainebleau he had signed on January 25th, by refusing to crown the Empress Marie-Louise and the Emperor Napoléon I’s son Napoléon- François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte (the toddler had just celebrated his 2d birthday) as the King of Rome. “That was then, this is now.”36

36. We might be tempted to think of this as silly stuff. Bear in mind that to the emperor of the French it was not even a little bit silly. “Who does this pope think he is?” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

April 3, Saturday: When French troops attacked the Russians near Möckern east of Magdeburg, they were beaten off. The Emperor Napoléon I decided to order the conscription of 170,000 more men.

April 6, Tuesday: At the Paris Opéra, Les abenceráges, ou L’étendard de Grenade, an opéra lyrique by Luigi Cherubini to words of Jouy after Florian, was performed for the initial time. The premiere was attended by the Emperor Napoléon I, with his wife a day before departing to rejoin the French army. It was moderately successful.

April 16, Friday: The 1st mass-production factory started up in the manufacture of that greatly needed object, the pistol. (Every year we find a new way to kill you — and yet some folks will claim there to be no such thing as progress!)

The Emperor Napoléon I departed from Paris on his way to rejoin his army, or what was left of it, at Erfurt.

A letter from little Ralph Waldo Emerson, when he was about ten years old, to his aunt Mary Moody Emerson, provided an account of one of his days:— Boston, April 16, 1813. Dear Aunt,—I am much obliged to you for your kind letter. I mean now to give you an account of what I do commonly in one day, if that is what you meant by giving an account of one single day in my life. Friday, 9th, I choose for the day of telling what I did. In the Morning I rose, as I commonly do, about 5 minutes before 6. I then help Wm. in making the fire, after which I set the table for Prayers. I then call mamma about quarter after 6. We spell as we did before you went away. I confess I often feel an angry passion start in one corner of my heart when one of my Brothers gets above me, which I think sometimes they do by unfair means, after which we eat our breakfast; then I have from about quarter after 7 till 8 to play or read. I think I am rather inclined to the former. I then go to school, where I hope I can say I study more than I did a little while ago. I am in another book called Virgil, and our class are even with another which came to the Latin School one year before us. After attending this school I go to Mr. Webb's private school, where I write and cipher. I go to this place at eleven and stay till one o'clock. After this, when I come home I eat my dinner, and at two o'clock I resume my studies at the Latin School, where I do the same except in studying grammar. After I come home I do mamma her little errands, if she has any; then I bring in my wood to supply the breakfast room. I then have some time to play and eat my supper. After that we say our hymns or chapters, and then take our turns in reading Rollin, as we did before you went. We retire to bed at different times. I go at a little after eight, and retire to my private devotions, and then close my eyes in sleep, and there ends the toils of the day.... I have sent a letter to you in a Packet bound for Portland, which I suppose you have not received, as you made no mention of it in your letter to mamma. Give my love to Aunt Haskin and Aunt Ripley, with Robert and HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Charles and all my cousins, and I hope you will send me an answer to this the first opportunity, and believe me, I remain your most dutiful Nephew,

R. Waldo Emerson.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 16 of 4 M / The times on which we have fallen are indeed distressing and alarming. I see & feel it every Day - but what has excited my feeling particularly at this time is this Afternoon a sharp & successive fireing was heard from Fort Wolcot & the first time 3 Guns fired in succession which is a signal of Alarm at the approach of the English which affrighted many people & for the first time since the war startled me a little, it all however proved to be nothing more than that they were exercising their men & Guns - I think however such fireing is injudicious & a few Afternoons ago when a British ship chased a vessel within the Reef she fired sharply & affrighted a poor Young Woman the Wife of —— Marvel who was near her lying in so the she went into fits & labor pains & died in a few hours. Oh the hevy Guilt that will lay on the heads of those who are the Authrs of this most wicked War. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 25, Sunday: When the Emperor Napoléon I rejoined his army, or what was left of it, at Erfurt, can you imagine how glad these guys were to see him again?

The Bavarian government announced its neutrality.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 25 of 4 M / Yesterday & today I have been quite unwell with a pain seated in my shoulders thro’ to my stomach which has prevented my going to meeting today. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 2, Sunday: At Lützen southwest of Leipzig, Russian and Prussian troops attacked the French. The battle, a limited gain for the Emperor Napoléon I, cost 30,000-40,000 men their lives. Arthur Schopenhauer fled a Berlin that had come under threat (he would find refuge for a short time in Weimar and then, after quarreling with mommy, withdraw to nearby Rudolstadt).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 2nd of 5 M 1813 / Our Meetings were pretty well attended & both silent ??? meeting in the Afternoon David Rodman & I took a little walk in the common burying ground before tea. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May 10, Monday: When the anti-French alliance abandoned Dresden the King of Saxony realized he was going to need to get all buddy-buddy with the emperor Napoléon I.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 10th of 5 M / I was informed that one of the Men I saw at the Alms House yesterday, died this morning, poor creature I can feel much for his friends, having had a brother who died from home. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 22, Saturday: Wilhelm Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig, the 9th child of Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner, a police actuary, with Johanna Rosine Pätz Wagner, daughter of a baker (the putative father would die; it seems likely that this infant was the illegitimate offspring of the actor and playwright Ludwig Geyer who would officially soon become the boy’s stepfather).

A cannonball narrowly missed the Emperor Napoléon killing instead General Kirgener and the emperor’s closest confidant, General Gérard-Christophe Duroc. The Emperor, shaken, called off pursuit of the Russians he had defeated on the previous day.

The British and Portuguese began a new offensive in Spain.

L’italiana in Algeri, a dramma giocoso by Gioachino Rossini to words of Anelli, was performed for the initial time, in Teatro San Benedetto, Venice. The work met with great enthusiasm.

NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE MAY 22D, 1813 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY (THE FOLLOWING DAY, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST). THERE’S NO WAY TO KNOW WHETHER SOME OF THIS RAIN IN SPAIN OF THE BRITISH AND THE PORTUGUESE IS GOING TO FALL ON THE MOUNTAIN OR WHETHER IT IS GOING TO FALL MAINLY ON THE PLAIN.

May 29, Saturday: France again annexed Hamburg.

When news of the French victory at Bautzen reached Vienna, Count von Metternich persuaded the Emperor Franz to remove to the castle at Gitschin (Jicin) roughly halfway between the Emperor Napoléon and Tsar Alyeksandr.

At Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario near Watertown, New York, United States forces repelled a British attack.

Richard Wagner “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

June 1, Tuesday: Évariste Régis Huc was born in Caylus, France.

French troops occupied Breslau (Wroclaw) and Katzbach.

Austrian Emperor Franz and Count von Metternich, on their way from Vienna to Gitschin, ran into the Russian Count Nesselrode looking for them. The Russians wanted Austria to commit to their cause. Franz told him that he would side with Russia in the absence of a favorable peace agreement with the Emperor Napoléon I.

Off the port of Marblehead MA there was an engagement between the HMS Shannon and Captain James Lawrence’s USS Chesapeake. Although the Chesapeake was being defeated by the Shannon, the seriously wounded Captain bravely advised his crew “Don’t give up the ship.” (This has been painted as really a nice story, but it wasn’t but fifteen minutes later that the crew struck the ship’s colors — and he would die of his wounds.)

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 1 of 6 M / I have today been more engaged than is pleasant at the election of town Officers - Father Rodman was candidate for town Treasurer which naturally occasioned considerable anxiety & consequently exertion to Stimulate his friends to give him a vote & my labor was not wholly without effect, for he succeeded by a majority of more than 70 votes. —which insures him a comfortable living for the coming Year. — The spirit of party is a bane to all true Religion but a becoming care to have our Councils to consist of men that will be likely to do justice to their constituents as far as their knowledge extends, is in my opinion the duty of every good citizen, for truly when the “Wicked rules the Land does Mourn.” for I truly have seen it, & experienced it, to my full conviction. — 5th day 2 of 6 M / Our Meeting was rather Small, but I believe a season of favor to many Minds Sarah Tucker late Fish appeard in a lively testimony I have no doubt to the comfort of some afflicted minds present. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

June 2, Wednesday: The Emperor Napoléon and Tsar Alyeksandr agreed to a ceasefire.

June 4, Friday: The opposing armies in Germany agreed to an armistice at Pleiswitz, which would be extended to August 10th.

June 26, Saturday: At the French headquarters near Dresden, Austrian Count von Metternich had an intensive negotiation with the Emperor Napoléon I and pushed four points of mediation: the dismantling of the Duchy of Warsaw, the enlargement of Prussia, the return of the Adriatic provinces to Austria, and the renewed independence of Hamburg and Lübeck. At the conclusion of nine hours of fruitless bargaining the Emperor would threaten war.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 26 of 6 M / This Afteernoon rec’d a few lines from L E Clarke giving us the affecting news of the Decease of our Dear & much lov’d Cousin John Hazard of North Kingston after a lingering consumption of several Months. Lewis state that he died in sure & certian hope of the Life to come, that Peter Hoxie observed to him just before the close “The Master is nigh to uphold & John thou’d whn knowest it” he bowed his head in the Affirmation tho’ nearly Speechless. — My exercise has been today somewhat uncommon. Soon after I came down to the shop a hevy depression came over my mind which continued till I went to dinner, when I went home my H told me that Sister Eliza & Mary Briggs had carried our little John to Portsmouth which served only to increase my previous apprehensions that something was going to happen & would happen to him however this soon wore off but I become more & more distressed in spirit. about the Middle of the Afternoon brother Isaac came in with the account of Cousin Hazards Death. Soon after which it seemed to pass my mind with a degree of Sweetness “Surely the bitterness of Death is Past.” & the exercise gradually wore off & I am inclined to believe that my mind was thus Dipt into sympathy with my dear cousins in N Kingston, tho’ at the time I knew not what it was for - for I am sure had I lost a very near relation, my mind would not have been brought under closer sufferings — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 27, Sunday: The 3d Treaty of Reichenbach was signed by Austria, Prussia, and Russia, with Austria pledging that it would declare war on France by July 20th should the Emperor Napoléon I reject Count von Metternich’s offer of mediation (the deadline was to become August 10th).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 27 of 6 M / I attended Meeting this forenoon which was not the worst of seasons to me. — In the Afternoon I staid at HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

home to take care of John while my dear H went to meeting - - In the eveng I walked our to D Buffums to wait on Ruth home. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 28, Monday: King José I of Spain (Joseph Bonaparte) left Spanish soil for the final time.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 28th of 6 M / This has been a peculiar Day of my life. In the forenoon my mind was under exercise for what I knew not. it seemed however as if my spirit was continually under pressure & I was glad to feel my heart tender, feeling it as a renew’d pledge of the extendings of Divine goodness. — As I came down from Dinner & as I was walking across from the Shop to go into my mothers I saw a young man look at me with a familiar countenance & looked at him a second time & recognized the looks of my long loved & very dear friend ISAAC AUSTIN. I steped up to him & took him by the hand & asked him into the shop where we sat down together for more than three hours. This meeting was very unexpected & very affecting to both our Minds. we have not seen each other for nearly Seven years. In the interim whereof many & great changes have taken place, & tho’ I have been preserved from grose wickedness, yet, ah! poor thing the round of wickedness he has since been, I feel myself humbled under a sense of my own failings & feel no disposition to boast over him, since I saw him he has been confined nearly five years in the State Penitentiary at Richmond Virginia & is just released & on his way to Nantucket - I was glad yea my spirit bowed in humble thankfulness to find him a true Penitent & seeking his fathers house both his earthly & his heavenly fathers house with great apparent sincerity - Early in life while I was an apprentice I form’d an acquaintance with him which increased untill he undertook buisness for himself when I was obliged from occurences too obvious to relinquish a part of my confidence, but the love that I had felt for him was too strong to be eradicated from my heart & with all his faults there was something in him which made me love him much, he soon failed in trade & went from here & settled in Abany [Albany?] opened trade again & committed greater enormities than hi?? & went off privately & was finally taken up in Richmond & committeed to the Penitentiary, for what exactly I was never informd - but seeing him today my love was very tenderly renew’d for him, for beyond all doubting in my mind he has known the ways of Truth with great clearness & his heart was early visited with the Day Spring from on high, & many times in our early youth have we sat together & spoke of the Lords dealings with us in a manner which both abundantly confirm’d me that he has been made Acquainted with the Lords dealing & now after all his rounds of folly & disipation to see him while Youth still sits on his brow, so humble & contrite in spirit is matter of great rejoicing & HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

consolation. — My heart was exceedingly tender’d at the interview & was a season which I shall never forget while I remember any thing — he went from here & has gone on board a vessel in the harbour intending for Nantucket this eveng RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 29, Tuesday: While the allied forces were closing in around San Sebastián on the Bay of Biscay, in the Théâtre Feydeau of Paris, Le nouveau seigneur de village, an opéra comique by Adrien Boieldieu to words of Creuzé de Lesser and Favières, was performed for the initial time (it’s like they didn’t know they were being snuck up on).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 29th of 6 M 1813 / My dear Isaac did not sail last night & has been on shore again this Morning & spent some time in my shop renew’d tender love springs in my heart towards him, his situation excites my sympathy & my pitty beyond any words which I have at command to express them in Uncle & Aunt Stanton spent the afternoon with us, also Mother & Sister Sally RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 30, Wednesday: At the French headquarters near Dresden, the Emperor Napoléon I signed off on Count von Metternich’s four conditions: he accepted the armed mediation of Austria, he accepted a meeting of all belligerents at Prague with negotiations to be completed at least by August 10th, and he accepted a suspension of all military activity until August 10th.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th [sic] day 30 of 6 M / I saw My Beloved Isaac this morning walking the deck of the vessel in the harbour thro’ a spy glass, the sight of tho’ thus far moved my heart with pitty & compassion, —I well knew him by his gate & his cloathing & I could even discern his features thro’ the glass which I had. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 10, Saturday: Since he had been unable to gain concessions from Britain and Russia in regard to the status of Norway, King Frederik of Denmark renewed his alliance with the Emperor Napoléon I.

August: Napoléon Bonaparte tried unsuccessfully to defeat the Allies in Germany, with a major battle at Dresden. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

August 26, Thursday: Benjamin West died.

The Emperor Napoléon I entered Dresden. Since it held a 2-to-1 majority, the Austrian army went on the attack, but then a French counterattack was successful. Although the Allies made initial advances the French eventually regained all lost territory. Then when French troops attempted to pursue Prussian contingents over the Katzbach River, the troops in flight turned desperately and defeated them.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 26 of 8 M 1813 / This Morning under no small discouragement I set out to Walk to Portsmouth to attend our Moy [Monthly] Meeting our little boy being complaining My H was not easy to leave him — When I had Walked as far as Middletown Town House Deacon Wm Tilley took me into his carriage & carried me as far as Mitchells shop which was a great relief I then traveled on & got to the House of our late friend Holder Almy with comparative ease & remembered the Account of Peter Gardiner that his “Master would give him hind feet” my reflections in the Walk was very pleasant & encouraging — took some refreshment before meeting -Went to meeting where we sat in silence & to me it was a good time, in the last I found it more my place to be still & make but few remarks on the buisness but towards the close a little jostle took place, but I dont know that much Damage was done, or at least my condition I thought was not injured — After Meeting David Shove & Mary Sherman received liberty to consumate their Marriage & a Meeting appointed tomorrow Afternoon at 3 OClock for the purpose - And Job Baker & Eunice Anthony published their intentions of Marriage with each other. — After Meeting Joseph Wilbour took me into his Chaise & brought me home, we stoped by the Way at Cundals Mills & I dined at Rich Mitchells & Joseph & Isaac Mitchells — On my return found my H & John as well as when I left them which was cause of thankfulness & they occaisoined some thoughtfulness at leaving them for only that short time. - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 27, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon I, newly reinforced, took the initiative at Dresden and the Allied forces were forced to withdraw towards Bohemia. The Dresden fighting produced 48,000 casualties.

October: Napoléon Bonaparte tried unsuccessfully to defeat the Allies in Germany, with a major battle at Leipzig.

A St. Helena library was established through the patronage of Governor Colonel Mark Wilks. ST. HELENA THE HISTORIC HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

October: George Gordon, Lord Byron returned to Aston Hall.

The Websters visited Newstead Abbey.

From this month into April of the following year, Samuel Taylor Coleridge lectured in Bristol, England on Milton, Cervantes, taste, Shakespeare, education, the French revolution, and Napoléon.

October 14, Thursday: The Emperor Napoléon I entered Leipzig at the head of 200,000 men. “It ain’t over ’till it’s over.” Bavaria declared war on France.

There was a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela at which Simón Bolívar was awarded the title “El Libertador.”

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5 day 14 of 10 M / Our meeting was large as usual, silent & I thought a pretty good time. — Wm L Burling late of N York is now here. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November: Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque’s DE L’ESPRIT DE CONQUETE ET DE L’USURPATION DANS LEURS RAPPORTS AVEC LA CIVILISATION EUROPEENNE, a political writing in opposition to Napoléon, was published at Hanover. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

November 2, Tuesday: The main French army reached Frankfurt-am-Main and comparative safety.

November 4, Thursday: Having abandoned the Emperor Napoléon I in Erfurt, King Joachim Murat reached Naples.

British Foreign Minister Viscount Castlereagh wrote directly to US President James Madison offering peace talks (he would accept).

November 8, Monday: By the Frankfurt peace proposals, the Allies offer the Emperor Napoléon I borders on the Pyrenees and the Alps. Austria takes control of Venetia. Russian forces occupy East Frisia, Knyphausen and Jever.

November 9, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon I reached St. Cloud from the German front.

The allied administration in Osnabrück handed over power to an administration from Hannover.

The Tennessee militia defeated Creek Indians at Talladega, Alabama. 300 people were killed.

With the death of Noah Webster, Jr.’s father Captain Noah Webster, Sr., his name would become Noah Webster, Esq.

November 14, Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon I confessed to the French Senate that its Grand Empire was no longer in existence.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 14 of 11 M 1813 / Attended Meetings which were seasons of favor but considerably obstructed by hindering things & endeavored however to keep up the contest pretty closely - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 11, Saturday: The soprano Caroline Brandt arrived in Prague. She was the first outside musician hired by Carl Maria von Weber for his new company, and she was his future wife.

By the Treaty of Valençay, the Emperor Napoléon I reinstated Fernando VII to the Spanish throne.

December 15, Wednesday: An offer of peace arrived in Paris from Russia, Austria, and Great Britain. Its condition was that in the future the Emperor Napoléon I was to remain inside the “natural frontiers” of France. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1814

The brothers Karl Theodor Christian Friedrich Follen and August Ludwig Follen enlisted in a unit of Hessian volunteers, to fight in the Napoleonic Wars. A few weeks later, however, Karl came down with typhoid fever. For a time it would be feared that this infection had destroyed his memory. Recovering, he returned to the University of Gießen, and took up the study of law. As a student, he would join the Gießen Burschenschaft and pledge to support republican ideals. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

General Joachim Murat deserted the Emperor Napoléon and joined the Allies. Allied armies defeated the French and entered Paris on March 30th. Napoleon abdicated and was banished to Elba. Louis XVIII entered Paris and took up the throne.

With Bonaparte’s abdication, France was opened once again to the importation of cane sugar from abroad and SWEETS its domestic beet sugar, produced, of necessity, without the use of slave labor, became, of necessity, WITHOUT noncompetitively expensive. SLAVERY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Walter Savage Landor and his wife had gone to the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel off the coast of France, but there they quarreled and when he set off for the mainland he was on his own. Eventually she would rejoin him, at Tours, as would his younger brother Robert Landor. At Tours they met up with Francis George Hare of Herstmonceux, East Sussex, and Gresford, Flintshire, Wales.

Frederick Shoberl offered an English translation of François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand’s book about his 1806/1807 travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary, ITINÉRAIRE DE PARIS À JÉRUSALEM. CHATEAUBRIAND TRAVELS

Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais denounced interference by secular (Bonapartist) authorities in the affairs of the Catholic Church, advocating protection of church authority in France by a firm separation of church and state.

Absent from Paris at the moment of the fall of Napoléon Bonaparte, Professor François Pierre Guillaume Guizot was at once selected, on the recommendation of Royer-Collard, to serve the government of King Louis XVIII, in the capacity of secretary-general of the French ministry of the interior, under Abbé François-Xavier- Marc-Antoine de Montesquiou-Fézensac.

January 1, Saturday: On the New York side of the Niagara River, Youngstown, Lewiston, Manchester, Schlosser, Black Rock, and Buffalo had been put to the torch. By holding Fort Niagara the British were in control not only of the mouth of the river but also of a safe haven for their warships and supply vessels.

The Emperor Napoléon replied favorably to the allied offer of December 15th.

Hung Hsiu Ch’üan was born. After being disappointed in the Confucian civil service examinations, he would have visions and come to the conclusion that he must be Jesus Christ’s younger brother on a mission to redeem China (don’t laugh, 25,000,000 Chinese are going to die rancid deaths on account of this fantasizing).37 CHINESE CIVIL WAR

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 1st of 1st M 1814 / Recd this eveng a leter from my beloved friend Micajah Collins Dated 12 M 23rd - which was a very agreeable NewYears gift.——38 RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS 37. For all that he was JC’s little brother, this guy wouldn’t actually have much use for anything peculiar to the New Testament — such as for instance kindness, or forgiveness, or redemption. Instead his Christianity was going to be long on obedience, and proper worshipfulness, and his dad was to be construed as a God of vengeance. But the Tai-p’ings did have a useful list of prohibitions: there was to be no prostitution in their Kingdom of Heaven, or even divorce, there was to be no enslavement or even foot-binding, there was to be no recreational use of opium or wine or tobacco — and of course there was to be no gambling! Both the Chinese Communists of the PRC (People’s Republic of China, on the mainland) and the Chinese Nationalists of the ROC (Republic of China, on Taiwan) now claim that they originated as this nativist resistance movement against the Manchu overlords in Beijing. 38. Stephen Wanton Gould Diary, 1812-1815: The Gould family papers are stored under control number 2033 at the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections of Cornell University Library, Box 7 Folder 11 for July 1, 1812-August 20, 1815; also on microfilm, see Series 7 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

January 3, Monday: The four powers in Vienna asked the Swiss cantons to meet and write a constitution (aristocratic cantons were to meet in Lucerne while democratic ones met in Zürich).

January 4, Monday: The response from the Emperor Napoléon in Paris not yet having reached the allies in Frankfurt, they issued an ultimatum that France must be reduced to its 1792 borders.

January 11, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon’s brother-in-law Joachim Murat, King of Naples, defected to the Allies. In return for an Austrian guarantee of his throne and an increase in his territory, he promised to raise an army of 30,000 for the Allies.

January 21, Friday: Modena and Reggio were occupied by Neapolitan troops.

The Emperor Napoléon ordered the release of Pope Pius VII from confinement at Fontainebleau.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 1 M 21 / It is this day two Years that my dear Father left time in commemorating the day my mind is led into seriousness & sensations are excited which I trust are proffitable to be abode under. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

January 25, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon left Paris, to take command of the capital’s eastern defenses at Châlons-sur-Marne.

January 29, Saturday: French troops attacked Prussian troops at Brienne southeast of Paris. Both the opposing commanders, the Emperor Napoléon and General Blücher, narrowly escaped capture. The struggle produced 7,000 casualties after which the French were forced to retreat south. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

February 1, Tuesday: This was “Cold Tuesday” in Concord. The temperature was well below zero.

In a driving blizzard at La Rothière, a combined Allied force of Russians, Prussians, Austrians, Bavarians, and other Germans attacked the French forces. Due to the extreme weather, and some Allied blunders, the Emperor Napoléon was able to arrange an orderly retreat. The struggle on this day nevertheless produced some 12,000 casualties, order of magnitude.

L’oriflamme de Charles Martell, an opéra comique by Etienne-Nicolas Méhul, Henri Montan Berton, Rodolphe Kreutzer, and Ferdinando Paer to words of Etienne and Baour-Lormian, was performed for the initial time, at the Paris Opéra (this was a government effort to rally support for the Emperor and for France during this invasion).

Neapolitan troops occupied Tuscany.

George Gordon, Lord Byron’s THE CORSAIR hit the bookstore shelves — and on this day sold a magnificent 10,000 copies.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 1 of 2nd M 1814 / It was my intention to have gone this day to Providence to have attended our Quarterly Meeting to be held 5th day next but the River Shut with Ice last night & the Packets do not run the expense of the Stage is rather beyond prudence for me to bare & it looks so much like a Storm & indeed Snows a little this Afternoon that it seems to be rather too great a risk & undertaking for me to Walk even as far as Warren which I had contemplated & take the Stage from thence hence I see no way but to abide in the patience & see what the morrow will bring forth - My mind has been quite unsettled most of the day - but since dinner feel more like laboring for the quiet & waiting for the event. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

February 3, Thursday: As the Emperor Napoléon arrived in Troyes southeast of Paris, the citizens barricaded their houses and were refusing to aid his soldiers. Meanwhile, ministers of the four allies were meeting in Châtillon-sur-Seine.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal about a visit to the home of Friend Moses Obadiah Brown: 5th day Morng after breakfast we rode to Providence stoped a few moments at O Browns - then went down town & did a message or two before Meeting. — At Meeting our fr James Greene opened the Service in a sound & I believe seasonable & savory testimony then Hinchman Haines in a living testimony & supplication - In the Meeting for buisness Sarah Greene - daughter of Paul was appointed to the Station of an Elder — I went with Br D Rodman to Henry Russells & dined where I saw Saml Brown & his sister Eliza who inform’d me of the decease of their Mother Lydia Brown on the 26 of 10 M last. - after dinner we gave a call at Josiah Lawtons & took a dish of tea - Spent the remainder of the eveng HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

at Caleb Wheatens & returned to Henry Russells & lodged. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

February 18, Friday: At 3PM at Montereau-Fault-Yonne just south of Paris, the Emperor Napoléon achieved yet another meaningless military victory. It was over a rearguard of the Austrian forces of Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg and Württembergers, commanded by King Frederick I of Württemberg. 2,500 French casualties and 6,000 Allied casualties would litter the field of combat and in addition the Allies would lose 15 of their cannon. As of 2012 there are plans afoot to construct a £180,000,000 “NapoleonLand” theme park on the site of this final victory — and here is an artist’s rendition of what that theme park may come to look like:

M. Yves Jego, who is backing this project, hopes to have construction work underway in 2014 and an opening date during the Year of Our Lord 2017. The theme park is charted to include a museum, a hotel, shops, restaurants, and a congress. One of the exhibits is being planned as a reprise of the beheading of King Louis XVI,39 and also they are scheming to enable visitors to “ski” around frozen corpses of soldiers and horses on a “wintry” slope.

39. Since this is the last thing in good taste, can I have the FreedomFries concession? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE FEBRUARY 18TH, 1814 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY. IT IS TOO EARLY TO BE AWARE THAT THIS WOULD PROVE TO BE NAPOLEON’S FINAL MEANINGLESS MILITARY VICTORY (THE FOLLOWING DAY, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST, AND WATERLOO IS AS YET JUST ANOTHER MINOR FLEMISH VILLAGE).

February 21, Monday: The Emperor Napoléon, at Nogent-sur-Seine, wrote to the Austrian Emperor Franz, offering a separate peace. Nothing would come of this.

Rumors were sweeping across London that the French emperor was dead and the war over.

Reverend Professor John Josias Conybeare got married with Mary Davies, daughter of the Reverend Charles Davies. The married couple would reside at Batheaston in Somerset.

March 1, Tuesday: Castlereagh’s treaty with Austria, Prussia, and Russia against the Emperor Napoléon. TREATY OF CHAUMONT

Silas Lee died at the age of 54.

SILAS LEE [of Concord], brother to Joseph and Samuel before mentioned, was born July 3, 1760, graduated [at Harvard College] in 1784. He settled as an attorney at Pownalborough, now [1835] Wiscasset, Maine, and in 1800 and 1801 represented the district of Lincoln and Kennebec in the 6th Congress of the United States. In January, 1802, he was appointed United States Attorney for Maine, and in 1807, judge of Probate for the county of Lincoln [Maine], and held these offices till his death, March 1, 1814, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

aged 54.40

March 13, Sunday: When Russian forces made a surprise night attack on French positions at Rheims northeast of Paris, the French repelled the attack, inflicting heavy casualties.

The Allies, having crossed the English Channel, at this point captured the city of Paris. That city’s chief of police, Fouché, seeking alliances among the new authorities, suggested that they consider deporting his former boss Napoléon Bonaparte to the United States of America.

As peace broke out, young George Back found himself released from the prisoner-of-war camp at Verdun.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 13 of 3 M / Our forenoon Meeting was well attended - A testimony from friend - Text “We have a little sister who has no breasts &c —-Solomon B Boss & wife dined with us - - My H went to meeting in the Afternoon & I staid at home with John who has not been well for a week past. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 22, Tuesday: A letter from the Emperor Napoléon to Empress Marie-Louise, in which he outlined his strategic plans, was captured by Russian troops.

French troops abandoned Lyon.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal:

40. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study. On July 16, 1859 he would correct a date mistake buried in the body of the text.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

3rd day 22 of 3 M / Last eveng was very Dark with very high Wind & Snow - Sam Carr was lost in the Storm in coming from the point to his house he got blown down & Bewildered lost his way, & got into the Water & was drowned - he was this Morning found not far from the house he left When his watch was brought to me to clean off the Last Water I was uncommonly shocked being the first I had heard of the Accident. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 24, Thursday: In an attempt to create divisions in Spain, the Emperor Napoléon released King Fernando VII at Báscara.

The Papal States were returned to the Pope (they had been annexed by Napoléon in 1809). In return, the Pope recognized the French annexation of Avignon.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 24 of 3rd M 1814 / Our Meeting today was silent but to me a favord Season - In the last Solomon B Boss & Joseph Robinson requested removal certificates - It seems discouraging in prospect to find our meeting so fast diminishing. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 29, Tuesday: “4,000 men were collected at Champlain, of whom 100 were cavalry and 304 artillerists, having 11 pieces of cannon of small calibre. With this force General Wilkinson planned an attack against Major Hancock of the 13th who, with 600 men, occupied a stone grist-mill on the banks of the Lacolle river about five miles north of the lines.”41

As two Allied armies converge on Meaux east of Paris, the Empress Marie-Louise and the Emperor Napoléon I’s son Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte (the toddler had just celebrated his 3d birthday) quit the city heading south, along with members of the court and the Regency Council.

41. THREE CENTURIES IN THE CHAMPLAIN VALLEY: A COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL FACTS AND INCIDENTS. Tercentenary Edition, 1909. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

March 30, Wednesday: “In the morning the American army marched out of Champlain upon the Odelltown road now nearly impassable for artillery, obstructed as it was by fallen trees and heavy snow drifts. Major Forsyth and his Rifles led the advance, followed by the 30th and 31st and part of the 11th under Col. Clark; two corps of infantry under Bissell and Smith and a reserve of 800 men under Brigadier General Alexander Macomb brought up the rear. The attack on the stone mill ended disastrously for the Americans, their loss amounting to 104 killed and wounded, among them several brave officers while the British loss reported was but 10 killed and 46 wounded. At sundown the whole army retired to Odelltown.”42

As Allied troops reached the outskirts of Paris, Joseph Bonaparte and other high notables fled the capital, heading for Orléans. François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand rallied to the Bourbons. On this day thousands of copies of a pamphlet against the Emperor Napoléon became available on the streets, DE BUONAPARTE ET DES BOURBONS. The author would follow King Louis XVIII into exile at Ghent during the Hundred Days (March-July 1815), and would be nominated as ambassador to Sweden.

March 31, Thursday: The French defenders of Paris agreed to an armistice. Allied armies, led by Tsar Alyeksandr I of Russia, entered the French capital. As the Russian and Prussian armies entered Paris, Fromental Halévy broke off piano practice to help his brother stare at Cossacks marching past his home.

There being rumors that the Elysée Palace had been mined, the Tsar took up residence in the home of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand.

The Emperor Napoléon took up residence in Fontainebleau.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 31st of 3rd M / Our first Meeting was silent & in the last (Monthly) we had an exercising time. Things however ended well — among the things which occupied our attention was the Appointment of an Elder - Jonathon Dennis was appointed & his name concluded to be sent forward to the Quarterly Meeting. I may now remark that the company of the Aged has many times of late felt peculiarly grateful to my feelings. “Blessings brighten as they takes their leave” & very pleasant was the presence of our Aged friend Thos Robinson at meeting this day when I first saw him I was glad he was able to attend, but before the buisness of the Meeting had got through he was of great use in setting a difficult Matter before us. - My mind is often affected with heviness at the prospect of the short time which several of our worthy & useful ancients have to remain with us & tho’ they may outlive many of us who are young & Active yet certainly in the course of nature their days must be nearly number’d & who will be endowed with their quallifications to manage in discipline is a thing hid yet as thro’ all generations there have been some raised up & quallified to carry the Ark of the testimony there is yet room to hope that the Testimony will not be left to Reproach — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

42. THREE CENTURIES IN THE CHAMPLAIN VALLEY: A COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL FACTS AND INCIDENTS. Tercentenary Edition, 1909. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

April: In Weimar, arguments came to a head between Arthur Schopenhauer, his mother, and her friend Gerstenbergk.

With the imperial defeat and invasion, work on the enormous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile at Place de l’Etoile in Paris came to a standstill — as all that had come to seem rather pointless, don’t you suppose?

April 1, Friday: The French Senate met, summoned by Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, prince de Bénévent. With 64 of the 140 members present, they voted to dethrone the Emperor Napoléon and restore the Bourbons, naming a provisional government consisting of Talleyrand and four others.

The heirs of Ambrosius Kühnel (he had died the previous August 13th) sold his Leipzig music publishing house, the Bureau de Musique, to Carl Friedrich Peters, a bookseller, who would append his name to the firm’s title.

April 2, Saturday: The northern end of Lake Champlain became free of ice, and several British vessels sailed down the lake and came to anchor near Rouses Point.

The Empress (or former Empress) Marie-Louise and her toddler Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte reached Blois, soon to be joined there by three of her brothers-in-law — Joseph, Jérôme, and Louis Bonaparte.

April 3, Sunday: Nobody loves a loser. The Emperor Napoléon was deposed. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- Périgord, prince de Bénévent was named the leader of a provisional government for France.

The name of the Académie Impériale de Musique (Paris Opéra) was changed to the Académie de Musique.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 3rd of 4th M 1814 / Our forenoon Meeting I believe was highly favor’d indeed I thought it much more than commonly so before any thing was Said & I believe nothing that was said hurt the solemnity Our Ancient fr D Buffum was well engaged in testimony wherein he was concerned to call the attention of the Youth to things which belong to their Peace - then a few Words HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

by Father Rodman- & then Hannah Dennis concluded the Meeting in Solemn Supplication. — Our Afternoon Meeting was silent but favor’d with Solemnity. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 4, Monday: Emissaries from the Emperor Napoléon traveled from Fontainebleau to the Rue St. Florentin inside Paris conveying his offer to abdicate in favor of his son Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte under regency (the toddler had just celebrated his 3d birthday). They met with Tsar Alyeksandr I of Russia.

April 5, Tuesday: After wavering for awhile, Tsar Alyeksandr I of Russia refused the offer of the Emperor Napoléon. The emissaries were advised that their Emperor would need to abdicate unconditionally. The Tsar offered him a kingdom and, early in the afternoon, Elba was decided upon.

The name of the Académie de Musique (Paris Opéra) was changed to the Académie Royale de Musique.

April 6, Wednesday: When the Emperor Napoléon was informed of the decision the Tsar of Russia had made on the previous day, declining the Emperor’s offer, he agreed in principle to abdicate unconditionally. He commented, or maybe not, “Able was I ere I saw Elba.” The French Senate declared the throne vacant and invited Louis Stanislas Xavier, brother of Louis XVI, to occupy it as Louis XVIII and restore the Kingdom of France.

A unified diet of the Swiss cantons, both aristocratic and democratic, met at Zürich to create a constitution.

The exile of Napoleon to the island of Elba of course began to make a great deal of difference in the Italian political fortunes of Giacomo Costantino Beltrami (but then Napoleon would return from Elba).

On Lake Champlain, Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough wrote to Collector of Customs Peter Sailly: “I have rec’d only this morning your favr of 29th ultim, owing to the impractibility of crossing the lake.” He then gave the information that the “B. flotilla has been at Rouses point since a few Days,” and that their ship will soon be ready to “display the English Collours.” He speaks of the great danger lest the enemy seize the boats and sink them loaded with stones at the mouths of rivers and creeks, telling Mr. Sailly that he will know best as to the advisability of placing strong batteries at the mouth of the Saranac, and closing with: “It will do no good to growl; but I may observe that we are going to be in a desperate situation on the shores of this lake as long as the British can navigate it, Stop all Communication and plunder our Shores.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

April 10, Easter Sunday: George Gordon, Lord Byron wrote an ODE TO NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.43

British forces captured Toulouse.

British Foreign Secretary Viscount Castlereagh and Austrian Foreign Minister Prince von Metternich arrived in Paris to represent their respective countries. They met with Tsar Alyeksandr I of Russia and worked out the conditions of abdication. This was presented to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, prince de Bénévent and the provisional government, who accepted them.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 10 of 4 M 1814 / Our Meeting this forenoon was pretty well attended And a season of favor - I can say ti was in good measure so the me — D B was concern’d in testimony - - - In the Afternoon father R said a few Words. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 11, Monday: The hull of the Saratoga was launched at Vergennes. Building the vessel had taken only 40 days from start to finish. The vessel had not yet been fitted out as the roads were impassable for the heavy wagons which would need to bring up the naval stores from Troy. This vessel was to become Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough’s flagship on the inland waters.

In the Palace of Fontainebleau, the Emperor Napoléon signed the instrument of abdication renouncing the throne of France in the name of all his family and descendants. The island of Elba was made a separate jurisdiction and he was to have sovereignty over it. The Duchies of Parma and Piacenza were restored by Austria. The former Empress Marie-Louise of France would henceforward be known as Duchess Maria Luigia.

Louis Stanislas Xavier, who had been in exile in Prussia, the United Kingdom, and Russia since 1791, would be henceforward not only de jure king but also de facto king of France, although a constitutional rather than an absolute monarch, and would take the name Louis XVIII.

The Piano Trio “Archduke” op.97 by Ludwig van Beethoven was performed for the initial time, in the Saal des Hotels zum Römischen Kaiser, Vienna, with the composer himself at the keyboard.

Germania, the finale of a pasticcio called Die gute Nachricht, by Beethoven, was performed for the initial time. The overture, a quartet, duet, and trio, were by Johann Nepomuk Hummel.

43. I haven’t read this, and thus cannot tell you whether it contains the line “Lo, how the mighty have fallen.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

April 12, Tuesday: Napoléon Bonaparte, who since his excellent adventure in Russia had been wearing a tiny pouch of black taffeta on a string around his neck, gulped down its contents. It contained opium with a mixture of belladonna and hellebore. But his suicide potion didn’t work, more’s the pity — it just made him spasm and go comatose for awhile.44

Down but not out DOPE Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 12th of 4 M / This Afternoon took a little walk with John & called on our old neighbor Briggs. - While sitting there my mind was much exercised on Marys account, she has lately become Serious & I have no doubt but her mind has been tenderly visited & reached by divine love & my fervant secret intercessions have been put up that she may not take up her rest in the barran hills of an empty profession, but Alass it is little else which I can do for her The Work must be on her own part but the Baptists have gotten hold of her among whom it is a time of much stir & many go into the Water -The young coverts are allmost continually at work upon her, to get her in Also. The event must be left & whether she does or does not yeald to their importunity I shall ever believe that her mind is at present under impressions which if cultivated would lead her beyond Water Baptism or any other outward cerimony even into, spiritual Baptism & the Spiritual Supper of our Lord & Master these she may Know by the depth of experience by due attention to that holy & pure spirit which I have no doubt she hath of late felt the opperations of. — This Afternoon & while writing the above the funeral of Ann Rogers has Passed by she was a young woman of respectability but suddenly taken from time. — but a few nights ago she attended a Ball where with great mirth & gayety there she took a hevy cold which very shortly put a period to her life - I understand she was favor’d in her illness with quiet & resignation to her situation, but I do hope her sudden Death may prove a Warning to the great Party Makers & to the young people of the town. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

44. All the pain of dying with none of the benefit of death: Nazi leaders, with their cyanide-filled tooth cavities, must have learned from this Frenchman’s bad example. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

April 16, Saturday: Prince Eugène, French Viceroy of Italy, signed an armistice for the entire peninsula and departed from Milan heading toward France.

Gaspare Spontini petitioned King Louis XVIII of France (he who had been for 23 year of exile Louis Stanislas Xavier) for directorship of the king’s private music and the Théâtre-Italien.

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was ratified, with the Emperor Napoléon retaining his title of Emperor but having sovereignty only over the island of Elba. He would be granted 2,000,000 francs per year, and 600 soldiers. The Empress Marie-Louise would receive the Duchy of Parma, which she would be able to pass on to her toddling son Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte, and would henceforward be known as Duchess Maria Luigia.

April 20, Wednesday: The Emperor Napoléon took leave of his Imperial Guard at Fontainebleau and departed with a retinue of 14 carriages toward the coast of France.

A mob attacked the Italian Senate in Milan and tortured the Finance Minister in an attempt to force him to give over the treasury.

Having received a parish vote of 30 yeas over 10 nays, the Reverend John White was ordained over the 3d parish in Dedham at a salary of $600 and ten cords of wood, the ordination sermon being preached by his own pastor, the Reverend Ezra Ripley of Concord (spirits, crackers, and cheese for the occasion cost $5.63).

JOHN WHITE [of Concord], son of Deacon John White, was born December 2, 1787, graduated [at Harvard College] in 1805, and was ordained over the third parish in Dedham April 20, 1814.45

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 20th of 4 M / Our friends returned this evening Which they spent at John Rodmans & at the close of it Abijah & William came & lodged with us. — we sat up till 11 OClock in agreeable conversation. - I understand by those who were there that Micajah was much favord in their Meeting at Portsmouth today. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 26, Tuesday: The Most Serene Republic of Genoa was restored by the Allies. Girolamo Francesco Luciano Serra became President of its provisional government.

April 27, Wednesday: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Principality of Piombino were restored to sovereignty as Ferdinando III returned to become Grand Duke of Tuscany.

The Emperor Napoléon’s retinue arrived at Fréjus. 45. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study. On July 16, 1859 he would correct a date mistake buried in the body of the text.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May 3, Tuesday: King Louis XVIII arrived in Paris and seated himself upon the throne of France.

The Sovereign Principality of Elba was created, to be ruled over by the Emperor Napoléon.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 3 of 5 M / Our friends that went to Greenwich this Morng to attend the Quarterly Meeting had a fine fair wind & easy time up. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 4, day: King Fernando VII of Spain abolished the constitution of 1812. He appointed José Miguel de Carvajal Vargas y Manrique, duque de San Carlos as First Secretary of State.

The Emperor Napoléon arrived in his new domain, the Island of Elba, to cheering crowds. Fearful to travel to his new kingdom in the Mediterranean aboard a French vessel, he had chosen to travel aboard the frigate HMS Inconstant, Captain Sir Edward Tucker, built 1783 — avoiding attention during the voyage on this British vessel by having attired himself in a blue servant’s livery with a little round cap on his head. He had been forced to relinquish his fortune of the equivalent of some £8,000,000, since most of this was in un- removable real property, in favor of a state annuity of the equivalent of £100,000 per year.

June 6, Monday: The Duchy of Guastalla was returned to sovereignty by the allies, under Duchess Maria Luigia (former Empress Marie-Louise of France).

Tsar Alyeksandr I of Russia, King Friedrich Wilhelm, and Prince von Metternich arrived at Dover for an official visit to England in celebration of the defeat of the Emperor Napoléon.

A council dismissed the Reverend Timothy Flint from his charge at the Congregational Church in the Lunenburg portion of Fitchburg, Massachusetts.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 6th of 6 M 1814 / My dear Mother has been quite unwell for several Days but her Medicine has had a favorable effect & I think her better today. - She related a little experience of hers today. She says that about five years ago soon After Aunt Molly Wanton lost her reason & several trying instances existing in the family, one day in particular her mind was greatly under presure of Affliction & to add to it one of the family had stuck a Nail in their foot which added to her agitation. after the difficulty of the Nail a little subdsided she set down & Wept then took up a book, a Sermon Called the Covenant preached by James Muir D D & read a little in it then sat still a while & it came into her Mind to get Bogatzkys Golden Treasury & see what the Text was for the Month & day of the Month that she was born Vizt 5 M 11th & found it to be “How long wilt thou hide thy face from me O Lord Psal XIII.2 - Divine Answer: For a small HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

moment have I forsaken thee, but with great Mercies will I gather thee. In a little wrath I hid my face from thee for a moment, but with everlasting kindness will I have mercy on thee: for this is as the Waters of Noah unto me, for as I have sworn that the Waters of Noah should no more go over the earth so have I sworn that I would not be wroth with thee nor rebuke thee Isa IVI.7.9.” Which text was the same with the Sermon she had just before read & she said, the effect was such as soothed her mind & comforted her up, & the Clouds seemed quite to dispell for a season. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 31, Sunday: When Carl Maria von Weber arrived in Berlin, he found the city in a state of nationalistic excitement on account of the defeat of the Emperor Napoléon.

Brigadier General Alexander Macomb’s brigade, made up of the 6th, 13th, 15th, 16th, and 29th regiments, set out in boats from Cumberland Head for Chazy Landing while Bissell’s brigade, made up of the 5th, 14th, 30th, 31st, 33d, 34th, and 45th regiments, began to march toward Chazy. Invalids, and 200 effectives, were left behind to finish the military works on Cumberland Head. At this point there were 4,500 men in or to the rear of the village of Champlain, and a working party of 400 under Colonel Fenwick was completing three redoubts there.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 31st of 7 M 1814 / Our Meetings were both silent & I believe seasons of favor, as respects my own condition it would rank about middling - tho considerably tried with rovings of mind — Towards night took a walk to the Work & Alms houses with Br D Rodman. - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1815

After his recovery at home, Frederick Marryat was appointed Commander, and would cruise the sloop Beaver off St. Helena to guard against any escape by Napoléon Bonaparte. When his prisoner eventually would die, he would make a sketch of him in full profile, which would be engraved in England and France.

Edward Hitchcock became principal of Deerfield Academy, where he had been a student. He published a poem of some 500 lines, “'Emancipation of Europe or, The downfall of Bonaparte. A tragedy” (Denio and Phelps). During his period at this school, Edmund M. Blunt, publisher of the AMERICAN NAUTICAL ALMANAC, offered a reward of $10 for the discovery of an error in the work and so he supplied a list of 57. When the publisher failed to supply the reward or notice this attempt at assistance, he had his list 57 errors published by the American Monthly Magazine (a year later, when the AMERICAN NAUTICAL ALMANAC would be reissued in a somewhat revised form without offering him credit for these corrections, he would repeat the process by producing a list of 35 errors in the new edition).

The Reverend Francis Brown took over as president of Dartmouth College: FRANCIS BROWN (president 1815-1820): Francis Brown, a pastor from North Yarmouth, Maine, presided over Dartmouth College during the famous Supreme Court hearing of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. William H. Woodward or, as it is more commonly called, the Dartmouth College Case. The contest was a pivotal one for Dartmouth and for the newly independent nation. It tested the contract clause of the Constitution and arose from an 1816 controversy involving the legislature of the state of New Hampshire, which amended the 1769 charter granted to Eleazar Wheelock, making Dartmouth a public institution and changing its name to Dartmouth University. Under the leadership of President Brown, the Trustees resisted the effort and the case for Dartmouth was argued by Daniel Webster before the US Supreme Court in 1818. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the historic decision in favor of Dartmouth College, thereby paving the way for all American private institutions to conduct their affairs in accordance with their charters and without interference from the state. In a letter following the proceedings, Justice Joseph Story explained “the vital importance to the well-being of society and the security of private rights of the principles on which the decision rested. Unless I am very much mistaken, these principles will be found to apply with an extensive reach to all the great concerns of the people and will check any undue HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

encroachments on civil rights which the passions or the popular doctrines of the day may stimulate our State Legislatures to adopt.” While the outcome was a tremendous victory for Dartmouth, the turmoil of the four-year legal battle left the College in perilous financial condition and took its toll on the health of President Brown. His condition steadily deteriorating, the Trustees made provisions, in 1819, for “the senior professors ... to perform all the public duties pertaining to the Office of President of the College” in the event of his disability. Francis Brown died in July 1820, at the age of 35.46

The James Macpherson “translation” of the bard Ossian, which had already as of the 1770s been challenged as an evident forgery by Dr. Samuel Johnson, and had already been declared a forgery by the Highland Society of Scotland as of 1805, was continuing to be mined by poets and artists in all the major European languages as a source of inspiration and subject matter. Napoléon Bonaparte was fond of referring to Ossian as “the Northern Homer,” and had the painter François Gérard decorate his palace at Malmaison “in the style of Ossian,” and for his bedroom in the Quirinale in Rome, had the painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres do a “Dream of Ossian” on the ceiling.47 JAMES MACPHERSON

In France, after a loud boom, a stone fell out of the open sky. That presumably didn’t have anything to do with what was happening here on this planet of ours. But, on the ground, Louis XVIII was being restored to the throne. When Napoléon Bonaparte left Elba and landed in France in March, Louis XVIII fled and “The Hundred Days” began. Britain secured a declaration against the international slave trade at the Congress of Vienna. Sugar prices continued high. The slave trade to Cuba began to rise sharply. Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia formed a new alliance.

46. All the Dartmouth presidential portraits are in the college’s Hood Museum of Art in Hanford, New Hampshire. 47. What, no mirror over the bed? This Ingres ceiling painting is now at the Musée Ingres in Montauban. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Wellington and Blucher would defeat Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo on June 18th — an event which would give rise to any number of sets of chesspieces.

(Carl Phillip Gottfried von Clausewitz, who it would seem knew a whole lot about war, fought in the Waterloo campaign as chief of staff to General Thielmann’s IIId Prussian army corps.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

(Napoleon would for the 2nd time abdicate, and would this time be banished not to Sardinia but, by John Barrow as 2d Secretary to the Admiralty, to the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Louis XVIII returned to Paris. Marshall Ney was executed for aiding Napoleon at Waterloo. Prince Klemens von Metternich, who would dominate Austrian politics until 1848, represented his country at Vienna, and the Congress of Vienna decided the map of Europe (the German Confederation was formed, and the Swiss Confederation was reestablished and its territory expanded). Walter Scott visited the battlefield of Waterloo, meeting Wellington, Blucher, and other famous generals, and got himself publicly kissed on both cheeks by the commander of the Cossack contingent. When he would entertain French prisoners-of-war from Selkirk at Abbotsford he would ask for their reminisces about Napoleon Bonaparte. (This would help him in his 9- volume LIFE OF NAPOLEON, to be issued in 1827.)

January 8, Sunday: On the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, the British army, unaware that a treaty of peace had been signed, made a 3d assault against General Andrew Jackson’s system of ditches around the sea approaches to New Orleans. Whoever won control over this port and river city supposed they would “win” the war that was already over, because the port was the key to all of the American Inland South facing the Caribbean, a general territory which went under the name “Louisiana,” that is, “Land of Louis XV, King of France,” although whatever paltry “rights of ownership” Louis XV had had to this real estate (which were debatable) had passed to his (erstwhile) heir the Emperor Napoléon subsequent to his having lost his head, and had then been sold to the national government of the United States of America in 1803 for the paltry sum of $0.04 per acre.48 However, Jackson had been reinforced with levies from Kentucky and the British troops were being led by a brother-in-law of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, Packenham, who had achieved his position of military mastery from political connections of rank and privilege rather than from any demonstrated facility in getting other men to die when he told them to. The watchword of the British was “Booty and Beauty.” The troops were chiefly drawn from Wellington’s peninsular army. This relative Packenham did a no-no. He led a manly frontal assault against a fully prepared and alerted defensive position under fine daylight conditions with no thought of surprise or other trickiness. The attackers were cut down in half an hour of concentrated rifle and cannon fire with losses of almost 2,000 dead and injured. Only one of their general officers was still alive. American casualties were 6 killed and 10 wounded (Jackson’s loss in the entire campaign was merely 333 souls). The British withdrew to their original landing-place and re-embarked.

This Battle of New Orleans, the last campaign of the War of 1812, was being fought subsequent to the signing of the Peace of Ghent on December 24, 1814. There is no merit, however, in the frequent assertion that Jackson’s great victory was won after the war was over, for the Ghent treaty specifically called for continued hostilities until ratification by both governments, and this mutual ratification would be effected only during February 1815. After so many distressing months of failure in a war in which the enemy had burned and sacked 48. When the national government of the United States of America purchased rights to such territories from weaker people, such as the Dakota nation, they weren’t in the habit of paying nearly as much as this per acre, even when the rights to the real estate were far more real than the rights of King Louis. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

the federal capital and which had led disaffected citizens to question the value of the Union itself, Jackson’s victory at New Orleans would seem to wipe away the nation’s memories of incompetent leadership. Overnight, Old Hickory would be transfigured into a symbol of distinctive American strengths and virtues, and his path would turn inevitably toward the freshly painted because scorched “White House.” But for the moment the Virginia Dynasty still commanded, and Jackson would retire with his honors to his beloved Hermitage. Some admirers of Jackson would be able to obtain a locket of his hair, which hair, now tested, shows lead poisoning which would fully explain his severe abdominal cramping and constipation during this period. (The lead bullet lodged in his body produced chronic health problems such as irritability, paranoia, severe mood swings, and kidney failure, until it would be surgically removed in 1832 and the dissolved lead burden in his body would be able to decrease. The calomel which he took due to this constipation, since it contained mercury, may explain why his teeth would fall out at such an early age.)

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 8th of 1st M 1815 / Our Meetings were silent excepting a short offering in the forenoon — Went with Father Rodman to visit of our friend D Buffum who had for a week or two been confined by indisposition. took tea with him & set most of the evening. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

February 26, Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon, 3 generals, and 1,000 men set sail from the Island of Elba in the Mediterranean, passing the ships on guard and heading toward the southern coast of France.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 26th of 2nd M / Meetings small walking bad & lean seasons a few words offered in the Afternoon. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

February 28, Tuesday: When British Commissioner Sir Neil Campbell, official guardian of the Emperor Napoléon, arrived on the Island of Elba and discovered that his bird had flown the coop, he immediately dispatched messengers to warn Europe (when the news would reach the Congress of Vienna, Charles-Maurice Talleyrand would suggest that Napoleon might have sailed to Italy and Tsar Alyeksandr I of Russia would guffaw).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 28th of 2 M / Sitting this eveng attending to my H while she was reading the Memoirs of Benj Bangs a weighty frame of mind came over me & I believe I livingly said in my heart “BLESSED be the NAME of the LORD” while sitting thus enjoying the circulations of the divine life those words involuntarily rose up in much precious feeling & I was grateful for this fresh evidence of divine favor. —- Heard this Afternoon that my Aged cousin Joseph Greene of Connannicut is low & apparently near his end RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

March-June: The “Hundred Days”: Napoléon Bonaparte escaped from Elba and temporarily regained power. (As you can imagine, this made some very happy while making others very unhappy.)

March 1, Wednesday: At 5:00PM at Golfe-Juan, between Cannes and Antibes (near Nice), the Emperor Napoléon set foot again on the soil of France. “OK, no more M. Nice Guy.”

March 2, Thursday: The Dominion of Kandyan Provinces (Ceylon) was vested in the Sovereign of the British Empire.

The Emperor Napoléon reached Castellane.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 2nd of 3rd M 1815 / Our friend D Buffum was concerned in a lively & very sweet testimony “He that knoweth his Masters will &c” Ruth Weaver appeard in a few words - Meeting well attended considering the very bad travelling - to me it was a season of favor. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 3, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon reached Barême.

The United States of America declared war on Algiers. War costs money. The federal Congress authorized a borrrowing of $12,000,000 at a rate of interest of 6%. The amount actually subscribed would be $9,745,745. The borrowing was for the purpose of funding the interest-paying treasury notes and the subscription price was from ninety to par in treasury notes. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

March 4, Saturday: The Emperor Napoléon reached Digne. Due to the efficient French semaphoric telegraph service, King Louis XVIII was immediately alerted when the exile, having deceived British Commissioner Sir Neil Campbell, arrived from the Island of Elba upon the Riviera of France — unfortunately for the alerted monarch, this timely first alert also carried the signal information that local military commanders didn’t seem to be putting up any resistance.49

John Wells Foster was born at Petersham, Massachusetts, a descendant of Captain Myles Standish (mother Patience Wells Foster, father the Reverend Festus Foster, grandfather Standish Foster, great-grandfather Nathan Foster whose wife Hannah Standish was a great-great-granddaughter of Captain Standish, great-great- grandfather Abraham Foster, great-great-great-grandfather Abraham Foster, great-great-great-great- grandfather the initial American Foster, named Reginald Foster. He would be educated at Wilbraham Academy.

(On the same day Lydia Lyon Converse was born, who would in 1839 in Brimfield, Massachusetts become John Wells Foster’s bride.)

March 7, Tuesday: At Laffrey, 800 soldiers produced the first threat to the project of the returning Emperor Napoléon. Disdaining armed confrontation, he walked toward them identifying himself as their emperor and inviting them to gun him down. The soldiers threw down their weapons and knelt. They, and then their officers, turned sides and went on that day to take Grenoble.

News of the escape reached Metternich and the Quadruple Alliance at the Congress of Vienna, and they were brought to an awareness that they were going to need to defeat the emperor again on the field of battle.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 7th of 3rd M / This Morng with my H crossed the ferry to Connanicut to attend the funeral of cousin Jos Greene we had 14 others on board the boat Vizt D Buffum Jons Dennis & Wife, John Weaver & two Daughters - James Mitchell & Daughter Rhoda & others - At the funeral we met our friend Thos Jones & Geo Philbrick on a religious visit - The Meeting was held at Josephs house in which Thos Jones spoke twice D Buffum twice & Hannah Dennis once one of their communications appeard to me to be with good Authority -particularly D Buffums “He observed that we were on a very important voyage with our all on board & desired we might pay strict attention to the helm the company & the Pilot that we might arrive safe at the haven where true riches lays - In his second standing he illustrated the Prodigal holding 49. It was during this year that Boston was creating its short-range system of semaphore telegraphy for the coordination of shipping in its harbor. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

[illegible] the encouragement to return to the fathers House — The Corpse were inter’d in the Meeting House [illegible] A pretty large company of us arrived at the house & they [illegible] T Jones & G Williams with us Recd by T Jones [illegible] RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 10, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon and his escort reached Lyons, where they experienced tumultuous welcome.

News reached the Congress of Vienna that Napoléon had indeed landed in France.

With London streets filled with military units keeping the populace subdued, at its 3d reading the Corn Bill easily passed the House of Commons.

Publication of Six Polonaises op.70 by Johann Nepomuk Hummel was announced in the Wiener Zeitung.

March 13, Monday: A joint declaration by Austria, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Sweden at the Congress of Vienna designated Napoléon Bonaparte an international outlaw.

March 14, Tuesday: Troops sent by King Louis XVIII to subdue Napoléon Bonaparte went over to his side at Auxerre southeast of Paris.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 14 of 3rd M / This day our little son John Stanton is three Years old. — he is at present a promising little boy. / - can spell quite smartly & repeat a considerable number of poetic peaces which gives him quite a smart & forward appearance & he is a remarkable minute observer of allmost every thing he sees & hears & appears to have many Ideas not common in children of his age —He is advancing into a World fraught with many snares & woes, & should he arrive to maturity I crave nothing for him beyond his being a good man & useful in his generation. This is my anxious desire & I pray the God of our lives that the Angel of his presennce may ever be near & guard him from evil. he is now young, but not so young but a sense of good & evil is very apparent in his mind. - & exerts[?} evidently powerful convictions for doing wrong & a commendation of or good attend him & as proof of this I could instance many circumstances within six months RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

March 15, Wednesday: Birth of Edward Jesse’s and Matilda Morris Jesse’s son John Heneage Jesse at West Bromwich, Staffordshire. He would be educated at Eton and become something of a court historian.

In an attempt to aid the Emperor Napoléon, King Joachim Murat of Naples launched an offensive against the Austrians.

Bostonians Gottlieb Graupner, Asa Peabody, and Thomas Webb sent out circulars inviting all to join a group to form “a correct taste in Sacred Musick.”

March 18, Saturday: Marshal Michel Ney went over to the side of the international outlaw Napoléon Bonaparte, bringing his forces to more than 20,000. King Louis XVIII, unaware of this development, was opening the new National Assembly.

March 19, Sunday: It was a Sunday in Paris in the spring and Louis XVIII was packing his bags, intending to flee with his family to find safety in Belgium.

Mary Godwin Wollstonecraft wrote in her journal: “Sunday 19th. Dream that my little baby came to life again — that it had only been cold & that we rubbed it by the fire & it lived — I awake & find no baby — I think about the little thing all day — not in good spirits — Shelley is very unwell.”

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 19 of 3rd In the Morng Meeting our friend D Buffum was concerned in a lively feeling & pertinent testimony — In the Afternoon silence prevailed — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

March 20, Monday: The international outlaw Napoléon Bonaparte entered Paris unopposed and installed himself at the Tuileries Palace. Benjamin Constant de Rebeque would serve as his prime minister.

At the Congress of Vienna, the council of eight approved the recommendations of the Swiss Committee. The recommendations would be placed before the Swiss Diet.

In London, the Corn Bill passed the House of Lords, inspiring new protests and public denunciations.

March 25, Saturday: Professor François Pierre Guillaume Guizot resigned as secretary-general of the ministry of the interior.

In Vienna, a treaty of alliance was signed among Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia against the international outlaw Napoléon Bonaparte. His standing on the Island of Elba was voided. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

March 28, Tuesday: News of the international outlaw Napoléon Bonaparte’s unopposed entry into Paris reached Vienna.

Lord and Lady Byron set out for London.

March 29, Wednesday: Jane Austen put the finishing touches on the final chapters of EMMA.

The Byrons settled at 13 Piccadilly Terrace, in a house leased from Her Grace the Duchess of Devonshire.50

Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington departed from Vienna to take command of his army in the Netherlands.

Napoléon Bonaparte, as part of his “Hundred Days” decreed “À dater de la publication du présent Décret, la Traite des Noirs est abolie” and French participation in the international slave trade came to an end (BRITISH 51 AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-16, page 196, note; 1817-18, page 1025). W.E. Burghardt Du Bois: At the beginning of the nineteenth century England held 800,000 slaves in her colonies; France, 250,000; Denmark, 27,000; Spain and Portugal, 600,000; Holland, 50,000; Sweden, 600; there were also about 2,000,000 slaves in Brazil, and about 900,000 in the United States.52 This was the powerful basis of the demand for the slave-trade; and against the economic forces which these four and a half millions of enforced laborers represented, the battle for freedom had to be fought. Denmark first responded to the denunciatory cries of the eighteenth century against slavery and the slave-trade. In 1792, by royal order, this traffic was prohibited in the Danish possessions after 1802. The principles of the French Revolution logically called for the extinction of the slave system by France. This was, however, accomplished more precipitately than 50. “Do Men Ever Visit Boston?” is a mnemonic indicating the sequence of precedence of the British titles of nobility: D = Dukes and/or Duchesses addressed as “Your Grace” M = Marquesses and/or Marchionesses addressed as “My Lord” and as “Madam” E = Earls and/or Countesses V = Viscounts and/or Viscountesses B = Barons and/or Baronesses 51. This decree would be re-enacted in 1818 by the Bourbon dynasty. 52. Cf. Augustine Cochin, in Lalor, CYCLOPEDIA, III. 723. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

the Convention anticipated; and in a whirl of enthusiasm engendered by the appearance of the Dominican deputies, slavery and the slave-trade were abolished in all French colonies February 4, 1794.53 This abolition was short-lived; for at the command of the First Consul slavery and the slave-trade was restored in An X (1799).54 The trade was finally abolished by Napoleon during the Hundred Days by a decree, March 29, 1815, which briefly declared: “À dater de la publication du présent Décret, la Traite des Noirs est abolie.”55 The Treaty of Paris eventually confirmed this law.56 In England, the united efforts of Sharpe, Clarkson, and Wilberforce early began to arouse public opinion by means of agitation and pamphlet literature. May 21, 1788, Sir William Dolben moved a bill regulating the trade, which passed in July and was the last English measure countenancing the traffic.57 The report of the Privy Council on the subject in 178958 precipitated the long struggle. On motion of Pitt, in 1788, the House had resolved to take up at the next session the question of the abolition of the trade.59 It was, accordingly, called up by Wilberforce, and a remarkable parliamentary battle ensued, which lasted continuously until 1805. The Grenville-Fox ministry now espoused the cause. This ministry first prohibited the trade with such colonies as England had acquired by conquest during the Napoleonic wars; then, in 1806, they prohibited the foreign slave-trade; and finally, March 25, 1807, enacted the total abolition of the traffic.60

March 30, Thursday: In Rimini, Joachim Murat, former King of Naples and brother-in-law of the international outlaw Napoléon Bonaparte, proclaimed the independence of Italy. He declared war on Austria.

Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha replaced Hursid Ahmed Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 30th of 3rd M 1815 / In our first meeting we had a Short testimony. — In the last (Monthly) we had much buisness but all pretty much refered - Wm Potter of Portsmouth requested 53. By a law of Aug. 11, 1792, the encouragement formerly given to the trade was stopped. Cf. CHOIX DE RAPPORTS, OPINIONS ET DISCOURS PRONONCÉS À LA TRIBUNE NATIONALE DEPUIS 1789 (Paris, 1821), XIV. 425; quoted in Cochin, THE RESULTS OF EMANCIPATION (Booth’s translation, 1863), pages 33, 35-8. 54. Cochin, THE RESULTS OF EMANCIPATION (Booth’s translation, 1863), pages 42-7. 55. BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, page 196. 56. BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, pages 195-9, 292-3; 1816-7, page 755. It was eventually confirmed by royal ordinance, and the law of April 15, 1818. 57. STATUTE 28 GEORGE III., ch. 54. Cf. STATUTE 29 GEORGE III., ch. 66. 58. Various petitions had come in praying for an abolition of the slave-trade; and by an order in Council, Feb. 11, 1788, a committee of the Privy Council was ordered to take evidence on the subject. This committee presented an elaborate report in 1739. See published REPORT, London, 1789. 59. For the history of the Parliamentary struggle, cf. Clarkson’s and Copley’s histories. The movement was checked in the House of Commons in 1789, 1790, and 1791. In 1792 the House of Commons resolved to abolish the trade in 1796. The Lords postponed the matter to take evidence. A bill to prohibit the foreign slave-trade was lost in 1793, passed the next session, and was lost in the House of Lords. In 1795, 1796, 1798, and 1799 repeated attempts to abolish the trade were defeated. The matter then rested until 1804, when the battle was renewed with more success. 60. STATUTE 46 GEORGE III., ch. 52, 119; 47 GEORGE III., sess. I. ch. 36. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

membership which was refered to a committee — Geo Davis & Son dined with us. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 6, Thursday: The Allies mobilized vs. Napoléon Bonaparte.

The British guards discovered a small hole cut in an interior wall between two sectors of the prison complex on the Devonshire moor near Plymouth, England, and for some reason suddenly all began to fire indiscriminately down from the perimeter wall at the American sailors being held there as they exercised in the yard. In this turkey shoot, seven were killed outright or died soon of their wounds, and 31 were wounded but survived. Two of the dead and four of the wounded sailors were black, one of these but 14 years of age. CRIMPING

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 6th of 4 M / Our Meetg was pretty well attended and silent A dwarfish time to me - but this Afternoon much exercised on acct of an Appointment I stand under to treat with D C Jr & wife -Oh the importance of right & caucious steppings RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 8, Saturday: In Vienna the Russian Minister to France, Pavel Butyagin, presented to Tsar Alyeksandr I of Russia a copy of the January 3d secret alliance against him. In an attempt to stir up trouble among the nations aligned against him, the international outlaw Napoléon Bonaparte had provided this incriminating document to Butyagin.

April 11, Tuesday: Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington arrived in Brussels from the Congress of Vienna to organize the defense of Europe against the international outlaw Napoléon Bonaparte.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 11th of 4th M 1815 / Rode to Rich Mitchells this morning to Meet the committee in case of D Chase Jr Staid there till dinner, & had the disagreeable feelings which the absense of four of the committee occasioned & returned home - found the absense of D W & his wife was occasioned by a misunderstanding A R was indisposed RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 2, Tuesday: At Tolentino east of Perugia, under attack by Austrians, the Neapolitan army under Joachim Murat disintegrated. His army gone, the King of Naples would sail for France to help Napoléon Bonaparte.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 2nd 5th M 1815 / Our friend J Heald & J Boutlon left town for the Quarterly Meeting at Greenwich they went in the Boat with those who went from this Moy [Monthly] Meeting - I HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

went down & saw them on board, & felt them a strong inclination to be with them, indeed my desires have been seldom stronger. but so it is, it seems to be improper for me to leave home at present - - They have to all appearance had a fine passage up, & I desire divine favor may attennd them & us who stay — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 3, Wednesday: The victorious powers agree to divide the Duchy of Warsaw at the meeting point of Prussia, Russia, and Austria in such manner as to create a Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków (Cracow).

In the presence of assembled allied diplomats, a series of letters from Napoléon Bonaparte were opened by Prince Metternich and their contents inspected. They promised peace with Austria if it would break with the allies, and Metternich assured the group that no such deal was ever going to go down.

There was a report in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung that the problem of brass concert horns such as the French Horn, that despite the player moving his hand inside the bell and also adjusting the length of a slide, it was impossible to equally well render all the notes of the scale, had been fully resolved by a local chamber musician, Heinrich Stölzel, through the incorporation of two spring-loaded cylindrical piston valves: Heinrich Stölzel, the chamber musician from Pless in Upper Silesia, in order to perfect the Waldhorn, has succeeded in attaching a simple mechanism to the instrument, thanks to which he has obtained all the notes of the chromatic scale in a range of almost three octaves, with a good, strong and pure tone.

All the artificial notes — which, as is well known, were previously produced by stopping the bell with the right hand, and can now be produced merely with two levers, controlled by two fingers of the right hand — are identical in sound to the natural notes and thus preserve the character of the Waldhorn. Any Waldhorn-player will, with practice, be able to play on it.

This would lead to the development of the concert trumpet, the coronet, the valve trombone, the tuba, and the euphonium. “Tommy Dorsey, got something here we’d like to show you.”

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 3rd of 5th M / The General Election of state Officers took place in town today which has made a considerable parade - I for the first time in my life saw the Solemnity of organizing the Upper house, ie - The Governoer & Senate proclaimed & take their several engagements. — Governer Jones is a Noble Stately & reverant Man, whose charracter both as a private citizen & Governer of the State I very highly esteem - I consider he has been a great Blessing to the state since his election by his wise forbearing in every respect prudent conduct during the late War The day was wet & cold which I fear will prove dangerous to the health of many children. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

June 1, Thursday: In Paris, a massive celebration took place on the Champ de Mars, overseen by Napoléon Bonaparte. This had been advertised as a ceremony to announce the results of the plebescite on the Additional Act to the Imperial Constitution, in which 99.9993% of the votes cast by the Frenchmen had been in favor of their emperor.

Samuel Wesley was elected to full membership of the new Philharmonic Society.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5 day 1 of 6 M 1815 / Our meeting today was rather small & many of us I believe was variously [?] situated observed some who at seasons I have reason to believe are fresh & lively to [illegible] some whose countenaces bespoke much langor in the inward life who were not ?? with sleep & I believe some could say at the close of the meeting they had been with Jesus & experienced his enlivening presence to do them good - It was with me a better season than common. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 12, Monday: Napoléon Bonaparte left Paris heading for Soissons.

In Newport, Rhode Island Friends Yearly Meeting continued, and Stephen Wanton Gould made notes in his journal: 2nd day / The meeting met this morng under a solemn covering the first remark was from D Buffum who expressed his thankfulness in being permitted to attend another annual solemnity & a desire that friends might abide under that influence which would rightly direct all our movements, next father Rodman subjoined a few further remarks & a little hinted at the necessity of keeping from moving out of the right spirit which causes the Ark to jostle - then Peter Hoxie & then Edw Stabler took in the whole & pointed out the order of society in a clear oint of view & the harmony & simplicity of the Truth - The meeting was moved to Action by D Buffum. Saml Rodman the former Clerk was absent & Wm Rotch Jnr as Clerk of the meeting for Sufferings according to discipline Opened the Meeting Then John Murray Jr of NYork made soe sweet & very pertinent remarks - Epistles were recd from all the Yearly Meetings in the world & the usual rotines [sic] of buisness were Gone thro’ with great apparent harmony & love my name was on the committee to answer the Epistles but alass that most probably will be all, as neither my time nor tallents will admit of my being useful in that capasity — I was however thankful in being made partaker of the good things before us & may acknowledge divine favor thus far. —At 4 OClock the meeting met by appointment, the subject of the School underwent some discussion but a further deliberation right not to another sitting - that of the Meeting house in Boston was acted upon & a committee[?} appointed to investigate the case & HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

report suitable trustees to REview & hold the porperty & what in their judgement is best to be done to building a New meeting house. The present one being so decayed as to be unsafe for use. A committee was appointed to consider of the propriety of a proposition from Salem Quarter to divide their Quarterly Meeting & report to a future sitting. — I thought in the first of the sitting a pretty good savor of life was to be felt but it diminished & according to my understanding we did not conclude so well as we began. —

June 14, Wednesday: The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin became a Grand Duchy. Duke Friedrich Franz I took on the title of Grand Duke.

Napoléon Bonaparte reached the border with the Low Countries at Beaumont.

Per the journal of Friend Stephen Wanton Gould, the Quakers met to consider the Yearly Meeting boarding school being proposed for Providence, Rhode Island: 4th day / The meeting met at 10 OClock The subject of the Yearly meeting school occupied the most of the sitting a large committee was appointed to digest & further investigate the subject & report to the next sitting The committee on the Epistles wer engaged from half past 2 OC till 5 OC when the meeting met & tho’ the epistles were not all digested before of the committee & two of them untouched yet they were all read & passed the Meeting — there were but five of us that could attend to them Vizt Thos Howland, Abraham Sherman Jr Jas Scott & myself all new & inexpeerienced except Thos. The others of the committtee attend the School committee which met at the same time which deprived us of many experienced helpers The School committee not having fully gone to the subject, it was refer’d another year & they joined to the Meeting for Sufferings further to digest & proceed as far within the time as they may think advisable, & the meeting came to a conclusion tho’ not till it was so dark that the Clerk was scarcely able to read. “MOSES BROWN SCHOOL” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

June 18, Sunday: Carl Maria von Weber arrived in München.

Into an area of just less than three square miles of fields near the village of Waterloo in northern Europe, various commanders crammed 140,000 men and 30,000 horses — and then instructed the men to kill each other.

They killed each other from 11:25AM until it was too dark and they were too tired to kill each other any more.

When the situation had become hopeless for the French forces, the English called on the commander of HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Napoleon’s famous Imperial Guard to surrender the forces still under his command. He responded “Merde.”

Bonaparte himself had decided there was no point in sticking around after 8:30PM but the slaughter continued until at least 10:00PM, with at least 47,000 of the men dead or so badly wounded as not to be able to continue killing each other.61

That is to say, in more conventional language, that Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington and Blücher defeated the Emperor Napoléon at Waterloo (actually, of course, these gentlemen themselves did no fighting on that

61. An entire generation of Europeans would be able to wear what they would refer to as “Waterloo teeth,” yanked from the gaping mouths of the corpses of fallen young men. THE MARKET FOR HUMAN BODY PARTS (The horses also provided their teeth, and the Duke of York would have a corridor of Oaklands, his home in Surrey, lined with the teeth of horses killed during this battle. I haven’t been able to obtain any statistics on how many of the horses killed each other; however, the presence of the horses was not exactly what you could call innocent, as their usefulness in war had driven up the price of horse fodder to ridiculous levels and for years had been interfering with the ability of ordinary people to move around in the world. With the warfare on the continent over, the price of fodder would plummet, and suddenly tramlines drawn by giant Shire horses would again become able to compete economically against the barges on canals.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

day). A boot termed the “Wellington” would become popular, named after the British general at Waterloo.

It was lighter than the “Blüchers” that had been worn by some since the turn of the century but that had become quite popular in the previous year when this Prussian general had visited London. The Wellington boot was made of soft, thin calfskin and fitted close to the leg as far as the knee so that it could be worn under long trousers that were fastened with a strap under the sole of the boot. But, whichever boot you prefer, these two generals had booted Napoleon right out of Europe. “Thou first and last of fields, king-making victory!”—George Gordon, Lord Byron.

“[A nation is] a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbors.” — E. Renan, QU’EST-CE QU’UNE NATION? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

March 11, 1882 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

“Brilliant generalship in itself is a frightening thing — the very idea that the thought processes of a single brain of a Hannibal or a Scipio can play themselves out in the destruction of thousands of young men in an afternoon.” — Victor Davis Hanson, CARNAGE AND CULTURE: LANDMARK BATTLES IN THE RISE OF WESTERN POWER (NY: Doubleday, 2001) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

England has now been blest with thirty-seven years of peace. At no other period of her history can a similarly long cessation from a state of warfare be found. It is true that our troops have had battles to fight during this interval for the protection and extension of our Indian possessions and our colonies; but these have been with distant and unimportant enemies. The danger has never been brought near our own shores, and no matter of vital importance to our empire has ever been at stake. We have not had hostilities with either France, America, or Russia; and when not at war with any of our peers, we feel ourselves to be substantially at peace. There has, indeed, throughout this long period, been no great war, like those with which the previous history of Modern Europe abounds. There have been formidable collisions between particular states; and there have been still more formidable collisions between the armed champions of the conflicting principles of absolutism and democracy; but there has been no general war, like those of the French Revolution, like the American, or the Seven Years’ War, or like the War of the Spanish Succession. It would be far too much to augur from this, that no similar wars will again convulse the world; but the value of the period of peace which Europe has gained, is incalculable; even if we look on it as only a truce, and expect again to see the nations of the earth recur to what some philosophers have termed man’s natural state of warfare. No equal number of years can be found, during which science, commerce, and civilization have advanced so rapidly and so extensively, as has been the case since 1815. When we trace their progress, especially in this country, it is impossible not to feel that their wondrous development has been mainly due to the land having been at peace. Their good effects cannot be obliterated, even if a series of wars were to recommence. When we reflect on this, and contrast these thirty-seven years with the period that preceded them, a period of violence, of tumult, of unrestingly destructive energy,—a period throughout which the wealth of nations was scattered like sand, and the blood of nations lavished like water,—it is impossible not to look with deep interest on the final crisis of that dark and dreadful epoch; the crisis out of which our own happier cycle of years has been evolved. The great battle which ended the twenty-three years’ war of the first French Revolution, and which quelled the man whose genius and ambition had so long disturbed and desolated the world, deserves to be regarded by us, not only with peculiar pride, as one of our greatest national victories, but with peculiar gratitude for the repose which it secured for us, and for the greater part of the human race. One good test for determining the importance of Waterloo, is to ascertain what was felt by wise and prudent statesmen before that battle, respecting the return of Napoleon from Elba to the Imperial throne of France, and the probable effects of his success. For this purpose, I will quote the words, not of any of our vehement anti-Gallican politicians of the school of Pitt, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

but of a leader of our Liberal party, of a man whose reputation as a jurist, a historian, and a far-sighted and candid statesman, was, and is, deservedly high, not only in this country, but throughout Europe. Sir James Mackintosh, in the debate in the British House of Commons, on the 20th April, 1815, spoke thus of the return from Elba: “Was it in the power of language to describe the evil? Wars which had raged for more than twenty years throughout Europe; which had spread blood and desolation from Cadiz to Moscow, and from Naples to Copenhagen; which had wasted the means of human enjoyment, and destroyed the instruments of social improvement; which threatened to diffuse among the European nations, the dissolute and ferocious habits of a predatory soldiery, — at length, by one of those vicissitudes which bid defiance to the foresight of man, had been brought to a close, upon the whole, happy beyond all reasonable expectation, with no violent shock to national independence, with some tolerable compromise between the opinions of the age and reverence due to ancient institutions; with no too signal or mortifying triumph over the legitimate interests or avowable feelings of any numerous body of men, and, above all, without those retaliations against nations or parties, which beget new convulsions, often as horrible as those which they close, and perpetuate revenge and hatred and bloodshed, from age to age. Europe seemed to breathe after her sufferings. In the midst of this fair prospect, and of these consolatory hopes, Napoleon Bonaparte escaped from Elba; three small vessels reached the coast of Provence; our hopes are instantly dispelled; the work of our toil and HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

fortitude is undone; the blood of Europe is spilt in vain — “‘Ibi omnis effusus labor!’”

The Congress of Emperors, Kings, Princes, Generals, and Statesmen, who had assembled at Vienna to remodel the world after the overthrow of the mighty conqueror, and who thought that Napoleon had passed away for ever from the great drama of European politics, had not yet completed their triumphant festivities, and their diplomatic toils, when Talleyrand, on the 1lth of March, 1815, rose up among them, and announced that the ex-emperor had escaped front Elba, and was Emperor of France once more. It is recorded by Sir Walter Scott, as a curious physiological fact, that, the first effect of the news of an event which threatened to neutralize all their labors, was to excite a loud burst of laughter from nearly every member of the Congress. But the jest was a bitter one: and they soon were deeply busied in anxious deliberations respecting the mode in which they should encounter their arch-enemy, who had thus started from torpor and obscurity into renovated splendor and strength: “Qualis ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina pastus, Frigida sub terra, tumidum quem bruma tegebat. Nune positis novus exuviis nitidusque juventa, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga Arduus ad solem, et linguis micat ore trisulcis.” — Virgil, Aen.

Napoleon sought to disunite the formidable confederacy, which he knew would be arrayed against him, by endeavoring to negotiate separately with each of the allied sovereigns. It is said that Austria and Russia were at first not unwilling to treat with him. Disputes and jealousies had been rife among several of the Allies on the subject of the division of the conquered countries; and the cordial unanimity with which they had acted during 1813 and the first months of 1814, had grown chill, during some weeks of discussions. But the active exertions of Talleyrand, who represented Louis XVIII at the Congress, and who both hated and feared Napoleon with all the intensity of which his powerful spirit was capable, prevented the secession of any member of the Congress from the new great league against their ancient enemy. Still it is highly probably that? if Napoleon had triumphed in Belgium over the Prussians and the English, he would have succeeded in opening negotiations with the Austrians and Russians; and he might have thus gained advantages similar to those which he had obtained on his return from Egypt, when he induced the Czar Paul to withdraw the Russian armies from cooperating with the other enemies of France in the extremity of peril to which she seemed reduced in 1799. But fortune now had deserted him both in diplomacy and in war. On the 13th of March, 1815, the Ministers of the seven powers, Austria, Spain, England, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, and Sweden, signed a manifesto, by which they declared Napoleon an outlaw; and this denunciation was instantly followed up by a treaty between England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia (to which other powers soon acceded), by which the rulers of those countries bound themselves to enforce that decree, and to prosecute the war until Napoleon should be driven from the throne of France, and rendered incapable of disturbing the peace of Europe. The Duke of Wellington was the representative of England at the Congress of Vienna, and he was immediately applied to for his advice on the plan of military operations against France. It was obvious that Belgium would be the first battlefield; and by the general wish of the Allies, the English Duke proceeded thither to assemble an army from the contingents of Dutch, Belgian, and Hanoverian troops, that were most speedily available, and from the English regiments which his own Government was hastening to send over from this country. A strong Prussian corps was near Aix-la-Chapelle, having remained there since the campaign of the preceding year. This was largely reinforced by other troops of the same nation; and Marshal Blucher, the favorite hero of the Prussian soldiery, and the deadliest foe of France, assumed the command of this army, which was the Lower Rhine; and which, in conjunction with Wellington’s forces, was to make the van of the armaments of the Allied Powers. Meanwhile Prince Swartzenburg was to collect 130,000 Austrians, and 124,000 troops of other HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Germanic States, as “the Army of the Upper Rhine;” and 168,000 Russians, under the command of Barclay de Tolly, were to form “the army of the Middle Rhine,” and to repeat the march from Muscovy to that river’s banks. The exertions which the Allied Powers thus made at this crisis to grapple promptly with the French emperor have truly been termed gigantic; and never were Napoleon’s genius and activity more signally displayed, than in the celerity and skill by which he brought forward all the military resources of France, which the reverses of the three preceding years, and the pacific policy of the Bourbons during the months of their first restoration, had greatly diminished and disorganized. He re- entered Paris on the 20th of March, and by the end of May, besides sending a force into La Vendee to put down the aimed risings of the royalists in that province, and besides providing troops under Massena and Suchet for the defense of the southern frontiers of France, Napoleon had an army assembled in the northeast for active operations under his own command, which amounted to between one hundred and twenty, and one hundred and thirty thousand men, with a superb park of artillery and in the highest possible state of equipment, discipline, and efficiency. The approach of the multitudinous Russian, Austrian, Bavarian, and other foes of the French Emperor to the Rhine was necessarily slow; but the two most active of the allied powers had occupied Belgium with their troops, while Napoleon was organizing his forces. Marshal Blucher was there with one hundred and sixteen thousand Prussians; and, before the end of May, the Duke of Wellington was there also with about one hundred and six thousand troops, either British or in British pay. [Wellington had but a small part of his old. Peninsular army in Belgium. The flower of it, had been sent on the expeditions against America. His troops in 1815, were chiefly second battalions, or regiments lately filled up with new recruits.] Napoleon determined to attack these enemies in Belgium. The disparity of numbers was indeed great, but delay was sure to increase the proportionate numerical superiority of his enemies over his own ranks. The French Emperor considered also that “the enemy’s troops were now cantoned under the command of two generals, and composed of nations differing both in interest and in feelings.” His own army was under his own sole command. It was composed exclusively of French soldiers, mostly of veterans, well acquainted with their officers and with each other, and full of enthusiastic confidence in their commander. If he could separate the Prussians from the British, so as to attack each singly, he felt sanguine of success, not only against these the most resolute of his many adversaries, but also against the other masses, that were slowly laboring up against his eastern dominions. The triple chain of strong fortresses, which the French possessed on the Belgian frontier, formed a curtain, behind which Napoleon was able to concentrate his army, and to conceal, till the very last moment, the precise line of attack which he intended to take. On the other hand, Blucher and Wellington were HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

obliged to canton their troops along a line of open country of considerable length, so as to watch for the outbreak of Napoleon from whichever point. of his chain of strongholds he should please to make it. Blucher, with his army, occupied the banks of the Sambre and the Meuse, from Liege on his left, to Charleroi on his right; and the Duke of Wellington covered Brussels; his cantonments being partly in front of that city and between it and the French frontier, and partly on its west; their extreme right reaching to Courtray and Tournay, while the left approached Charleroi and communicated with the Prussian right. It was upon Charleroi that Napoleon resolved to level his attack, in hopes of severing the two allied armies from each other, and then pursuing his favorite tactic of assailing each separately with a superior force on the battle-field, though the aggregate of their numbers considerably exceeded his own. The first French corps d’armee, commanded by Count d’Erlon, was stationed in the beginning of June in and around the city of Lille, near to the north-eastern frontier of France. The second corps, under Count Reille, was at Valenciennes, to the right of the first one. The third corps, under Count Vandamme, was at Mezieres. The fourth, under Count Gerard, had its head-quarters at Metz. The fifth corps was under Count Rappat Strasburg, and the sixth, under Count Lobau, was at Laon. Four corps of reserve cavalry, under Marshal Grouchy were also near the frontier, between the rivers Aisne and Sambre. The Imperial Guard remained in Paris until the 8th of June, when it marched towards Belgium, and reached Avesnes on the 13th; and in the course of the same and the following day, the five corps d’armee with the cavalry reserves which have been mentioned, were, in pursuance of skillfully combined orders, rapidly drawn together, and concentrated in and around the same place, on the right bank of the river Sambre. On the 14th Napoleon arrived among his troops, who were exulting at the display of their commander’s skill in the celerity and precision with which they had been drawn together, and in the consciousness of their collective strength. Although Napoleon too often permitted himself to use language unworthy of his own character respecting his great English adversary, his real feelings in commencing this campaign may be judged from the last words which he spoke, as he threw himself into his traveling carriage to leave Paris for the army. “I go,” he said, “to measure myself with Wellington.” The enthusiasm of the French soldiers at seeing their Emperor among them, was still more excited by the “Order of the day,” in which he thus appealed to them: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

“Napoleon, by the Grace of God, and the Constitution of the Empire, Emperor of the French, &c., to the Grand Army. “AT THE: IMPERIAL HEAD-QUARTERS. “Avesnes June 14th, 1815. “Soldiers! this day is the anniversary of Marengo and of Friedland, which twice decided the destiny of Europe. Then. as after Austerlitz, as after Wagram, we were too generous! we believed in the protestations and in the oaths of princes, whom we left on their thrones. Now, however, leagued together, they aim at the independence and the most sacred rights of France. They have commenced the most unjust of aggressions. Let us, then, march to meet them. Are they and we no longer the same men? “Soldiers! at Jena, against these same Prussians, now so arrogant, you were one to three, and at Montmirail one to six! “Let those among you who have been captives to the English, describe the nature of their prison-ships, and HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

the frightful miseries they endured. “The Saxons, the Belgians, the Hanoverians, the soldiers of the Confederation of the Rhine, lament that they are compelled to use their arms in the cause of princes, the enemies of justice and of the rights of all nations. They know that this coalition is insatiable! After having devoured twelve millions of Poles, twelve millions of Italians, one million of Saxons, and six millions of Belgians, it now wishes to devour the states of the second rank in Germany. “Madmen! one moment of prosperity has bewildered them. The oppression and the humiliation of the French people are beyond their power. If they enter France they will there find their grave. “Soldiers! we have forced marches to make, battles to fight, dangers to encounter; but, with firmness, victory will be ours. The rights, the honor. and the happiness of the country will be recovered! “To every Frenchman who has a heart, the moment is now arrived to conquer or to die! “NAPOLEON.” “THE MARSHAL DUKE OF DALMATIA, Major General.” The 15th of June had scarcely dawned before the French army was in motion for the decisive campaign, and crossed the frontier in three columns, which were pointed upon Charleroi and its vicinity. The French line of advance upon Brussels, which city Napoleon resolved to occupy, thus lay right through the center of the cantonments of the Allies. Much criticism has been expended on the supposed surprise of Wellington’s army in its cantonments by Napoleon’s rapid advance. These comments would hardly have been made if sufficient attention had been paid to the geography of the Waterloo campaign; and if it had been remembered that the protection of Brussels was justly considered by the allied generals a matter of primary importance, If Napoleon could, either by maneuvering or fighting, have succeeded in occupying that city, the greater part of Belgium would unquestionably have declared in his favor; and the results of such a success, gained by the Emperor at the commencement of the campaign, might have decisively influenced the whole after-current of events. A glance at the map will show the numerous roads that lead from the different fortresses on the French north-eastern frontier, and converge upon Brussels; any one of which Napoleon might have chosen for the advance of a strong force upon that city. The Duke’s army was judiciously arranged, so as to enable him to concentrate troops on any one of these roads sufficiently in advance of Brussels to check an assailing enemy. The army was kept thus available for movement in any necessary direction, till certain intelligence arrived on the 15th of June that the French had crossed the frontier in large force near Thuin, that they had driven back the Prussian advanced troops under General Ziethen, and were also moving across the Sambre upon Charleroi. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Marshal Blucher now rapidly concentrated his forces, calling them in from the left upon Ligny, which is to the north-east of Charleroi. Wellington also drew his troops together, calling them in from the right. But even now, though it was certain that the French were in large force at Charleroi, it was unsafe for the English general to place his army directly between that place and Brussels, until it was certain that no corps of the enemy was marching upon Brussels by the western road through Mons and Hal. The Duke, therefore, collected his troops in Brussels and its immediate vicinity, ready to move due southward upon Quatre Bras, and cooperate with Blucher, who was taking his station at Ligny: but also ready to meet and defeat any maneuver, that the enemy might make to turn the right of the Allies, and occupy Brussels by a flanking movement. The testimony of the Prussian general, Baron Muffling, who was attached to the Duke’s staff during the campaign, and who expressly states the reasons on which the English general acted, ought for ever to have silenced the “weak Inventions of the enemy” about the Duke of Wellington having been deceived and surprised by his assailant, which some writers of our own nation, as well as foreigners, have incautiously repeated. It was about three o’clock in the afternoon of the 15th, that a Prussian officer reached Brussels, whom General Ziethen had sent to Muffling to inform him of the advance of the main French army upon Charleroi. Muffling immediately communicated this to the Duke of Wellington; and asked him whether he would concentrate his army, and what would be his point of concentration; observing that Marshal Blucher in consequence of this intelligence would certainly concentrate the Prussians at Ligny. The Duke replied, — “If all is as General Ziethen supposes, I will concentrate on my left wing, and so be in readiness to fight in conjunction with the Prussian army. Should, however, a portion of the enemy’s force come by Mons, I must concentrate more towards my center. This is the reason why I must wait for positive news from Mons before I fix the rendezvous. Since however it is certain that the troops must march, though it is uncertain upon what precise spot they must march, I will order all to be in readiness, and will direct a brigade to move at once towards Quatre Bras.” Later in the same day a message from Blucher himself was delivered to Muffling, in which the Prussian Field Marshal informed the Baron that he was concentrating his men at Sombref and Ligny, and charged Muffling to give him speedy intelligence respecting the concentration of Wellington. Muffling immediately communicated this to the Duke, who expressed his satisfaction with Blucher’s arrangements, but added that he could not even then resolve upon his own point of concentration before he obtained the desired intelligence from Mons. About midnight this information arrived. The Duke went to the quarters of General Muffling, and told him that he now had received his reports from Mons, and was sure that no French troops were advancing by that route, but that the mass of the enemy’s force HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

was decidedly directed on Charleroi. He informed the Prussian general that he had ordered the British troops to move forward upon Quatre Bras; but with characteristic coolness and sagacity resolved not to give the appearance of alarm by hurrying on with them himself A ball was to be given by the Duchess of Richmond at Brussels that night, and the Duke proposed to General Muffling that they should go to the ball for a. few hours, and ride forward in the morning to overtake the troops at Quatre Bras. To hundreds, who were assembled at that memorable ball, the news that the enemy was advancing, and that the time for battle had come, must have been a fearfully exciting surprise, and the magnificent stanzas of Byron are as true as they are beautiful. There was a sound of revelry by night, And Belgium’s capital had gather’d then Her Beauty and her Chivalry, and bright The lamps shone o’er fair women and brave men; A thousand hearts beat happily; and when Music arose with its voluptuous swell, Soft eyes look’d love to eyes which spake again, And all went merry as a marriage-bell; But hush! hark! a deep sound strikes like a rising knell. Did ye not hear it — No; ’twas but the wind, Or the car rattling o’er the stony street; On with the dance! let joy be unconfined; No sleep till morn, when Youth and Pleasure meet To chase the glowing Hours with flying feet - But, hark — that heavy sound breaks in once more, As if the clouds its echo would repeat; And nearer, clearer, deadlier than before! Arm! Arm! it is— it is— the cannon’s opening roar! Within a window’d niche of that high hall Sate Brunswick’s fated chieftain; he did hear That sound the first amidst the festival, And caught its tone with Death’s prophetic ear; And when they smiled because he deem’d it near, His heart more truly knew that peal too well Which stretch’d his father on a bloody bier, And roused the vengeance blood alone could quell: He rush’d into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell. Ah! then and there was hurrying to and fro, And gathering tears, and tremblings of distress, And cheeks all pale, which but an hour ago Blush’d at the praise of their own loveliness; And there were sudden partings, such as press The life from out young hearts, and choking sighs Which ne’er might be repeated; who could guess If ever more should meet those mutual eyes, Since upon night so sweet such awful morn could rise? And there was mounting in hot haste: the steed, The mustering squadron, and the clattering car, Went pouring forward with impetuous speed, And swiftly forming in the ranks of war; And the deep thunder peal on peal afar; And near, the bent of the alarming drum Roused up the soldier ere the morning star; While throng’d the citizens with terror dumb, Or whispering, with white lips— “The foe! They come! they come!” And Ardennes waves above them her green loaves. Dewy with nature’s tear-drops, as they pass, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Grieving, if aught inanimate e’er grieves. Over the unreturning brave,—alas! ’Ere evening to be trodden like the grass Which now beneath them, but above shall grow In its next verdure, when this fiery mass Of living valour, rolling on the foe And burning with high hope, shall moulder cold and low. Last noon beheld them full of lusty life, Last eve in Beauty’s circle proudly gay, The midnight brought the signal-sound of strife, The morn the marshalling in arms, — the day Battle’s magnificently-stern array! The thunder-clouds close o’er it, which when rent, The earth is covered thick with other clay, Which her own clay shall cover, heap’d and pent, Rider and horse, —friend, foe, —in one red burial blent.

But the Duke and his principal officers knew well the stern termination to that, festive scene which was approaching. One by one, and in such a way as to attract as little observation as possible, the leaders of the various corps left the ball- room, and took their stations at the head of their men, who were pressing forward through the last hours of the short summer night to the arena of anticipated slaughter. Napoleon’s operations on the 15th had been conducted with signal skill and vigor; and their results had been very advantageous for his plan of the campaign. With his army formed in three vast columns, he had struck at the center of the line of cantonments of his allied foes; and he had so far made good his blow, that he had effected the passage of the Sambre, he had beaten with his left wing the Prussian corps of General Ziethen at Thuin, and with his center he had in person advanced right through Charleroi upon Fleurus, inflicting considerable loss upon the Prussians that fell back before him. His right column had with little opposition moved forward as far as the bridge of Chatelet. Napoleon had thus a powerful force immediately in front of the point, which Blucher had fixed for the concentration of the Prussian army, and that concentration was still incomplete. The French Emperor designed to attack the Prussians on the morrow in person, with the troops of his center and right columns, and to employ his left wing in heating back such English troops as might advance to the help of their allies, and also in aiding his own attack upon Blucher. He gave the command of this left wing to Marshal Ney. Napoleon seems not to have originally intended to employ this celebrated General in the campaign. It was only on the night of the 11th of June, that Marshal Ney received at Paris an order to join the army. Hurrying forward to the Belgian frontier he met the Emperor near Charleroi. Napoleon immediately directed him to take the command of the left wing, and to press forward with it upon Quatre Bras by the line of the road which leads from Charleroi to Brussels, through Gosselies, Frasne, Quatre Bras, Genappe, and Waterloo. Ney immediately proceeded to the post assigned him; and before ten on the night of the 15th he had occupied Gosselies and Frasne, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

driving out without much difficulty some weak Belgian detachments which had been stationed in those villages. The lateness of the hour, and the exhausted state of the French troops, who had been marching and fighting since ten in the morning, made him pause from advancing further, to attack the much more important position of Quatre Bras. In truth, the advantages which the French gained by their almost superhuman energy and activity throughout the long day of the 15th of June, were necessarily bought at the price of more delay and inertness during the following night and morrow, than would have been observable if they had not been thus overtasked. Ney has been blamed for want of promptness in his attack upon Quatre Eras; and Napoleon has been criticized for not having fought at Ligny before the afternoon of the 16th: but their censors should remember that soldiers are but men; and that there must be necessarily some interval of time, before troops, that have been worn and weakened by twenty hours of incessant fatigue and strife, can be fed, rested, reorganized, and brought again into action with any hope of success. Having on the night of the 15th placed the most advanced of the French under his command in position in front of Frasne, Ney rode back to Charleroi, where Napoleon also arrived about midnight, having returned from directing the operations of the center and right column of the French. The Emperor and the Marshal supped together, and remained in earnest conversation till two in the morning. An hour or two afterwards Ney rode back to Frasne, where he endeavored to collect tidings of the numbers and movements of the enemy in front of him; and also busied himself in the necessary duty of learning the amount and composition of the troops which he himself was commanding. He had been so suddenly appointed to his high station, that he did not know the strength of the several regiments under him, or even the names of their commanding officers. He now caused his aides-de-camp to prepare the requisite returns, and drew together the troops, whom he was thus learning before he used them. Wellington remained at the Duchess of Richmond’s ball at Brussels till about three o’clock in the morning of the 16th, “showing himself very cheerful,” as Baron Muffling, who accompanied him, observes. At five o’clock; the Duke and the Baron were on horseback, and reached the position at Quatre Bras about eleven. As the French, who were in front of Frasne, were perfectly quiet, and the Duke was informed that a very large force under Napoleon in person was menacing Blucher, it was thought possible that only a slight detachment of the French was posted at Frasne in order to mask the English army. In that event Wellington, as he told Baron Muffling, would be able to employ his whole strength in supporting the Prussians: and he proposed to ride across from Quatre Bras to Blucher’s position, in order to concert with him personally the measures which should be taken in order to bring on a decisive battle with the French. Wellington and Muffling rode accordingly towards Ligny, and HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

found Marshal Blucher and his staff’ at the windmill of Bry, near that village. The Prussian army, 50,000 strong, was drawn up chiefly along a chain of heights, with the villages of Sombref, St. Amand, and Ligny in their front. These villages were strongly occupied by Prussian detachments, and formed the keys of Blucher’s position. The heads of the columns which Napoleon was forming for the attack, were visible in the distance. The Duke asked Blucher and General Gneisenau (who was Blucher’s adviser in matters of strategy) what they wished him to do. Muffling had already explained to them in a few words the Duke’s earnest desire to support the Field Marshall, and that he would do all that they wished, provided they did not ask him to divide his army, which was contrary to his principles. The Duke wished to advance with his army (as soon as it was concentrated) upon Frasne and Gosselies, and thence to move upon Napoleon’s flank and rear. The Prussian leaders preferred that he should march his men from Quatre Bras by the Namur road, so as to form a reserve in rear of Blucher’s army. The Duke replied, “Well, I will come if I am not attacked myself,” and galloped back with Muffling to Quatre Bras, where the French attack was now actually raging. Marshal Ney began the battle about two o’clock in the afternoon. He had at this time in hand about 16,000 infantry, nearly 2000 cavalry, and 38 guns. The force which Napoleon nominally placed at his command exceeded 40,000 men. But more than one half of these consisted of the first French corps d’armee, under Count d’Erlon; and Ney was deprived of the use of this corps at the time that he most required it, in consequence of its receiving orders to march to the aid of the Emperor at Ligny. A magnificent body of heavy cavalry under Kellerman, nearly 5000 strong, and several more battalions (if artillery were added to Ney army during the battle of Quatre Bras; but his effective infantry force never exceeded 16,000. When the battle began, the greater part of the Duke’s army was yet on its march towards Quatre Bras from Brussels and the other parts of its cantonments. The force of the Allies, actually in position there, consisted only of a Dutch and Belgian division of infantry, not quite 7000 strong, with one battalion of foot, and one of horse-artillery. The Prince of Orange commanded them. A wood, called the Bois de Bossu, stretched along the right (or western) flank of the position of Quatre Bras; a farmhouse and building, called Gemiancourt, stood on some elevated ground in its front; and to the left (or east), were the enclosures of the village of Pierremont. The Prince of Orange endeavored to secure these posts; but Ney carried Gemiancourt in the center, and Pierremont on the east, and gained occupation of the southern part of the wood of Bossu. He ranged the chief part of his artillery on the high ground of Gemiancourt, whence it played throughout the action with most destructive effect upon the Allies. He was pressing forward to further advantages, when the fifth infantry division under Sir Thomas Picton, and the Duke of Brunswick’s corps, appeared upon the scene. Wellington (who HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

had returned to Quatre Bras from his interview with Blucher shortly before the arrival of these forces) restored the fight with them; and, as fresh troops of the Allies arrived, they were brought forward to stem the fierce attacks which Ney’s columns and squadrons continued to make with unabated gallantry and zeal. The only cavalry of the Anglo-allied army that reached Quatre Bras during the action, consisted of Dutch and Belgians, and a small force of Brunswickers, under their Duke, who was killed on the field. These proved wholly unable to encounter Kellerman’s cuirassiers and Pire’s lancers; the Dutch and. Belgian infantry also gave way early in the engagement; so that the whole brunt of the battle fell on the British and German infantry, They sustained it nobly. Though repeatedly charged by the French cavalry, though exposed to the murderous fire of the French batteries, which from the heights of Gemiancourt sent shot and shell into the devoted squares whenever the French horsemen withdrew, they not only repelled their assailants, but Kempt’s and Pack’s brigades, led on by Picton, actually advanced against and through their charging foes, and with stern determination made good to the end of the day the ground which they had thus boldly won. Some, however, of the British regiments were during the confusion assailed by the French cavalry before they could form squares, and suffered severely. One regiment, the 92nd, was almost wholly destroyed by the cuirassiers. A French private soldier, named Lami, of the 8th regiment of cuirassiers, captured one of the English colors, and presented it to Ney. It was a solitary trophy. The arrival of the English Guards about half past six o’clock, enabled the Duke to recover the wood of Boss, which the French had almost entirely won, and the possession of which by them would have enabled Ney to operate destructively upon the Allied flank and rear. Not only was the wood of Boss recovered on the British right, but the enclosures of Pierremont were also carried on the- left. When night set in the French had been driven back on all points towards Frasne; but they still held the farm of Gemiancourt in front of the Duke’s center. Wellington and Muffling were unacquainted with the result of the collateral battle between Blucher and Napoleon, the cannonading of which had been distinctly audible at Quatre Bras throughout the afternoon and evening The Duke observed to Muffling, that of course the two Allied armies would assume the offensive against the enemy on the morrow; and consequently, it would be better to capture the farm at once, instead of waiting till next morning. Muffling agreed in the Duke’s views, and Gemiancourt was forthwith attacked by the English and captured with little loss to its assailants. Meanwhile the French and the Prussians had been fighting in and round the villages of Ligny, Sombref, and St. Amand, from three in the afternoon to nine in the evening, with a savage inveteracy almost unparalleled in modern warfare. Blucher had in the field, when he began the battle, 83,417 men, and 224 guns. Bulow’s corps, which was 25,000 strong, had not joined him; but the Field HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Marshal hoped to be reinforced by it, or by the English army before the end of the action. But Bulow, through some error in the transmission of orders, was far in the rear; and the Duke of Wellington was engaged, as we have seen, with Marshal Ney. Blucher received early wanting from Baron Muffling that the Duke could not come to his assistance; but, as Muffling observes, Wellington rendered the Prussians the great service of occupying more than 40,000 of the enemy, who otherwise would have crushed Blucher’s right flank. For, not only did the conflict at Quatre Bras detain the French troops which actually tool; part in it, but d’Erlon received orders from Ney to join him which hindered d’Erlon from giving effectual aid to Napoleon. indeed, the whole of d’Erlon’s corps, in consequence of conflicting directions from Ney and the Emperor, marched and countermarched, during the 16th, between Quatre Bras and Ligny without firing a shot in either battle. Blucher had, in fact, a superiority of more than 12,000 in number over the French army that attacked him at Ligny. The numerical difference was even greater at the beginning of the battle, as Lobau’s corps did not come up from Charleroi till eight o’clock. After five hours and a half of desperate and long-doubtful struggle, Napoleon succeeded in breaking the center of the Prussian line, at Ligny, and in forcing his obstinate antagonists off the field of battle. The issue was attributable to his skill, and not to any want of spirit or resolution on the -part of the Prussian troops; nor did they, though defeated, abate one jot in discipline, heart, or hope. As Blucher observed, it was a battle in which his army lost the day but not its honor. The Prussians retreated duping the night of the 16th, and the early part of the 17th, with perfect regularity and steadiness. The retreat was directed not towards Maestricht, where their principal depots mere established, but towards Wavre, so as be able to maintain their communication with Wellington’s army, and still follow out the original plan of the campaign. The heroism with which the Prussians endured and repaired their defeat at Ligny, is more glorious than many victories. The messenger who was sent to inform Wellington of the retreat of the Prussian army, was shot on the way; and it was not until the morning of the 17th that the Allies, at Quatre Bras, knew the result of the battle of Ligny. The Duke was ready at daybreak to take the offensive against the enemy with vigor, his whole army being by that time fully assembled. But on learning that Blucher had been defeated, a different course of action was clearly necessary. It was obvious that Napoleon’s main army would now be directed against Wellington, and a retreat was inevitable. On ascertaining that the Prussian army had retired upon Wavre, that there was no hot pursuit of them by the French, and that Bulow’s corps had taken no part in the action at Ligny, the Duke resolved to march his army back towards Brussels, still intending to cover that city, and to halt at a point in a line with Wavre, and there restore his communication with Blucher. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

An officer from Blucher’s army reached the Duke about nine o’clock, from whom he learned the effective strength that Blucher still possessed, and how little discouraged his ally was by the yesterday’s battle. Wellington sent word to the Prussian commander that he would halt in the position of Mont St. Jean, and accept a general battle with the French, if Blucher would pledge himself come to his assistance with a single corps of 25,000 men. This was readily promised; and after allowing his men ample time for rest and refreshment, Wellington retired over about half the space between Quatre Bras and Brussels. He was pursued, but little molested by the main French army, which about noon of the 17th moved laterally from Ligny, and joined Ney’s forces. which had advanced through Quatre Bras when the British abandoned that position. The Earl of Uxbridge, with the British cavalry, covered the retreat of the Duke’s army, with great skill and gallantry; and a heavy thunderstorm, with torrents of rain, impeded the operations of the French pursuing squadrons. The Duke still expected that the French would endeavor to turn his right, and march upon Brussels by the high road that leads through Mons and Hal. In order to counteract this anticipated maneuver, he stationed a force of 18,000 men, under Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, at Hal, with orders to maintain himself there if attacked, as long as possible. The Duke halted with the rest of his army at the position near Mont St. Jean, which, from a village in its neighborhood, has received the ever-memorable name of the field of Waterloo. Wellington was now about twelve miles distant, on a line running from west to east, from Wavre, where the Prussian army had now been completely reorganized and collected, and where it had been strengthened by the junction of Bulow’s troops, which had taken no part in the battle of Ligny. Blucher sent, word from Wavre, to the Duke, that he was coming to help the English at Mont St. Jean, in the morning, not with one corps, but with his whole army. The fiery old man only stipulated that the combined armies, if not attacked by Napoleon on the 18th, should themselves attack him on the 19th. So far were Blucher and his army from being in the state of annihilation described in the boastful bulletin by which Napoleon informed the Parisians of his victory at Ligny. Indeed, the French Emperor seems himself to have been misinformed as to the extent of loss which he had inflicted on the Prussians, Had he known in what good order and with what undiminished spirit they were retiring, he would scarcely have delayed sending a large force to press them in their retreat until noon on the 17th. Such, however, was the case. It was about that time that he confided to Marshal Grouchy the duty of pursuing the defeated Prussians, and preventing them from joining Wellington. He placed for this purpose 38,000 men and 96 guns under his orders. Violent complaints and recriminations passed afterwards between the Emperor and the marshal respecting the manner in which Grouchy attempted to perform this duty, and the reasons why he failed on the 18th to arrest the lateral movement of the Prussians from Wavre to HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Waterloo. It is sufficient to remark here, that the force which Napoleon gave to Grouchy (though the utmost that the Emperor’s limited means would allow) was insufficient to make head against the entire Prussian army, especially after Bulow’s junction with Blucher. We shall presently have occasion to consider what opportunities were given to Grouchy during the 18th, and what he might have effected if he had been a man of original military genius. But the failure of Grouchy was in truth mainly owing to the indomitable heroism of Blucher himself; who, though he had received severe personal injuries in the battle of Ligny, was as energetic and ready as ever in bringing his men into action again, and who had the resolution to expose a part of his army, under Thielman, to be overwhelmed by Grouchy at Wavre on the 18th, while he urged the march of the mass of his troops upon Waterloo “It is not at Wavre, but at Waterloo,” said the old Field-Marshal, “that the campaign is to he decided;” and he risked a detachment, and won the campaign accordingly. Wellington and Blucher trusted each other as cordially, and cooperated as zealously, as formerly had been the case with Marlborough and Eugene. It was in full reliance on Blucher’s promise to join him, that the Duke stood his ground and fought at Waterloo; and those, who have ventured to impugn the Duke’s capacity as a general, ought to have had common sense enough to perceive, that to charge the Duke with having won the battle of Waterloo by the help of the Prussians, is really to say that he won it by the very means on which he relied, and without the expectation of which the battle would not have been fought. Napoleon himself has found fault with Wellington for not having retreated further, so as to complete a junction of his army with Blucher’s, before he risked a general engagement. But as we have seen, the Duke justly considered it important to protect Brussels. He had reason to expect that his army could singly resist the French at Waterloo until the Prussians came up, and that on the Prussians joining there would be a sufficient force united under himself and Blucher, for completely overwhelming the enemy. And while Napoleon thus censures his great adversary, he involuntarily bears the highest possible testimony to the military character of the English, and proves decisively of what paramount importance was the battle to which he challenged his fearless opponent. Napoleon asks, “If the English army had been beaten at Waterloo, what would have been the use of those numerous bodies of troops, of Prussians, Austrians, Germans, and Spaniards, which were advancing to the Rhine, the Alps, and the Pyrenees?” The strength of the army, under the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo was 49,608 infantry, 12,402 cavalry, and 5645 artillerymen with 156 guns. But of this total of 67,655 men, scarcely 24,000 were British, a circumstance of very serious importance, if Napoleon’s own estimate of the relative value of troops of different nations is to be taken. In the Emperor’s own HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

words speaking of this campaign, “A French soldier would not be equal to more than one English soldier, but he would not be afraid to meet two Dutchmen, Prussians, or soldiers of the Confederation.” There were about 6000 men, of the old German Legion, with the Duke; these were veteran troops, and of excellent quality. Of the rest of the army the Hanoverians and Brunswickers proved themselves deserving of confidence and praise. But the Nassauers, Dutch, and Belgians were almost worthless; and not a few of them were justly suspected of a strong wish to fight, if they fought at all, under the French eagles rather than against them. Napoleon’s army at Waterloo consisted of 48,950 infantry, 15,765 cavalry, 7832 artillerymen, being a total of 71,947 men, and 246 guns. They were the flower of the national forces of France; and of all the numerous gallant armies which that martial land has poured forth, never was there one braver, or better disciplined, or better led, than the host that took up its position at Waterloo on the morning of the 18th of June 1815. Perhaps those who have not seen the field of battle at Waterloo, or the admirable model of the ground, and of the conflicting armies, which was executed by Captain Siborne, may gain a generally accurate idea of the localities, by picturing to themselves a valley between two and three miles long, of various breadths at different points, but generally not exceeding half a mile. On each side of the valley, there is a winding chain of low hills, running somewhat parallel with each other. The. declivity from each of these ranges of hills to the intervening valley is gentle but not uniform, the undulations of the ground being frequent and considerable. The English army was posted on the northern, and the French army occupied the southern ridge. The artillery of each side thundered at the other from their respective heights throughout the day, and the charges of horse and foot were made across the valley that has been described. The village of Mont St. Jean is situate a little behind the center of the northern chain of hills, and the village of La Belle Alliance is close behind the center of the southern ridge. The high road from Charleroi to Brussels (a broad paved causeway) runs through both these villages, and bisects therefore both the English and the French positions. The line of this road was the line of Napoleon’s intended advance on Brussels. There are some other local particulars connected with the situation of each army, which it is necessary to bear in mind. The strength of the British position did not consist merely in the occupation of a ridge of high ground. A village and ravine, called Merk Braine, on the Duke of Wellington’s extreme right, secured his flank from being turned on that side; and on his extreme left, two little hamlets called La Haye and Papelotte, gave a similar, though a slighter, protection. Behind the whole British position is the extensive forest of Soignies. As no attempt was made by the French to turn either of the English flanks, and the battle was a day of straightforward fighting, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

it is chiefly important to ascertain what posts there were in front of the British line of hills, of which advantage could be taken either to repel or facilitate an attack; and it will be seen that there were two, and that each was of very great importance in the action. In front of the British right, that is to say, on the northern slope of the valley towards its western end, there stood an old fashioned Flemish farm-house called Goumoat, or Hougoumont, with out-buildings and a garden, and with copse of beech trees of about two acres in extent round it. This was strongly garrisoned by the allied troops; and, while it was in their possession, it was difficult for the enemy to press on and force the British right wing. On the other hand, if the enemy could take it, it would be difficult for that wing to keep its ground on the heights, with a strong post held adversely in its immediate front, being one that would give much shelter to the enemy’s marksmen, and great facilities for the sudden concentration of attacking columns. Almost immediately in front of the British center, and not so far down the slope as Hougoumont, there was another farm-house, of a smaller size, called La Haye Sainte, [Not to be confounded with the hamlet of La Haye at the extreme left of the British line.] which was also held by the British troops, and the occupation of which was found to be of very serious consequence. With respect to the French position, the principle feature to be noticed is the village of Planchenoit, which lay a little in the rear of their right (i.e. on the eastern side), and which proved to he of great importance in aiding them to check the advance of the Prussians. Napoleon, in his memoirs, and other French writers, have vehemently blamed the Duke for having given battle in such a position as that of Waterloo. They particularly object that the Duke fought without having the means of a retreat, if the attacks of his enemy had proved successful; and that the English army, if once broken, must have lost all its guns and materiel in its flight through the Forest of Soignies, that lay in its rear. In answer to these censures, instead of merely referring to the event of the battle as proof of the correctness of the Duke’s judgment, it is to be observed that many military critics of high authority, have considered the position of Waterloo to have been admirably adapted for the Duke’s purpose of protecting Brussels by a battle; and that certainly the Duke’s opinion in favor of it was not lightly or hastily formed. It is a remarkable fact (mentioned in the speech of Lord Bathurst when moving the vote of thanks to the Duke in the House of Lords), that when the Duke of Wellington was passing through Belgium in the preceding summer of 1814, he particularly noticed the strength of the position of Waterloo, and made a minute of it at the time, stating to those who were with him, that if it ever should be his fate to fight a battle in that quarter for the protection of Brussels, he should endeavor to do so in that position. And with respect to the Forest of Soignies, which the French (and some few English) critics have thought calculated to prove so HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

fatal to a retreating force, the Duke on the contrary believed it to he a post that might have proved of infinite value to his army in the event of his having been obliged to give way. The Forest of Soignies has no thicket or masses of close growing trees. It consists of tall beeches, and is everywhere passable for men and horses. The artillery could have been withdrawn by the broad road which traverses it towards Brussels; and in the meanwhile a few regiments of resolute infantry could have, held the forest and kept the pursuers in check. One of the best writers on the Waterloo campaign, Captain Pringle, well observes that “every person, the least experienced in war, knows the extreme difficulty of forcing infantry from a wood which cannot be turned.” The defense of the Bois de Bossu near Quatre Bras on the 16th of June had given a good proof of this; and the Duke of Wellington, when speaking in after years of the possible events that might have followed if he had been beaten back from the open field of Waterloo, pointed to the wood of Soignies as his secure rallying place, saying, “they never could have beaten us so, that we could not have held the wood against them.” He was always confident that he could have made good that post until joined by the Prussians, upon whose cooperation he throughout depended. As has been already mentioned, the Prussians, on the morning of the 18th, were at Wavre, which is about twelve miles to the east of the field of battle of Waterloo. The junction of’ Bulow’s division had more than made up for the loss sustained at Ligny; and leaving Thielman with about seventeen thousand men to hold his ground, as he best could, against the attack which Grouchy was about to make on Wavre. Bulow and Blucher moved with the rest of the Prussians through St. Lambert upon Waterloo. It: was calculated that they would be there by three o’clock: but the extremely difficult nature of the ground which they had to traverse, rendered worse by the torrents of rain that had just, fallen, delayed them long on their twelve miles’ march. An army, indeed, less animated by bitter hate against the enemy than was the Prussian, and under a less energetic chief than Blucher, would have failed altogether in effecting a passage through the swamps, into which the incessant rain had transformed the greater part of the ground through which it was necessary to move not only with columns of foot, but with cavalry and artillery. At one point of the march, on entering the defile of St. Lambert the spirits of the Prussians almost gave way. Exhausted in the attempts to extricate and drag forward the heavy guns, the men began to murmur. Blucher came to the spot, and heard cries from the ranks of — “We cannot get on.” “But you must get on,” was the old Field Marshal’s answer. “I have pledged my word to Wellington, and you surely will not make me break it. Only exert yourselves for a few hours longer, and we are sure of victory.” This appeal from old “Marshal Forwards,” as the Prussian soldiers loved to call Blucher, had its wonted effect. The Prussians again moved forward, slowly, indeed, and with pain and toil; but still they moved forward. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

The French and British armies lay on the open field during the wet and stormy night of the 17th: and when the dawn of the memorable 18th of June broke, the rain was still descending heavily upon Waterloo. The rival nations rose from their dreary bivouacs, and began to form, each on the high ground which it occupied. Towards nine the weather grew clearer, and each army was able to watch the position and arrangements of the other on the opposite side of the valley. The Duke of Wellington drew up his army in two lines; the principal one being stationed near the crest of the ridge of hills already described, and the other being arranged along the slope in the rear of his position. Commencing from the eastward, on the extreme left of the first or main line, were Vivian’s and Vandeleur’s brigades of light cavalry, and the fifth Hanoverian brigade of infantry, under Von Vincke. Then came Best’s fourth Hanoverian brigade. Detachments from these bodies of troops occupied the little villages of Papelotte and La Haye, down the hollow in advance of the left of the Duke’s position. To the right of Best’s Hanoverians, Bylandt’s brigade of Dutch and Belgian infantry was drawn up on the outer slope of the heights. Behind them were the ninth brigade of British INFANTRY under Pack; and to the right of these last, but more in advance, stood the eighth brigade of English infantry under Kempt. These were close to the Charleroi road, and to the center of the entire position. These two English brigades, with the fifth Hanoverian, made up the fifth division, commanded by Sir Thomas Picton. Immediately to their right, and westward of the Charleroi road, stood the third division, commanded by General Alten, and consisting of Ompteda’s brigade of the King’s German legion, and Kielmansegge’s Hanoverian brigade. The important post of La Haye Sainte, which it will be remembered lay in front of the Duke’s center, close to the Charleroi road, was garrisoned with troops from this division. Westward, and on the right of Kielmansegge’s Hanoverians, stood the fifth British brigade under Halkett; and behind, Kruse’s Nassau brigade was posted. On the right of Halkett’s men stood the English Guards. They were in two brigades, one commanded by Maitland, and the other by Byng. The entire division was under General Cooke. The buildings and gardens of Hougoumont, which lay immediately under the height, on which stood the British Guards, were principally manned by detachments from Byug’s brigade, aided by some brave Hanoverian rifle-men, and accompanied by a battalion of a Nassau regiment. On a plateau in the rear of Cooke’s division of Guards, and inclining westward towards the village of Mark Braine, were Clinton’s second infantry division, composed of Adams’s third brigade of light infantry, Du Flat’s first brigade of the king’s German legion, and the third Hanoverian brigade under Colonel Halkett. The Duke formed his second line of cavalry. This only extended behind the right and center of his first line. The largest mass was drawn up behind the brigades of infantry in the center, on either side of the Charleroi road. The brigade of household HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

cavalry under Lord Somerset was on the immediate right of the road, and on the left of it was Ponsonby’s brigade, Behind these were Trip’s and Ghingy’s brigades of Dutch and Belgian horse. The 3rd Hussars of the King’s German Legion were to the right of Somerset’s brigade. To the right of these, and behind Maitland’s infantry, stood the 3rd Brigade under Dornberg, consisting of the 23rd English Light Dragoons, and the regiments of Light Dragoons of the King’s German Legion. The last cavalry on the right was Grant’s brigade, stationed in the rear of the Foot-Guards. The corps of Brunswickers, both horse and foot, and the 10th British brigade of foot, were in reserve behind the center and right of the entire position. The artillery was distributed at convenient, intervals along the front of the whole line. Besides the generals who have been mentioned, Lord Hill, Lord Uxbridge (who had the general command of the cavalry), the Prince of Orange, and General Chasse, were present, and acting under the Duke. Prince Frederick’s force remained at Hal, and took no part in the battle of the 18th. The reason for this arrangement (which has been much cavilled at), may be best given in the words of Baron Muffling:— “The Duke had retired from Quatre Bras in three columns, by three chaises; and on the evening of the 17th, Prince Frederick of orange was at Hal, Lord Hill at Braine la Leud, and the Prince of Orange with the reserve, at Mont St. Jean. This distribution was necessary, as Napoleon could dispose of these three roads for his advance on Brussels. Napoleon on the 17th had pressed on by Genappe as far as Rossomme. On the two other roads no enemy had yet shown himself. On the 18th the offensive was taken by Napoleon on its greatest scale, but still the Nivelles road was not overstepped by his left wing These circumstances made it possible to draw Prince Frederick to the army, which would certainly have been done if entirely new circumstances had not arisen. The Duke had, twenty-four hours before, pledged himself to accept a battle at Mont St. Jean if Blucher would assist him there with one corps, of 25,000 men. This being promised, the Duke was taking his measures for defense, when he learned that, in addition to the one corps promised, Blucher was actually already on the march with his whole force, to break in by Planchenoit on Napoleon’s flank and rear. If three corps of the Prussian army should penetrate by the unguarded plateau of Russomme, which was not improbable, Napoleon would be thrust from his line of retreat by Genappe, and might possibly lose even that by Nivelles. In this case Prince Frederick, with his 19,000 men (who might be accounted superfluous at Mont, St. Jean:, might have rendered the most essential service.” It is also worthy of observation that Napoleon actually detached a force of 2000 cavalry to threaten Hal, though they returned to the main French camp during the night of the l7th. On the opposite heights the French army was drawn up in two general lines, with the entire force of the Imperial Guards, cavalry as well as infantry, in rear of the center, as a reserve. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

The first line of the French army was formed of the two corps commanded by Count d’Erlon and Count Reille. D’Erlon’s corps was on the right, that is, eastward of the Charleroi road, and consisted of four divisions of infantry under Generals Durette, Marcognet, Alix, and Donzelot, and of one division of light cavalry under General Jaquinot. Count Reille’s corps formed the left or western wing, and was formed of Bachelu’s, Foy’s, and Jerome Bonaparte’s divisions of infantry, and of Pire’s division of cavalry. The right wing of the second general French line was formed of Milhaud’s corps, consisting of two divisions of heavy cavalry. The left wing of this line was formed by Kellerman’s cavalry corps, also in two divisions. Thus each of the corps of infantry that composed the first line had a corps of cavalry behind it; but the second line consisted also of Lobau’s corps of infantry, and Domont and Subervie’s divisions of light cavalry; these three bodies of troops being drawn up on either side of La Belie Alliance, and forming the center of the second line. The third, or reserve line, had its center composed of the infantry of the Imperial Guard. Two regiments of grenadiers and two of chasseurs, formed the foot of the Old Guard under General Friant. The Middle Guard, under Count Morand, was similarly composed; while two regiments of voltigeurs, and two of tirailleurs, under Duhesme, constituted the Young Guard. The chasseurs and lancers of the Guard were on the right of the infantry, under Lefebvre Desnouettes; and the grenadiers and dragoons of the Guards, under Guyot, were on the left. All the French corps comprised, besides their cavalry and infantry regiments, strong batteries of horse artillery; and Napoleon’s numerical superiority in guns was of deep importance throughout the action. Besides the leading generals who have been mentioned as commanding particular corps, Ney and Soult were present, and acted as the Emperor’s lieutenants in the battle. English military critics have highly eulogized the admirable arrangement which Napoleon made of his forces of each arm, so as to give him the most ample means of sustaining, by an immediate and sufficient support, any attack, from whatever point he might direct it; and of drawing promptly together a strong force, to resist any attack that might be made on himself in any part of the field. When his troops were all arrayed. he rode along the lines, receiving everywhere the enthusiastic cheers from his men, of whose entire devotion to him his assurance was now doubly sure. On the northern side of the valley the Duke’s army was also drawn up and ready to meet the menaced attack. Wellington had caused, on the preceding night, every brigade and corps to take up its station on or near the part of the ground which it was attended to hold in the coming battle. He had slept a few hours at his headquarters in the village of Waterloo; and rising on the 18th, while it was yet deep night, he wrote several letters to the Governor of Antwerp, to the English Minister at Brussels, and other official personages, in which he expressed HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

his confidence that all would go well, but “as it was necessary to provide against serious losses should any accident occur,” he gave a series of judicious orders for what should be clone in the rear of the army, in the event of the battle going against the Allies. He also, before he left the village of Waterloo, saw to the distribution of the reserves of ammunition which had been parked there, so that supplies should be readily forwarded to every part of the line of battle, where they might be required The Duke, also, personally inspected the arrangements that had been made for receiving the wounded, and providing temporary hospitals in the houses in the rear of the army. Then, mounting a favorite charger, a small thorough-bred chestnut horse, named “Copenhagen,” Wellington rode forward to the range of hills where his men were posted. Accompanied by his staff and by the Prussian general Muffling, he rode along his lines, carefully inspecting all the details of his position. Hougoumont was the object of his special attention. He rode down to the south- eastern extremity of its enclosures, and after having examined the nearest French troops, he made some changes in the disposition of his own men, who were to defend that important post. Having given his final orders about Hougoumont the Duke galloped hack to the high ground in the right center of his position; and halting there, sat watching the enemy on the opposite heights, and conversing with his staff with that cheerful serenity which was ever his characteristic in the hour of battle. Not all brave men are thus gifted; and many a glance of anxious excitement must have been cast across the valley that separated the two hosts during the protracted pause which ensued between the completion of Napoleon’s preparations for attack and the actual commencement of the contest. It was, indeed, an awful calm before the coming storm, when armed myriads stood gazing on their armed foes, scanning their number, their array, their probable powers of resistance and destruction, listening with throbbing hearts for the momentarily expected note of death; while visions of victory and glory came thronging on each soldier’s high-strung brain, not unmingled with recollections of the home which his fall might soon leave desolate, nor without shrinking nature sometimes prompting the cold thought, that in a few moments he might be writhing in agony, or lie a trampled and mangled mass of clay on the grass now waving so freshly and purely before him. Such thoughts will arise in human breasts, though the brave man soon silences “the child within us that trembles before death,” and nerves himself for the coming struggle by the mental preparation which Xenophon has finely called “the soldier’s arraying his own soul for battle.” Well, too, may we hope and believe that many a spirit sought aid from a higher and holier source; and that many a fervent though silent prayer arose on that Sabbath morn (the battle of Waterloo was fought on a Sunday) to the Lord of Sabaoth, the God of Battles, from the ranks, whence so many thousands were about to appear that day before His judgment-seat. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Not only to those who were thus present as spectators and actors in the dread drama, but to all Europe, the decisive contest then impending between the rival French and English nations, each under its chosen chief, was the object of exciting interest and deepest solicitude. “Never, indeed, had two such generals as the Duke of Wellington and the Emperor Napoleon encountered since the day when Scipio and Hannibal met at Zama.” The two great champions, who now confronted each other, were equals in years, and each had entered the military profession at the same early age. The more conspicuous stage, on which the French general’s youthful genius was displayed, his heritage of the whole military power of the French Republic, the position on which for years he was elevated as sovereign head of an empire surpassing that of Charlemagne, and the dazzling results of his victories, which made and unmade kings, had given him a formidable pre-eminence in the eyes of mankind. Military men spoke with justly rapturous admiration of the brilliancy of his first Italian campaigns, when he broke through the pedantry of traditional tactics, and with a small but promptly wielded force, shattered army after army of the Austrians, conquered provinces and capitals, dictated treaties, and annihilated or created states. The iniquity of his Egyptian expedition was too often forgotten in contemplating the skill and boldness with which he destroyed the Mameluke cavalry at the Pyramids, and the Turkish infantry at Aboukir. None could forget the marvelous passage of the Alps in 1800, or the victory of Marengo, which wrested Italy back from Austria, and destroyed the fruit of twenty victories, which the enemies of France had gained over her in the absence of her favorite chief. Even higher seemed the glories of his German campaigns, the triumphs of Ulm, of Austerlitz, of Jena, of Wagram. Napoleon’s disasters in Russia, in 1812, were imputed by his admirers to the elements; his reverses in Germany, in 1813, were attributed by them to treachery: and even those two calamitous years had been signalized by his victories at Borodino, at Lutzen, at Bautzen, at Dresden, and at Hanau. His last campaign, in the early months of 1814, was rightly cited as the, most splendid exhibition of his military genius, when, with a far inferior army, he long checked and frequently defeated the vast hosts that were poured upon France. His followers fondly hoped that the campaign of 1815 would open with another “week of miracles,” like that which had seen his victories at Montmirail and Montereau. The laurel of Ligny was even now fresh upon his brews. Blucher had not stood before him; and who was the Adversary that now should bar the Emperor’s way? That Adversary had already overthrown the Emperor’s best generals, and the Emperor’s best armies; and, like Napoleon himself, had achieved a reputation in more than European wars. Wellington was illustrious as the destroyer of the Mahratta power, as the liberator of Portugal and Spain, and the successful invader of Southern France. In early youth he had held high command in India; and had displayed eminent skill in HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

planning and combining movements, and unrivaled celerity and boldness in execution. On his return to Europe several years passed away before any fitting opportunity was accorded for the exercise of his genius. In this important respect, Wellington, as a subject, and Napoleon, as a sovereign, were far differently situated. At length his appointment to the command in the Spanish Peninsula gave him the means of showing Europe that England had a general who could revive the glories of Crecy, of Poictiers, of Againcourt, of Blenheim, and of Ramilies. At the head of forces always numerically far inferior to the armies with which Napoleon deluged the Peninsula; — thwarted by jealous and incompetent allies; — ill-supported by friends, and assailed by factious enemies at home Wellington maintained the war for seven years, unstained by any serious reverse, and marked by victory in thirteen pitched battles, at Vimiera, the Douro, Talavera, Basic, Founts donor, Salamanca., Victoria, the Pyrenees, the Bidassoa, the Nive, the Nivelle, Orthes, and Toulouse. Junot, Victor, Massena, Ney, Marmont, and Jourdain, - marshals whose names were the terrors of continental Europe — had been baffled by his skill, and smitten down by his energy, while he liberated the kingdoms of the Peninsula from them and their Imperial master. In vain did Napoleon at last dispatch Soult, the ablest of his lieutenants, to turn the tide of Wellington’s success, and defend France against the English invader. Wellington met Soult’s maneuvers with superior skill, and his boldness with superior vigor. When Napoleon’s first abdication, in 1814, suspended hostilities, Wellington was master of the fairest districts of Southern France; and had under him a veteran army, with which (to use his own expressive phrase) “he felt he could have gone anywhere and done anything.” The fortune of war had hitherto kept separate the orbits in which Napoleon and he had moved. Now, on the ever memorable 18th of June, 1815, they met at last. It is, indeed, remarkable that Napoleon, during his numerous campaigns in Spain as well as other countries, not only never encountered the Duke of Wellington before the day of Waterloo, but that he was never until then personally engaged with British troops, except at the siege of Toulon, in 1793. which was the very first incident of his military career. Many, however, of the French generals who were with him in 1815, knew well, by sharp experience, what English soldiers were, and what the leader was who now headed them. Ney, Foy, and other officers who had served in the Peninsula. warned Napoleon that he would find the English infantry “very devils in fight.” The Emperor, however, persisted in employing the old system of attack, with which the French generals often succeeded against continental troops, but which had always failed against the English in the Peninsula. He adhered to his usual tactics of employing the order of the column; a mode of attack probably favored by him (as Sir Walter Scott remarks) on account of his faith in the extreme valor of the French officers by whom the column was headed. It is a threatening formation, well calculated to shake HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

the firmness of ordinary foes; but which, when steadily met, as the English have met it, by heavy volleys of musketry from an extended line, followed up by a resolute bayonet charge, has always resulted in disaster to the assailants. See especially Sir W. Napier’s glorious pictures of the battles of Busaco and Albuera. The theoretical advantages of the attack in column, and its peculiar fitness for a French army, are set forth in the Chevalier Folard’s “Traite de la Colonne,” prefixed to the first volume of his “Polybius.” See also the preface to his sixth volume. It was approaching noon before the action commenced. Napoleon, in his Memoirs, gives as the reason for this delay, the miry state of the ground through the heavy rain of the preceding night and day, which rendered it impossible for cavalry or artillery to maneuver on it till a few hours of dry weather had given it its natural consistency. It has been supposed, also, that he trusted to the effect which the sight of the imposing array of his own forces was likely to produce on the part of the allied army. The Belgian regiments had been tampered with; and Napoleon had well-founded hopes of seeing them quit the Duke of Wellington in a body, and range themselves under his own eagles. The Duke, however, who knew and did not trust them, had guarded against the risk of this, by breaking up the corps of Belgians, and distributing them in separate regiments among troops on whom he could rely. At last, at about half-past eleven o’clock, Napoleon began the battle by directing a powerful force from his left wing under his brother, Prince Jerome, to attack Hougoumont. Column after column of the French now descended from the west of the southern heights, and assailed that post with fiery valor, which was encountered with the most determined bravery. The French won the copse round the house, but a party of the British Guards held the house itself throughout the day. The whole of Byng’s brigade was required to man this hotly-contested post. Amid shell and shot, and the blazing fragments of part of the buildings, this obstinate contest was continued. But still the English were firm in Hougoumont; though the French occasionally moved forward in such numbers as enabled them to surround and mask it with part of their troops from their left wing, while others pressed onward up the slope, and assailed the British right. The cannonade, which commenced at first between the British right and the French left, in consequence: of the attack on Hougoumont, soon became general alone both lines; and, about one o’clock, Napoleon directed a grand attack to be made under Marshal Ney upon the center and left wing of the allied army. For this purpose four columns of infantry, amounting to about eighteen thousand men, were collected, supported by a strong division of cavalry under the celebrated Kellerman; and seventy- four guns were brought forward ready to be posted on the ridge of a little undulation of the ground in the interval between the two principal chains of heights, so as to bring their fire to bear on the Duke’s line at a range of about seven hundred yards. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

By the combined assault of these formidable forces, led on by Ney, “the bravest of the brave,” Napoleon hoped to force the left center of the British position, to take La Haye Sainte, and then pressing forward, to occupy also the farm of Mont St. Jean. He then could cut the mass of Wellington’s troops off from their line of retreat upon Brussels, and from their own left, and also completely sever them from any Prussian troops that might be approaching. The columns destined for this great and decisive operation descended majestically from the French line of hills, and gained the ridge of the intervening eminence, on which the batteries that supported them were now ranged. As the columns descended again from this eminence, the seventy-four guns opened over their heads with terrible effect upon the troops of the Allies that were stationed on the heights to the left of the Charleroi road. One of the French columns kept to the east, and attacked the extreme left of the Allies; the other three continued to move rapidly forwards upon the left center of the allied position. The front line of the Allies here was composed of Bylandt’s brigade of Dutch and Belgians. As the French columns moved up the south ward slope of the height on which the Dutch and Belgians stood, and the skirmishers in advance began to open their fire, Bylandt’s entire brigade turned and fled in disgraceful and disorderly panic; but there were men more worthy of the name behind. In this part of the second line of the Allies were posted Pack and Kempt’s brigades of English infantry, which had suffered severely at Quatre Bras. But Picton was here as general of division, and not even Ney himself surpassed in resolute bravery that stern and fiery spirit. Picton brought his two brigades forward, side by side, in a thin two-deep line. Thus joined together, they were not three thousand strong. With these Picton had to make head against the three victorious French columns, upwards of four times that strength, and who, encouraged by the easy rout of the Dutch and Belgians, now came confidently over the ridge of the hill. The British infantry stood firm; and as the French halted and began to deploy into line, Picton seized the critical moment. He shouted in his stentorian voice to Kempt’s brigade: “A volley, and then charge!” at a distance of less than thirty yards that volley was poured upon the devoted first, sections of the nearest column; and then, with a fierce hurrah, the British dashed in with the bayonet. Picton was shot dead as he rushed forward, but his men pushed on with the cold steel. The French reeled back in confusion. Pack’s infantry had checked the other two columns, and down came a whirlwind of British horse on the whole mass, sending them staggering from the crest of the hill, and cutting them down by whole battalions. Ponsonby’s brigade of heavy cavalry (the Union Brigade, as it was called, from its being made up of the British Royals, the Scots Greys, and the Irish Inniskillings), did this good service. On went the horsemen amid the wrecks of the French columns, capturing two eagles, and two thousand prisoners; HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

onwards still they galloped, and sabered the artillerymen of Ney’s seventy four advanced guns; then severing the traces, and cutting the throats of the artillery horses, they rendered these guns totally useless to the French throughout the remainder of the day. While thus far advanced beyond the British position and disordered by success, they were charged by a large body of French lancers, and driven back with severe loss, till Vandeleur’s light horse came to their aid, and beat off the French lancers in their turn. Equally unsuccessful with the advance of the French infantry in this grand attack, had been the efforts of the French cavalry who moved forward in support of it, along the east of the Charleroi road. Somerset’s cavalry of the English Household Brigade had been launched, on the right of Picton’s division, against the French horse, at the same time that the English Union Brigade of heavy horse charged the French infantry columns on the left. Somerset’s brigade was formed of the Life Guards, the Blues, and the Dragoon Guards. The hostile cavalry, which Kellerman led forward, consisted chiefly of Cuirassiers. This steel-clad mass of French horsemen rode down some companies of German infantry, near La Haye Sainte, and flushed with success, they bounded onward to the ridge of the British position. The English Household Brigade, led on by the Earl of Uxbridge in person, spurred forward to the encounter, and in an instant, the two adverse lines of strong swordsmen, on their strong steeds, dashed furiously together. A desperate and sanguinary hand-to- hand fight ensued, in which the physical superiority of the Anglo-Saxon guided by equal skill, and animated with equal valor, was made decisively manifest. Back went the chosen cavalry of France; and after them, in hot pursuit, spurred the English Guards. They went forward as far and as fiercely as their comrades of the Union Brigade; and, like them, the Household cavalry suffered severely before they regained the British position, after their magnificent charge and adventurous pursuit. Napoleon’s grand effort to break the English left center, had thus completely failed; and his right wing was seriously weakened by the heavy loss which it had sustained. Hougoumont was still being assailed, and was still successfully resisting. Troops were now beginning to appear at the edge of the horizon on Napoleon’s right, which he too well knew to be Prussian, though he endeavored to persuade his followers that they were Grouchy’s men coming to their aid. Grouchy was in fact now engaged at Wavre with his whole force, against Thielman’s single Prussian corps, while the other three corps of the Prussian army were moving without opposition, save from the difficulties of the ground, upon Waterloo. Grouchy believed, on the 17th, and caused Napoleon to believe, that the Prussian army was retreating by lines of march remote from Waterloo upon Namur and Maestricht Napoleon learned early on the 18th, that there were Prussians in Wavre, and felt jealous about HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

the security of his own right. He accordingly, before he attacked the English, sent Grouchy orders to engage the Prussians at Wavre without delay, and to approach the main French army, so us to unite his communication with the Emperor’s. Grouchy entirely neglected this last part of his instructions; and in attacking the Prussians whom he found at Wavre, he spread his force more and more towards his right, that is to say, in the direction most remote from Napoleon. He thus knew nothing of Blucher’s and Bulow’s flank march upon Waterloo, till six in the evening of the 18th, when he received a note which Soult by Napoleon’s orders had sent off from the field of battle at Waterloo at one o’clock, to inform Grouchy that Bulow was coming over the heights of St. Lambert, on the Emperor’s right flank, and directing Grouchy to approach and join the main army instantly and crush Bulow en flagrant delit. It was then too late for Grouchy to obey; but it is remarkable that as early as noon on the 18th, and while Grouchy had not proceeded as far as Wavre, he and his suite heard the sound of heavy cannonading in the direction of Planchenoit and Mont St. Jean. General Gerard, who was with Grouchy, implored him to march towards the cannonade, and join his operations with those of Napoleon, who was evidently engaged with the English. Grouchy refused to do so, or even to detach part, of his force in that direction. He said that his instructions were to fight the Prussians at Wavre. He marched upon Wavre and fought for the rest of the day with Thielman accordingly, while Blucher and Bulow were attacking the Emperor. [I have heard the remark made that Grouchy twice had in his hands the power of changing the destinies of Europe, and twice wanted nerve to act: first when he flinched from landing the French army at Bantry Bay in 1796 (he was second in command to Hoche whose ship was blown back by a storm). and secondly, when he failed to lend his whole force from Wavre to the scene of decisive conflict at Waterloo. But such were the arrangements of the Prussian General, that even if Grouchy had marched upon waterloo, he would have been held in check by the nearest Prussian corps, or certainly by the two nearest ones, while the rest proceeded to join Wellington. This, however, would have diminished the Number of Prussians who appeared at Waterloo, and (what is still more important) would have kept them back to a later hour. There are some very valuable remarks on this subject in the 70th No. of the “Quarterly,” in an article on the “Life of Blucher,” usually attributed to Sir Francis Head. The Prussian writer, General Clausewitz, is there cited as “expressing n positive opinion, in which every military critic but a Frenchman must concur, that, even had the whole of Grouchy’s force been at Napoleon’s disposal, the Duke had nothing to fear pending Blucher’s arrival. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

“The Duke is often talked of as having exhausted his reserves in the action. This is another gross error, which Clausewitz has thoroughly disposed of. He enumerates the tenth British brigade. the division of Chasse, and the cavalry of Collaert, as having been little or not at all engages; and he might have also added two brigades of light cavalry.’ The fact. also, that Wellington did not at any part of the day order up Prince Frederick’s corps from Hal, is a conclusive proof that the Duke was not so distressed as some writers have represented. Hal is not ten miles from the field of Waterloo.] Napoleon had witnessed with bitter disappointment the rout of his troops, — foot, horse, and artillery,-which attacked the left center of the English, and the obstinate resistance which the garrison of Hougoumont opposed to all the exertions of his left wing. He now caused the batteries along the line of high ground held by him to be strengthened, and for some time an unremitting and most destructive cannonade raged across the valley, to the partial cessation of other conflict. But the superior fire of the French artillery, though it weakened, could HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

not break the British line, and more close and summary measures were requisite. It was now about half-past three o’clock; and though Wellington’s army had suffered severely by the unremitting cannonade, and in the late desperate encounter, no part of the British position had been forced. Napoleon determined therefore to try what effect he could produce on the British center and right by charges of his splendid cavalry, brought on in such force that the Duke’s cavalry could. not check them. Fresh troops were at the same time sent to assail La Haye Sainte and Hougoumont, the possession of these posts being the Emperor’s unceasing object. Squadron after squadron of the French cuirassiers accordingly ascended the slopes on the Duke’s right, and rode forward with dauntless courage against the batteries of the British artillery in that part of the field. The artillery-men were driven from their guns, and the cuirassiers cheered loudly at their supposed triumph. But the Duke had formed his infantry in squares, and the cuirassiers charged in vain against; the impenetrable hedges of bayonets, while the fire front the inner ranks of the squares told with terrible effect on their squadrons. Time after time they rode forward with invariably the same result.: and as they receded from each attack the British artillery-men rushed forward from the centers of the squares, where they had taken refuge, and plied their guns on the retiring horsemen. On came the whirlwind—like the last But fiercest sweep of tempest-blast- On came the whirlwind — steel-gleams broke Like lightning through the rolling smoke; The war was waked anew, Three hundred cannon-mouths roar’d loud, And from their throats, with flash and cloud, Their showers of iron threw. Beneath their fire, in full career, Rush’d on the ponderous cuirassier, The lancer couch’d his ruthless spear, And hurrying as to havoc near, The cohorts’ eagles flew In one dark torrent, broad and strong, The advancing onset roll’d along, Forth harbinger’d by fierce acclaim, That, from the shroud of smoke and flame, Peal’d wildly the imperial name. But on the British heart were lost The terrors of the charging host; For not an eye the storm that view’d Changed its proud glance of fortitude, Nor was one forward footstep staid, As dropp’d the dying and the dead. Fast as their ranks the thunders tear, Fast they renew’d each serried square; And on the wounded and the slain Closed their diminish’d files again, Till from their line scarce spears’ lengths three Emerging from the smoke they see Helmet, and plume, and panoply,- Then waked their fire at once! Each musketeer’s revolving knell, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

As fast, as regularly fell, As when they practice to display Their discipline on festal day. Then down went helm and lance, Down were the eagle banners sent, Down reeling steeds and riders went, Corslets were pierced, and pennons rent; And, to augment the fray, Wheel’d full against their staggering flanks. The English horsemen’s foaming ranks Forced their resistless way. Then to the musket-knell succeeds The clash of swords—the neigh of steeds- As plies the smith his clanging trade, Against the cuirass rang the blade; And while amid their close array The well-served cannon rent their way, And while amid their scatter’d band Raged the fierce rider’s bloody brand, Recoil’d in common rout and fear, Lancer and guard and cuirassier, Horsemen and foot,—a mingled host, Their leaders fall’n, their standards lost. — Scott.

Nearly the whole of Napoleon’s magnificent body of heavy cavalry was destroyed in these fruitless attempts upon the British right. But in another part of the field fortune favored him for a time. Two French columns of infantry from Donzelot’s division took La Haye Sainte between six and seven o’clock, and the means were now given for organizing another formidable attack on the center of the Allies. There was no time to be lost—Blucher and Bulow were beginning to press hard upon the French right. As early as five o’clock, Napoleon bad been obliged to detach Lobau’s infantry and Domont’s horse to check these new enemies. They succeeded in doing so for a time; but as larger numbers of the Prussians came on the field, they turned Lobau’s right flank, and sent a strong force to seize the village of Planchenoit, which, it will be remembered, lay in the rear of the French right. The design of the Allies was not merely to prevent Napoleon from advancing upon Brussels, but to cut off his line of retreat and utterly destroy his army. The defense of Planchenoit therefore became absolutely essential for the safety of the French, and Napoleon was obliged to send his Young Guard to occupy that village, which was accordingly held by them with great gallantry against the reiterated assaults of the Prussian left, under Bulow. Three times did the Prussians fight their way into Planchenoit, and as often did the French drive: them out: the contest was maintained with the fiercest desperation on both sides, such being the animosity between the two nations that quarter was seldom given or even asked. Other Prussian forces were now appearing on the field nearer to the English left; whom also Napoleon kept in check, by troops detached for that purpose. Thus a large part of the French army was now thrown back on a line at right angles with the line of that portion which still confronted and assailed the English position. But HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

this portion was now numerically inferior to the force under the Duke of Wellington, which Napoleon had been assailing throughout the day, without gaining any other advantage than the capture of La Haye Sainte. It is true that, owing to the gross misconduct of the greater part of the Dutch and Belgian troops, the Duke was obliged to rely exclusively on his English and German soldiers, and the ranks of these had been fearfully thinned; but the survivors stood their ground heroically, and opposed a resolute front to every forward movement of their enemies. On no point of the British line was the pressure more severe than on Halkett’s brigade in the right center, which was composed of battalions of tile 30th, the 33rd, the 69th, and the 73rd British regiments. We fortunately can quote from the journal of a brave officer of the 30th, a narrative of what took place in this part of the field. The late Major Macready served at Waterloo in the light company of the 30th. The extent of the peril and the carnage which Halkett’s brigade had to encounter, may be judged of by the fact that this light company marched into the field three officers and fifty-one men, and that at the end of the battle they stood one officer and ten men. Major Macready’s blunt soldierly account of what he actually saw and felt, gives a far better idea of the terrific scene, than can be gained from the polished generalizations which the conventional style of history requires, or even from the glowing stanzas of the poet. During the earlier part of the day Macready and his light company were thrown forward as skirmishers in front of the brigade; but when the French cavalry commenced their attacks on the British right center, he and his comrades were ordered back. The brave soldier thus himself describes what passed: “Before the commencement of this attack our company and the Grenadiers of the 73rd were skirmishing briskly in the low ground, covering our guns, and annoying those of the enemy. The line of tirailleurs opposed to us was not stronger than our own, but on a sudden they were reinforced by numerous bodies, and several guns began playing on us with canister. Our poor fellows dropped very fast, and Colonel Vigoureux, Rumley, and Pratt, were carried off badly wounded in about two minutes. I was now commander of our company. We stood under this hurricane of small shot till Halkett sent to order us in, and I brought away about a third of the light bobs; the rest were killed or wounded, and I really wonder how one of them escaped. As our bugler was killed, I shouted and made signals to move by the left, in order to avoid the fire of our guns, and to put as good a face upon the business as possible. “When I reached Lloyd’s abandoned guns, I stood near them for about a minute to contemplate the scene: it was grand beyond description. Hougoumont and its wood sent up a broad flame through the dark masses of smoke that overhung the field; beneath this cloud the French were HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

indistinctly visible. Here a waving mass of long red feathers could be seen; there, gleams as from a sheet of steel showed that the cuirassiers were moving; 400 cannon were belching forth fire and death on every side; the roaring and shouting were indistinguishably commixed—together they gave me an idea of a laboring volcano. Bodies of infantry and cavalry were pouring down on us, and it was time to leave contemplation, so I moved towards our columns, which were standing up in square. Our regiment and 73rd formed one, and 33rd and 69th another; to our right beyond them were the Guards, and on our left the Hanoverians and German legion of our division. As I entered the rear face of our square I had to step over a body, and, looking down, recognized Harry Beere, an officer of our Grenadiers, who about an hour before shook hands with me, laughing, as I left the columns. I was on the usual terms of military intimacy with poor Harry — that is to say, if either of us had died a natural death, the other would have pitied him as a good fellow, and smiled at his neighbor as he congratulated him on the step; but seeing his Herculean frame and animated countenance thus suddenly stiff and motionless before me (I know not whence the feeling could originate, for I had just seen my dearest friend drop, almost with indifference), the tears started in my eyes as I sighed out, ‘Poor Harry!’ The tear was not dry on my cheek when poor Harry was no longer thought of. In a few minutes after, the enemy’s cavalry galloped up and crowned the crest of our position. Our guns were abandoned, and they formed between the two brigades, about a hundred paces in our front. Their first charge was magnificent. As soon as they quickened their trot into a gallop, the cuirassiers bent their heads, so that the peaks of their helmets looked like visors, and they seemed cased in armor from the plume to the saddle. Not a shot was fired till they were within thirty yards, when the word was given, and our men fired away at them. The effect was magical. Through the smoke we could see helmets falling, cavaliers starting from their seats with convulsive springs as they received our balls, horses plunging and rearing in the agonies of fright and pain, and crowds of the soldiery dismounted, part of the squadron in retreat, but the more daring remainder backing their horses to force them on our bayonets. Our fire soon disposed of these gentlemen. The main body re- formed in our front, and rapidly and gallantly repeated their attacks. In fact, from this time (about four o’clock) till near six, we had a constant repetition of these brave but unavailing charges. There was no difficulty in repulsing them, but our ammunition decreased alarmingly. At length an artillery wagon galloped up, emptied two or three casks of cartridges HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

into the square, and we were all comfortable. “The best cavalry is contemptible to a steady and well supplied infantry regiment; even our men saw this, and began to pity the useless perseverance of their assailants, and, as they advanced, would growl out, ‘Here come these fools again!’ One of their superior officers tried a ruse de guerre, by advancing and dropping his sword, as though he surrendered; some of us were deceived by him, but Halkett ordered the men to fire, and he coolly retired, saluting us. Their devotion was invincible. One officer whom we had taken prisoner was asked what force Napoleon might have in the field, and replied with a smile of mingled derision and threatening, ‘Vous verrez bientot sa force, messieurs.’ A private cuirassier was wounded and dragged into the square; his only cry was, ‘Tuez donc, tuez, tuez moi, soldats!’ and as one of our men dropped dead close to him, he seized his bayonet, and forced it into his own neck; but this not dispatching him, he raised up his cuirass, and plunging the bayonet into his stomach, kept working it about till he ceased to breathe. “Though we constantly thrashed our steel-clad opponents, we found more troublesome customers in the round shot and grape, which all this time played on us with terrible effect, and fully avenged the cuirassiers. Often as the volleys created openings in our square would the cavalry dash on, but they were uniformly unsuccessful. A regiment on our right seemed sadly disconcerted, and at one moment was in considerable confusion. Halkett rode out to them, and seizing their color, waved it over his head, and restored them to something like order, though not before his horse was shot under him. at the height of their unsteadiness we got the order to ‘right face’ to move to their assistance; some of the men mistook it for ‘right about face,’ and faced accordingly, when old Major M’Laine, 73rd, called out, ‘No, my boys, it’s “right face;” you’ll never hear the right about as long as a French. bayonet is in front of you!’ In a few moments he was mortally wounded. A regiment of light Dragoons, by their facings either the 16th or 23rd, came up to our left and charged the cuirassiers. We cheered each other as they passed us; they did all they could, but were obliged to retire after a few minutes at the saber. A body of Belgian cavalry advanced for the same purpose, but, on passing our square, they stopped short. Our noble Halkett rode out to them and offered to charge at their head; it was of no use; the Prince of Orange came up and exhorted them to do their duty, but in vain. They hesitated till a few shots whizzed through them, when they turned about, and galloped like fury, or, rather, like fear. As they passed the right face of our HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

square the men, irritated by their rascally conduct, unanimously took up their pieces and fired a volley into them, and many a good fellow was destroyed so cowardly.’ “The enemy’s cavalry were by this time nearly disposed of, and as they had discovered the inutility of their charges, they commenced annoying us by a spirited and well-directed carbine fire. While we were employed in this manner it was impossible to see farther than the columns on our right and left, but I imagine most of the army was similarly situated: all the British and Germans were doing their duty. About six o’clock I perceived some artillery trotting up our hill, which I knew by their caps to belong to the Imperial Guard. I had hardly mentioned this to a brother officer when two guns unlimbered within seventy paces of us, and, by their first discharge of grape, blew seven men into the center of the square. They immediately reloaded, and kept up a constant and destructive fire. It was noble to see our fellows fill up the gaps after every discharge. I was much distressed at this moment; having ordered up three of my light bobs, they had hardly taken their station when two Of them fell horribly lacerated. One of them looked up in my face and uttered a sort of reproachful groan, and I involuntarily exclaimed, ‘I couldn’t help it.’ We would willingly have charged these guns, but, had we deployed, the cavalry that flanked them would have made an example of us. “The ‘vivida vis animi’ — the glow which fires one upon entering into action — had ceased; it was now to be seen which side had most bottom, and would stand killing longest. The Duke visited us frequently at this momentous period; he was coolness personified. As he crossed the rear face of our square a shell fell amongst our grenadiers, and he checked his horse to see its effect. Some men were blown to pieces by the explosion, and he merely stirred the rein of his charger, apparently as little concerned at their fate as at his own danger. No leader ever possessed so fully the confidence of his soldiery — wherever he appeared, a murmur of ‘silence — stand to your front — here’s the Duke,’ was heard through the column, and then all was steady as on a parade. His aides-de-camp, Colonels Canning and Gordon, fell near our square, and the former died within it. As he came near us late in the evening, Halkett rode out to him and represented our weak state, begging his Grace to afford us a little support. ‘It’s impossible, Halkett,’ said he. And our general replied, ‘If so, sir, you may depend on the brigade to a man! All accounts of the battle show that the Duke was ever present at each spot where danger seemed the most pressing; inspiriting his men by a few homely and good humored words; and restraining their impatience to be HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

led forward to attack in their turn. — “Hard pounding this, gentlemen: we will try who can pound the longest;” was his remark to a battalion, on which the storm from the French guns was pouring with peculiar fury. Riding up to one of the squares, which had been dreadfully weakened, and against which a fresh attack of French cavalry was coming, he called to them: “Stand firm, my lads; what will they say of this in England?” As he rode along another part of the line where the men had for some time been falling fast beneath the enemy’s cannonade, without having any close fighting, a murmur reached his ear of natural eagerness to advance and do something more than stand still to be shot at. The Duke called to them: “Wait a little longer, my lads, and you shall have your wish.” The men were instantly satisfied and steady. It was, indeed, indispensable for the Duke to bide his time. The premature movement of a single corps down from the British line of heights, would have endangered the whole position, and have probably made Waterloo a second Hastings. But the Duke inspired all under him with his own spirit of patient firmness. When other generals besides Halkett sent to him, begging for reinforcements, or for leave to withdraw corps which were reduced to skeletons the answer was the same: “It is impossible; you must hold your ground to the last man, and all will be well.” He gave a similar reply to some of his staff, who asked instructions from him, so that, in the event of his falling, his successor might follow out his plan. He answered, “My plan is simply to stand my ground here to the last, man.” His personal danger was indeed imminent throughout the day; and though he escaped without injury to himself or horse, one only of his numerous staff was equally fortunate. “As far as the French accounts would lead us to infer, it appears that the losses among Napoleon’s staff were comparatively trifling. On this subject, perhaps the marked contrast afforded by the following anecdotes, which have been related to me on excellent authority, may tend to throw some light. At one period of the battle, when the Duke was surrounded by several of his staff, it was very evident that the group had become the object of the fire of a French battery. The shot fell fast about them, generally striking and turning up the ground on which they stood. Their horses became restive, and ‘Copenhagen’ himself so fidgety, that the Duke, getting impatient, and having reasons for remaining on the spot, said to those about him, ‘Gentlemen, we are rather too close together-better to divide a little.’ subsequently. at another point of the line, an officer of artillery came up to the Duke, and stated that he had a distinct view of Napoleon, attended by his staff; that HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

he had the guns of his battery well pointed in that direction, and was prepared to fire. His Grace instantly and emphatically exclaimed, ‘No! no! I’ll not allow it. It is not the business of commanders to be firing upon each other.’" —Siberne, vol. ii. p. 363. How different is this from Napoleon’s conduct at the battle of Dresden, when he personally directed the fire of the battery, which, as he thought, killed the Emperor Alexander, and actually killed Moreau. Napoleon had stationed himself during the battle on a little hillock near La Belle Alliance, in the center of the French position. Here he was seated, with a large table from the neighboring farm-house before him, on which maps and plans were spread; and thence with his telescope he surveyed the various points of the field. Soult watched his orders close at his left hand, and his staff was grouped on horseback a few paces in the rear. [Ouvrard, who attended Napoleon as chief commissary of the French army on that occasion told me that Napoleon was suffering from a complaint which made it very painful for him to ride.] Here he remained till near the close of the day, preserving the appearance at least of calmness, except some expressions of irritation which escaped him, when Ney’s attack on the British left center was defeated. But now that the crisis of the battle was evidently approaching, he mounted a white Persian charger, which he rode in action because the troops easily recognized him by the horse’s color. He had still the means of effecting a retreat. His Old Guard had yet taken no part in the action. Under cover of it, he might have withdrawn his shattered forces and retired upon the French frontier. But this would only have given the English and Prussians the opportunity of completing their junction; and he knew that other armies were fast coming up to aid them in a march upon Paris, if he should succeed in avoiding an encounter with them, and retreating upon the capital. A victory at Waterloo was his only alternative from utter ruin, and he determined to employ his Guard in one bold stroke more to make that victory- his own. Between seven and eight o’clock, the infantry of the Old Guard was formed into two columns, on the declivity near La Belie Alliance. Ney was placed at their head. Napoleon himself rode forward to a spot by which his veterans were to pass; and, as they approached, he raised his arm, and pointed to the position of the Allies, as if to tell them that their path lay there. ‘they answered with loud cries of “Vive l’Empereur!” and descended the hill from their own side, into that “valley of the shadow of death,” while the batteries thundered with redoubled vigor over their heads upon the British line. The line of march of the columns of the Guard was directed between Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte, against the British right center; and at the same time the French under Donzelot, who had possession of La Haye Sainte, commenced a fierce attack upon the British center, a little more to its left. This part of the battle has drawn less attention than the celebrated attack of the Old Guard; but HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

it formed the most perilous crisis for the allied army; and if the Young Guard had been there to support Donzelot, instead of being engaged with the Prussians at Planchenoit, the consequences to the Allies in that part of the field must have been most serious. The French tirailleurs, who were posted in clouds in La Haye Sainte, and the sheltered spots near it, picked off the artillerymen of the English batteries near them: and, taking advantage of the disabled state of the English guns, the French brought some field-pieces up to La Haye Sainte, and commenced firing grape from them on the infantry of the Allies, at a distance of not more than a hundred paces. The allied infantry here consisted of some German brigades, who were formed in squares, as it was believed that Donzelot had cavalry ready behind La Haye Sainte to charge them with, if they left that order of formation. In this state the Germans remained for some time with heroic fortitude, though the grapeshot was tearing gaps in their ranks, and the side of one square was literally blown away by one tremendous volley which the French gunners poured into it. The Prince of Orange in vain endeavored to lead some Nassau troops to the aid of the brave Germans. The Nassauers would not or could not face the French; and some battalions of Brunswickers, whom the Duke of Wellington had ordered up as a reinforcement, at first fell back, until the Duke in person rallied them, and led them on. Having thus barred the farther advance of Donzelot, the Duke galloped off to the right to head his men who were exposed to the attack of the Imperial Guard. He had saved one part of his center from being routed; but the French had gained ground and kept it; and the pressure on the Allied line in front of La Haye Sainte, was fearfully severe, until it; was relieved by the decisive success which the British in the right center achieved over the columns of the Guard. The British troops on the crest of that part of the position, which the first column of Napoleon’s Guards assailed, were Maitland’s brigade of British Guards, having Adam’s brigade (which had been brought forward during the action) on their right. Maitland’s men were lying down, in order to avoid as far as possible the destructive effect of the French artillery, which kept up an unremitting fire from the opposite heights, until the first column of the Imperial Guard had advanced so far up the slope towards the British position, that any further firing of the French artillerymen would have endangered their own comrades. Meanwhile the British guns were not idle; but shot and shell ploughed fast through the ranks of the stately array of veterans that still moved imposingly on. Several of the French superior officers were at its head. Ney’s horse was shot under him, but he still led the way on foot, sword in hand. The front of the massive column now was on the ridge of the hill. To their surprise they saw no troops before them. All they could discern through the smoke was a small band of mounted officers. One of them was the Duke himself. The French advanced to about fifty yards frost where the British Guards were lying down, when the voice of one of the group of British officers was heard HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

calling, as if to the ground before him, “Up, Guards, and at them!” It was the Duke who gave the order; and at the words, as if by magic, up started before them a line of the British Guards four deep, and in the most compact and perfect order. They poured an instantaneous volley upon the head of the French column, by which no less than three hundred of those chosen veterans are said to have fallen. The French officers rushed forwards; and, conspicuous in front of their men, attempted to deploy them into a more extended line, so as to enable them to reply with effect to the British fire. But Maitland’s brigade kept showering in volley after volley with deadly rapidity. The decimated column grew disordered in its vain efforts to expand itself into a more efficient formation. The right word was given at the right moment to the British for the bayonet-charge, and the brigade sprang forward with a loud cheer against their dismayed antagonists. In an instant the compact mass of the French spread out into a rabble, and they fled back down the hill, pursued by Maitland’s men, who, however, returned to their position in time to take part in the repulse of the second column of the Imperial Guard. This column also advanced with great spirit and firmness under the cannonade which was opened on it; and passing by the eastern wall of Hougoumont, diverged slightly to the right as it moved up the slope towards the British position, so as to approach nearly the same spot where the first column had surmounted the height, and been defeated. This enabled the British regiments of Adam’s brigade to form a line parallel to the left flank of the French column; so that while the front of this column of French Guards had to encounter the cannonade of the British batteries, and the musketry of Maitland’s Guards, its left flank was assailed with a destructive fire by a four-deep body of British infantry, ex-tending all along it. In such a position all the bravery and skill of the French veterans were vain. The second column, like its predecessor, broke and fled taking at first a lateral direction along the front of the British line towards the rear of La Haye Sainte, and so becoming blended with the divisions of French infantry, which under Donzelot had been assailing the Allies so formidably in that quarter. The sight of the Old Guard broken and in flight checked the ardor which Donzelot’s troops had hitherto displayed. They, too, began to waver. Adam’s victorious brigade was pressing after the flying Guard, and now cleared away the assailants of the allied center. But the battle was not yet won Napoleon had still some battalions in reserve near La Belle Alliance. He was rapidly rallying the remains of the first column of his Guards, and he had collected into one body the remnants of the various corps of cavalry, which had suffered so severely in the earlier part of the day. The Duke instantly formed the bold resolution of now himself becoming the assailant, and leading his successful though enfeebled army forward, while the disheartening effect of the repulse of the Imperial Guard on the rest of the French army was still strong, and before Napoleon and Ney could rally the beaten HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

veterans themselves for another and a fiercer charge. As the close approach of the Prussians now completely protected the Duke’s left, he had drawn some reserves of horse from that quarter, and he had a brigade of Hussars under Vivian fresh and ready at hand. Without a moment’s hesitation he launched these against the cavalry near La Belie Alliance. The charge was as successful as it was daring: and as there was now no hostile cavalry to check the British infantry in a forward movement, the Duke gave the long-wished-for command for a general advance of the army along the whole line upon the foe. It was now past eight o’clock, and for nearly nine deadly hours had the British and German regiments stood unflinching under the fire of artillery, the charge of cavalry, and every variety of assault, which the compact columns or the scattered tirailleurs of the enemy’s infantry could inflict. As they joyously sprang forward against the discomfited masses of the French, the setting sun broke through the clouds which had obscured the sky during the greater part of the day, and glittered on the bayonets of the Allies, while they poured down into the valley and towards the heights that were held by the foe. The Duke himself was among the foremost in the advance, and personally directed the movements against each body of the French that essayed resistance. He rode in front of Adam’s brigade, cheering it forward, and even galloped among the most advanced of the British skirmishers, speaking joyously to the men, and receiving their hearty shouts of congratulation, The bullets of both friends and foes were whistling fast round him; and one of the-few survivors of his staff remonstrated with him for thus exposing a life of such value. “Never mind,” was the Duke’s answer; — “Never mind, let them fire away; the battle’s won, and my life is of no consequence now.” And, indeed, almost the whole of the French host was now in irreparable confusion. The Prussian army was coming more and more rapidly forwards on their right; and the Young Guard, which had held Planchenoit so bravely, was at last compelled to give way. Some regiments of the Old Guard in vain endeavored to form in squares and stem the current. They were swept away, and wrecked among the waves of the flyers. Napoleon had placed himself in one of these squares: Marshal Soult, Generals Bertrand, Drouot, Corbineau, De Flahaut, and Gourgaud, were with him. The Emperor spoke of dying on the field, but Soult seized his bridle and turned his charger round, exclaiming, “Sire, are not the enemy already lucky enough?” [The Colonel states that lie heard these details from General Gourgaud himself The English reader will be reminded of Charles I’s retreat from Naseby.] With the greatest difficulty, and only by the utmost exertion of the devoted officers round him, Napoleon cleared the throng of fugitives, and escaped from the scene of the battle and the war, which he and France had lost past all recovery, Meanwhile the Duke of Wellington still rode forward with the van of his victorious troops, until he reined up on the elevated ground near Rossormne. The daylight was now entirely gone; but the young moon had risen, and the light which it cast, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

aided by the glare from the burning houses and other buildings in the line of the flying French and pursuing Prussians, enabled the Duke to assure himself that his victory was complete. He then rode back along the Charleroi road toward Waterloo: and near La Belie Alliance he met Marshal Blucher. Warm were the congratulations that were exchanged between the Allied Chiefs. It was arranged that the Prussians should follow up the pursuit and give the French no chance of rallying. Accordingly the British army, exhausted by its toils and suffering during that dreadful day, did not advance beyond the heights which the enemy had occupied. But the Prussians drove the fugitives before them in merciless chase throughout the night. Cannon, baggage, and all the materiel of the army were abandoned by the French and many thousands of the infantry threw away then arms to facilitate their escape. The ground was strewn for miles with the wrecks of their host. There was no rear-guard; nor was even the semblance of order attempted. An attempt at resistance was made at the bridge and village of Genappe, the first narrow pass through which the bulk of the French retired. The situation was favorable; and a few resolute battalions if ably commanded, might have held their pursuers at bay there for some considerable time. But despair and panic were now universal in the beaten army At the first sound of the Prussian drums and bugles, Genappe was abandoned; and nothing thought of but headlong flight. The Prussians, under General Gneisenau, still followed and still slew; nor even when the Prussian infantry stopped in sheer exhaustion, was the pursuit given up. Gneisenau still pushed on with the cavalry; and by an ingenious stratagem, made the French believe that his infantry were still close on them, and scared them from every spot where they attempted to pause and rest. He mounted one of his drummers on a horse which had been taken from the captured carriage of Napoleon, and made him ride along with the pursuing cavalry, and beat the drum whenever they came on any large number of the French. The French thus fled, and the Prussians pursued through Quatre Bras, and even over the heights of Frasne; and when at length Gneisenau drew bridle, and halted a little beyond Frasne with the scanty remnant of keen hunters who had kept up the chase with him to the last, the French were scattered through Gosselies, Marchiennes, and Charleroi; and were striving to regain the left bank of the river Sambre, which they had crossed in such pomp and pride not a hundred hours before. Part of the French left wing endeavored to escape from the field without blending with the main body of the fugitives who thronged the Genappe causeway. A French officer, who was among those who thus retreated across the country westward of the high-road, has vividly described what he witnessed and what he suffered. Colonel Lemonnier Delafosse served in the campaign of 1815 in General Foy’s staff; and was consequently in that part of the French army at Waterloo, which acted against Hougoumont and the British right wing. When the column of the Imperial Guard made their great charge at the end of the day, the troops of HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Foy’s division advanced in support of them, and Colonel Lemonnier Delafosse describes the confident hopes of victory and promotion with which he marched to that attack, and the fearful carnage and confusion of the assailants, amid which he was helplessly hurried back by his flying comrades. He then narrates the closing scene: “Near one of the hedges of Hougoumont farm without even a drummer to beat the rappel, we succeeded in rallying under the enemy’s fire 300 men: the were nearly all that remained of our splendid division. Thither came together a band of generals. There was Reille, whose horse had been shot under him; there we D’Erlon, Bachelu, Foy, Jamin, and others. All we gloomy and sorrowful, like vanquished men. The words were, — ‘Here is all that is left of my corps, my division, of my brigade. I, myself.’ We had seen the fall of Duhesme, of Pelet-de-Morvan, of Michel — generals who had found a glorious death. My General Foy, had his shoulder pierced through by a musket-ball and out of his whole staff two officers only were left to him, Cahour Duhay and I. Fate had spared me in the midst of so many dangers, though the first charger I rode had been shot and had fallen on me. “The enemy’s horse were coming down on us, and our little group was obliged to retreat. What had happened to our division of the left wing had taken place all along the line. The movement of the hostile cavalry which inundated the whole plain, had demoralized our soldiers, who seeing all regular retreat of the army cut off, strove each man to effect one for himself. At each instant the road became more encumbered. Infantry, cavalry, and artillery, were pressing along pell-mell jammed together like a solid mass. Figure to yourself 40,000 men struggling and thrusting themselves along a single causeway. We could not take that way without destruction; so the generals who had collected together near the Hougoumont hedge dispersed across the fields. General Foy alone remained with the 300, men whom he had gleaned from the field of battle, and marched at their head. Our anxiety was to withdraw from the scene of action without being confounded with the fugitives. Our general wished to retreat like a true soldier. Seeing three lights in the southern horizon, like beacons, General Foy asked me what I thought of the position of each. I answered ‘The first to the left is Genappe, the second is at Bois-de-Bossu, near the farm of Quatre Bras; the third is at Gosselies.’ ‘Let us march on tire second one, then,’ replied Foy, ‘and let no obstacle stop us — take the head of the column, and do not lose sight of the guiding light.’ Such was his order, and I strove to obey. “After all the agitation and the incessant din of a long day of battle, how imposing was the stillness of that night! We proceeded on our sad and lonely march. We were a prey to the most cruel reflections, we: were humiliated, we were hopeless; but not a word of complaint was heard. We walked silently as a troop of mourners, and it might have been said that we were attending the funeral of our country’s glory. Suddenly that stillness was broken by a challenge,— ‘Qui vive?’ ‘France!’ HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

‘Kellerman!’ ‘Foy!’ ‘Is it you, General? come nearer to us.’ At that moment we were passing ever a little hillock, at the foot of which was a hut, in which Kellerman and some of his officers had halted. They came out to join us. Foy said to me, ‘Kellerman knows the country: he has been along here before with his cavalry; we had better follow him.’ But we found that the direction which Kellerman chose was towards the first light, towards Genappe. That led to the causeway which our general rightly wished to avoid. I went to the left to reconnoiter, and was soon convinced that such was the case. It was then that I was able to form a full idea of the disorder of a routed army. What a hideous spectacle! The mountain torrent, that uproots and whirls along with it every momentary obstacle, is a feeble image of that heap of men, of horses, of equipages, rushing one upon another; gathering before the least obstacle which dams up their way for a few seconds, only to form a mass which overthrows everything in the path which it forces for itself. Woe to him whose footing failed him in that deluge! He was crushed, trampled to death! I returned and told my general what I had seen, and he instantly abandoned Kellerman, and resumed his original line of march. “Keeping straight across the country over fields and the rough thickets, we at last arrived at the Bois-de-Bossu, where we halted. My General said to me, ‘Go to the farm of Quatre Bras and announce that we are here. The Emperor or Soult must be there. Ask for orders, and recollect that I am waiting here for you. The lives of these men depend on your exactness.’ To reach the farm I was obliged to cross the high road: I was on horseback, but nevertheless was borne away by the crowd that fled along the road, and it was long ere I could extricate myself and reach the farmhouse. General Lobau was there with his staff, resting in fancied security. They thought that their troops had halted there; but, though a halt had been attempted, the men had soon fled forwards, like their comrades of the rest of the army. The shots of the approaching Prussians were now heard; and I believe that General Lobau was taken prisoner in that farmhouse. I left him to rejoin my general, which I did with difficulty. I found him alone. His men, as they came near the current of flight, were infected with the general panic, and fled also. “What was to be done? Follow that crowd of run aways General Foy would not hear of it. There were five of us still with him, all officers. He had been wounded at about five in the afternoon, and the wound had not been dressed. He suffered severely; but his moral courage was unbroken. ‘Let us keep,’ he said, ‘a line parallel to the high road, and work our way hence as we best can.’ A foot-track was before us, and we followed it. “The moon shone out brightly, and revealed the full wretchedness of the tableau which met our eyes. A brigadier and four cavalry soldiers, whom we met with, formed our escort. We marched on; and, as the noise grew more distant, I thought that we were losing the parallel of the high way. Finding that we had the moon more and more on the left, I felt sure of this, and HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

mentioned it to the General. Absorbed in thought, he made me no reply. We came in front of a windmill, and endeavored to procure some information; but we could not gain an entrance, or make any one answer, and we continued our nocturnal march. At last we entered a village, but found every door closed against us, and were obliged to use threats in order to grain admission into a single house. The poor woman to whom it belonged, more dead than alive, received us as if we had been enemies. Before asking where we were, ‘Food, give us some food!’ was our cry. Bread and butter and beer were brought, and soon disappeared before men who had fasted for twenty-four hours. A little revived, we ask, ‘Where are we? What is the name of this village?’ ‘Vieville.’ “On looking at the map, I saw that in coming to that village we had leaned too much to the right, and that we were in the direction of Mons. In order to reach the Sambre at the bridge of Marchiennes, we had four leagues to traverse; and there was scarcely time to march the distance before daybreak. I made a villager act as our guide, and bound him by his arm to my stirrup. He led us through Roux to Marchiennes. The poor fellow ran alongside of my horse the whole way. It was cruel, but necessary to compel him, for we had not an instant to spare. At six in the morning we entered Marchiennes. “Marshal Ney was there. Our general went to see him, and to ask what orders he had to give. Ney was asleep; and, rather than rob him of the first repose he had had for four days, our General returned to us without seeing him. And, indeed, what orders could Marshal Ney have given? The whole army was crossing the Sambre, each man where and how he chose; some at Charleroi, some at Marchiennes. We were about to do the same thing. When once beyond the Sambre we might safely halt; and both men and horses were in extreme need of rest. We passed through Thuin; and finding a little copse near the road, we gladly sought its shelter. While our horses grazed, we lay down and slept. How sweet was that sleep after the fatigues of the long day of battle, and after the night of retreat more painful still! We rested in the little copse till noon, and sat there watching the wrecks of our army defile along the road before us. It was a soul-harrowing sight! Yet the different arms of the service had resumed a certain degree of order amid their disorder; and our General, feeling his strength revive, resolved to follow a strong column of cavalry which was taking the direction of Beaumont, about four leagues off: We drew near Beaumont, when suddenly a regiment of horse was seen debauching from a wood on our left. The column that we followed shouted out, ‘The Prussians! The Prussians!’ and galloped off in utter disorder. The troops that thus alarmed them were not a tenth part of their number, and were in reality our own 8th Hussars, who wore green uniforms. But the panic had been brought even thus far from the battle-field, and the disorganized column galloped into Beaumont, which was already crowded with our infantry. We were obliged to follow that debacle. On entering Beaumont we chose a house of superior appearance, and demanded of the mistress of HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

it refreshments for the General. ‘Alas!’ said the lady, ‘this is the tenth General who has been to this house since this morning. I have nothing left, Search, if you please, and see. Though unable to find food for the General, I persuaded him to take his coat off and let me examine his wound. The bullet had gone through the twists of the left epaulette, and penetrating the skin had run round the shoulder without injuring the bone. The lady of the house made some lint for me; and without any great degree of surgical skill I succeeded in dressing the wound. “Being still anxious to procure some food for the General and ourselves, if it were but a loaf of ammunition bread, I left the house and rode out into the town. I saw pillage going on in every direction: open caissons, stripped and half-broken, blocked up the streets. The pavement was covered with plundered and torn baggage. Pillagers and runaways, such were all the comrades I met with. Disgusted at them, I strove, sword in hand, to stop one of the plunderers; but, more active than I, he gave me a, bayonet stab in my left arm, in which I fortunately caught his thrust, which had been aimed full at my body. He disappeared among the crowd, through which I could not force my horse. My spirit of discipline had made me forget that in such circumstances the soldier is a mere wild beast. But to be wounded by a fellow-countryman after having passed unharmed through all the perils of Quatre Bras and Waterloo! — this did seem hard, indeed. I was trying to return to General Foy, when another horde of flyers burst into Beaumont, swept me into the current of their flight, and hurried me out of the town with them. Until I received my wound I had preserved my moral courage in full force; but now, worn out with fatigue, covered with blood and suffering severe rain from the wound, I own that I gave way to the general demoralization, and let myself be inertly borne along with the rushing mass. At last I reached Landrecies, though I know not how or when. But I found there our Colonel Hurday, who had been left behind there in consequence of an accidental injury from a carriage. He took me with him to Paris, where I retired amid my family, and got cured of my wound, knowing nothing of the rest of political and military events that were taking place.” No returns ever were made of the amount of the French loss in the battle of Waterloo; but it must have been immense, and may be partially judged of by the amount of killed and wounded in the armies of the conquerors. On this subject both the Prussian and British official evidence is unquestionably full and authentic. The figures are terribly emphatic. Of the army that fought under the Duke of Wellington nearly 15,000 men mere killed and wounded on this single day of battle. Seven thousand Prussians also fell at Waterloo. At such a fearful price was the deliverance of Europe purchased. By none was the severity of that loss more keenly felt than by our great deliverer himself. As may be seen in Major Macready’s narrative, the Duke, while the battle was raging, betrayed no sign of emotion at the most ghastly casualties; but, when all HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

was over, the sight of the carnage with which the field was covered, anti still more, the sickening spectacle of the agonies of the wounded men who lay moaning in their misery by thousands and tens of thousands, weighed heavily on the spirit of the victor, as he rode back across the scene of strife. On reaching his head-quarters in the village of Waterloo, the Duke inquired anxiously after the numerous friends who had been round him in the morning, and to whom he was warmly attached. Many he was told were dead; others were lying alive, but mangled and suffering, in the houses round him. It is in our hero’s own words alone that his feelings can be adequately told. In a letter written by him almost immediately after his return from the field, he thus expressed himself: — “My heart is broken by the terrible loss I have sustained in my old friends and companions, and my poor soldiers. Believe me, nothing except a battle lost, can be half so melancholy as a battle won, the bravery of my troops has hitherto saved me from the greater evil; but to -win such a battle as this of Waterloo, at the expense of so many gallant friends, could only be termed a heavy misfortune but for the result to the public.” It is not often that a successful General in modern warfare is called on, like the victorious commander of the ancient Greek armies, to award a prize of superior valor to one of his soldiers. Such was to some extent. the case with respect to the battle of Waterloo. In the August of 1818, an English clergyman offered to confer a small annuity on some Waterloo soldier, to be named by the Duke. The Duke requested Sir John Byng to choose a man from the 2nd Brigade of Guards, which had so highly distinguished itself in the defense of Hougoumont. There were many gallant candidates, but the election fell on Sergeant James Graham, of the light company of the Coldstream. This brave man had signalized himself, throughout the day, in the defense of that important post, and especially in the critical struggle that took place at. the period when the French, who had gained the wood, the orchard, and detached garden, succeeded in bursting open a gate of the courtyard of the chateau itself, and rushed in in large masses, confident of carrying all before them. A hand-to-hand fight, of the most desperate character, was kept up between them and the Guards for a few minutes; but at last the British bayonets prevailed, Nearly all the Frenchmen who had forced their way in were killed on the spot; and, as the few survivors ran back, five of the Guards, Colonel Macdonnell, Captain Wyndham, Ensign Gooch, Ensign Hervey, and Sergeant Graham, by sheer strength, closed the gate again, in spite of the efforts of the French from without, and effectually barricaded it against further assaults. Over and through the loopholed wall of the courtyard, the English garrison now kept up a deadly fire of musketry, which was fiercely answered by the French, who swarmed round the curtilage like ravening wolves. Shells, too, from their batteries, were falling fast into the besieged place, one of which set part of the mansion and some of the out-buildings on fire. Graham, who was at this time HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

standing near Colonel Macdonnell at the wall, and who had shown the most perfect steadiness and courage, now asked permission of his commanding officer to retire for a moment. Macdonnell replied, “By all means, Graham; but I wonder you should ask leave now.” Graham answered, “I would not, sir, only my brother is wounded, and he is in that out-building there, which has just caught fire.” Laying down his musket, Graham ran to the blazing spot, lifted up his brother, and laid him in a ditch. Then he was back at his post, and was plying his musket against the French again, before his absence was noticed, except by his colonel. Many anecdotes of individual prowess have been preserved: but of all the brave men who were in the British army on that eventful day, none deserve more honor for courage and indomitable resolution than Sir Thomas Picton, who, as has been mentioned, fell in repulsing the great attack of the French upon the British left center. It was not until the dead body was examined after the battle, that the full heroism of Picton was discerned. He had been wounded on the 16th, at Quatre Bras, by a musket-ball, which had broken two of his ribs, and caused also severe internal injuries; but he had concealed the circumstance, evidently in expectation that another and greater battle would be fought in a short time, and desirous to avoid being solicited to absent himself from the: field. His body was blackened and swollen by the wound, which must have caused severe and incessant pain; and it was marvelous how his spirit had borne him up, and enabled him to take part in the fatigues and duties of the field. The bullet which, on the 18th, killed the renowned leader of “the Fighting Division” of the Peninsula, entered the head near the left temple, and passed through the brain; so that Picton’s death must have been instantaneous. One of the most interesting narratives of personal adventure at Waterloo, is that of Colonel Frederick Ponsonby, of the 12th Light Dragoons, who was severely wounded when Vandeleur’s brigade, to which he belonged, attacked the French lancers, in order to bring off the Union Brigade, which was retiring from its memorable charge. The 12th, like those whom they rescued, advanced much further against the French position than prudence warranted. Ponsonby, with many others, was speared by a reserve of Polish lancers, and left for dead on the field. It is well to refer to the description of what he suffered (as he afterwards gave it, when almost miraculously recovered from his numerous wounds), because his fate, or worse, was the fate of thousands more; and because the narrative of the pangs of an individual, with whom we can identify ourselves, always comes more home to us than a general description of the miseries of whole masses. His tale may make us remember what are the horrors of war as well as its glories. It is to be remembered that the operations, which he refers to, took place about three o’clock in the day, and that the fighting went on for at least five hours more.,After describing how he and his men charged through the French whom they first encountered, and went against other enemies, he HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

states:— “We had no sooner passed them than we were ourselves attacked, before we could form, by about. 300 Polish lancers, who had hastened to their relief the French artillery pouring in among us a heavy fire of grape, though for one of our men they killed three of their own. “In the melee I was almost instantly disabled in both arms, losing first my sword, and then my reins, and followed by a few men, who were presently cut down, no quarter being allowed, asked, or given, I was carried along by my horse, till, receiving a blow from a saber, I fell senseless on my face to the ground. “Recovering, I raised myself a little to look round, being at that time, I believe, in a condition to get up and run away; when a lancer passing by, cried out, ‘Tu n’est pas mort, coquin!’ and struck his lance through my back. My head dropped, the blood gushed into my mouth, a difficulty of breathing came on, and I thought all was over. “Not long afterwards (it was impossible to measure time, but I must have fallen in less than ten minutes after the onset), a tirailleur stopped to plunder me, threatening my life. I directed him to a small sidepocket, in which he found three dollars, all I had; but he continued to threaten, and I said he might search me: this he did immediately, unloosing my stock and tearing open my waistcoat, and leaving me in a very uneasy posture. “But he, was no sooner gone, than an officer bringing up some troops, to which probably the tirailleur belonged, and happening to halt where I lay, stooped down and addressed me, saying, he feared I was badly wounded; I said that I was, and expressed a wish to be removed to the rear. He said it was against their orders to remove even their own men; but that if they gained the day (and he understood that the Duke of Wellington was killed, and that some of our battalions had surrendered), every attention in his power would be shown me. I complained of thirst, and he held his brandy bottle to my lips, directing one of the soldiers to lay me straight on my side, and place a knapsack under my head. He then passed on into action — soon, perhaps, to want, though not receive, the same assistance; and I shall never know to whose generosity I was indebted, as I believe, for my life. Of what rank he was, I cannot say: he wore a great coat. By-and-by another tirailleur came up, a fine young man, full of ardor. He knelt down, and fired over me, loading and firing many times, and conversing with me all the while. “The Frenchman with strange coolness, informed Ponsonby of how he was shooting, and what he thought of the progress of the battle. “At last he ran off, exclaiming, ‘You will probably not be sorry to hear that we are going to retreat. Good day, my friend.’ It was dusk,” Ponsonby adds, “when two squadrons of Prussian cavalry, each of them two deep, came across the valley, and passed over me in full trot, lifting me from the ground, and tumbling me about cruelly. The clatter of their approach, and the apprehensions they excited, may be imagined; a gun taking that direction must HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

have destroyed me. “The battle was now at an end, or removed to a distance. The shouts, the imprecations, the outcries of ‘Vive l’Empereur!’ the discharge of musketry and cannon, were over; and the groans of the wounded all around me, became every moment more and more audible. I thought the night would never end. Much about this time I found a soldier of the Royals lying across my legs: he had probably crawled thither in his agony; and his weight, his convulsive motions, and the air issuing through a wound in his side, distressed me greatly; the last circumstance most of all, as I had a wound of the same nature myself. “It was not a dark night, and the Prussians were wandering about to plunder; the scene in Ferdinand Count Fathom came into my mind, though no women appeared. Several stragglers looked at me, as they passed by, one after another, and at last one of them stopped to examine me. I told him as well as I could, for I spoke German very imperfectly, that I was a British officer, and had been plundered already; he did not desist, however, and pulled me about roughly. “An hour before midnight I saw a man in an English uniform walking towards me. He was, I suspect, on the same errand, and he came and looked in my face. I spoke instantly, telling him who I was, and assuring him of a reward if he would remain by me. He said he belonged to the 40th, and had missed his regiment: he released me from the dying soldier, and being unarmed, took up a sword from the ground, and stood over me, pacing backwards and forwards. “Day broke; and at six o’clock in the morning some English were seen at a distance, and he ran to them. A messenger being sent off to Hervey, a cart came for me, and I was placed in it, and carried to the village of Waterloo, a mile and a half off, and laid in the bed from which, as I understood afterwards, Gordon had been just carried out. I had received seven wounds: a surgeon slept in my room, and I was saved by excessive bleeding.” Major Macready, in the journal already cited, justly praises the deep devotion to their Emperor which marked the French at Waterloo. Never, indeed, had the national bravery of the French people been more nobly shown. One soldier in the French ranks was seen, when his arm was shattered by a cannon-ball, to wrench it off with the other; and throwing it up in the air, he exclaimed to his comrades, “Vive l’Empereur jusqu’a la mort!” Colonel Lemonnier Delafosse mentions in his Memoirs, that at the beginning of the action, a French soldier who had had both legs carried off by a cannon-ball, was borne past the front of Foy’s division, and called out to them, “Ce n’est rien, camarades; Vive 1’Empereur! Gloire a la France!” The same officer, at the end of the battle, when all hope was lost, tells us that he saw a French grenadier, blackened with powder, and with his clothes torn and stained, leaning on his musket, and immovable as a statue. The colonel called to him to join his comrades and retreat; but the grenadier showed him his musket and his hands; HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

and said “These hands have with this musket used to-day more than twenty packets of cartridges: it was more than my share: I supplied myself with ammunition from the dead. Leave me to die here on the held of battle. It is not courage that fails me, but strength.” Then, as Colonel Delafosse left him, the soldier stretched himself on the ground to meet his fate, exclaiming, “Tout est perdu! Pauvre France!” The gallantry of the French officers at least equaled that of their men. Ney, in particular, set the example of the most daring courage. Here, as in every French army in which he ever served or commanded, he was “le brave des braves.” Throughout the day he was in the front of the battle; and was one of the very last Frenchmen who quitted the field. His horse was killed under him in the last attack made on the English position; but he was seen on foot, his clothes torn with bullets, his face smirched with powder, striving, sword in hand, first to urge his men forward, and at last to check their flight. There was another brave general of the French army, whose velour and good conduct on that day of disaster to his nation, should never be unnoticed, when the story of Waterloo is recounted. This was General Pelet, who, about seven in the evening, led the first battalion of the 2nd regiment of the Chasseurs of the Guard to the defense of Planchenoit; and on whom Napoleon personally urged the deep importance of maintaining possession of that village. Pelet and his men took their post in the central part of the village, and occupied the church and churchyard in great strength. There they repelled every assault of the Prussians, who in rapidly increasing numbers rushed forward with infuriated pertinacity. They held their post till the utter rout of the main army of their comrades was apparent, and the victorious allies were thronging around Planchenoit. Then Pelet and his brave chasseurs quitted the churchyard, and retired with steady march, though they suffered fearfully from the moment they left their shelter, and Prussian cavalry as well as infantry dashed fiercely after them. Pelet kept together a little knot of 250 veterans, and had the eagle covered over, and borne along in the midst of them. At one time the inequality of the ground caused his ranks to open a little; and in an instant, the Prussian horsemen were on them, and striving to capture the eagle. Captain Siborne relates the conduct of Pelet with the admiration worthy of one brave soldier for another:— “Pelet, taking advantage of a spot of ground which afforded them some degree of cover against the fire of grape by which they were constantly assailed, halted the standard-bearer, and called out, “A moi, chasseurs! Sauvons l’aigle ou mourons autour d’elle!” The chasseurs immediately pressed around him, forming what is usually termed the rallying square, and, lowering their bayonets, succeeded in repulsing the charge of cavalry. Some guns were then brought to bear upon them, and subsequently a brisk fire of musketry; but notwithstanding the awful sacrifice which was thus HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

offered up in defense of their precious charge, they succeeded in reaching the main line of retreat, favored by the universal confusion, as also by the general obscurity which now prevailed; and thus saved alike the eagle and the honor of the regiment.” French writers do injustice to their own army and general, when they revive malignant calumnies against Wellington, and speak of his having blundered into victory. No blunderer could have successfully encountered such troops as those of Napoleon, and under such a leader. It is superfluous to cite against these cavils the testimony which other continental critics have borne to the high military genius of our illustrious chief. I refer to one only, which is of peculiar value, on account of the quarter whence it comes. It is that of the great German writer, Niebuhr, whose accurate acquaintance with every important scene of modern as well as ancient history was unparalleled: and who was no mere pedant, but a man practically versed in active life, and had been personally acquainted with most of the leading men in the great events of the early part of this century. Niebuhr, in the passage which I allude to, after referring to the military “blunders” of Mithridates, Frederick the Great, Napoleon, Pyrrhus, and Hannibal, uses these remarkable words, “The Duke of Wellington is, I believe, the: only general in whose conduct of war we cannot discover any important mistake.” Not that it is to be supposed that the Duke’s merits were simply of a negative order, or that he was merely a cautious, phlegmatic general, fit only for defensive warfare, as some recent French historians have described him. Or the contrary, he was bold, even to audacity, when boldness was required. “The intrepid advance and fight at Assaye, the crossing of the Douro, and the movement on Talavera in 1809, the advance to Madrid and Burgos in 1812, the actions before Bayonne in 1813, and the desperate stand made at Waterloo itself, when more tamely-prudent generals would have retreated beyond Brussels, place this beyond a doubt.” The overthrow of the French military power at Waterloo was so complete, that the subsequent events of the brief campaign have little interest. Lamartine truly says: “This defeat left nothing undecided in future events, for victory had given judgment. The war began and ended in a single battle.” Napoleon himself recognized instantly and fully the deadly nature of the blow which had been dealt to his empire. In his flight from the battle-field he first halted at Charleroi, but the approach of the pursuing Prussians drove him thence before he had rested there an hour. With difficulty getting clear of the wrecks of his own army, he reached Philippeville, where he remained a few hours, and sent orders to the French generals in the various extremities of France, to converge with their troops upon Paris. He ordered Soult to collect the fugitives of his own force, and lead them to Laon. He then hurried forward to Paris, and reached HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

his capital before the news of his own defeat. But the stern truth soon transpired. At the demand of the Chambers of Peers and Representatives he abandoned the throne by a second and final abdication on the 22nd of June. On the 29th of June he left the neighborhood of Paris, and proceeded to Rochefort in the hope of escaping to America. But the coast was strictly watched, and on the 15th of July the ex-emperor surrendered himself on board of the English man-of-war the Bellerophon. Meanwhile the allied armies had advanced steadily upon Paris driving before them Grouchy’s corps, and the scanty force which Soult had succeeded in rallying at Laon. Cambray, Peronne and other fortresses were speedily captured; and by the 29th of June the invaders were taking their positions in front of Paris. The Provisional Government, which acted in the French capital after the emperor’s abdication, opened negotiations with the allied chiefs. Blucher, in his quenchless hatred of the French, was eager to reject all proposals for a suspension of hostilities, and to assault and storm the city. But the sager and calmer spirit of Wellington prevailed over his colleague; the entreated armistice was granted; and on the 3rd of July the capitulation of Paris terminated the War of the Battle of Waterloo. In closing our observations on this the last of the Decisive Battles of the World, it is pleasing to contrast the year which it signalized with the year that is now [written in June 1851.] passing over our heads. We have not (and long may we be without) the stern excitement of martial strife, and we see no captive standards of our European neighbors brought in triumph to our shrines. But we behold an infinitely prouder spectacle. We see the banners of every civilized nation waving over the arena of our competition with each other, in the arts that minister to our race’s support and happiness, and destruction. not to its suffering and “Peace hath her Victories No less renowned than War;”

and no battle-field ever witnessed a victory more noble, than that, which England, under her Sovereign Lady and her Royal Prince, is now teaching the peoples of the earth to achieve over selfish prejudices and international feuds, in the great cause of the general promotion of the industry and welfare of mankind.

“A victory described in detail is indistinguishable from a defeat.” — Jean-Paul Sartre

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 18th of 6 M 1815 / Our morning meeting was large & I HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

thought favor’d - Hannah Dennis appeard rather larger than usual for her & quite as sweet then D Buffum added by way of suppliment - In the Afternoon we were silent & to my feelings a solid & in a very good degree a devotional opportunity. I believe some minds were refreshed, & many who were not in membership wore countenances that bespoke reverence. — We took tea at Father Rodmans with Wm S Burling - & while we were there we heard that Wm Wright & his wife son of Isaac Wright of N York had arrived & knowing them to be acquainted to Uncle & Aunt Santon We went with Wm Burling to their lodgings & found them pleasant & agreeable friends. We invited them to tea with us tomorrow if I did not sail for NYork which I expect to do — I do a little regret the prospect of so soon leaving town on their account — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 20, Tuesday: Pursuant to the decision of the Congress of Vienna, a Polish kingdom, in personal union with Russia, was proclaimed in Warsaw.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 20th of 6 M 1815 / At 1 / 2 past 9 OClock this morng went on board the B D Jones Capt Cahoon for NYork intending a visit to my Uncle & Aunt Stanton of that place. — At 11 OC we reached the light house — Dined at 10 Oc while off Point Judith & find our company very agreeable, some of their names follow Wm S Burling Thos Rotch Jr Caleb Mackeel Benj Smith, Jemima Shotwell, Ann Yarnall, Sarah Sutton & several other members who do not seem to mingle much with us. Tea at 7 OC & at sunset not quite up to Watch Hill. J Shotwell & Sarah Sutton very sea Sick, & I find myself a little threatened with it, the deck agrees better with my head than the Cabin & I keep mostly upon it. This has been a day of new experiences to me, tho’ the surrounding scenes delight the eye & the company on board are very agreeable conversattion runing on subjects various & mostly inteeresting, yet my dear Hannah & our little son have occupied much of my thoughts. — late in the eveng retired to my Birth - RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

June 21, Wednesday: The loser Napoléon Bonaparte arrived in Paris. The Chambers detached themselves from the Emperor and called for his abdication.

News of the outcome of the battle at Waterloo reached London.

Quedlinburg was reintegrated into Prussia. The Counties of Stolberg-Rossla and Stolberg-Wernigerode were annexed by Prussia.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

4th day 21 of 6 M 1815 / Rose this morning at 3 OClock & went on deck & saw several Lights yet Burning This is the first night I have ever spent on the Water & considering all circumstances it was much more comfortable than I expected - The Capt says we have gained but about 20 Miles all night, the wind still light & the current against us. A little After sun rise & found ourselves at the west end of Plumb Island those who were sick Yesterday seem very cheerful this morning — At 8 OC Breakfast - At 10 OC off the horse & Lyon which they say is half way to NYork- At One OC we dined & while sitting at the table the wind left us & what little we have had thro’ the day has been against us our progress consequently very slow, but our vessel outsails all we meet After dinner finding my head complaining took a refreshing nap -rose & found the wind breesing up - enter’d into pleasant conversation with several of the passengers in the Cabin - Was called on deck to see a large school of Porpoises playing round the vessel. This sight amused us for some time & to the women was quite a novelty. They appearing to take an interest in the scene Sarah Sutton particularly - The whole of the afternoon has been spent in pleasant conversation, mostly of an interesting nature but I am afraid some of us have indulged in lightness rather further than is best - I feel the Satisfaction of having kept a weight in the scale against it - nothing however has occurd which leaves much uneasiness, only a little apprehensiion of what might or maybe — The evening also was spent pleasantly, & several on board exercised their poetic talents —- At 9 OC of Huntington Light, at 10 OC retired to rest —5th day 22 of 6 M 1815 / At Sunrise off Hempstead Harbor on L I — Rose this mong under a sense of favor which I experienced most of yesterday. how pleasant to feel the heart tender & an evidence that Divine goodness is still near. At 10 OC of Lands Light - of this place Benj Smith made an handsome sketch with his pencil which pleased our women Passengers, he took also sketches of several other places & gave them as mementos of our Passage — Settled with the Capt & paid him $9 for my Passage — At 10 OC of White stone ferry on L Island we was in so near as to see a carriage land from the boat with a number of Friends; there appeared to be an old friendly[?] man & several plain women, who when the carriage was tackled [harnessed to the horses] jumped in very sprightly & rode up the road a quick pace through a very pleasant tract of country — While I view the rich & costly houses & pleasant situations around my mind is forcibly impressed with a sense that “Here is not the place of our rest” tho’ we may be permitted to partake a little of the Pleasant things of this life as we pass along through it yet those which are unfading should be held & ever remembered as the Primary persuit of our lives —- At 12 OC we passed Hurl Gate, [Hell Gate] about this place & up to NYork nature & art combined, have rendered the scenery picturesque & HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

beautiful — were I to attempt it my discriptive powers would fall far short of justice, several places of which I have heard much spoken, were pointed out, particularly the late Doctor Baker about a mile beyond the Gate we looked & saw a small sloop get nearly upset in or near the pot, this discomposed our nerves for a few minutes, but when we saw her lower her sails & danger somewhat cease - our sensibility soon left us in great measure & turned our attention to surrounding scenes which with the thoughts of soon being in NYork, already coming in sight, awakened new feelings, quite new feelings —At 1/2 past 1OC we touched at the Wharf where I parted with my fellow Passengers, in a considerable degree of tender feeling - Wm B[?] conducted me directly to Uncle Stantons, where I found them just dining & Jonas Minturn at the table with them — On going in & finding myself actually in their company, which I have felt, even till the very moment of my going into the house almost as a Dream which I could scarcely believe that I should ever realise — my feelings were so overcome that it was with some difficulty that I could support the Man, [he could scarcely stand] & Answer the few questions which occur’d for the moment, — but after a little cooling drink, & some dinner, I found that big thing in my throat, which seemed to Large to swallow & bring up, gradually to settle away, & soon became easy cheerful - Uncle & Aunt received me with great cordiality & heartfelt affection which I believe they must have been so [?] since from my situation at meeting them was reciprocal on my part After dinner & when I began to realize that I was in the City & with my dear relatives, I finished a letter which I had begun in board the Packet to my dear H & carried it down & put it on board Capt Bliss - in this walk Uncle took me on board the New Haven steam Boat which is indeed the great curiosity of the boat Kind I was ever on board of - for power & complication of machinery is only exceeded by the Steam Frigate Fulton the first which we sailed by as we came up the River & had a view of as she lay at the Wharf Any attempt to describe This boat, or hardly any thing besides that I have seen in the City, would only expose the weakness of my descriptive facultys - I have heard much tell of this place, but of the bustle & noise & the ponderous piles of buildings which I have seen only this Afternoon I had but remote Idea of, & I can say with a Queen formerly “The half has not been told” In this rout [route] we called on Saml Wood, found in his shop - he seemed very cordial & asked me to call again, which I promised him I would after delivering him a letter which I was the bearer of - we left him & went up to Chamber Street & visited Niobe a little while who was very Affectionate & Kind & I was very glad to see her. — returned with Uncle Stanton to tea where I set the remainder of the evening - Wm S Burling called in wishing me to go with him & set a little while with Jemima Shotwell, but the evening being far spent, & I much fatigued with the labors of the day - gave up going with him tho’ my inclination was much in favor of it &c — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

June 22, Thursday: At the demand of the French legislature, Napoléon Bonaparte again abdicated, he asserting this to be in favor of his toddling son Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte. A 5-man Commission of Government took over with Joseph, comte Fouché, duc d’Otrante as acting Prime Minister (the allies would see to it, however, that Louis XVIII, at Ghent, be restored to his throne). Upon this 2d restoration, Professor François Pierre Guillaume Guizot was appointed secretary-general of the ministry of justice under de Barbé- Marbois (he would resign with his chief in 1816).

June 23, Friday: The new French government sent emissaries to the allies asking for an immediate armistice. They also asked that the Bourbon family not be returned to the throne and that Napoléon Bonaparte’s son Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte be recognized as the new monarch (this would be refused).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 23 of 6 M 1815 / After a comfortable nights rest, rose early this morning, & brought up my journal which falls far short of recording all I have seen or felt. — After breakfast walked with Uncle round the Battery & some other parts of the City, saw Wanton Engs Stoped at Isaac Wrights Store - went thro’ Foly[?] Market & in it was introduced to Francis Thompson - & spoke with Benj Minturn — The fame of Foley market had reached Newport long ago but nearly it exceeds my expectations, every thing almost that can be named, the produce of our own land is sold in it, & lays in the Greatest profusion on their Stalls & benches. In The stores on the left side going down may be bought all Kinds of West India produce & the people are so thick that it is with some difficulty one can crowd thro’ the multitude stoped at Demilts Watchmakers shop & took a look at his goods - went to the Post Ofice & returned home but how I went or how I came I know not, for every scene was new & the bustle of City confusing, to a mind used to no other than Newport - As I passed along the street the Story which D Buffum tells of an old friend in his country who had a mind to go to a new light meeting held in the neighborhood, often crossed my thoughts — as he returned from the meeting riding along nursing on what had passed, a person behind him heard him exclaim “It does not signify it is confusion upon confusion” & surely I believe, was this old man loving & to walk the streets of NYork, when he saw the ponderous piles of buildings, the runing & rattling of the drays & the hurry of the people he would again exclaim “Confusion upon Confusion.” however as yet I have been pretty collected — Between 11 & 12 OC took a walk into several streets with Aunt Patty called at several Stores & to see Penelope Minturn While Aunt Patty had gone to look up the family I had a pretty good opportunity to reflect & endeavored to attend to my own feelings being alone in the room some time — when she came in my sensations were about what I had anticipated - She seemed glad to see me & inquired after some of her old friends in Newport — returned to Dinner After dinner retired to my chamber to rest a little but was soon HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

called down to see Wm Burling - in going down my feet sliped on a cross stair & I went down my whole force more than half the distance on my back & elbow which was so hard a shock that after getting up & going into the room, I sat down & fainted quite away I soon came too & in about an hour recovered, so as to walk out into some parts of the City where I had never been — After tea went to the Steam boat & crossed in her to Brooklin & went up to the other ferry & returned in the horse boat which made a pleasing variety The Steam Boat in this ferry is inferior to the ones which run to N Haven & in the North River, as the river is narrow the accommodations discovered in the others, are not here needed - The Horse boat goes by the Power of 9 Horses & get changed [illegible] a day - the ferrage at such place is 4 cents for a single passage & they told me they made upon average, 65 trips in a day, & often have 2 / 6 passengers at a time - they cross in 7 Minutes & often in 5; the boatman ways he had taken $300 Dollars in a day. — I had no conception of number of People that are continually passing from the City to L Island by these ferrys, nor indeed I had not of scarcely any thing I see the horses go round as in a bake mill & form a ring standing as close to each other as then can - they appear to work hard tho’ they look fat & hardy —Brooklin is a pleasant village, & I should suppose was as quiet as it is a ready retreat from the City — We set the evening with neighbor Hurst & while there, the City was under an Alarm of fire, which was soon over. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July: Early in the month, as King Louis XVIII re-entered Paris after the defeat of Napoléon Bonaparte, the count of Chambord bowed to him and went “A hundred days have elapsed, sire, since the fatal moment when your Majesty was forced to quit your capital in the midst of tears.” The political trope “the first 100 days” was born. Napoleon abdicated in a fruitless attempt to get his little son, who at that point held the title “King of Rome,” made the ruler of France. Finally realizing that his situation was hopeless, he made a dash for the coast in an attempt to take ship for the USA. However, when he arrived in the port of Rochefort, Napoleon found the entrance to the bay being blockaded by the HMS Bellerophon, a veteran of the Battle of Trafalgar nicknamed “Billy Ruffian” — and a ship past which he knew he was not going to be able to slip.

After the Hundred Days, Professor François Pierre Guillaume Guizot returned to Ghent, where saw Louis XVIII, and in the name of the liberal party pointed out that a frank adoption of a liberal policy could alone secure the duration of the restored monarchy — advice which was ill-received by the king’s confidential advisers. This visit to Ghent would be used against him in later years because it made him seem unpatriotic. He would be referred to scornfully as “The Man of Ghent.” During this month, the grand news of the abdication, that this French pest and pestilence had finally been contained, was going out all over the world as fast as the winds would carry it, in as full detail as was available: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

July 3, Monday: On June 30 and on this day, a Treaty of Peace with the Bey of Algiers. READ THE FULL TEXT

The Bey agreed to cease exacting tribute, and to release all prisoners of war.

Also, our commissioners at Ghent made a commercial convention with Great Britain, to last four years, and stipulation, for absolute reciprocity by abolishing, in direct trade, all discriminations. READ THE FULL TEXT

Napoléon Bonaparte arrived at the Atlantic port of Rochefort north of Bordeaux, hoping to escape to the United States of America. Meanwhile the French government prepared 18 articles known as the Convention of Paris.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 3rd 7M 1815 / Buisy all the forenoon preparing for a passage home, but in the Afternoon found to my disappointment that the Capt had defer’d Sailing till tomorrow — My mind is now quite anxious to be getting home - & tho’ I receive every attention & much more than I deserve, & my frs still desirous of a protracted stay, yet time begins to hang heavy — The purpose for which I came is answerd, & even more than answerd —I feel thankful for this opportunity of being with my friends, & above all for the newe’d evidence of the continuance of divine regard which has been mercifully vouchsafed — My heart has been fraught with gratitude, tenderness & love to my friends here, & greatly indeed has my love been excited for my dear H & our dear little boy at home - they now begin to claim my thoughts & occasion some anxiety —-Toward night called a little while on Ruth Winteringham — In the evening went up with Aunt to set a little while with Benj & Wife & found they had set out to see us —- we returned & found them setting in the front Room —- I must not close the account of this day without inserting, that After tea I walked up to Collumbia [sic] College -which is most beautifully situated at the foot of Park Place, before it is a fine green plat & a flowring grove of Trees - two of them which are Button Wood are the largest I have ever seen. Park Place was formerly called Robinson Street & is one of the Widest, most airy & fine built that I have observed in the City. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

July 8, Saturday: King Louis XVIII returned to the Tuilleries from Ghent to reestablish a government for the Kingdom of France.

The name of the Académie Impériale de Musique (Paris Opéra) was changed to the Académie Royale de Musique.

In the port of Rochefort, Napoléon Bonaparte boarded the French ship La Saale to be transported to the United States of America (the vessel would be unable to proceed because of the presence of HMS Bellerophon).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 8 of 7 M / Resumed the usual rounds of Trade &c, a number of my friends have called to see me wo seem pleased with my return RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 13, Thursday: Napoléon Bonaparte handed his sword to a British officer. Sez he:62

I come like Themistocles to throw myself upon the hospitality of the British people.

The British discovered a nude statue of Napoleon in the basement of the Louvre and carried it off: it would grace the home of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington.63 From this point forward it would cost the British people over £400,000 per year to guard their “Themistocles,” but the man was history. When he died they would mutilate his corpse, and his penis, tagged “Little Piece of Human Flesh,” happens to be still in circulation in England, being passed from hand to hand at various classy big-city auctions. (The wars of the 1800-1815 period had cost France alone about 1/60th of its male population, or about 500,000 young men. But Britain also had lost little pieces of human flesh here and there.)

62. This raises an interesting question. When did Themistocles throw himself upon the hospitality of the British people? 63. This statue stands all of fifteen feet tall, exclusive of its pedestal. Well, but it must weigh a bit more than the Little General did even at the most corpulent stage of his old age, as well. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

With the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, Mme. Jeanne-Françoise-Julie-Adélaïde “Juliette” Récamier (Madame Récamier) was able to return to Paris and restart her famous salon, at which she received guests frequently while semi-reclining upon a piece of furniture, a backless daybed or couch, which would become known as a récamier in her honor:

“And Amy, what is she going to do?” asked Mrs. March, well pleased at Laurie’s decision and the energy with which he spoke. “After doing the civil all round, and airing our best bonnet, we shall astonish you by the elegant hospitalities of our mansion, the brilliant society we shall draw about us, and the beneficial influence we shall exert over the world at large. That’s about it, isn’t it, ‘Madame Récamier’?” asked Laurie with a quizzical look at Amy. “Time will show. Come away, Impertinence, and don’t shock my family by calling me names before their faces,” answered Amy, resolving that there should be a home with a good wife in it before she set up a salon as a queen of society. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

At her salon, which for a long period of time was held in her separate rented suite in an old Paris convent at the Abbaye-aux-Bois, one of the featured guests was her associate François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand. A painting by Jacques-Louis David hanging in the Louvre depicts Mme. Récamier semi- reclining on her récamier as a younger woman,64 as of 1800 before she had been exiled from Paris by

64. I’ve checked it out, and M. Chateaubriand does not appear in his own portrait eating one of the double-thick center cut of beef tenderloin, stuffed and braised, the dish named in his honor. Nor is he reclining on a récamier (the illustrated piece of furniture, named in her honor), or upon Mme. Récamier herself for that matter — he’s just relaxing in a comfortable pair of pants with mussy hair: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Napoleon for her quasi-Royalist sentiments.

With the defeat of Bonaparte, a portion of the reform in Switzerland was cancelled, and patricians regained decisive positions in Lucerne’s politics.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 13 of 7 M / Rich Mott this morng appointed a Meeting for the inhabitants of the Town this Afternoon at 5 OC — He attended our Meeting in the course & delivered a short but Sound pertinent & very lively testimony — at the close his afternoon meeting was mentioned by D Buffum & general informations requested — He with his companion dined with us, their company was pleasant & gratifying — At the hour appointed a large number of people HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

collected, several of the most respectable of inhabitants attended - among who were Wm Ellery Snr Wm Ellery Junr, Doct Mann. Christopher G Camplin, Benj Hazard, Doct Hazard Wm Hunter & Nath Hazard - Richard was much favored in his testimony his opening was "The Kingdom of God consisteth not in Meats or Drinks, but in Righteousness, peace & Joy in the Holy Ghost - this subject he handled well & his communication was attended with a remarkable degree of Life & Power, which drew the attention of people who sat very solidly & it appeared to me that Truth Reigned & the savor thereof spread over most minds present — he concluded in A very solemn & reverend supplication — All this was cause of rejoicing to many minds present. & it appears the Audience were well satisfied. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

July 15, Saturday: Realizing his situation had become just hopeless, Napoléon Bonaparte had formed a plan to embark on some ship heading toward the United States of America and had rushed to the coast of France. However, when he had arrived at the port of Rochefort he had found the entrance to the bay being blockaded by the “Billy Ruffian” or HMS Bellerophon, a veteran of the Battle of Trafalgar. Finally facing the prospect of capture and execution by French royalists, he surrendered to the captain of that man-of-war.

Es ist vollbracht, the finale of a pasticcio called Die Ehrenpforten, by Ludwig van Beethoven, was performed for the initial time.

July 31, Monday: The British government announced that Napoléon Bonaparte would be banished to St. Helena.

August 5, Saturday: The new 44-gun frigate USS Java (so named after a British vessel defeated by the Americans) got underway from the shipyard of Flannigan & Parsons at Baltimore, Maryland. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry would pick up spare rigging at Hampton Roads and New York before sailing the new vessel to Newport, Rhode Island to recruit its crew. The frigate would stand out from Newport in the face of a bitter gale on January 22, 1816 on the way to the Mediterranean but a mast would snap with 10 men aloft, killing 5. During April the vessel would be off Algiers as Captain Perry attempted under flag of truce to persuade the Dey of Algiers to honor a treaty he had signed. It would sail to Tripoli with the USS Constellation, the USS Ontario, and the USS Erie in a display of the new strength of the United States of America. After visiting the ports of Syracuse, Messina, Palermo, Tunis, Gibraltar, and Naples, the frigate would return to Newport early in 1817 and be taken in for restoration at the naval yards of Boston.

Austria demanded the return of all art works taken by Napoléon Bonaparte from its lands (including from northern Italy).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 5th of 8 M 1815 / The Audit met at father Rodmans to settle inventory [?] of the Meeting at the past year — Benj Mott was with him [two illegible lines] to Portsmouth with I HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

accordingly [—-] steped into his Chaise & rode with him to Cousin Zacheus Chases where I found them as comfortable as old folks [the last half of this page too faint to read] RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

August 7, Monday: Napoléon Bonaparte was transferred to HMS Northumberland for transport to St. Helena.

August 8, Tuesday: Napoléon Bonaparte became a prisoner under transportation, destined for the island of St. Helena that was just the right distance away from France.

Of course, the defeat at Waterloo, and the events that had followed, had brought an end to the Italian judicial career of Giacomo Costantino Beltrami.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3rd day 8 of 8 M 1815 / This afternoon I witnessed a solemn scene - I called in the latter part of the Afternoon to see Matthew Barker who has been a long time very low & in great distress & apparantly Dieing for several Days, about 20 Minutes after I went into the room the scene closed, his distress continuing till near the close — When he breathed his last my sensations exceeded any thing I ever felt on seeing any person depart from time, my whole frame was shaken — every day brings us all neaer to the like Awful period & every scene like this is a solemn warning to us. to have our minds prepared for the event. — for some time he has not been entirely rational - & when I saw him this morng & at the final close he was past sensing much for any thing but his distress — I staid & assisted in laying him out RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

September: Walter Savage Landor had quickly become dissatisfied with Tours, and after a conflict with his landlady his party set off for Italy. The married couple would finally settled at Como, where they would remain for three years. Even at Como Landor would have a problem, for at the time Caroline of Brunswick, lawful wife of the Prince Regent of England, was in residence — Landor would fall under suspicion of acting as an agent of her husband, dispatched to observe her conduct during their divorce proceedings.

An anonymous fake biography of Napoléon Bonaparte appeared:

AMOURS SECRETTES DE NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE When Nappy, on Isle Sainte Hélène one evening in the winter of 1817, would glance through this book,

he would be heartily amused. He would comment that actually he had sexually “known” none of the women mentioned: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

They make a Hercules of me!

September 20, Wednesday: Representatives of Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia met in Paris to work out a new peace treaty. The allied powers agreed to compel France to return all works of art taken from them during the florut of Napoléon Bonaparte. The allies required that France give up 2/3ds of the territory won between 1790 and 1792, plus Savoy, that it pay 600,000,000 francs in reparations and 200,000,000 francs for the construction of forts along its border to protect its neighbors, and that it pay for 150,000 allied soldiers to man various fortresses throughout France for seven years.

October 7, Saturday: Joachim Murat, brother-in-law of Napoléon Bonaparte, landed at Pizzo with a force of 250 from Corsica, in an attempt to win back the throne of Naples.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 7 of 10 M / My H, & Sister R Set the evening at Thos Robinsons. I joined them the latter part of it very agreeably, as my visits there always prove — Mary Morton expects to leave them in a few days & most probable the Old folks will fell doubly striped when she has left them — They appear to bear their late privation of property by the Storm with firmness, christian firmness. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

October 13, Friday: In Naples, Joachim Murat, brother-in-law of Napoléon Bonaparte who had attempted to reclaim the Neapolitan throne by force, faced a firing squad.

October 17, Tuesday: Napoléon Bonaparte, a British prisoner after his defeat at Waterloo, stepped ashore at the island of St. Helena from HMS Northumberland. In order to prevent any escape the military presence would be increased, and the local population doubled in size.

ST. HELENA RECORDS In the Caribbean, a 3-day hurricane struck the island of Jamaica, stranding vessels and causing loss of life. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 4, Monday/5, Tuesday: In MÉMORIAL DE SAINTE HÉLÈNE, Las Cases explicated Napoléon Bonaparte’s remark about the rarest sort of courage: “As to moral courage, he had, he said, very rarely met with the two o’clock in the morning courage, unprepared courage,” the spontaneous courage of a soldier awakening to danger in the middle of the night.

WALDEN: What recommends commerce to me is its enterprise PEOPLE OF and bravery. It does not clasp its hands and pray to Jupiter. WALDEN I see these men every day go about their business with more or less courage and content, doing more even than they suspect, and perchance better employed that they could have consciously devised. I am less affected by their heroism who stood up for half an hour in the front line at Buena Vista, than by the steady and cheerful valor of the men who inhabit the snow-plough for their winter quarters; who have not merely the three-o’-clock in the morning courage, which Bonaparte thought was the rarest, but whose courage does not go to rest so early, who go to sleep only when the storm sleeps or the sinews of their iron steed are frozen. On this morning of the Great Snow, perchance, which is still raging and chilling men’s blood, I hear the muffled tone of their engine bell from out the fog bank of their chilled breath, which announces that the cars are coming, without long delay, notwithstanding the veto of a New England north-east snow storm, and I behold the ploughmen covered with snow and rime, their heads peering above the mould-board which is turning down other than daisies and the nests of field-mice, like bowlders of the Sierra Nevada, that occupy an outside place in the universe.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE THE GREAT SNOW

HENRY OFTEN THE WIKIPEDIA MENTIONS THE DESCRIBES THE YEAR GREAT SNOW WITHOUT A SUMMER

December 7, Thursday: Elizabeth Hussey Whittier was born. (It is necessary to disambiguate between two persons of this name, one having been the sister of John Greenleaf Whittier and the other his niece, called “Lizzie.” This is the sister.)

Marshal Michel Ney was executed by firing squad in a Paris street (he would be the only one of Napoléon Bonaparte’s marshals to be put to death).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 7th of 12 M / Our meeting was Small on the womens side HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

of the house in consequence of the Rain - I thought it a season of favor, tho’ “Jacob was very small” Yet a current of life appear’d to flow. - Hannah Dennis was very lively her opening was “Is there no balm in Gilead & is there not a Physician there.” In the forepart of the meeting Jonathon Dennis requested that we set more compact which was repeated by father Rodman - Friends have heretofore been in the habit of Sitting scattering, Some near the door, whose age and standing would render a forward seat more appropriate. - Last eveng about 10 OClock Died at Portsmouth Ruth Bringhurst widow of James Bringhurst late of Philadelphia — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1816

Upon the resumption of rule by the House of Savoy, taking over from the fading empire of Napoléon, the English began to show a great deal of interest in the fate of the religious self-determination of the Waldenses — perhaps the idea of a Protestant Revolution for the Italian Peninsula might be implanted in their minds! HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

January: When William Bullock’s exhibit hall on Piccadilly placed on display the carriage Napoléon Bonaparte had abandoned at Waterloo, the museum cleared £35,000 in admission fees. A cartoon “A Swarm of English Bees hiving in the Imperial Carriage!!” by Cruickshank and Rowlandson illustrates the London crush. In this drawing a museum employee goes “This is one of Napoleon’s shirts, Ladies.” A rustic points out “zaber gashes” for the benefit of his wife: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

A desolated Frog goes “Oh! Mon dear Empreur, dis is de shattering sights” while a Brit is fixated by an empty HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

box labeled “contained upwards of 100 articles of solid gold”: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

April: After the fall of Napoléon the family of origin of Nicholas Marcellus Hentz had been proscribed, and therefore they had emigrated from France to the port of New-York in the New World. During this month they settled in Wilkesburg, Pennsylvania.

After years of struggle, Rubens Peale opened his Philadelphia exhibition hall and demonstrated its innovative new lighting scheme. The gaslight shone forth from five huge burners, and was augmented and prettified of course by the usual array of glittering cut glass crystals.

FIRE

December 25, Wednesday: Carl Maria von Weber was informed by letter in Berlin that he had been appointed Kapellmeister to the King of Saxony in Dresden (he was being appointed in an attempt to provide German opera with a similar status to the Italian operas that had been dominant in the city).

A report from St. Helena: “Napoleon in very good spirits. Asked many questions in English, which he pronounced as he would have done French; yet the words were correct, and applied in their proper sense.”65

65. This account by Barry Edward O'Meara, a ship’s surgeon, would be published in 1822 as VOICE FROM ST. HELENA by Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1817

William Makepeace Thackeray stopped by St. Helena on his way from Calcutta to England. He was 6 years of age. Walking about the island with an Indian servant, he peeked at Napoléon Bonaparte. The servant warned that not only did Nappy eat three sheep a day but also little boys — when he could get his hands on them.

ST. HELENA THE HISTORIC

(It may or may not have been true that the former emperor liked little boys, but it is a matter of historical record that he really did enjoy the coffee grown on St. Helena. It was good stuff.)

In this year two editions appeared, of Michel Jacob Frédéric Lullin de Châteauvieux Guy De Lhérault’s MANUSCRIPT TRANSMITTED FROM ST. HELENA, BY AN UNKNOWN CHANNEL. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street). This made interesting reading for those who could suspend disbelief. BY AN UNKNOWN CHANNEL HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

In this year the brag was made, that for the first time in the USA a woman’s labor was being assigned a real monetary value — which would be an allusion to the fact that Lowell, Massachusetts was in this year pioneering the “material girl”:

For the first time in this country woman’s labor had a monetary value.... And thus a long upward step in our material civilization was taken.

Of course only white girls were being allowed to do this sort of work in the mills of Lowell.

By way of extreme contrast, as of this Year of Our Lord 1817 there still existed real misogyny:66

Nature intended women to be our slaves.... They are our property, we are not theirs.... They belong to us, just FEMINISM as a tree which bears fruit belongs to the gardener. What a mad idea to demand equality for women!... Women are nothing but machines for producing children.

In this year in the state of New York, giving suck to her slave baby Diana, the baby machine/slave woman Isabella (Sojourner Truth) would have been approximately 20 years old. By the end of this year, in exile on St. Helena, the famous prisoner and misogynist who made the above comment, Napoléon Bonaparte, would be exhibiting symptoms of serious illness.67 Misogyny was not, of course, our only problem. There was also, for instance, anti-Semitism. In this year Uriah Phillips Levy was commissioned a Lieutenant in the US Navy. As our Navy’s solitary Jewish officer, he would soon be court-martialed three times in quick succession: his commanding officers were doing everything they could think of to “get” him. But Lieutenant Uriah would as we shall see prove to be a persistent sort of person....

66. Speaking of slaves and misogyny, Saartje Baartman, known to publicity as the “Hottentot Venus,” died in this year of complications of alcoholism and the small pox, giving to the Baron Georges Jean-Léopold-Nicolas-Frédéric Cuvier his eagerly awaited opportunity to dissect her genitals and write them up in the Mémoires du museum d’histoire naturelle. Wasn’t it white of these nice people, to have waited until she died of natural causes rather than merely “sacrifice” her to the cause of inter-racial understanding? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

A CIRCUMSTANTIAL NARRATIVE OF THE CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA, EMBELLISHED WITH PLANS OF THE BATTLES OF THE MOSKWA AND MALO-JAROSLAVITS, CONTAINING A FAITHFUL DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTING AND INTERESTING SCENES OF WHICH THE AUTHOR WAS AN EYE-WITNESS. BY EUGÈNE LABAUME, CAPTAIN OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS; EX-OFFICER OF THE ORDNANCE OF PRINCE EUGENE; CHEVALIER OF THE LEGION OF HONOUR, AND OF THE IRON CROWN. AUTHOR OF AN ABRIDGED HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF VENICE. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH. (Hartford: Published by Silas Andrus and by E. Peck & Co. Rochester, N.Y. Printed by Hamlen & Newton).

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

THE CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA The 1st real roads in Russia were started when Tsar Alexander I began construction of the St. Petersburg- Moscow Chaussee, the nation’s 1st hard-surface road. This would be finished in 1834, allowing travel by light cart from Moscow to St. Petersburg in merely 10 days of travel.

67. While Napoleon Bonaparte was on St. Helena, it was once suspected, the Brit attendants had been quite systematically poisoned him with arsenic, gradually building up the dosage. These conspiracy theories attributed all signs of old age, such as Bonaparte’s growing stoutness and feebleness, to this poisoning, which had been quite evident in body samples from his corpse. Obviously someone as important as Napoleon would otherwise be above aging the way other ordinary people do! But then someone went and checked the wallpaper in the house he had been living in on St. Helena, the conspiracy theories about a deliberate poisoning quite collapsed. It had been stupid, really, for if one wants to poison someone, the very last thing one would do would be to challenge their system with gradually increasing levels of one’s poison of choice, because that would tend to build up an immunity rather than a susceptibility. –But the flakes that were still falling off the ceiling and walls of Napoleon’s dining area were still quite laden with arsenic even at the late date on which someone thought to make these tests. More recently, the same conspiracy theories sprang up while Clare Booth Luce was our ambassador to Italy during the 1950s. She was discovered to be suffering from arsenic poisoning, and it turned out to be the very old wallpaper in her study in Rome, which was flaking off into her breakfast. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Winter: Napoléon, safely quarantined from the world on St. Helena in the remote Atlantic, was one evening

glancing through the fake biography of himself which had been issued anonymously in 1815, and was finding himself heartily amused. The bio had been entitled:

AMOURS SECRETTES DE NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE Not one to kiss and tell, he insisted he had sexually “known” none of the women mentioned: They make a Hercules of me!

(This might be the point at which to mention that none of the literature authored by various of Napoleon’s captors make any mention whatever of giant tortoises, and I have inspected a very great many period illustrations, including line drawings of him laboring in his St. Helena garden, and have been unable to find any one of them that depicts him as in the presence of any giant tortoise or other such lawn ornament. I have no assurance that there were as yet any of these giant tortoises from the islands of the Indian Ocean present on St. Helena at any point during the famous man’s captivity there. The original tortoises on this lawn most certainly did not include Jonathan, the famous one, and there does not seem to be any record as to in what year these original tortoises were brought onto this isolated island.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1818

February 11, Wednesday: A former French Army sergeant was unsuccessful in an attempt to kill the commander of allied occupation forces in France, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. A jury would acquit this man, named Cantillon (and eventually he would receive 10,000 francs from the will of Napoléon Bonaparte).

Publication of the Mass op.77 for chorus and orchestra by Johann Nepomuk Hummel was announced in the Wiener Zeitung. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1819

According to an article in the Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle etc of Portsmouth, England for February 22, Monday, 1819, five days’ worth of Paris journals had reached London on February 17th, and among other information there was a list of the singular fates of most of the celebrated French Generals who had served in the Army during the French Revolution. This list of former generals strangled by unknown assassins, tossed out of windows and killed by unknown murderers, the poisoned, the guillotined, the shot, the pensioned off, etc. concluded with a list of former Generals under Napoléon who still lived, who were presently in exile from France. That list of ten exiles included the name of former General Thoreau.

Former Napoleon functionary Baron Joseph-Marie de Gérando opened in the faculty of law in Paris a class of public and administrative law (which would in 1822 be suppressed by the French government but, in 1828 under the Martignac ministry, would be allowed to resume). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

March 1, Monday: A symphony by Muzio Clementi was performed for the initial time, in London.

A colored engraving, “The Battle of Waterloo” by Alexander Sauerweid, was published in London by T. Clay, 18 Ludgate Hill, London & R. Lambe, 96 Gracechurch Street.

(A key that accompanied the engraving purported to identify various of the individuals and military units and acts of gallantry that were depicted.) NAPOLEON BONAPARTE DUKE OF WELLINGTON HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

August 1, Sunday: King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia and King Friedrich August I of Saxony met in reconciliation at Pillnitz.

The East India Company had, on the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, 700 to 800 Chinese workmen. They had divided into factions and began to struggle among themselves, with the whites on the island presuming this to amount to some sort of religious dispute. They formed, in Upper Jamestown near Plantation House where Napoléon Bonaparte was being kept, into three or four bands of about 150 each, and arming themselves with bamboo sticks, spears, knives, etc., “rushed upon each other with frightful ferocity ... uttering piercing cries.” The post at High Knoll despatched “some St. Helena sharp-shooters, for the most part drunk, all young lads who were impatient to finish the affair, and who, without waiting for anybody’s orders, started shooting wildly. There were some killed and a good many wounded. The commanding officers will be courtmartialed.”

The Coroner would report two deaths as “wilful murder” but the shooters would be acquitted.

Herman Melville was born as “Herman Melvill” at 6 Pearl Street on Manhattan “Island of the Hills,” in New- York, to importer Allan Melvill and Martia Gansevoort Melvill, daughter of Revolutionary War general Peter Gansevoort.68 Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 1st of 8 M 1819 / Our Meeting was solid & D Buffum was favor’d in a lively & pertinent testimony to the efficacy of the Truth In the Afternoon J Dennis Anne Greene & H Dennis were all engaged in short testimonies RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

68.See Jay Leyda’s THE MELVILLE LOG: A DOCUMENTARY LIFE OF HERMAN MELVILLE, published in 1951. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

August 16, Monday: When the orderly officer, Captain Nicholls, approached a window at the habitation of Napoléon Bonaparte on the island of St. Helena, in order to verify as per military protocol the former emperor’s presence therein, he had had been for some time in his bath and indignantly exposed himself “in naturalibus.”

The “Peterloo Massacre,” an incident at the St. Peter’s Fields of Manchester in which a protest assembly of some 60,000 was broken up by a cavalry charge resulting in about 500 injuries and 11 deaths by slashing. An example of how to turn bad news into a disaster.

There had been a series of rallies of the common English people to protest the industrial depression and the high prices of foodstuffs. In order to foment a great demonstration of discontent, and achieve the parliamentary reforms that were being blocked by the Tory party of privilege, a great protest rally had been schemed for the St. Peter’s Fields of Manchester, presided over by Henry “Orator” Hunt. The magistrates, mindful of the HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

violence of Jacobin rule in France, had ordered the town’s yeomen (the Manchester Yeomanry) to place all the scheduled speakers under arrest at the beginning of the rally. Those charged with making these arrests attacked the unarmed crowd, consisting of working-class families with their children, with their sabres, and then the chairperson of the bench of magistrates unleashed the 15th Hussars and the Cheshire Volunteers to join in this attack. This took about 10 minutes, and 11 of the people who were slashed would die of these wounds. The government would refuse to repudiate this maiming, so the clearing of the field would soon be referred to by opposition figures as the “Peterloo” Massacre, the reference of course being to the battlefield at Waterloo, in order to make the political point that violence was not something to be expected to originate exclusively from Jacobin anarchists:

Some thirteen unarmed men and women cut down, – the number of the slain and maimed is very countable: but the treasury of rage, burning hidden or visible in all hearts ever since, is of unknown extent.... England will answer it; or, on the whole, England will perish.

Samuel Bamford described the event: In about half an hour after our arrival the sounds of music and reiterated shouts proclaimed the near approach of Mr Hunt and his party; and in a minute or two they were seen coming from Deansgate, preceded by a band of music and several flags. On the driving seat of a barouche sat a neatly dressed female, supporting a small flag, on which were some emblematical drawings and an inscription. Within the carriage were Mr Hunt, who stood up, Mr Johnson, of Smedley Cottage; Mr Moorhouse, of Stockport; Mr Carlile, of London; Mr John Knight, of Manchester; and Mr Saxton, a sub-editor of the Manchester Observer. Their approach was hailed by one universal shout from probably 80,000 persons. They threaded their way slowly past us and through the crowd, which Hunt eyed, I thought, with almost as much astonishment as satisfaction. This spectacle could not be otherwise in his view than solemnly impressive. Such a mass of human beings he had not beheld till then. His responsibility must weigh on his mind. Their power for good or evil was irresistible, and who should direct that power? Himself alone who had called it forth. The task was great, and not without its peril. The meeting was indeed a tremendous one. He mounted the hustings; the music ceased; Mr Johnson proposed that Mr Hunt should take the chair; it was seconded, and carried by acclamation; and Mr Hunt, stepping towards the front of the stage, took off his white hat, and addressed the people. Whilst he was doing so, I proposed to an acquaintance that, as the speeches and resolutions were not likely to contain anything new to us, and as we could see them in the papers, we should retire awhile and get some refreshment, of which I stood much in need, being not in very robust health. He assented, and we had got to nearly the outside of the crowd, when a noise and strange murmur arose towards the church. Some persons said it was the Blackburn HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

people coming, and I stood on tiptoe and looked in the direction whence the noise proceeded, and saw a party of cavalry in blue and white uniform come trotting, sword in hand, round the corner of a garden wall, and to the front of a row of new houses, where they reigned up in a line. “The soldiers are here,” I said; “we must go back and see what this means.” “Oh,” someone made reply, “they are only come to be ready if there should be any disturbance in the meeting.” “Well, let us go back,” I said, and we forced our way towards the colours. On the cavalry drawing up they were received with a shout of goodwill, as I understood it. They shouted again, waving their sabres over their heads; and then, slackening rein, and striking spur into their steeds, they dashed forward and began cutting the people. “Stand fast,” I said, “they are riding upon us; stand fast.” And there was a general cry in our quarter of “Stand fast.” The cavalry were in confusion: they evidently could not, with all the weight of man and horse, penetrate that compact mass of human beings; and their sabres were plied to hew a way through naked held-up hands and defenseless heads; and then chopped limbs and wound-gaping skulls were seen; and groans and cries were mingled with the din of that horrid confusion. “Ah! Ah!” “For shame! for shame!” was shouted. Then, “Break! break! they are killing them in front, and they cannot get away”; and there was a general cry of “Break! break.” For a moment the crowd held back as in a pause; then was a rush, heavy and resistless as a headlong sea, and a sound like low thunder, with screams, prayers, and imprecations from the crowd-moiled and sabre-doomed who could not escape. By this time Hunt and his companions had disappeared from the hustings, and some of the yeomanry, perhaps less sanguinarily disposed than others, were busied in cutting down the flag-staves and demolishing the flags at the hustings. On the breaking of the crowd the yeomanry wheeled, and dashing whenever there was an opening, they followed, pressing and wounding. Many females appeared as the crowd opened; and striplings or mere youths also were found. Their cries were piteous and heart-rending, and would, one might have supposed, have disarmed any human resentment: but here their appeals were in vain. Women, white- vested maids, and tender youths, were indiscriminately sabred or trampled; and we have reason for believing that few were the instances in which that forbearance was vouchsafed which they so earnestly implored. In ten minutes from the commencement of the havoc the field was an open and almost deserted space. The sun looked down through a sultry and motionless air. The curtains and blinds of the windows within view were all closed. A gentleman or two might occasionally be seen looking out from one of the new houses before mentioned, near the door of which a group of persons (special constables) were collected, and apparently in conversation; others were assisting the wounded or carrying off the dead. The hustings remained, with a few broken and hewed flag-staves erect, and a torn and gashed banner or two dropping; whilst over the whole field were strewed caps, bonnets, hats, shawls, and shoes, and other parts of male and HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

female dress, trampled, torn, and bloody. The yeomanry had dismounted — some were easing their horses’ girths, others adjusting their accoutrements, and some were wiping their sabres. Several mounds of human beings still remained where they had fallen, crushed down and smothered. Some of these still groaning, others with staring eyes, were gasping for breath, and others would never breathe more. All was silent save those low sounds, and the occasional snorting and pawing of steeds. Persons might sometimes be noticed peeping from attics and over the tall ridgings of houses, but they quickly withdrew, as if fearful of being observed, or unable to sustain the full gaze of a scene so hideous and abhorrent. ... the account given by my dear wife, of her attendance at the meeting on Saint Peter’s field, and of some incidents which befell her, may not be devoid of interest to the reader, and certainly will not be out of place if introduced here. She says: “I was determined to go to the meeting, and should have followed, even if my husband had refused his consent to my going with the procession. From what I, in common with others, had heard the week previous, ‘that if the country people went with their caps of liberty, and their banners, and music, the soldiers would be brought to them,’ I was uneasy, and felt persuaded, in my own mind, that something would be the matter, and I had best go with my husband, and be near him; and if I only saw him I should be more content than in staying at home. I accordingly, he having consented after much persuasion, gave my little girl something to please her, and promising more on my return, I left her with a careful neighbour woman, and joined some other married females at the head of the procession. Every time I went aside to look at my husband, and that was often, an ominous impression smote my heart. He looked very serious, I thought, and I felt a foreboding of something evil to befall us that day. “I was dressed plainly as a countrywoman in my second best attire. My companions were also neatly dressed as the wives of working men; I had seen Mr. Hunt before that time; they had not, and some of them were quite eager to obtain good places, that they might see and hear one of whom so much had been reported. “In going down Mosely Street, I lost sight of my husband. Mrs Yates, who had hold of my arm, would keep hurrying forward to get a good place, and when the crowd opened for the Middleton procession, Mrs. Yates and myself, and some others of the women, went close to the hustings, quite glad that we had obtained such a situation for seeing an hearing all. My husband got on the stage, but when afterwards I saw him leap down, and lost sight of him, I began to be unhappy. The crowd seemed to have increased very much, for we became insufferably pressed. We were surrounded by men who were strangers; we were almost suffocated, and to me the heat was quite sickening; but Mrs. Yates, being taller than myself, supported it better. I felt I could not bear this long, and I became alarmed. I reflected that if there was any more pressure, I must faint, and then what would become of HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

me? I begged of the men to open a way and let me go out, but they would not move. Every moment I became worse, and I told some other men, who stood in a row, that I was sick, and begged they would let me pass them, and they immediately made a way, and I went down a long passage betwixt two ranks of these men, many of them saying, ‘make way, she’s sick, she’s sick, let her go out,’ and I passed quite out of the crowd and, turning to my right, I got on some high ground, on which stood a row of houses - this was Windmill Street. “I thought if I could get to stand at the door of one of those houses, I should have a good view of the meeting, and should perhaps see my husband again; and I kept going further down the row, until I saw a door open, and I stepped within it, the people of the house making no objections. By this time Mr. Hunt was on the hustings, addressing the people. In a minute or two some soldiers came riding up. The good folks of the house, and some who seemed to be visitors, said, ‘the soldiers were only come to keep order; they would not meddle with the people;’ but I was alarmed. The people shouted, and then the soldiers shouted, waving their swords. Then they rode amongst the people, and there was a great outcry, and a moment after, a man passed without hat, and wiping the blood of his head with his hand, and it ran down his arm in a great stream. “The meeting was all in a tumult; there were dreadful cries; the soldiers kept riding amongst the people, and striking with their swords. I became faint, and turning from the door, I went unobserved down some steps into a cellared passage; and hoping to escape from the horrid noise, and to be concealed, I crept into a vault, and sat down, faint and terrified, on some fire wood. The cries of the multitude outside, still continued, and the people of the house, up stairs, kept bewailing most pitifully. They could see all the dreadful work through the window, and their exclamations were so distressing, that I put my fingers in my ears to prevent my hearing more; and on removing them, I understood that a young man had just been brought past, wounded. The front door of the passage before mentioned, soon after opened, and a number of men entered, carrying the body of a decent, middle aged woman, who had been killed. I thought they were going to put her beside me, and was about to scream, but they took her forward, and deposited her in some premises at the back of the house.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1820

Baron Joseph-Marie de Gérando’s LE VISITEUR DU PAUVRE / MÉMOIRE QUI A REMPORTÉ LE PRIX PROPOSÉ PAR L’ACADÉMIE DE LYON SUR LA QUESTION SUIVANTE: “INDIQUER LES MOYENS DE RECONNAÎTRE LA VÉRITABLE INDIGENCE, ET DE RENDRE L’AUMÔNE UTILE À CEUX QUI LA DONNENT COMME À CEUX QUI LA REÇOIVENT” (Paris). LE VISITEUR DU PAUVRE

During the decade of the 1820s Vienna, the sex capital of Europe, would boast 20,000 sex-worker women, prostitutes, out of a total population of 400,000, which would have amounted to one of these working women for every seven male Viennese.69

Also, during the decade of the 1820s, with all 5 feet and 6 inches of Napoléon Bonaparte out of the picture,70 the Whig ladies of England would be able once again to procure their finery in Paris. One of the French innovations which was becoming current was what we would now term a “corset,” but it was then being referred to as a “divorce” — because it not only shoved up the breasts but also separated them into two distinct bulges in what has now become the conventional manner. Whereas, up to this point, under-drawers had been worn only by males, by prostitutes, and by stage dancers –Western women wearing instead a tight “invisible petticoat” over their loins– uniformly by the end of this decade Western women would have learned to wear drawers of the new, cheap, easily washable cotton cloth, and thus to completely eliminate risk of genital exposure while riding or while dismounting from carriages. Meanwhile, Western males were changing their culottes or breeches for the trousers of the peasant, the sans-culotte. That innovation had in fact begun in 1790s but had been, for the time being, local to France and to French political sympathies. As these long breeches became popular among the English and the Americans, and acquired the old English term “trousers,” the tailors began to make them tighter. In England, George “Beau” Brummel took tightness to the extreme, by devising a “stirrup” strap which passed under the instep of the boot between the sole and the heel. Pope Pius VII was incensed at this piece of male clothing –which we would call “stirrup pants” and which could be made in close-woven cotton nankeen or in doeskin leather– because he considered this sort of attire to be sexually obscene. However, once he had died in 1823 and was no longer to be offended, men would be losing interest in showing their legs.

69. However, a significant percentage of the income of these sex workers came from well-to-do gentlemen who visited the city specifically to indulge in its sex trade. (It would be a bit early to refer to these visitors as “tour-ists,” as that term probably would not become current until the next generation.) 70. The misinformation that the guy was barely 5 foot 2 inches springs from misunderstanding of an old French measurement system, the French pied de roi being by British standards nearly thirteen inches long. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

January 27, Thursday: While making its 2d circumnavigation of the globe at high southern latitudes, the Russian expedition led by Thaddeus von Bellinghausen first sighted the Antarctic mainland. THE FROZEN SOUTH

Le bergère châtelaine, an opéra comique by Daniel-François-Esprit Auber to words of Planard, was performed for the initial time, in the Théâtre Feydeau, Paris.

On the island of St. Helena, Napoléon Bonaparte, who had been shooting chickens that invaded his garden, shot a goat that turned out to be Mme. Bertrand’s favorite goat.

In the diary of Thomas Nuttall we find: “The whole country, generally speaking, along the river, appears uninhabited, though vast tracts of cane land occur in the bends. I am, however, informed that the cane will withstand a partial inundation. Since we left Point Chicot the river presents us with several magnificent views, some of 8, some of 12, and even 15 miles extent; but the absence of variety, even amidst objects of the utmost grandeur, soon becomes tiresome by familiarity. As above the Arkansa, the river still continues meandering. The curves, at all seasons washed by a rapid current, present crumbling banks of friable soil more or less mixed with vegetable matter. By the continued undermining and removal of the earth, the bends are at length worn through, the former tongue of land then becomes transformed into an island, and the stagnation and partial filling of the old channel, now deserted, in time produces a lake. Some idea of the singular caprice of the Mississippi current may be formed, by taking for a moment into view the extraordinary extent of its alluvial valley, which below the Ohio is from 30 to 40 miles in width, through all which space it has from time to time meandered, and over which it will never cease to hold occasional possession. On the opposite side of all the bends there are what are called bars, being platforms of sand formed by the deposition of the siliceous matter washed out of the opposite banks by the force of the current. These sand flats, sometimes near a mile in width, are uniformly flanked by thick groves of willows and poplars, the only kind of trees which survive the effects of the inundation to which these bars are perpetually subject.”

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 27th of 1st M 1820 / Our first meeting was silent in the last (Monthly) I served as scribe to my mortification -buisness however I thought was conducted with as much weight as usual - Several of our friends Dined with us While at meeting My old mistress Mary Williams wife of David Williams departed this life after a protracted illness of a very distressing Nature of seven or eight months continuance. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

February 13, Sunday, night: On the street outside the Paris Opéra, in an attempt to extinguish the Bourbon line, Louis Pierre Louvel, a saddler, an admirer of Napoléon, stabbed Charles Ferdinand d’Artois, Duc de Berry, nephew of King Louis XVIII, as he was departing with his wife at about 11PM, leaving his dagger in his right chest. The duc, who anyway had never been in the line of succession, breathed his last the following morning (subsequent to this incident, the Paris Opéra would relocate from the Salle Montansier, its home since 1794, to the Salle Favart).

While the reaction was at its height after this murder and the failure of the government of prime minister Élie, Comte de Decazes, Professor François Pierre Guillaume Guizot was deprived of his post as general director of communes and departments in the French ministry of the interior. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

The assassin would be sentenced to death on June 6th and beheaded on June 7th, and the dagger has been deposited in the National Archives. François-Auguste-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand would soon publish MÉMOIRES, LETTRES ET PIÈCES AUTHENTIQUES TOUCHANT LA VIE ET LA MORT DE S.A.R. MONSEIGNEUR CHARLES- FERDINAND D’ARTOIS, FILS DE FRANCE, DUC DE BERRY; PAR M. LE VICOMTE DE CHATEAUBRIAND.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 13th of 2 M 1820 / Meetings silent walking very bad & but few women gathered - The Men however attended & I thought some zeal was mannifested by some who were not Members — as low as things are, yet there is certainly something among us which attracts Some & induces them to attend our meetings - May Our conduct be such as to evince that we live conformable to our profession — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

February 18, Friday: Following the assassination of February 13th on the street outside the Paris Opéra, a more hard-line Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu replaced Élie, Comte de Decazes as the French Prime Minister.

Ezekiel Bradstreet of Gloucester, the husband of Hanna Blatchford Bradstreet, drowned at sea.

On the island of St. Helena, Napoléon Bonaparte had purchased a flock of goats and was for amusement shooting them one after another. His English watchers reported back to London that “To-day it is his favorite sport. For the rest, he is at peace with the English, and his health is excellent.”

Mr. Meigs of the United States House of Representatives wasn’t about to give up, in his personal struggle with the raw evil of human enslavement, on this day making a motion similar to the motion he had made a couple of weeks before, on February 5th. This time, since he proceeded directly into a discussion of his proposal, he needed to be ruled out of order by the Speaker of the House. He appealed, but the Speaker was sustained, and the House refused to take up the resolution. No further record appears. HOUSE JOURNAL, 16th Congress, 1st session, pages 196, 200, 227. INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

March 9, Thursday: One of Ludwig van Beethoven’s most loyal patrons, Archduke Rudolf, was installed as a cardinal in Olmütz (the composer intended his Missa Solemnis for the occasion, but had not finished it).

The government of the Philippines began a campaign to purge the island chain of foreigners (the death toll would reach about 125 by the 11th of the month).

In the Executive Mansion in Washington DC, President James Monroe’s daughter Maria had her wedding ceremony.

On the island of St. Helena, Napoléon Bonaparte was observed by the English watchers for the Plantation House to undress at 6AM in his garden and plunge himself into its stone reservoir. Count Montholon was with him, as were 2 servants who dried the General and assisted him in dressing.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 9th of 3 M / Ruth Spencer was at meeting & had much to communicate her father Daniel Anthony also had two short testimonys. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 5, Wednesday: A setting of the Agnus Dei by Carl Maria von Weber was performed for the initial time, as part of Carlo, a play by von Blankensee, in Berlin.

Day Five of Scotland’s “Radical War”: some gunfire, some arrests.

The British officer assigned to watch Napoléon Bonaparte on St. Helena reported to London that “General Bonaparte remained out until two o’clock yesterday and finished the sod wall. The four Chinese, who have been constantly employed in the garden, got angry at the General having given a bottle of wine to each of the Chinese that are employed in the house and did not give them the same indulgence. They therefore refused doing what the General wanted them to do, which put him in a great rage, and he ordered them off instantly. General Bonaparte is hard at work this morning in the same garden. He has cut a large hole like an embrasure in the sod wall facing my side window, in which they are now fixing a large tub, half up the wall, to form a sort of cascade into the long tank in the garden.”

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4 day 5 of 4 M / Rode with my H to Portsmouth on buisness went to A Cundels & showed her the Farm Uncle Stanton has Bought & dined & spent the Afternoon at Anne Anthonys — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

April 16, Sunday: According to the British officer assigned to guard Napoléon Bonaparte on St. Helena, Captain E. Lutyens of the 20th Regiment, “About seven o’clock last night General Bonaparte was walking in the gardens with Count Montholon, when he discovered some cattle belonging to the farm in the outer garden. He immediately ordered his two fowling-pieces to be brought, loaded with ball, both of which he fired, and killed one of the oxen. I believe there is another slightly wounded in the leg. Count Montholon mentioned to me that he saw the cattle come in at the outer garden gate. The gates are the only way the cattle could enter, the fence being perfectly secure; and the gate must have been left open by some of the establishment, for they never think of closing them when they pass in or out. Count Montholon said the General was determined to adopt the same plan if he again saw the cattle in the garden. I told him that it was very dangerous firing ball in the garden, and that General Bonaparte might have killed one of the sentries; upon which he said the General took the precaution of going round, and firing toward the house. Which must have been the case, from the way the animal was wounded and fell. It lays upon its right side, at the foot of the little mound that is surrounded with a myrtle hedge.”71

In Concord, Zilpah White died. A former slave, a regular church lady, she had been considered by white Concordians a loony. During the War of 1812 while some captured English soldiers were residing in Concord “on parole,” they had for a prank torched her home in Walden Woods.

WALDEN: Here, by the very corner of my field, still nearer PEOPLE OF to town, Zilpha, a colored woman, held her little house, where WALDEN she spun linen for townsfolk, making the Walden Woods ring with her shrill singing, for she had a loud and notable voice. At length, in the war of 1812, her dwelling was set on fire by English soldiers, prisoners on parole, when she was away, and her cat and dog and hens were all burned up together. She led a hard life, and somewhat inhumane. One old frequenter of these woods remembers, that as he passed her house one noon he heard her muttering to herself over her gurgling pot, –“Ye are all bones, bones!” I have seen bricks amid the oak copse there.

ZILPAH WHITE

The Concord Female Charitable Society had been providing “tobacco for Zilpah.”72 “In those parts of the Union in which the negroes are no longer slaves, they have in no wise drawn nearer to the whites. On the contrary, the prejudice of the race appears to be stronger in the States which have abolished slavery ... and nowhere is it so intolerant as in those States where servitude has never been known.” — Alexis de Tocqueville

71. The officer added, in a footnote, that killing such an animal in such a manner was a very serious offense on this island, and that anyone other than the general would have been prosecuted. He instanced, as an example of this, that he personally had had a Newfoundland dog that killed a sheep — and that for this the Magistrate at St. James had condemned his dog to death and had it executed. 72. To what extent would such a reputation have been carefully cultivated in such an environment, as needed cover? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 16th of 4th M / This morning being under the necessity of attending Portsmouth Meeting took my H in a Chaise & went thither. The Meeting was silent but a remarkably Solid, quiet season & I have no doubt divine favor was extended to many minds present. — After meeting with the others of the committee had an opportunity with Sarah Brownell on the subject of her request to be admitted a member of Society - it was a season of much feeling, but way did not open either to go forward or to dismiss the subject, & we concluded to ask to have it continued for three months longer —- We dined & spent the remainder of the Afternoon with Uncle Peter Lawton & family, where we had an opportunity of being in company with several Portsmouth folks but little known to us. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

April 18, Tuesday: The British officer assigned to watch Napoléon Bonaparte reported to London that “All is perfectly tranquil and in good order at St. Helena. Bonaparte takes considerable exercise in his garden. His complexion is fresh and healthy, his air pleasant; in other words, quite another man. Count Montholon and Mme. Bertrand assure me that he is still having some trouble with his chronic disease, hepatitis, and often takes mercury, but that, thanks to the assiduous care of M. Antommarchi, it is no longer dangerous. Your Excellency will find inclosed three reports of the orderly officer.” (This report is of particular interest in that there have arisen allegations that the general was being poisoned by the British, with mercury.)

April 22, Saturday: The obituary of former Concord slave Zilpah White appeared in the Middlesex Gazette.

WALDEN: Here, by the very corner of my field, still nearer PEOPLE OF to town, Zilpha, a colored woman, held her little house, where WALDEN she spun linen for townsfolk, making the Walden Woods ring with her shrill singing, for she had a loud and notable voice. At length, in the war of 1812, her dwelling was set on fire by English soldiers, prisoners on parole, when she was away, and her cat and dog and hens were all burned up together. She led a hard life, and somewhat inhumane. One old frequenter of these woods remembers, that as he passed her house one noon he heard her muttering to herself over her gurgling pot, –“Ye are all bones, bones!” I have seen bricks amid the oak copse there.

ZILPAH WHITE

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 7th day 22 of 4th M / Favor’d this morning with precious sensations for which I desire to be Thankful RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Former President Thomas Jefferson wrote about the Missouri Compromise, without calling it that, and the Negro Problem, without calling it that: I thank you, dear Sir, for the copy you have been so kind as to send me of the letter to your constituents on the Missouri question. It is a perfect justification to them. I had for a long time ceased to read newspapers, or pay any attention to public affairs, confident they were in good hands, and content to be a passenger in our bark to the shore from which I am not distant. But this momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. The cession of that kind of property, for so it is misnamed, is a bagatelle which would not cost me a second thought, if, in that way, a general emancipation and expatriation could be effected; and gradually, and with due sacrifices, I think it might be. But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other. Of one thing I am certain, that as the passage of slaves from one State to another, would not make a slave of a single human being who would not be so without it, so their diffusion over a greater surface would make them individually happier, and proportionally facilitate the accomplishment of their emancipation, by dividing the burthen on a greater number of coadjutors. An abstinence too, from this act of power, would remove the jealousy excited by the undertaking of Congress to regulate the condition of the different descriptions of men composing a State. This certainly is the exclusive right of every State, which nothing in the constitution has taken from them and given to the General Government. Could Congress, for example, say, that the non- freemen of Connecticut shall be freemen, or that they shall not emigrate into any other State? I regret that I am now to die in the belief, that the useless sacrifice of themselves by the generation of 1776, to acquire self-government and happiness to their country, is to be thrown away by the unwise and unworthy passions of their sons, and that my only consolation is to be, that I live not to weep over it. If they would but dispassionately weigh the blessings they will throw away, against an abstract principle more likely to be effected by union than by scission, they would pause before they would perpetrate this act of suicide on themselves, and of treason against the hopes of the world. To yourself, as the faithful advocate of the Union, I tender the HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

offering of my high esteem and respect.

June: Marie Anne Elisa Bonaparte, a sister of Napoléon Bonaparte, visited an archaeological dig near Cervignano and contracted what would turn out to be a fatal illness. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1821

The Reverend Richard Whately got married and the newlyweds settled in Oxford. During his residence there he would author HISTORIC DOUBTS RELATIVE TO NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, a jeu d’ésprit mocking those who doubt the historical validity of the Christian gospel narratives.

Oxford HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

May 5, Saturday: The Journal des debats announced that Luigi Cherubini and Adrien Boieldieu, among others, had been named Chevaliers in the Order of St. Michael.

At Longwood on remote St. Helena in the billows of the Atlantic Ocean, after years and years, the emeritus emperor and troublemaker Napoléon Bonaparte finally kicked the bucket, due to gastric cancer. (This was a great relief for one of his Brit guards, a Captain Marryat, because under the enforced idleness of this long-term guard duty the officer had been fantasizing a plot by the boys in Brazil to rescue his prisoner by submarine, and embarrass him the way the British Commissioner Sir Neil Campbell had been embarrassed in 1815 on Elba in the Mediterranean.)73

If you look carefully at the back of this depiction, you will see that the wallpaper has a star pattern. Here is a surviving sample of this very wallpaper. It has tested extremely high in arsenic. It would now appear that the health of everyone living in that house had been being challenged by flakes of arsenic falling off the old wallpaper. A sample of Napoleon’s hair, for instance, has tested high for arsenic. –But, you see, this is not evidence that anyone was attempting to poison him, as in that period this sort of wallpaper had been rather common, and anyway, he had been taking a medication that included arsenic as one of its ingredients.

73. So no, Napoleon had not been poisoned by his British captors. The only real mystery of his life is why it was that such a capable man could not have lived a life that amounted to something. When Charles-Maurice Talleyrand would hear of this death, for instance, his comment would be “Not an event, more a news-item.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

With the former emperor of the French no longer a target for their attentions, most of the Brit troops were sent away and Hudson Lowe was free to sail back home to jolly old England.

ST. HELENA RECORDS

May 6, Sunday: There are tourist guidebooks that will tell you that on this day, the day after the death of Napoléon Bonaparte on St. Helena, Jonathan the giant tortoise was born. Don’t believe this! For instance, on page 66 of Lia Ditton’s 50 WATER ADVENTURES TO DO BEFORE YOU DIE (A&C Black, 2015), we notice the following material: A visit to Longwood House, where the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte spent his final years in exile in the early 19th century, will leave you debating whether Napoleon could really have died from the arsenic in the wallpaper. Visit the tombstone that marks the spot where he was buried until his body was exhumed, and say hello to Jonathan, the giant waist-high tortoise who was born in 1821, on the day after Napoleon died. Considered one of the oldest, if not the oldest living reptile on earth, you may be surprised to discover that Jonathan is still pretty active particularly with the three other Seychelles tortoises half his age! HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 6th of 5 M / Our Meetings were both Silent, to me seasons of some exercise, some favor & some leanness. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

May 9, Wednesday: The remains of Napoléon Bonaparte were interred on St. Helena. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Our national birthday, Wednesday the 4th of July: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, or Hathorne’s, 17th birthday.

Since President James Monroe was ill, the Executive Mansion was closed to the public. At a ceremony held at the Capitol, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams read aloud from an original copy of the Declaration of Independence. In Philadelphia, 90-year-old Timothy Matlack, the man who “wrote the first commission” for General George Washington, was chosen to be the one to read aloud that Declaration. CELEBRATING OUR B-DAY

Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira became Secretary of State (prime minister) of Portugal.

News of the demise of Napoléon reached London. After the report of the panel of 15 peers, the government introduced a bill in the House of Lords, “Pains and Penalties 1820,” that would deprive Lady Caroline Amelia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess of Wales of the title of Queen Consort and dissolve her marriage with King George IV on account of her alleged adultery. Caroline would joke, with friends, that indeed she had once committed adultery, with the husband of a Mrs. Fitzherbert.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 4th day 4th of 7 M / This has as usual been a day of noise in Town, but with all I have not learned any accident has taken place. — We have had our Cousins John Mary & Edwin Casey with us for a day or two from Greenwich RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 20, Thursday: Michael Martin, who had robbed Major John Bray in Medford, was hanged at Boston’s and Cambridge’s Lechmere Point. (An accomplice known as “Captain Lightfoot” had been able to escape, and would reside for many years incognito in Brattleboro, Vermont, not dying until 1835.)

H. Heine (the “H” at this point still stood for “Harry” rather than “Heinrich”) made his debut as a poet with GEDICHTE VON H. HEINE (Berlin: in der Maurerfchen Buchhandlung, 1822; this included one of his most famous poems “Zwei Grenadiere” which reflected his admiration for Napoléon Bonaparte).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 20th of 12th M / Our Meeting was a pretty solid one & silent - life seemed rather low in my own particular, but being favor’d with an evidence that favour was not withheld I desire to be thankful. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1824

Following the defeats of the Emperor Napoléon, France began to recover its colonial empire. Between 1824 and 1914 it would be adding close to 3.5 million square miles and some 50 million people. It would begin to take over what became French North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) starting in this year, by means of an expedition against the Algerian pirates. The French would later take over what would become French Indo- China (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam).

In Vietnam, Minh Mang outlawed any instruction in the nature of Christianity.

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

August 19, Thursday: The architect Jean-Nicolas Huyot was commissioned to modify Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin’s plans for an enormous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in Paris. Huyot had recently returned from abroad, from an extensive study of the remains of ancient empires. He would propose to make extensive and expensive modifications in the plan for this triumphal arch.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 19 of 8 M / Father Rodman & H Dennis engaged in good solid testimonys & the Meeting solid - Oh for an increase of life & religious engagement among us RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

The Emperor Napoléon “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1825

Overwhelmed by the student enthusiasm for Professor G.W.F. Hegel, the lecturer at the University of Berlin with whom he had been in competition for the past five years, who was lecturing at the same hour – and unwilling to change the hour of his lecture in order to cope with this– Herr Professor Arthur Schopenhauer withdrew from the academy to pursue other cultural interests.

Harry Heine graduated from college. His professor in Berlin had been Hegel. Both he and his Professor were admirers of Napoleon Bonaparte. In order to explore the possibility of a government civil service career, he took the steps necessary to convert to Protestantism, steps such as baptism, and changed his name to Heinrich. ANTISEMITISM

Jacob Perkins of Philadelphia, who had set up a factory in London in 1815 for the production of his many inventions, was demonstrating a machine gun to the Duke of Wellington. It was made of steel and it fired 100 rounds per minute. It shouldn’t have taken a military genius to figure out what impact such a machine would

have had on the less than three square miles of the Waterloo battlefield, had say a pushy guy like Napoleon Bonaparte been able to tow one of these devices behind his carriage. But the British, a fundamentally decent people, refused to purchase any such monstrous devices, thank the Lord. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

May 12, Thursday: The American Bible Society’s president John Jay addressed the group in New-York, asserting that human knowledge could not encompass the mysteries of the spiritual world.74

Yet another monument celebrating victory in war being the very ticket, being what France desperately needed at this moment, King Charles X ordered implementation of the plan of Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin for an enormous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in Paris.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 12th of 5 M / A good Silent Meeting Set out with D Buffum to Visit Jos Wilbour in the neck, but going over a gutter the spring of the Chaise broke so I went on, on foot & spent most of the Afternoon — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

December 16, Friday: The British cabinet met in the absence of Huskisson, minister of finance, to figure out how to back up the paper currency by obtaining as much gold as possible. They discussed such matters as whether if they neglected to pay the army and the navy this would of necessity produce mutiny. Meanwhile, the banking system of England was making full use of the opportunity, carefully “screwing” (which at that point in time merely meant “putting the thumbscrews to,” to wit torturing) every person or firm who owed anyone any money. The family fortune of the family of Harriet Martineau, which had been doing quite well thank you in the textile industry, was for instance being ruined — which would make it necessary for the daughters to live by their pens and needles.

In France, the Minister of the Interior fired architect Jean-Nicolas Huyot for not heeding instructions in the erection of the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in Paris.

In Newport, Rhode Island, Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 16th of 12th M 1825 / This Afternoon between 1 & 2 OC A number of Black people embarked on board a Providence packet on their way to Boston from thence to Embark for Liberia in Africa where they are to settle under the patronage of the American Colonization Society — I have just returned from Banisters Wharf where I went to take some of them my old & respectable acquaintance by the hand, in all human probability for the last time -Particularly old Newport Gardiner who I have known & can 74. Jay believed that that the most effective way to ensure world peace is through propagation of the Christian gospel, because it is the moral precepts of Christianity that are what is necessary for good government. No human society has ever been able to maintain order together with freedom, and cohesiveness together with liberty, apart from these moral precepts. Almost all the nations of the planet have peace or war at the will and pleasure of rulers whom they do not elect and who are not always wise or virtuous, but by Divine providence our extraordinary nation has been granted the choice of our rulers. It is therefore our duty, as well as our privilege and in our interest, as a Christian nation to select and prefer only Christians for our rulers, national leaders who will always abstain from violating the rights of others and therefore never provoke war. Jay’s wisdom is evident, for since 1825 we have always chosen only leaders for our nation who are true Christians, and because of this we have never ever not even once gone to war! Don’t you know, Christian President James K. Polk kept us our of war with Mexico and Christian President Abraham Lincoln prevented us from engaging in civil war, and then Christian President William McKinley kept us out of war with Spain, Christian President Woodrow Wilson kept us out of war with Germany, Christian President Franklin Delano Roosevelt kept us out of war with the Axis powers, Christian Presidents Dwight David Eisenhower and Harry S Truman kept us out of war in Korea, Christian Presidents Dwight David Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson and Richard Milhouse Nixon kept us out of war in Vietnam, Christian Presidents Bush I and Bush II kept us out of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and so on and so forth. –And honest to God wouldn’t we have been in a mell of a hess had we ignored John Jay back in 1825! HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

remember well from my early youth to the present day & have been Associated with, particularly in the African Benevolent Society for several years — His Son Ahema Gardiner & his wife go with him, Also John Chavers & are very respectable Black folks - I wish them well & desire they may better their condition in this life & that which is to come. — My heart was much affected in parting with them & I could hardly refrain from tears RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1826

According to Dr. Edward Jarvis’s TRADITIONS AND REMINISCENCES OF CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS 1779- 1878, this was the year of the death of his mother: My parents were married in 1793. My father had been successful in his business and bought the house very near to and north of the meetinghouses, where they lived until my mother died in 1826, and until my father moved to the Col. Buttrick farm, north of the river, in 1832.

In this year Jarvis, son of the Concord baker and farmer Deacon Francis Jarvis, graduated from Harvard College. Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II, a descendant of Napoleon Bonaparte’s youngest brother and a Catholic, and George Washington Hosmer, son of the Concord farmer Deacon Cyrus Hosmer, also graduated.

EDWARD JARVIS [of Concord], son of Deacon Francis Jarvis was grad[uated at Harvard in] 1826. He studied physic and practised at Northfield but removed to Concord in 1832.75 GEORGE WASHINGTON HOSMER [of Concord], son of Cyrus Hosmer, was graduated [at Harvard] in 1826, and at Cambridge Theological School [Harvard Divinity School] in 1829. He was ordained at Northfield June 9, 1830.76

During this year and the following one, Jarvis would be teaching in the old schoolhouse in beautiful downtown Concord: The old schoolhouse, as I first knew it, was of wood, two stories high, and 30 by 40 feet. It stood where now stands the engine house, next to the house of Mr. W[illia]m Heard. The school room was in the second story, 30 feet square. The door opened in front, upon and open floor, about 9 feet wide which ran to the 75. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy

76. Ibid. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Master’s desk, on the opposite end. On each side the floor was raised on an inclined plane from the level floor in the centre to the wall on each side. There were four rows of seats for the accommodation of ten scholars in each row. The end seats against the wall were single and between these were four pairs of seats for two each with alleys running between the seats to the back or upper seats. Every seat had a box with a lifting lid. The architecture and joining of the room was coarse and imperfect and commanded little respect from the boys. Many boys had a lock on their boxes with the idle fear that their books were unsafe. Some boys had two locks on their boxes of which they were very proud, and one boy had three locks on his box. These duplicate locks gave their owners great satisfaction, and [upon] coming in, they took out their keys from their pockets and ostentatiously turned the locks and opened their boxes apparently thinking that thereby they manifested their superiority to other (and little) boys who had no locks. If the boy changed his seat or left the school, he took off his locks and left the box much cut in front. Very many boys had pocket knives, which they freely used cutting paper on their boxes, thus the boxes became very much scratched. Some cut out their initials and some their entire names on their boxes, so that the lids became so rough that it was not always easy to write without several layers of paper laid on the box. Even the seats were subject to the wanton depredations of the boys’ pocket knives.... The room below was used as [a] woman’s school, and it was here that, as spoken of before, the Master taught dancing. There was a bell in the belfry to notify the scholars the time for school hours. This building was burned in the winter of 1819- 20, having caught from the stove, and another was built of the same size and on the same place of brick with the school room below and Masonic hall above. There was no ventilation nor means of purifying the air in any schoolhouse in Concord in my early day, nor even as late as 1837, when I was on the school committee. Then the most painful part of my official visits was in breathing the foul and oppressive atmosphere of the school room. The grammar school room was 30 ft. square and about 10 ft. high, making 9000 cubic feet. There were seats for 80 scholars. The district schoolhouses were about 20 ft. to 25 feet square and 8 feet high. They offered 3000 to 5000 feet of air for 30 to 50 children. When they entered the house, the air was fresh and healthy. But as the air became foul, it vitiated their sensibility, and neither they nor their teachers perceived the difference and did not complain. But when one entered from the fresh air abroad into this corrupted atmosphere it was very oppressive and offensive. It must have been equally injurious to those who had been in it and breathed it during the hours of the school session.

The first town School [in Acton] was kept in 1741, when it was voted to have a “reading, writing, and moving school for six HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

months.” In 1743 a similar one was established and £18 old tenor, equal to about £3 lawful money, was raised for its support. Whether this afforded the only means of education does not appear. It is probable some schools might have been supported by private subscription. Several youth, as was then customary, resorted to the clergyman, for their education. People, however, enjoyed few other opportunities than were afforded in their own families. In 1760, the town [of Acton] was divided into six school districts, and in 1771 into seven. In 1797 the town [of Acton] was divided into four districts, East, West, South, and Middle, and several new houses were built. This division has since been continued. The money is divided among the districts in proportion to the taxes. From the return made to the state in 1826, it appears, that the aggregate time of keeping the schools was 28 months, and that they were attended by 412 pupils, of whom 227 were males, and 185 females. 139 were under 7 years of age, 160 from 7 to 14, and 113 from 14 upwards.77

According to Jarvis, there were different attitudes about the ways to improve the comprehension of schoolboys: In the purpose then of exercising his proper authority when he began school, every master armed himself with a ferule. This was an instrument of mahogany, walnut, oak, maple or thin strong wood, eighteen to twenty-four inches long, one and a half to two inches wide, three-eights to four-eights inches thick. For each of my four winter schools and my town school in Concord, I provided myself with this instrument of discipline. The ferule was used by striking the boy on the palm of the hand, which, like the Turkish bastinade on the sole of the feet, inflicts very great suffering. There were other means of punishment resorted to by various masters to whom I will refer hereafter. When the master came into the school daily, he took out and laid upon his desk such books and other matters as he wanted, including the ferule, which was plainly, conspicuously on the desk in sight of the scholars.... In earlier times of this (and in the last) century, there were traditions of masters being turned out of the schoolhouse by combinations of the larger and insubordinate boys. I never heard of such an instance in Concord; nevertheless feruling, and flogging, and other means of punishment which we should now call cruel, were resorted to as means of government during all my experience as a scholar.... My earliest recollection was of Elijah F. Paige, who graduated at Cambridge in 1810 and came immediately to the Concord school. He taught one year. I was then seven years old and went to his school all that year. He was a man of great force of character 77. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study. On July 16, 1859 he would correct a date mistake buried in the body of the text.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

and an excellent scholar and teacher. He was a magnetizer and inspired the school with a love of study and they made great progress under his care, but his great reputation was as a disciplinarian, which was justly founded, for he punished very frequently and severely. He seemed to be very hard on the dull scholars and the bad boys, and his management did not improve them. He was very tall — six feet and several inches high. His desk was on the platform two steps (about sixteen inches) above the main floor, but he had another desk made and placed on the top of this desk, at which he could stand and write. The top of this must have been six feet or more from the floor. There was a large boy, whose name I have now forgotten, who lived with Dr. Hurd. He was willful, disobedient, and it seemed to me the object of Mr. Paige’s especial desire to flog him into good behavior. I have seen Mr. Paige take this boy, take off his coat, then tie him by his hands to the top of the desk with a rope so high that his feet could not touch the floor. Then with rods which he had sent for, to be cut from the willow trees back of the schoolhouse on the borders of the brook, he flogged him with many blows while thus suspended. I have seen him take William Mann, who was not a good boy and whom the master endeavored to convert by similar ungentle means, sit him down on the dirty floor in the presence of all the scholars, make him draw his knees up to his breast and his heels to his hips and bend his head down to his knees and thus reduce him to as compact a mass as possible, then in this condition he took a very long cord and wound it around him in every direction, so that he was hardly more than a ball that might be rolled over, helpless and [with his] limbs immobile. Nevertheless, Mr. Paige was very popular and acceptable to the town authorities and people, and when he left I recollect no one whose departure was more regretted than his. Next followed Mr. Simeon Putnam.... He was strict indeed but not severe. He taught a good school but had not the power either for good or evil of his predecessor. Mr. John Brown, a native of Concord, taught in 1813 and 1814. He was not a man of personal dignity and failed to interest the school as some of his predecessors had.... Nevertheless some of the earlier severity was practised —feruling and flogging— and sometimes the erring boy was compelled to go to the willows and cut the rod for his own punishment.... Besides the feruling and flogging, there were many other means of corporeal punishment practiced by the masters in the schools. Sometime a boy was required to stand on the floor and hold out [one arm] horizontally, at extreme length, with a heavy book in his hand, and if from weariness the arm should fall from its horizontal position, the master with a blow of his ferule would remind him of his delinquency. Sometimes the boys were taken by the collar and shaken about the floor with great violence. Sometimes the master would box the ears a hard blow. Another form — boys were required to stand on the platform of the master’s desk and bow the head under the desk and hold it there, with his legs from the hip to the foot erect. This was a very painful position, but the boys were HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

required to continue it as long as they could possibly bear it.... These severe punishments were supposed to be in obedience to the Law of Solomon [Proverbs 13:24] and were in accordance with the general spirit of the times. There was occasional complaint from parents of the severe punishment of their sons but the community generally imputed this to the parental partiality and sustained the master. Nevertheless, with the progress of the age, the ideas of the government at home and at school were gradually ameliorated. Punishment became more and more mild and less frequent. I taught this school in 1826-7. I was not quite ready to discard corporeal punishments, and yet I made some use of these means of government. I corrected with a ferule, yet mildly, for I was not then perfectly satisfied with the principle that the infliction of pain upon the human body was a proper way of gaining love and respect from the scholars, or creating in him a willingness to obey the law. I well remember the case of one boy who was willful and unyielding. It seemed my duty to compel him to conform his habits to the requirements of the school, but all in vain. It had no good effect but rather the contrary on his feelings and conduct. Another boy of 14, ordinarily of unquestionable propriety of life, once with several smaller boys transgressed a rule which was necessary for the administration of the school. Doubtless he did this from forgetfulness. I did not want to punish him, but as it seemed necessary for the good of the school that I should punish the others, I could find no way of escaping punishing him with the rest, but he bore the infliction with such mild and dignified submission as if he concurred in the propriety of it that I was glad when it was over. He is now a respectable citizen of Concord, and I never see him without sorrow for the pain I inflicted. And looking back from my later point of view upon this part of my administration, I recollect no instance in which with my later sentiments I might not have produced a better influence on the boy’s mind and character without resorting to the infliction of bodily pain. And now looking over the whole, I think the good order of the school was not in proportion to the multiplicity of the number and severity of the punishments. But where physical force was used the least, where tact took the place of force, where the Masters appealed to the self-respect of the scholars rather than their fears, when the scholars were treated with the most courtesy and affection as was the case when Mr. Samuel Barrett taught the school in 1818-19, there was the best order, the greatest propriety of conduct, and the best development of character. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

May: James Cooper was awarded a silver medal by the Corporation of the City of New-York.

Margaret Charlotte Charpentier Scott died at Abbotsford. For his forthcoming book on Napoleon Bonaparte, Sir Walter Scott visited London, breakfasting with King George IV and giving sittings to painters, and then went on to Paris where he met King Charles X and other famous plus attended a performance of an opera based upon his IVANHOE. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1827

The prison created by the East India Company on its waystation St. Helena in 1683 was at this point replaced with a new such facility (the site is to this day in use as a prison).

Sir Walter Scott’s 9-volume LIFE OF NAPOLEON. The author had a reception at the Theatrical Fund dinner and there Lord Meadowbank, with his consent, revealed that he was the author also of the anonymous series of popular novels WAVERLEY, THE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR, IVANHOE, ROB ROY, GUY MANNERING, THE HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN, etc. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

January 10, Wednesday: The Reverend Waldo Emerson sailed for St. Augustine, which had belonged to the US for six years. While there he heard slaves being sold in a slave market. He also met and shared quarters with a nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte (Achille Charles Louis Napoléon, Crown Prince of Naples, Hereditary Prince of Berg, 2nd Prince Murat), a young gentleman of nudist tendencies with precisely the noble atheistic attitudes one might expect of a youth with such connections and a slavemaster whom the young Emerson found he could much admire. On February 27th he would note a piquant detail in his journal:

A fortnight since I attended a meeting of the Bible Society. The Treasurer of this institution is Marshal of the district, and by a somewhat unfortunate arrangement had appointed a special meeting of the Society, and a slave-auction, at the same time and place, one being in the Government house, and the other in the adjoining yard. One ear therefore heard the glad tidings of great joy, while the other was regaled with “Going, gentlemen, going!” And almost without changing our position we might aid in sending the Scriptures into Africa, or bid for “four children without the mother” who had been kidnapped therefrom.

On April 6th in Charleston he would jot in his journal:

A new event is added to the quiet history of my life. I have connected myself by friendship to a man who with as ardent a love of truth as that which animates me, with a mind that surpasses mine in the variety of its research, & sharpened & strengthened to an energy for action to which I have no pretension by advantages of birth & practical connection with mankind beyond almost all men in the world, — is, yet, that which I had ever supposed only a creature of the imagination — a consistent Atheist, — and a disbeliever in the existence, and, of course, in the immortality of the soul. My faith in these points is strong and I trust, as I live, indestructible. Meantime I love and honour this intrepid doubter. His soul is noble, and his virtue, as the virtue of a Sadducee must always be, is sublime.

August 16, Thursday: Sultan Mahmud II of Turkey rejected the demands of Britain, France, and Russia and continued his assault on Greece.

Per the journal of Albert Gallatin’s son James as recorded in THE DIARY OF JAMES GALLATIN: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

A treaty was signed to-day which continues the Commercial Convention of 1815 indefinitely. All is now entirely satisfactorily settled and we return at once to America. RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 16th of 8 M / A short good testimony from Father Rodman Meeting small — the rainy weather & sickness preventing several who usually attend. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1828

William Hazlitt’s THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE (Volumes 1 and 2).

NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE

January: With the fall of Villele as the French Minister of the Interior, architect Jean-Nicolas Huyot again took charge of the project to erect an enormous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile in Paris.

Early in the year, in ill health due to a disease of the liver, the Reverend David Collie boarded a ship at Malacca in India heading back toward England. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1831

In France, two dramatists, Charles Théodore and Jean Hippolyte Cogniard, presented a comedy “La cocarde tricolore” in which they used a soldier of Napoléon Bonaparte’s army, one Nicolas Chauvin who was extremely proud of having been mustered out on a pension of 200 francs per year after being wounded in 17 separate engagements, as a type for extreme nationalistic sentiment and extreme hero worship. Thus “chauvinism” became part of our language.

In England, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, the genius who at Waterloo relieved the English terror of Napoléon, a man to whom everyone listened despite the fact that there was no idea in his head, declared grandly that:78

The only thing I am afraid of is fear.

79 He was paraphrasing Montaigne and Lord Francis Bacon, of course, as they had paraphrased THE BOOK OF PROVERBS (Chapter 3, verse 25 ), but this was not widely reported by the worshipful press.

78. I got Wellesley’s wording from the NOTES OF CONVERSATIONS WITH THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON 1831-1851 that Philip, the Earl of Stanhope, published in 1888 (1938 edition). [But had “The only thing I am afraid of is fear” been well known before the Earl published these notes in 1888?] 79. Francis Bacon’s 1623 “DE AUGMENTIS SCIENTIARUM, Book II, Fortitudo” and Michel de Montaigne 1580 ESSAIS, Book I, Chapter 17. PROVERBS 3:25 records this commonplace –which must be indeed ancient– as “Be not afraid of sudden fear.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

It has been rumored that after the death of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington’s wife and mother of his children during this year, Lady Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, the wealthiest heiress in England and by comparison with this widower quite young, proposed to him — but he demurred.

February 3, Thursday: “Statutes relating the Theological Department in Harvard University” were confirmed by the Overseers of Harvard College. With their adoption the functions of the Directors ceased and the “Society for promoting Theological Education in Harvard University” became disconnected from Harvard University, under the name of the “Society for promoting Theological Education.”

The federal Congress amended the law of copyright, extending its term from 14 years to 28 years and allowing a renewal period of an additional 14 years, and permitting an author’s wife and children to file for such a renewal in the event of the demise of the author himself. Noah Webster, Esq. considered that in lobbying for this bill, he had done a service not only to his own financial interests but of course to all its future authors and hence to the Nation itself. Also, while he had been lobbying in Washington DC, 100 members of the Judiciary HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

and both Houses of Congress had endorsed “the whole Websterian series of books from the great DICTIONARY to the SPELLING BOOK.”

The Belgian Congress proclaimed Louis-Charles-Philippe-Raphael d’Orleans, duc de Nemours, son of King Louis-Philippe of France, as king (the father had refused the throne in favor of his son).

Revolution broke out in Modena, Parma, and the Papal States. Revolutionaries in the Duchy of Modena proclaimed the Duke of Reichstadt, Napoléon’s legitimate son, as king of Italy (this young gentleman was, however, at the time the prisoner of Metternich in Vienna).

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 5th day 3rd of 2 M / Quarterly Meeting well attended considering the travelling — Wm Almy Thomas Anthony & M B Allen labourers.—- Our friend John Wilbour has a weighty concern to visit England & Ireland which was committeed to the consideration of a committee to report at next Quarterly Meeting. — RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1832

July 20, Friday: The 1st cases of Asiatic cholera appeared in Boston.

In Paris, architect Jean-Nicolas Huyot was again in difficulties. It would be left to Guillaume-Abel Blouet to see to completion of the enormous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile that had been envisioned by the Emperor Napoléon. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1833

June 12, Wednesday: Spending all day ascending in his carriage over the barrier of the Alps, Waldo Emerson reminded himself that he was tracking the footsteps of the armies of Napoléon, “the great Hand of our age.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1835

Grand Duchess Maria Louisa of Parma (widow of the Emperor Napoléon), invited Nicolò Paganini to join the Arts Board of the Teatro Ducale, and he played and conducted concerts in Parma. The Court granted him considerable power as superintendent.

November 22, Sunday: Le cinq Mai: chant sur la mort de l’Empereur Napoléon for bass, chorus, and orchestra by Hector Berlioz to words of de Beranger was performed for the initial time, at the Paris Conservatoire.

Charles Darwin recorded the condition of Tahiti in his journal: The harbour of Papiete, where the queen resides, may be considered as the capital of the island: it is also the seat of government, and the chief resort of shipping. Captain Fitz Roy took a party there this day to hear divine service, first in the Tahitian language, and afterwards in our own. Mr. Pritchard, the leading missionary in the island, performed the service. The chapel consisted of a large airy framework of wood; and it was filled to excess by tidy, clean people, of all ages and both sexes. I was rather disappointed in the apparent degree of attention; but I believe my expectations were raised too high. At all events the appearance was quite equal to that in a country church in England. The singing of the hymns was decidedly very pleasing, but the language from the pulpit, although fluently delivered, did not sound well: a constant repetition of words, like “tata ta, mata mai,” rendered it monotonous. After English service, a party returned on foot to Matavai. It was a pleasant walk, sometimes along the sea-beach and sometimes under the shade of the many beautiful trees.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 1st day 22 of 11 M / Both Meetings were silent with the exception of a Short offering by Father in the Morning - Both were seasons of some favour RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

November 24, Tuesday: In Parma, Italy, Nicolò Paganini had an audience with Grand Duchess Maria Louisa, widow of the Emperor Napoléon.

Records of the “Institute of 1770”: Lecture by Stone on “Witchcraft.” Debated: “Ought the military law to bind all classes?” Decided in the affirmative — 15 to 8. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

In the south Pacific ocean, in the English chapel on the island of Papaiti, Captain Robert FitzRoy, accompanied by Mr. Darwin among others, had an audience with Pōmare IV, Queen of Tahiti: With all the officers who could be spared from the duty of the ship, Mr. Darwin and I repaired early to Papiete. Mr. Wilson, Mr. Henry, and Hitote, were of the party. Arrived at the hospitable abode of Mr. Pritchard, we waited until a messenger informed us of the queen’s arrival at the appointed place of meeting — the English chapel. From our position we had just seen the royal escort — a very inferior assemblage. It appeared that the chiefs and elderly people had walked to the chapel when our boats arrived, leaving only the younger branches of the community to accompany Pomare. The English chapel is a small, wooden structure, with a high, angular roof; it is about fifty feet in length and thirty feet wide; near the eastern end is a pulpit, and at each corner a small pew. The rest of the building is occupied by strong benches, extending nearly from side to side; latticed windows admit light and air; the roof is thatched in a partly Otaheitan manner; none of the woodwork is painted, neither is there any decoration. Entering the chapel with my companions, I turned towards the principal pews, expecting to see Pomare there; but no, she was sitting almost alone, at the other end of the building, looking very disconsolate. Natives sitting promiscuously on the benches saluted us as we entered: — order, or any kind of form, there was none. The only visible difference between Pomare and her subjects was her wearing a gay silk gown, tied however round the throat, though entirely loose elsewhere; being made and worn like a loose smock- frock, its uncouth appearance excited more notice from our eyes than the rich material. In her figure, her countenance, or her manner, there was nothing prepossessing, or at all calculated to command the respect of foreigners. I thought of Oberea,* and wished that it had been possible to retain a modified dress of the former kind. A light undergarment added to the dress of Oberea might have suited the climate, satisfied decency, and pleased the eye, even of a painter. Disposed at first to criticise rather ill-naturedly — how soon our feelings altered, as we remarked the superior appearance and indications of intellectual ability shown by the chieftains, and by very many of the natives of a lower class. Their manner, and animated though quiet tone of speaking, assisted the good sense and apparent honesty of the principal men in elevating our ideas of their talents, and of their wish to act correctly. Every reader of voyages knows that the chiefs of Otaheite are large, fine-looking men. Their manner is easy, respectful, and to a certain degree dignified; indeed on the whole surprisingly good. They speak with apparent ease, very much to the purpose in few words, and in the most orderly, regular way. Not one individual interrupted another; no one attempted to give his opinions, or introduce a new subject, without asking permission; yet did the matters under discussion affect them all in a very serious manner. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Might not these half-enlightened Otaheitans set an example to numbers whose habits and education have been, or ought to have been, so superior? It had become customary to shake hands with the queen, as well as with the chiefs. This compliment we were expected to pay; but it seemed difficult to manage, since Pomare occupied a large share of the space between two benches nearest to the wall, and the next space was filled by natives. However, squeezing past her, one after another, shaking hands at the most awkward moment, we countermarched into vacant places on the benches next in front of her. The principal chiefs, Utaame, Taati, Hitote, and others, sat near the queen, whose advisers and speakers appeared to be Taati and her foster-father. It was left for me to break the silence and enter upon the business for which we had assembled. Desirous of explaining the motives of our visit, by means of an interpreter in whom the natives would place confidence, I told Mitchell the pilot to request that Queen Pomare would choose a person to act in that character. She named Mr. Pritchard. I remarked, that his sacred office ought to raise him above the unpleasant disputes in which he might become involved as interpreter. The missionaries had approached, and were living in Otaheite, with the sole object of doing good to their fellowmen, but I was sent in a very different capacity. As an officer in the service of my king, I was either to do good or harm, as I might be ordered; and it was necessary to distinguish between those who were, and ought to be always their friends, and men whose duty might be unfriendly, if events should unfortunately disappoint the hopes of those interested in the welfare of Otaheite. These expressions appeared to perplex the queen, and cause serious discussions among the chiefs. Before any reply was made, I continued: “But if Mr. Pritchard will undertake an office which may prove disagreeable, for the sake of giving your majesty satisfaction, by forwarding the business for which this assembly was convened, it will not become me to object; on the contrary, I shall esteem his able assistance as of the most material consequence.” The queen immediately replied, through the chieftain at her right hand, Taati, that she wished Mr. Pritchard to interpret. Removing to a position nearer the queen and chiefs (he had been sitting at a distance), Mr. Pritchard expressed his entire readiness to exert himself on any question which might affect the good understanding and harmony that hitherto had existed between the natives of Otaheite and the British; and he trusted that those persons present who understood both languages, (Messrs. Wilson, Bicknell, Henry, and others,) would assist and correct his interpretations as often as they thought it necessary. Commodore Mason’s letter to me, authorizing my proceedings, was then read —in English, by myself— and translated by Mr. Pritchard. Next was read an agreement or bond, by which Queen Pomare had engaged to pay 2,853 dollars, or an equivalent, on or before the 1st day of September 1835, as an indemnification for the capture and robbery of the Truro at the Low Islands. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

The queen was asked whether her promise had been fulfilled? Taati answered, “Neither the money nor an equivalent has yet been given.” “Why is this?” I asked. “Has any unforeseen accident hindered your acting up to your intentions; or is it not to be paid?” Utaame and Hitote spoke to Taati, who replied, “We did not understand distinctly how and to whom payment was to be made. It is our intention to pay; and we now wish to remove all doubts, as to the manner of payment.” I observed, that a clear and explicit agreement had been entered into with Capt. Seymour; if a doubt had arisen it might have been removed by reference to the parties concerned, or to disinterested persons; but no reference of any kind had been made, and Mr. Bicknell, the person appointed to receive the money, or an equivalent, had applied to the queen, yet had not obtained an answer. I then reminded Pomare of the solemn nature of her agreement; of the loss which her character, and that of her chiefs, would sustain; and of the means England eventually might adopt to recover the property so nefariously taken away from British subjects. I said that I was on my way to England, where her conduct would become known; and if harsh measures should, in consequence, be adopted, she must herself expect to bear the blame. These words seemed to produce a serious effect. Much argumentative discussion occupied the more respectable natives as well as the chiefs; while the queen sat in silence. I must here remark, in explanation of the assuming or even harsh tone of my conduct towards Pomare, at this meeting, that there was too much reason for believing that she had abetted, if not in a great measure instigated, the piracy of the Paamuto people (or Low Islanders). For such conduct, however, her advisers were the most to blame. She was then very young; and during those years in which mischief occurred, must have been guided less by her own will than by the desires of her relations. I had been told that excuses would be made; and that unless something like harshness and threatening were employed, ill effects, instead of a beneficial result, would be caused by the meeting: for the natives, seeing that the case was not taken up in a serious manner, and that the captain of the ship of war did not insist, would trouble themselves no farther after she had sailed away; and would laugh at those by whom the property was to be received. The ‘Paamuto,’ or Low Islands, where the piracies have occurred, in which she and her relations were supposed to have been concerned, were, and are still considered (though nominally given up by her), as under her authority and particular influence. Her father was a good friend to all the natives of those islands; and the respect and esteem excited by his unusual conduct have continued to the present time, and shown themselves in attachment to his daughter. So much hostility has in general influenced the natives of different islands, that to be well treated by a powerful chief, into whose hands a gale of wind, or warfare throws them, is HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

a rare occurrence. The Paamuto Isles are rich in pearl oysters. Pomare, or her relations, desired to monopolize the trade. Unjustifiable steps were taken, actuated, it is said, by her or by these relations; and hence this affair. They soon decided to pay the debt at once. Thirty-six tons of pearl oyster-shells, belonging to Pomare, and then lying at Papiete, were to form part of the equivalent; the remainder was to be collected among the queen’s friends. Taati left his place near her, went into the midst of the assembly, and harangued the people in a forcible though humorous manner, in order to stimulate them to subscribe for the queen. After he had done speaking, I requested Mr. Pritchard to state strongly that the innocent natives of Otaheite ought not to suffer for the misdeeds of the Low Islanders. The shells which had come from those ill-conducted people, might well be given as part of the payment; but the queen ought to procure the rest from them, and not from her innocent and deserving subjects. A document, expressing her intention to pay the remaining sum within a stated time, signed by herself and by two chiefs, with a certainty that the property would be obtained from the Low Islanders, would be more satisfactory than immediate payment, if effected by distressing her Otaheitan subjects, who were in no way to blame. Taati replied, “The honour of the queen is our honour. We will share her difficulties. Her friends prefer assisting her in clearing off this debt, to leaving her conduct exposed to censure. We have determined to unite in her cause, and endeavour to pay all before the departure of the man-of-war.” It was easy to see that the other principal chiefs had no doubt of the propriety of the demand; and that they thought the queen and her relations ought to bear the consequences of their own conduct. Taati, who is related to her, exerted himself far more than Utaame, Hitote, or any of the others. This part of the business was then settled by their agreeing to give the shells already collected, such sums of money as her friends should choose to contribute, and a document signed by two principal chiefs, expressing the sum already collected and paid; and their intention of forthwith collecting the remainder, and paying it before a stipulated time. Difficulties about the present, as compared with the former value of the shells, were quickly ended by arbitration; and their value estimated at fifty dollars per ton: the ready way in which this question about the value of the shells was settled, gave me a high idea of the natives’ wish to do right, rather than take advantage of a doubtful point of law. I next had to remark, that the queen had given up the murderers of the master and mate of the Truro in a merely nominal manner, and not in effect; and that she must expect to receive a communication upon that subject by the next man-of-war. She asked me — whether I really thought they would be required from her by the next man-of-war? I replied: “Those men were tried and condemned by the laws of Otaheite. Your majesty, as sovereign, exercised your right of HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

pardoning them. I think that the British Government will respect your right as queen of these islands; and that his Britannic Majesty will not insist upon those men being punished, or again tried for the same offence; but the propriety of your own conduct in pardoning such notorious offenders, is a very different affair. It will not tend to diminish the effect of a report injurious to your character, which you are aware has been circulated.” After a pause, I said, “I was desired to enquire into the complaints of British subjects and demand redress where necessary. No complaints had been made to me; therefore I begged to congratulate her majesty on the regularity and good conduct which had prevailed; and thanked her, in the name of my countrymen, for the kindness with which they had been treated.” I then reminded Pomare of the deep interest generally felt for those highly deserving and devoted missionaries, whose exertions, hazardous and difficult as they had been, and still were, had raised the natives of Otaheite to their present enlightened and improved condition; and that every reason united to demand for them the steady co-operation of both her and her chiefs. Finding that they listened attentively to Mr. Pritchard’s interpretation, which I was told was as good as it appeared to me fluent and effective, I requested permission to say a few words more to the queen — to the effect that I had heard much of her associating chiefly with the young and inexperienced, almost to the exclusion of the older and trustworthy counsellors whom she had around her at this assembly. To be respected, either at home or abroad, it was indispensably necessary for her to avoid the society of inferior minds and dispositions; and to be very guarded in her own personal conduct. She ought to avoid taking advice from foreigners, whom she knew not, and whose station was not such as might be a guarantee for their upright dealings: and she ought to guard carefully against the specious appearances of adventurers whose intentions, or real character, it was not possible for her to discover readily. Such men could hardly fail to misinform her on most subjects; but especially on such as interested themselves; or about which they might entertain the prejudices and illiberal ideas which are so prevalent among ignorant or ill-disposed people. I tried to say these things kindly, as the advice of a friend: Pomare thanked me, acknowledged the truth of my remarks, and said she would bear them in mind. Turning to the chiefs, a few words passed, previous to Taati asking me, in her name, “Whether they were right in allowing a foreigner to enlist Otaheitans to serve him as soldiers; and in permitting them and other men to be trained, for warlike purposes, upon their island?”* My reply was, “If Otaheitan subjects, so trained, almost under the queen’s eye, act hostilely against the natives of any other island, will not those natives deem her culpable? To my limited view of the present case, it appears impolitic, and decidedly improper to do so.” After a few words with Utaame and Hitote, Taati rose and gave notice that no Otaheitan should enlist or be trained to serve as a soldier, in a foreign cause. By this decree de Thierry lost his enlisted troops, except a few New HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Zealanders, and whaling seamen. One of the seven judges, an intelligent, and, for an Otaheitan, a very well educated man, named ‘Mare,’ asked to speak to me. “You mentioned, in the third place,” said Mare, “that you were desired to enquire into the complaints of British subjects, and demand redress, if necessary. You have stated that no complaint has been made, and you have given us credit for our conduct: allow me now to complain of the behaviour of one of your countrymen, for which we have failed in obtaining redress.” Here Mare detailed the following case of the ‘Venilia,’ and said that no reply to their letter to the British government, had yet been received. Mare then added, in a temperate though feeling manner, “does it not appear hard to require our queen to pay so large a sum as 2,853 dollars out of her small income; while that which is due to her, 390 dollars, a mere trifle to Great Britain, has not obtained even an acknowledgment from the British government?” I ventured to assure Mare that some oversight, or mistake, must have occurred, and promised to try to procure an answer for them, which, I felt assured, would be satisfactory. The letter on the subject of the Venilia, very literally translated, is as follows: it is, for many reasons, a curious document. “Our friend, the king of Britain, and all persons in office in your government, may you all be saved by the true God! “The following is the petition of Pomare, of the governors, and of the chiefs of Tahiti. “A whale-ship belonging to London, has been at Tahiti: ‘Venilia’ is the name of the ship, ‘Miner’ is the name of the captain. This ship has disturbed the peace of the government of Queen Pomare the first. We consider this ship a disturber of the peace, because the captain has turned on shore thirteen of his men, against the will of the governor of this place, and other persons in office. The governor of this district made known the law clearly. The captain of the ship objected to the law, and said that he would not regard the law. We then became more resolute: the governor said to the chiefs, ‘Friends, chiefs of the land, we must have a meeting.’ The chiefs assembled on the twenty-second day of December 1831. The governor ordered a man to go for the captain of the ship. When he had arrived on shore, the governor appointed a man to be speaker for him. The speaker said to the captain of the ship, ‘Friend, here are your men, take them, and put them on board of your ship; it is not agreeable to us that they should remain upon our land.’ The captain said, ‘I will not by any means receive them again: no, not on any account whatever!’ The governor again told his speaker to say, ‘Take your men, and put them on board your ship, we shall enforce our laws.’ The captain strongly objected to this, saying, ‘I will not, on any account, again receive these bad men, these mutineers.’ We then said, ‘It is by no means agreeable to us for these men to live on shore: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

if they are disturbers of the peace on board the ship, they will disturb the peace on shore.’ Captain Hill, who has long been a captain belonging to Britain, spoke to the captain of the ship: this is what he said to him: ‘It is not at all agreeable to the laws of Britain that you should discharge, or in any manner turn away your men in a foreign land.’ This is another thing Captain Hill said, ‘you should write a document, stating clearly the crime for which these men have been turned on shore; that the governor and chiefs may know how to act towards them, and that they may render you any assistance.’ But this was not agreeable to the captain; he would not write a document. The governor then said to the captain, ‘If you will not take your men on board again, give us the money, as expressed in the law.’ The captain said, ‘I will not give the money, neither will I again take the men: no, not on any terms whatever; and if you attempt to put them on board the ship, I will resist, even unto death.’ The governor then said, ‘We shall continue to be firm; if you will not give the money, according to the law, we shall put your men on board the ship, and should you die, your death will be deserved.’ When the captain perceived that we were determined to enforce the law, he said, ‘It is agreed; I will give you the money, three hundred and ninety dollars.’ “On the 24th of December the governor sent a person for the money. The captain of the ship said, ‘He had no money.’ We then held a meeting: the governor’s speaker said to the captain, ‘Pay the money according to the agreement of the 22d day of this month.’ The captain said, ‘I have no money.’ The governor told him, ‘If you will not pay the money we will put your men on board the ship.’ “One Lawler said, ‘Friends, is it agreeable to you that I should assist him? I will pay the money to you, three hundred and ninety dollars! I will give property into your hands: this is the kind of property; such as may remain a long time by the sea-side and not be perishable. In five months, should not the money be paid, this property shall become your own.’ “Mr. Pritchard said that this was the custom among foreigners. We agreed to the proposal. “On the 26th of December we went to Lawler’s house to look at the property, and see if it was suitable for the sum of money; and also to make some writings about this property. While there, Lawler made known to us something new, which was, that we should sign our names to a paper, written by the captain, for him to show his owners. We did not agree to this proposal, because we did not know the crime for which these men were turned on shore. We saw clearly that these two persons were deceiving us, and that they would not pay the money; also that the captain would not again take his men; but we did not attempt to put his men on board the ship, because another English whaler had come to anchor. We told the captain that we should write a letter to the British government, that they might order this business to be HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

investigated, and might afford us their assistance. “This is the substance of what we have to say:— We entreat you, the British Government, to help us in our troubles. Punish this Captain Miner, and command the owners of the Venilia to pay us three hundred and ninety dollars for thirteen of their men having been left on our land; and also to send the wages of a native man who was employed to supply the whole crew with bread-fruit while at anchor here. Let them send a good musket for this man, because the captain has not given him a good musket according to the agreement at the beginning. Captain Miner also gave much trouble to the pilot. He took his ship out himself: the pilot went after the ship to get his money, and also the money for Pomare, for anchorage. He would not give the pilot his share. After some time he gave the pilot some cloth for his share. “In asking this, we believe that our wish will be complied with. We have agreed to the wish of the British government in receiving the Pitcairn’s people, and in giving them land. We wish to live in peace, and behave well to the British flag, which we consider our real friend, and special protection. We also wish that you would put in office a man like Captain Hill, and send him to Tahiti, as a representative of the king of Great Britain, that he may assist us. If this should not be agreeable to you, we pray you to give authority to the reverend George Pritchard, the missionary at this station. “This is the conclusion of what we have to say. Peace be with you. May you be in a flourishing condition, and may the reign of the beloved king of Britain be long! Written at Tahiti on the sixth day of January, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two. “On behalf of POMARE, the queen. “Signed by APAAPA, chief secretary. ARUPAEA, district governor. TEPAU, district governor. TEHORO, one of the seven supreme judges. MARE, a district judge, (since raised to be a supreme judge).”

“Addition:— “This man, Lawler, is an Irishman: he has been living at Tahiti about three months: he came from the Sandwich Islands. Of his previous conduct we can say nothing. We much wish that a British ship of war would come frequently to Tahiti to take to their own lands these bad foreigners that trouble us. It is useless for us to depend upon the consul at the Sandwich Islands. We have long known that we can obtain no assistance from him. “We wish to do our duty towards you Britons. You are powerful and rich — but we are like weak children. “On behalf of POMARE, the queen. APAAPA, chief secretary.” “Paofai (close to Papiete), HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Tahiti, 7th January 1832." This interesting letter needs no apology for its insertion at full length. Besides explaining Mare’s application, it helps to give an idea of the state of Otaheite; and it appeals to our better feelings in a persuasive manner. That the electric agent (whether fire or fluid) goes upward from the earth to the atmosphere, as well as in the contrary direction, showing that a mutual action takes place between air and land, many facts might be brought to prove: I will only mention two. “On October 25th we had a very remarkable storm: the sky was all in flames. I employed part of the night in observing it, and had the pleasure of seeing three ascending thunderbolts! They rose from the sea like an arrow; two of them in a perpendicular direction, and the third at an angle of about 75 degrees.”—(De Lamanon, in the Voyage of La Pérouse, vol. iii. pp. 431-2). While H.M. corvette Hind, was lying at anchor off Zante, in 1823, in twelve fathoms water, an electric shock came in through her hawse, along the chain-cable, by which she was riding. Two men, who were sitting on the cable, before the bitts, were knocked down —felt the effects of the shock about half an hour —but were not seriously hurt. A noise like that of a gun startled every one on board; yet there was neither smell, nor smoke, nor any other visible effect. The sky was heavily clouded over; small rain was falling; and there was distant thunder occasionally, but no visible lightning. The cable was hanging slack, almost ‘up and down.’ I witnessed this myself. The queen’s secretary next asked to speak, and said that a law had been established in the island, prohibiting the keeping, as well as the use or importation of any kind of spirits. In consequence of that law, the persons appointed to carry it into effect had desired to destroy the contents of various casks and bottles of spirits; but the foreigners who owned the spirits objected, denying the right to interfere with private property. The Otaheitan authorities did not persist, as they were told that the first man- of-war which might arrive would certainly take vengeance upon them if they meddled with private property. He wished to ask whether the Otaheitans ought to have persisted in enforcing their own laws; and what I should have done, had the law been enforced with a British subject, and had he made application to me. My answer was, “Had the Otaheitans enforced their law, I could in no way have objected. In England a contraband article is seized by the proper officers, and is not treated as private property while forbidden by the law.” Much satisfaction was evidently caused by this declaration: also, at a former part of the discussions, when a remonstrance was made against Otaheitans paying the Truro debt, the greater part of the assembly seemed to be much pleased. A respectable old man then stood up, and expressed his HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

gratification at finding that another of King William’s men-of-war had been sent — not to frighten them, or to force them to do as they were told, without considering or inquiring into their own opinions or inclinations, but to make useful enquiries. They feared the noisy guns which those ships carried, and had often expected to see their island taken from them, and themselves driven off, or obliged in their old age to learn new ways of living. I said, “Rest assured that the ships of Great Britain never will molest Otaheitans so long as they conduct themselves towards British subjects as they wish to be treated by Britons. Great Britain has an extent of territory, far greater than is sufficient for her wishes. Conquest is not her object. Those ships, armed and full of men, which from time to time visit your island, are but a very few out of a great many which are employed in visiting all parts of the world to which British commerce has extended. Their object is to protect and defend the subjects of Great Britain, and also take care that their conduct is proper — not to do harm to, or in any way molest those who treat the British as they themselves would wish to be treated in return.” I was much struck by the sensation which these opinions caused amongst the elderly and the more respectable part of the assemblage. They seemed surprised, and so truly gratified, that I conclude their ideas of the intentions of foreigners towards them must have been very vague or entirely erroneous. The business for which we had assembled being over, I requested Mr. Pritchard to remind the queen, that I had a long voyage to perform; and ought to depart from her territories directly she confided to me the promised document, relating to the affair of the Truro; and I then asked the queen and principal chiefs to honour our little vessel by a visit on the following evening, to see a few fireworks: to which they willingly consented: some trifling conversation then passed; and the meeting ended. Much more was said, during the time, than I have here detailed: my companions were as much astonished as myself at witnessing such order, so much sensible reasoning, and so good a delivery of their ideas! I shall long remember that meeting at Otaheite, and consider it one of the most interesting sights I ever witnessed. To me it was a beautiful miniature view of a nation emerging from heathen ignorance, and modestly setting forth their claims to be considered civilized and Christian. We afterwards dined with Mr. Pritchard, his family, and the two chiefs, Utaame and Taati. The behaviour of these worthies was extremely good; and it was very gratifying to hear so much said in their favour by those whose long residence on the island had enabled them to form a correct judgment. What we heard and saw showed us that mutual feelings of esteem existed between those respectable and influential old chieftains and the missionary families. It was quite dark when we left Papiete to return, by many miles among coral reefs, to the Beagle; but our cat-eyed pilot undertook to guide our three boats safely through intricate passages among the reefs, between which I could hardly find my way in broad HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

daylight, even after having passed them several times. The distance to the ship was about four miles; and the night so dark, that the boats were obliged almost to touch each other to ensure safety; yet they arrived on board unhurt, contrary to my expectation; for my eyes could not detect any reason for altering our course every few minutes, neither could those of any other person, except the pilot, James Mitchell. Had he made a mistake of even a few yards, among so many intricate windings, our boats must have suffered (because the coral rocks are very sharp and soon split a plank), though in such smooth and shallow water, a wrong turning could have caused inconvenience only to ourselves, for there was little or no danger of more than a wetting. The observations at Matavai being completed, I was enabled to leave the place, and invited Hitote and Mr. Henry (who had returned with us) to pay another visit to Papiete in the Beagle, and meet the royal party.

December 12, Saturday: Between this day and Saturday the 19th, David Henry Thoreau would mail off to Harvard College materials that would be valued at 29 points, raising his accumulated points toward graduation to 10,290.

Nicolò Paganini led an orchestra concert in Parma for the birthday of Grand Duchess Maria Louisa (widow of the Emperor Napoléon).

The Mexican garrison under General Martín Perfecto de Cos at San Antonio de Béxar, having surrendered to the besieging Texians, was paroled.

REMEMBERING THE ALAMO HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

December 25, Friday: Charles Darwin celebrated Christmas in Pahia, New Zealand.

Grand Duchess Maria Louisa (widow of the Emperor Napoléon) granted Nicolò Paganini complete control of court music in the Duchy of Parma.

Richard Henry Dana, Jr. described a sailors’ Christmas in California waters.

AND NOW, FOR SOMETHING ENTIRELY DIFFERENT, A REPORT FROM OUR SAILOR:80 Friday, December 25th. This day was Christmas; and as it rained all day long, and there were no hides to take in, and nothing especial to do, the captain gave us a holiday, (the first we had had since leaving Boston,) and plum duff for dinner. The Russian brig, following the Old Style, had celebrated their Christmas eleven days before; when they had a grand blow-out and (as our men said) drank, in the forecastle, a barrel of gin, ate up a bag of tallow, and made a soup of the skin.

80. Since Dana was on one side of the international dateline and Darwin on the other, and since I don’t really understand these things (in New Zealand waters, wouldn’t this still have been Thursday?), my chronology here may be a day off one way or t’other. –But, never mind. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1836

In Paris, the enormous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, ordered by the Emperor Napoléon in 1806, was completed. There’s a museum upstairs, and a viewing platform on top.

October 30, Sunday: By means of an unsuccessful bloodless putsch in Strasbourg, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte attempted to overthrow the French monarchy (King Louis-Philippe would banish him to the United States of America).

That night Mrs. Lidian Jackson Emerson gave birth to “Wallie.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1838

Henri Jomini, who served with Napoléon for a time, publishes his Summary of the Art of War. With his books, the Swiss general teaches several generations of European and American military officers the art of winning wars by massing forces on a map. Unfortunately, Jomini’s penchant for reducing warfare to a few trenchant principles doesn’t teach his readers much about fighting wars upon the ground, and the result includes the bloodbaths at Gettysburg in 1863 and Sedan in 1870. Still, in fairness to Jomini, it was his goal to explain strategy (which he defined as “the art of bringing the greatest part of the forces of an army upon the important point of the theater of war”) rather than to teach generals how to make rapid decisions on an untidy battlefield. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1840

Spring: François Pierre Guillaume Guizot accepted the post of French ambassador to London, and shortly afterward Thiers succeeded to the ministry of foreign affairs. The professor would be received with distinction by Queen Victoria, and by British society. He would be able to persuade the British to return Napoleon’s corpse to France.81

Charles Wilkes began a survey of the coastline of the North American continent that would occupy his ship until Summer 1842. Upon his return he would find that his discoveries had been challenged (because the English explorer James Clark Ross had sailed directly across some of the locales that because of mirage Wilkes had identified as land) and his conduct as commander of his expedition called into question (to the extent that there would need to be a court martial). Learning that the French explorer Jules Sébastien César Dumont d’Urville had first viewed the mainland of Antarctica on January 19th, 1840, Wilkes went back into his journals and altered his own date of initial observation from January 19th to January 16th.

May 22, Friday: Thomas Carlyle gave the lecture “The Hero as King. Cromwell, Napoleon: Modern Revolutionism” which would achieve publication in 1892 as Lecture 6 in ON HEROES, HERO-WORSHIP, AND THE HEROIC IN HISTORY.

August 6, Thursday: Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte attempted a rising in Boulogne against the French monarchy (his sentence would be life imprisonment).

King Ernst August of Hanover imposed a new constitution providing increased power to the monarchy.

81. Napoleon had died of stomach cancer after five years on St. Helena and his corpse, minus the penis, had been underground there, at this point, for some two decades. When dug up, the corpse would be discovered to be still in pretty fair condition. The frigate that would bring it back toward France, La Belle Poule, would be specially painted black to mark the solemnity of the occasion. That severed penis, it seems, now belongs to an American urologist, Dr. John Kingsley Lattimer, who bid $38,000 for it at an auction. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

October 15, Thursday: Henry Thoreau jotted down in his journal a note about living downtown: GOD IN CONCORD by Jane Langton © 1992 Penguin Books USA Inc. 41 Every maggot lives down town. Journal, October 15, 1840 Viking Penguin

The offices of Pouch, Heaviside and Sprocket were housed in a pink marble building on Federal Street. The luxurious ISBN 0-670-84260-5 — PS3562.A515G58

The remains of the Emperor Napoléon I, decently interred at Sane Valley on St. Helena in 1821, were taken aboard the French frigate La Belle Poule to be conveyed back to Paris.

December 15, Tuesday: The remains of Napoléon, retrieved from their lonely grave on the lonely island of St. Helena by the Prince de Joinville (son of King Louis-Philippe), arrived in Paris to be paraded through the metropolis in a 4-story cataphalque and viewed by an estimated 800,000 members of the general populace. On its way to its final resting place the corpse finally got an opportunity to pass through the enormous Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (they having most carefully measured to ensure that the cataphalque was going to fit). In the presence of the royal family and many others (including Frédéric François Chopin), the Requiem of Mozart was performed in the chapel of Les Invalides. The remains were lowered into the vault, and the lid closed with a slight thump. (Did I mention that this was a Tuesday?) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1841

Richard Henry Horne’s THE HISTORY OF NAPOLEON: EDITED BY R.H. HORNE. ILLUSTRATED WITH MANY HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD, FROM DESIGNS BY RAFFET AND HORACE VERNET. IN TWO VOLUMES (assisted by Mary Gillies, also known as “Harriet Myrtle”). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1843

September 5, Tuesday: Henry C. Wright reported in the Liberator that he had visited St. Jour, where General Toussaint HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Louverture, “greater than Bonaparte,” had been detained.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE FREDERICK DOUGLASS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1844

On Albemarle Street in London, the firm of John Murray published a couple of vastly intriguing books about the rural experience. There was Edward Jesse’s SCENES AND TALES OF COUNTRY LIFE, WITH RECOLLECTIONS OF 82 NATURAL HISTORY:

SCENES AND TALES OF ...

82. Many American publishers consider Henry Thoreau to fall within their category “nature writer” — some have considered him the creator of this category in America, others derogate him as one of it poorest exemplars because he fails to focus on the pleasantries they vend. It may be useful, therefore, to contrast Thoreau with a well-published “nature writer” of his own period such as this Edward Jesse, Esquire — why don’t you struggle to detect some similarities with the life or writings of Thoreau? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

83 Also, there was Lucia Elizabeth Balcombe Abell’s RECOLLECTIONS OF THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON: DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF HIS CAPTIVITY ON THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA: INCLUDING THE TIME OF HIS RESIDENCE AT HER FATHER’S HOUSE, “THE BRIARS,” BY MRS. ABELL (LATE MISS ELIZABETH BALCOMBE.).

“THE BRIARS” OF ST. HELENA

(You will note that this author makes no mention of any giant tortoise lawn ornaments.)

83. Miss Lizzie may have been channeling the geist of Bill Clinton: the artistic license of “of” in this title might signify “by” but does signify “about.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

March 7, Thursday: The Reverend Theodore Parker was impressed by the structure in which he supposed the emperor Constantine the Great’s 384 bishops had 1st assembled upon the surrender of the Roman empire to the universal church.84

Christ Jesus works for me or vice versa.

“History teaches us that religion and patriotism have always gone hand in hand.” — General Douglas MacArthur

As soon as Benjamin Robert Haydon had succeeded in selling one of his paintings, his practice was to set about generating more copies of the same thing for sale. He had sold one of his paintings of Napoléon musing in the sunset on the cliff at St. Helena to the King of Hanover, so he entered in his diary: I have painted nineteen Napoleons. Thirteen Musings at S. Helena, and six other Musings. By heavens! how many more?

August 3, Saturday: Isaac Hecker made his first confession as a Roman Catholic.

Johann Strauss applied to Vienna authorities for a license “to hold musical entertainments.”

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte published his essay Extinction du paupérisme.

84. (It seems that the Reverend Parker was crediting a now-exposed 8th-Century forgery — but that’s not the point here.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1845

April 2, Wednesday: Waldo Emerson lectured at the Concord Lyceum in Concord on “Bonaparte.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Lecture Season: The 17th course of lectures offered by the Salem Lyceum consisted of:

The Salem Lyceum — 17th Season H.N. Hudson King Lear, (Shakspeare) The Reverend William Henry Channing The College, the Church, and the State E. Darling Chemistry, including Solidification of Carbonic Acid Gas W.B. Sprague Life of Wilberforce Stephen Pearl Andrews Phonography George H. Devereux of Salem Man Charles T. Brooks Omnipresence of the Poetic James T. Fields Books A.F. Boyle Phonography Caleb Stetson Individuality of Man Lieutenant Halleck The Battle of Waterloo Amory Holbrook of Salem Galileo Samuel Osgood Rousseau Charles B. Haddock Cultivation of a Taste for Letters by Men of Business Fletcher Webster China (1st lecture) China (2d lecture) Edwin P. Whipple Wit and Humor The Reverend Theodore Parker The Progress of Man Professor Asa Gray Geographical Botany (1st lecture) Geographical Botany (2d lecture) Thomas D. Anderson Reverence for our Government and Laws Waldo Emerson of Concord Napoleon Bonaparte HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Winter Lecture Season of ’45/46, at the Odeon Hall in Boston:

7th Season of The Lowell Institute Charles Lyell, Esq., F.R.S., Geology 12 lectures (then repeated, total 24) 1. Lieut. H.W. Halleck, United States Army, The Military Art 12 lectures (one repeated, total 13) Professor Asa Gray, M.D., Botany 12 lectures (then repeated, total 24) Professor Joseph Lovering, A.M., Astronomy 12 lectures (then repeated, total 24)

THE LOWELL INSTITUTE HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1846

May 25, Sunday: The wagon train of the Graves family from Marshall County, Illinois, crossed the Missouri River at St. Joseph. From this day until the 29th, the wagon train of the Russell family would be held up by high water at the Big Blue River near present-day Marysville, Kansas. Levinah Murphy and her extended family joined this wagon train.

Waldo Emerson’s 43d birthday.

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte escaped imprisonment in Ham in France and made his way toward London.

Now follows the second day’s observations I am copying from the journal of Thomas Swann Woodcock, one of the tourists who took the popular tour of this decade to the Niagara Falls. Left Albany at 9 0’Clock by the Railway for Schenectady, a distance of 17 Miles, for which 62.5 cents is charged, we were drawn by Horses about 2 Miles, being a steep ascent, we then found a Steam Engine waiting for us (built by Stephenson and called the John Bull) the road is then quite level for 14 Miles through the poorest Country I ever saw, the sand banks are so loose that trees have been cut down and laid upon them, to promote vegetation and prevent the sand from drifting, the sides of the Road are plentifully strewn with wild flowers, amongst which I perceived the blue lupin in great abundance, we at length stop to have our carriages attached to a stationary Engine which lets us down an inclined plane, from the top of which we have a fine view of Schenectady and part of the Valley of the Mohawk. it is chiefly built of Bricks and is in a low flat situation, and I think a place of no great importance, we arrived at this place at half past 10. from the cars we proceeded to enter our names for the Packet Boat, these boats are about 70 feet long, and with the exception of the Kitchen and bar, is occupied as a Cabin, the forward part being the ladies Cabin, is seperated [sic] by a curtain, but at meal times this obstruction is removed, and the table is set the whole length of the boat, the table is supplied with every thing that is necessary and of the best quality with many of the luxuries of life, on finding we had so many passengers, I was at a loss to know how we should be accomodated [sic] with berths, as I saw no convenience for anything of the kind, but the Yankees ever awake to contrivances have managed to stow more in so small a space than I thought HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

them capable of doing, the way they proceed is as follows - The Settees that go the whole length of the Boat on each side unfold and form a cot bed. the space between this bed and the ceiling is so divided as to make room for two more, the upper berths are merely frames with sacking bottoms, one side of which has two projecting pins, which fit into sockets in the side of the boat, the other side has two cords attached one to each corner, these are suspended from hooks in the ceiling, the bedding is then placed upon them, the space between the berths being barely sufficient for a man to crawl in, and presenting the appearance of so many shelves, much apprehension is always entertained by passengers when first seeing them, lest the cords should break, such fears are however groundless, the berths are allotted according to the way bill the first on the list having his first choice and in changing boats the old passengers have the preference, the first Night I tried an upper berth, but the air was so foul that I found myself sick when I awoke, afterwards I choose an under berth and found no ill effects from the air, these Boats have three Horses, go at quicker rate and have the preference in going through the locks, carry no freight, are built extremely light, and have quite Genteel Men for their Captains, and use silver plate. the distance between Schenectady and Utica is 80 Miles the passage is $3.50 which includes board, there are other Boats called Line Boats that carry at a cheaper rate, being found for half of the price mentioned, they are larger Boats carry freight have only two horses, and consequently do not go as quickly, and moreover have not so select a company, some Boats go as low as 1 cent per Mile the passengers finding themselves. The Bridges on the Canal are very low, particularly the old ones, indeed they are so low as to scarcely allow the baggage to clear, and in some cases actually rubbing against it, every Bridge makes us bend double if seated on anything, and in many cases you have to lie on your back. the Man at the helm gives the Word to the Passengers. “Bridge” “very low Bridge” “the lowest in the Canal” as the case may be, some serious accidents have happened for want of caution, a young English Woman met with her death a short time since, she having fallen asleep with her head upon a box had her head crushed to pieces, such things however do not often occur, and in general it affords amusement to the passengers who soon immatate [sic] the cry, and vary it with a command, such as “All Jackson men bow down.” after such commands we find few Aristocrats, an anecdote is told of one man, who after travelling on the Canal got under the bed in his sleep, and when partially awake durst not lift up his head. a man who slept near me, got up early in the Morning and going to his comrades berth drew his hand gently over his face, at the same time calling out “Bridge” when he suddenly started up amidst the laughter of the passengers. The Canal was within sight of the Mohawk River, in some cases only the towing path being between, the wall rising from the Channel of the river and being elevated 20 or 30 feet. This is the Valley of the Mohawk. so narrow is it in some places that there seems HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

scarcely room for the River the Road and the Canal which pass through it, the scenery is not unlike that of the Valley of the Wye in Derbyshire. the land is perfectly flat and of a fine alluvial soil, said to be the richest in the State, it is held almost exclusively by persons of German extraction who preserve the language and customs of their ancestors, this level region is called the German Flats, and is so famous for its fertility that nothing can induce the Germans to sell, it is valued at $200 per acre, though the uplands can be bought for $40. these Germans are enemies to all improvement, are very industrious, but not very cleanly in their habits, in the broad parts of the Valley there are some Dutch Villages which have a very neat appearance, at Frankfort 10 miles from Utica we commence on the long level which is 69.5 miles without a lock, we arrived in Utica at about half 8 O’Clock AM. I had resolved to stay at this place and visit Trenton Falls, but owing to the unfavourable [sic] state of the Weather I concluded to proceed, our Boat went close alongside the Packet for Rochester, so we had only to step out of one onto the other, which as soon as we had done she immediately sailed, we paid $6.50 each the distance being 160 Miles, our living was first rate, we passed through Utica, which seemed to be a large and important place, we could see five Rows of Brick Stores, and the place had an appearance of prosperity, at this place we took on several passengers who had come by stage, having left the Railway Station at the same time we did, they certainly got in about 5 hours before us but the roads were so bad that they complained of sore bones, and preferred the boat which though not the quickest, is decidedly the most pleasant way of travelling, one of these was a Liverpool Lumber Merchant on his way to Canada, but who was going out of his route to see the “Falls.” Three Miles West of Utica we pass through the Village of Whitesboro’ [Whitestown] where Marshalls Weaving Factory is located, the Mill can be seen at a distance, surrounded by small cottage Houses, there was a person of the Name of John Harper who left Manchester about 3 years before I did who settled in this place. It was my Intention to have called upon him, as however I could not do so, I jumped off the Boat near the bridge ran into a store and enquired if he still lived there, after ascertaining that fact I got on board again, this is a most beautiful village, and is called an Old Settlement, but you will judge of its age when I tell you that it was a Wilderness in 1785. it is called after White a native of Connt [sic] who was the first settler. here is a manual labour [sic] school which is in successful operation, the student paying his own expenses by the sweat of his brow, after passing through various settlements with high sounding names of Indian and Classical origin we arrived at Syracuse, famous for its Salt Manufactories. the vats for the evaporation of the Water from the Salt by the suns rays may be seen on both sides of the Canal on the Western extremety [sic] of the village, light wooden roofs are kept ready to slide over these vats in bad weather, and the salt is taken out once in two or three days. Salina is HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

about 1.5 Miles from Syracuse, and as its name indicates, is a Salt establishment, the mode of evaporation here is that of boiling. Liverpool is about 6 Miles distant on the edge of the Lake (which is about 6 Miles long and 2 broad), these and other villages are solely employed in the Manufacture of Salt, there is a canal here that runs to Oswego on Lake Ontario, which had I have known at the time, I would have taken as the best route to the “falls,” as I should then have touched at Toronto the Capital of U.C. We then pass through Palmyra, and over the Grand Embankment 72 feet high and extending 2 Miles, we at length arrived at Rochester at Eleven 0 Clock P.M. and went immediately to the Clinton Hotel where we staid for the Night, this City is elevated 500 feet above the Hudson River, from which place it is distant 270 Miles, it was first settled in 1812, and in 1827 contained 10,818 Inhabitants, the Genesee River runs through the City, the Canal being carried over by means of an aquaduct [sic]. it consists of ten arches of stone. the water rushes under with fearful rapidity, so much as to force itself up the battlements of the bridge, the water power is estimated at 38,400 horses, the whole river supplies 20,000 cubic feet a Minute; and the combined height of the falls of Rochester and Carthage is 280 feet, the water of course is so rapid as to prevent navigation. After getting breakfast we proceeded to the Village of Brighton in order to find out David Miller an acquantance [sic] of G Woodwards. it is situated about 3 Miles from the City. when we arrived there we found he had removed 3 or 4 Miles to the Northward, and accordingly shaped our course that way, after taking the wrong road for about 2 Miles, we had to retrace our Steps, proceeding in our right course we soon got into the Woods, which are now for the first time thought worth the time to subdue, everything here is new but the Forests, log houses of all grades from the Whitewashed, neatly fenced in, to the black looking, mud-surrounded hovel. the roads are of the kind called corderoy [sic] consisting of logs of Wood rolled together. I have for the first time observed the practise of Girdling that is cutting the bark all around the tree so as to prevent the rising of the sap. Capt Basil Hall calls them the Banquos of the Forest. I have seen few large trees, in that I have been disappointed, but here they certainly attain their full growth, but they are so closely packed together that they cannot send out side shoots but run towering up to a great height, when left standing by themselves the wind soon blows them down, it is also next to impossible to pass through these woods, on account of the vast quantities of decayed matter, the trees of former Generations lie in vast heaps in all the stages of decomposition, you may observe the prostrate trunk of some deceased Monarch that is apparantly [sic] sound, but if you but step upon it, it crumbles to dust, the rays of the sun cannot penetrate these recesses, consequently there is no grass or underwood, it is only in the thinly wooded country that cattle can find pasture. still when this land is cleared, it yields enormous crops. We at length reached the house of David Miller, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

for house it was, and the only one near, the rest being merely log huts, on making enquiries at the door we learned that he had that Morning gone to the State of Michigan, to see his Father who was lying dangerously ill, we found his daughter at home who desired us to walk in and be seated. without asking us any questions she proceeded to get us some refreshments ready, and very soon placed them on the table, this from a girl not over 13 years of age, was what I should not have suspected. I found her to be very intelligent, it seems she was left the sole housekeeper, with a small child to take care of, we had some of the best bread served up that I ever tasted, and on asking whether it was not mixed up with milk instead of water, found that was the case, and a young Man her Uncle, who afterwards came in told me he never saw any other kind, it seems that Miller sold his other farm for $30 per acre, it was on the banks of the canal, but had not a good house, he bought the present farm 2 years ago for $37 with an excellent House upon it worth $500. it consists of 51 acres, it was partially improved, he has cut down more since and has got a crop upon it, he now considers it worth with the crop as it now stands $62. this land you must bear in mind though called cleared has an immense number of stumps upon it which will take years to eradicate, a person of the name of Pipkin has bought 200 acres of beautiful really clear land, with a Mansion upon it, for $200 per acre, a person opposite him bought 4 acres with an house upon it for which he paid $300 per acre, this land he told me had been worked for 20 years without putting anything upon it. Returned to Rochester in the Afternoon, took a survey of the flour Mills, which are fine stone Building of an immense size, at 5 0 Clock went on board the Canal Boat, the distance to Buffaloe [sic] is 93 Miles, 63 of which is on a level, the fare was $3.50 but owing to opposition is now reduced to $l.50. night soon coming on prevented me from seeing much of the Country, the next morning we found ourselves in the Neighbourhood of Lockport. at this place there are five double locks of excellent workmanship which elevate us 60 feet, we are therefore 560 above the Hudson and have attained the same elevation as the “falls” from which place we are only distant about 12 Miles. The following inscription I copied from the stone work on entering the lock. Erie Canal- “Let posterity be excited to perpetuate our free Institutions, and to make still greater efforts, than their Ancestors, to promote Public Prosperity by the recollection that these works of Internal Improvement were achieved by the spirit and perseverance of Republican Freemen.” after going through the deep cutting immediately following the locks we arrive at Pendleton, the Entrance to the Tonawanda creek, which I think is very unwisely used for navigation their being a strong current after Rains which must greatly impede the Boats that are coming up, this Creek is used for 12 Miles, we then arrive at Tonawanda, and obtain the first glimpse of Canada and the Niagara River which now is only seperated [sic] from the Canal by an embankment, we here only see one half of the River, Grand HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Island being in the centre, this Island is about 12 Miles long and is covered with Oak timber, a Boston Company have Steam Saw Mills erected for the purpose of sawing it up into plank, two Ships have just been built here, the first that have been built for the Lake Trade. It was on this Island that Major Noah of New York wished to collect the scattered tribes of Israel. We next arrive at Black Rock, from which place we can distinctly see the buildings on the Canada Side, one large Building had written upon it in large letters “Cloth Establishment”, the reason is obvious. John Bull can sell Cloth to his Brother Jonathan Free of duty, consequently he crosses the river for his clothes. Jonathan in turn accomodates [sic] John by letting him have his tea duty free, at half past 2 0 Clock we arrived at Buffaloe [sic], and proceeded to the Mansion House where we put up. Buffaloe is a lake Port. Steam Boats run from here to the far West, a few years ago and this was considered as such, but now nothing short of the Pacific Ocean can be considered such, from the description I had read of this place by Capt. Basil Hall, I had expected to find it a thriving though a small place, and the buildings to be chiefly of wood, but instead of this I found Main Street to be entirely of brick and the Stores really splendid, fine brick buildings were springing up in all directions, at the foot of Main Street there was 17 Brick Stores nearly finished and I was told that they were all ready rented at $700 a year, how these rents are to be paid I really cannot tell as the Port must be closed 5 Months in the year, the streets were most abominably muddy, they not being paved, a circumstance not to be Wondered at when we find that they cannot speculate in paving stones. I observed that Gentlemen wore their Pantaloons inside their boots to protect them from the mud, this is the place for speculation, the people are all going mad, in the bar rooms of the Hotels plans of intended Towns are stuck up in the same style that play bills are stuck up in Manchester. these plans look very pretty indeed, the lots are laid out quite regular, and every thing cut and dried. a parcel of these lots are put up at Auction, terms so much per cent, say 10 at the day of sale 30 per cent in 2 Months the rest on Bond and Morgage [sic]. the buyer gets a title, they are then puffed off in the newspapers and the individuals go round peddling them, sells them for an advance, pockets the difference and speculates again, sensible men agree that these places will not be settled upon during the present Generation but it serves to speculate upon and for all use full purposes land in the Moon would do just as well, in this way Chicago has been got up, but they have managed to build some houses there, it is 1,000 Miles from Buffaloe, and lots sell for from $70 to 250 dollars a foot, that is, if a lot of Ground is 25 feet by 100 or so it would be called 25 feet, now this Buffalo is a most corrupt place as regards money matters, the whole of these fine buildings being build upon Credit, should an alteration in the value of money take place, and it most assuredly will, then these men cannot pay their Mortgages, the Banks will then claim them and as I firmly HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

believe the Banks cannot redeem their paper now how will it be then? there is a person here by the name of Rathbun who they say has built up the place, he is the greatest builder, the Greatest Stage Contractor in fact he is at the head of everything and I see by the papers has lately offered Niagara Falls for sale for Manufacturing purposes, now this man is admitted on all hands to be unable to pay his debts and yet his notes pass current for money, the people declaring that they dare not let him break as it would ruin the whole place. a law has been passed in this state to prevent the circulation of small notes, ones and twos are at present uncurrent and illegal and 3s after next August, yet ones are quite in common circulation and those too of other States, none of which are legal under $5. to sum up the matter it is a fine place, a splendid pyramid, but it is based on a peg. in looking out from my bed room Window I observed that the chimneys had all stages to support them and on paying attention to this circumstance I found that it was to protect them from the violence of the Gales from the Lake which I am told blow with great violence, the waves from the lake last fall made a complete breach in the canal wall and washed sand onto the bank on the other side, in fact in coming along the canal I saw plenty of evidence of the violence of the Wind in the fact of so many trees lying prostrate the roots completely torn out of the Ground. here I also found great numbers of emigrants ready to embark for the West. great numbers of poor Germans and also many Wealthy Yankees who having sold excellent farms to the Eastward were going into a Wilderness because the land was so very rich. these persons take with them their families, and as the land is so very rich and requires so little cultivation, they become a set of idle vagabonds and but one step removed from the Indians. I have however been told that many of these families are actually suffering from want, they are on the land but the land wants clearing and untill [sic] that is done they have to buy their food and I am told that pork is selling at 2 shillings per lb. and flour at $15 per barrel. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1847

December 17, Friday: Duchess Maria Luigia of Parma, daughter of Austrian Emperor Franz II and widow of the Emperor Napoléon I, died in Parma and was succeeded by Carlo II, son of Luigi I of Etruria and grandson of Duke Ferdinando of Parma.

Esmerelda, an opera by Alyeksandr Sergeyevich Dargomizhsky to his own words after Hugo, was performed for the initial time, at the Bolshoi Theater, Moscow.

Margaret Fuller reported to the New-York Tribune from Rome: This 17th day of December I rise to see the floods of sunlight blessing us, as they have almost every day since I returned to Rome, — two months and more, — with scarce three or four days of rainy weather. I still see the fresh roses and grapes each morning on my table, though both these I expect to give up at Christmas. This autumn is something like, as my countrymen say at home. Like what, they do not say; so I always supposed they meant like their ideal standard. Certainly this weather corresponds with mine; and I begin to believe the climate of Italy is really what it has been represented. Shivering here last spring in an air no better than the cruel cast wind of Puritan Boston, I thought all the praises lavished on “Italia, O Italia!” would turn out to be figments of the brain; and that even Byron, usually accurate beyond the conception of plodding pedants, had deceived us when he says, you have the happiness in Italy to “See the sun set, sure he’ll rise to-morrow,” and not, according to a view which exercises a withering influence on the enthusiasm of youth in my native land, be forced to regard each pleasant day as a weather-breeder. How delightful, too, is the contrast between this time and the spring in another respect! Then I was here, like travellers in general, expecting to be driven away in a short time. Like others, I went through the painful process of sight-seeing, so unnatural everywhere, so counter to the healthful methods and true life of the mind. You rise in the morning knowing there are a great number of objects worth knowing, which you may never have the chance to see again. You go every day, in all moods, under all circumstances; feeling, probably, in seeing them, the inadequacy of your preparation for understanding or duly receiving them. This consciousness would be most valuable if one had time to think and study, being the natural way in which the mind is lured to cure its defects; but you have no time; you are always wearied, body and mind, confused, dissipated, sad. The objects are of commanding beauty or full of suggestion, but there is no quiet to let that beauty breathe its life into the soul; no time to follow up these suggestions, and plant for the HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

proper harvest. Many persons run about Rome for nine days, and then go away; they might as well expect to appreciate the Venus by throwing a stone at it, as hope really to see Rome in this time. I stayed in Rome nine weeks, and came away unhappy as he who, having been taken in the visions of the night through some wondrous realm, wakes unable to recall anything but the hues and outlines of the pageant; the real knowledge, the recreative power induced by familiar love, the assimilation of its soul and substance, — all the true value of such a revelation, — is wanting; and he remains a poor Tantalus, hungrier than before he had tasted this spiritual food. No; Rome is not a nine-days wonder; and those who try to make it such lose the ideal Rome (if they ever had it), without gaining any notion of the real. To those who travel, as they do everything else, only because others do, I do not speak; they are nothing. Nobody counts in the estimate of the human race who has not a character. For one, I now really live in Rome, and I begin to see and feel the real Rome. She reveals herself day by day; she tells me some of her life. Now I never go out to see a sight, but I walk every day; and here I cannot miss of some object of consummate interest to end a walk. In the evenings, which are long now, I am at leisure to follow up the inquiries suggested by the day. As one becomes familiar, Ancient and Modern Rome, at first so painfully and discordantly jumbled together, are drawn apart to the mental vision. One sees where objects and limits anciently wore; the superstructures vanish, and you recognize the local habitation of so many thoughts. When this begins to happen, one feels first truly at ease in Rome. Then the old kings, the consuls and tribunes, the emperors, drunk with blood and gold, the warriors of eagle sight and remorseless beak, return for us, and the togated procession finds room to sweep across the scene; the seven hills tower, the innumerable temples glitter, and the Via Sacra swarms with triumphal life once more. Ah! how joyful to see once more this Rome, instead of the pitiful, peddling, Anglicized Rome, first viewed in unutterable dismay from the coupé of the vettura, — a Rome all full of taverns, lodging-houses, cheating chambermaids, vilest valets de place, and fleas! A Niobe of nations indeed! Ah! why, secretly the heart blasphemed, did the sun omit to kill her too, when all the glorious race which wore her crown fell beneath his ray? Thank Heaven, it is possible to wash away all this dirt, and come at the marble yet. Their the later Papal Rome: it requires much acquaintance, much thought, much reference to books, for the child of Protestant Republican America to see where belong the legends illustrated by rite and picture, the sense of all the rich tapestry, where it has a united and poetic meaning, where it is broken by some accident of history. For all these things — a senseless mass of juggleries to the uninformed eye — are really growths of the human spirit struggling to develop its life, and full of instruction for those who learn to understand them. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Then Modern Rome, — still ecclesiastical, still darkened and damp in the shadow of the Vatican, but where bright hopes gleam now amid the ashes! Never was a people who have had more to corrupt them, — bloody tyranny, and incubus of priestcraft, the invasions, first of Goths, then of trampling emperors and kings, then of sight-seeing foreigners, — everything to turn them from a sincere, hopeful, fruitful life; and they are much corrupted, but still a fine race. I cannot look merely with a pictorial eye on the lounge of the Roman dandy, the bold, Juno gait of the Roman Contadina. I love them, — dandies and all? I believe the natural expression of these fine forms will animate them yet. Certainly there never was a people that showed a better heart than they do in this day of love, of purely moral influence. It makes me very happy to be for once in a place ruled by a father’s love, and where the pervasive glow of one good, generous heart is felt in every pulse of every day. I have seen the Pope several times since my return, and it is a real pleasure to see him in the thoroughfares, where his passage is always greeted as that of the living soul. The first week of November there is much praying for the dead here in the chapels of the cemeteries. I went to Santo Spirito. This cemetery stands high, and all the way up the slope was lined with beggars petitioning for alms, in every attitude find tone, (I mean tone that belongs to the professional beggar’s gamut, for that is peculiar,) and under every pretext imaginable, from the quite legless elderly gentleman to the ragged ruffian with the roguish twinkle in his eye, who has merely a slight stiffness in one arm and one leg. I could not help laughing, it was such a show, — greatly to the alarm of my attendant, who declared they would kill me, if ever they caught me alone; but I was not afraid. I am sure the endless falsehood in which such creatures live must make them very cowardly. We entered the cemetery; it was a sweet, tranquil place, lined with cypresses, and soft sunshine lying on the stone coverings where repose the houses of clay in which once dwelt joyous Roman hearts, — for the hearts here do take pleasure in life. There were several chapels; in one boys were chanting, in others people on their knees silently praying for the dead. In another was one of the groups in wax exhibited in such chapels through the first week of November. It represented St. Carlo Borromeo as a beautiful young man in a long scarlet robe, pure and brilliant as was the blood of the martyrs, relieving the poor who were grouped around him, — old people and children, the halt, the maimed, the blind; he had called them all into the feast of love. The chapel was lighted and draped so as to give very good effect to this group; the spectators were mainly children and young girls, listening with ardent eyes, while their parents or the nuns explained to them the group, or told some story of the saint. It was a pretty scene, only marred by the presence of a villanous-looking man, who ever and anon shook the poor’s box. I cannot understand the bad taste of choosing him, when there were frati and priests enough of expression less unprepossessing. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

I next entered a court-yard, where the stations, or different periods in the Passion of Jesus, are painted on the wall. Kneeling before these were many persons: here a Franciscan, in his brown robe and cord; there a pregnant woman, uttering, doubtless, some tender aspiration for the welfare of the yet unborn dear one; there some boys, with gay yet reverent air; while all the while these fresh young voices were heard chanting. It was a beautiful moment, and despite the wax saint, the ill-favored friar, the professional mendicants, and my own removal, wide as pole from pole, from the positron of mind indicated by these forms, their spirit touched me, and. I prayed too; prayed for the distant, every way distant, — for those who seem to have forgotten me, and with me all we had in common; prayed for the dead in spirit, if not in body; prayed for myself, that I might never walk the earth “The tomb of my dead self”; and prayed in general for all unspoiled and loving hearts, — no less for all who suffer and find yet no helper. Going out, I took my road by the cross which marks the brow of the hill. Up the ascent still wound the crowd of devotees, and still the beggars beset them. Amid that crowd, how many lovely, warm-hearted women! The women of Italy are intellectually in a low place, but — they are unaffected; you can see what Heaven meant them to be, and I believe they will be yet the mothers of a great and generous race. Before me lay Rome, — how exquisitely tranquil in the sunset! Never was an aspect that for serene grandeur could vie with that of Rome at sunset. Next day was the feast of the Milanese saint, whose life has been made known to some Americans by Manzoni, when speaking in his popular novel of the cousin of St. Carlo, Federigo Borromeo. The Pope came in state to the church of St. Carlo, in the Corso. The show was magnificent; the church is not very large, and was almost filled with Papal court and guards, in all their splendid harmonies of color. An Italian child was next me, a little girl of four or five years, whom her mother had brought to see the Pope. As in the intervals of gazing the child smiled and made signs to me, I nodded in return, and asked her name. “Virginia,” said she; “and how is the Signora named?” “Margherita,” “My name,” she rejoined, “is Virginia Gentili.” I laughed, but did not follow up the cunning, graceful lead, — still I chatted and played with her now and then. At last, she said to her mother, “La Signora e molto cara,” (“The Signora is very dear,” or, to use the English equivalent, a darling,) “show her my two sisters.” So the mother, herself a fine-looking woman, introduced two handsome young ladies, and with the family I was in a moment pleasantly intimate for the hour. Before me sat three young English ladies, the pretty daughters of a noble Earl; their manners were a strange contrast to this Italian graciousness, best expressed by their constant use of the pronoun that. “See that man!” (i.e. some high dignitary of the Church,) “Look at that dress!” dropped constantly from their lips. Ah! without being a Catholic, one may well wish Rome was HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

not dependent on English sight-seers, who violate her ceremonies with acts that bespeak their thoughts full of wooden shoes and warming-pans. Can anything be more sadly expressive of times out of joint than the fact that Mrs. Trollope is a resident in Italy? Yes! she is fixed permanently in Florence, as I am told, pensioned at the rate of two thousand pounds a year to trail her slime over the fruit of Italy. She is here in Rome this winter, and, after having violated the virgin beauty of America, will have for many a year her chance to sully the imperial matron of the civilized world. What must the English public be, if it wishes to pay two thousand pounds a year to get Italy Trollopified? But to turn to a pleasanter subject. When the Pope entered, borne in his chair of state amid the pomp of his tiara and his white and gold robes, he looked to me thin, or, as the Italians murmur anxiously at times, consumato, or wasted. But during the ceremony he seemed absorbed in his devotions, and at the end I think he had become exhilarated by thinking of St. Carlo, who was such another over the human race as himself, and his face wore a bright glow of faith. As he blessed the people, he raised his eyes to Heaven, with a gesture quite natural: it was the spontaneous act of a soul which felt that moment more than usual its relation with things above it, and sure of support from a higher Power. I saw him to still greater advantage a little while after, when, riding on the Campagna with a young gentleman who had been ill, we met the Pope on foot, taking exercise. He often quits his carriage at the gates and walks in this way. He walked rapidly, robed in a simple white drapery, two young priests in spotless purple on either side; they gave silver to the poor who knelt beside the way, while the beloved Father gave his benediction. My companion knelt; he is not a Catholic, but he felt that “this blessing would do him no harm.” The Pope saw at once he was ill, and gave him a mark of interest, with that expression of melting love, the true, the only charity, which assures all who look on him that, were his power equal to his will, no living thing would ever suffer more. This expression the artists try in vain to catch; all busts and engravings of him are caricatures; it is a magnetic sweetness, a lambent light that plays over his features, and of which only great genius or a soul tender as his own would form an adequate image. The Italians have one term of praise peculiarly characteristic of their highly endowed nature. They say of such and such, Ha una phisonomia simpatica, — “He has a sympathetic expression”; and this is praise enough. This may be pre-eminently said of that of Pius IX. He looks, indeed, as if nothing human could be foreign to him. Such alone are the genuine kings of men. He has shown undoubted wisdom, clear-sightedness, bravery, and firmness; but it is, above all, his generous human heart that gives him his power over this people. His is a face to shame the selfish, redeem the sceptic, alarm the wicked, and cheer to new effort the weary and heavy-laden. What form the issues of his life may take is yet uncertain; in my belief, they are such as HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN he does not think of; but they cannot fail to be for good. For my part, I shall always rejoice to have been here in his time. The working of his influence confirms my theories, and it is a positive treasure to me to have seen him. I have never been presented, not wishing to approach, so real a presence in the path of mere etiquette; I am quite content to see him standing amid the crowd, while the band plays the music he has inspired. “Sons of Rome, awake!” Yes, awake, and let no police-officer put you again to sleep in prison, as has happened to those who were called by the Marseillaise. Affairs look well. The king of Sardinia has at last, though with evident distrust and heartlessness, entered the upward path in a way that makes it difficult to return. The Duke of Modena, the most senseless of all these ancient gentlemen, after publishing a declaration, which made him more ridiculous than would the bitterest pasquinade penned by another, that he would fight to the death against reform, finds himself obliged to lend an ear as to the league for the customs; and if he joins that, other measures follow of course. Austria trembles; and, in fine, cannot sustain the point of Ferrara. The king of Naples, after having shed much blood, for which he has a terrible account to render, (ah! how many sad, fair romances are to tell already about the Calabrian difficulties!) still finds the spirit fomenting in his people; he cannot put it down. The dragon’s teeth are sown, and the Lazzaroni may be men yet! The Swiss affairs have taken the right direction, and good will ensue, if other powers act with decent honesty, and think of healing the wounds of Switzerland, rather than merely of tying her down, so that she cannot annoy them. In Rome, here, the new Council is inaugurated, and elections have given tolerable satisfaction. Already, struggles ended in other places begin to be renewed here, as to gas-lights, introduction of machinery, &c. We shall see at the end of the winter how they have gone on. At any rate, the wants of the people are in some measure represented; and already the conduct of those who have taken to themselves so large a portion of the loaves and fishes on the very platform supposed to be selected by Jesus for a general feeding of his sheep, begins to be the subject of spoken as well as whispered animadversion. Torlonia is assailed in his bank, Campana amid his urns or his Monte di Picti; but these assaults have yet to be verified. On the day when the Council was to be inaugurated, great preparations were made by representatives of other parts of Italy, and also of foreign nations friendly to the cause of progress. It was considered to represent the same fact as the feast of the 12th of September in Tuscany, — the dawn of an epoch when the people shall find their wants and aspirations represented and guarded. The Americans showed a warm interest; the gentlemen subscribing to buy a flag, the United States having none before in Rome, and the ladies meeting to make it. The same distinguished individual, indeed, who at Florence made a speech to prevent “the American eagle being taken out on so HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

trifling an occasion,” with similar perspicuity and superiority of view, on the present occasion, was anxious to prevent “rash demonstrations, which might embroil the United States with Austria”; but the rash youth here present rushed on, ignorant how to value his Nestorian prudence, — fancying, hot-headed simpletons, that the cause of Freedom was the cause of America, and her eagle at home wherever the sun shed a warmer ray, and there was reason to hope a happier life for man. So they hurried to buy their silk, red, white, and blue, and inquired of recent arrivals how many States there are this winter in the Union, in order to making the proper number of stars. A magnificent spread-eagle was procured, not without difficulty, as this, once the eyrie of the king of birds, is now a rookery rather, full of black, ominous fowl, ready to eat the harvest sown by industrious hands. This eagle, having previously spread its wings over a piece of furniture where its back was sustained by the wall, was somewhat deficient in a part of its anatomy. But we flattered ourselves he should be held so high that no Roman eye, if disposed, could carp and criticise. When lo! just as the banner was ready to unfold its young glories in the home of Horace, Virgil, and Tacitus, an ordinance appeared prohibiting the display of any but the Roman ensign. This ordinance was, it is said, caused by representations made to the Pope that the Oscurantists, ever on the watch to do mischief, meant to make this the occasion of disturbance, — as it is their policy to seek to create irritation here; that the Neapolitan and Lombardo-Venetian flags would appear draped with black, and thus the signal be given for tumult. I cannot help thinking these fears were groundless; that the people, on their guard, would have indignantly crushed at once any of these malignant efforts. However that may be, no one can ever be really displeased with any measure of the Pope, knowing his excellent intentions. But the limitation of the festival deprived it of the noble character of the brotherhood of nations and an ideal aim, worn by that of Tuscany. The Romans, drilled and disappointed, greeted their Councillors with but little enthusiasm. The procession, too, was but a poor affair for Rome. Twenty-four carriages had been lent by the princes and nobles, at the request of the city, to convey the Councillors. I found something symbolical in this. Thus will they be obliged to furnish from their old grandeur the vehicles of the new ideas. Each deputy was followed by his target and banner. When the deputy for Ferrara passed, many garlands were thrown upon his carriage. There has been deep respect and sympathy felt for the citizens of Ferrara, they have conducted so well under their late trying circumstances. They contained themselves, knowing that the least indiscretion would give a handle for aggression to the enemies of the good cause. But the daily occasions of irritation must have been innumerable, and they have shown much power of wise and dignified self-government. After the procession passed, I attempted to go on foot from the Café Novo, in the Corso, to St. Peter’s, to see the decorations HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

of the streets, but it was impossible. In that dense, but most vivacious, various, and good-humored crowd, with all best will on their part to aid the foreigner, it was impossible to advance. So I saw only themselves; but that was a great pleasure. There is so much individuality of character here, that it is a great entertainment to be in a crowd. In the evening, there was a ball given at the Argentina. Lord Minto was there; Prince Corsini, now Senator; the Torlonias, in uniform of the Civic Guard, — Princess Torlonia in a sash of their colors, given her by the Civic Guard, which she waved often in answer to their greetings. But the beautiful show of the evening was the Trasteverini dancing the Saltarello in their most brilliant costume. I saw them thus to much greater advantage than ever before. Several were nobly handsome, and danced admirably; it was really like Pinelli. The Saltarello enchants me; in this is really the Italian wine, the Italian sun. The first time, I saw it danced one night very unexpectedly near the Colosseum; it carried me quite beyond myself, so that I most unamiably insisted on staying, while the friends in my company, not heated by enthusiasm like me, were shivering and perhaps catching cold from the damp night-air. I fear they remember it against me; nevertheless I cherish the memory of the moments wickedly stolen at their expense, for it is only the first time seeing such a thing that you enjoy a peculiar delight. But since, I love to see and study it much. The Pope, in receiving the Councillors, made a speech, — such as the king of Prussia intrenched himself in on a similar occasion, only much better and shorter, — implying that he meant only to improve, not to reform, and should keep things in statu quo, safe locked with the keys of St. Peter. This little speech was made, no doubt, more to reassure czars, emperors, and kings, than from the promptings of the spirit. But the fact of its necessity, as well as the inferior freedom and spirit of the Roman journals to those of Tuscany, seems to say that the pontifical government, though from the accident of this one man’s accession it has taken the initiative to better times, yet may not, after a while, from its very nature, be able to keep in the vanguard. A sad contrast to the feast of this day was presented by the same persons, a fortnight after, following the body of Silvani, one of the Councillors, who died suddenly. The Councillors, the different societies of Rome, a corps frati bearing tapers, the Civic Guard with drums slowly beating, the same state carriages with their liveried attendants all slowly, sadly moving, with torches and banners, drooped along the Corso in the dark night. A single horseman, with his long white plume and torch reversed, governed the procession; it was the Prince Aldobrandini. The whole had that grand effect so easily given by this artist people, who seize instantly the natural poetry of an occasion, and with unanimous tact hasten to represent it. More and much anon. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1848

January 5, Wednesday: Waldo Emerson lectured on “Napoleon, as a man of action” at the Halifax Mechanics’ Institution (he would be described on the 8th in the report of the speech in the Halifax Guardian as having read carelessly, and with a nasal twang).

February 28, Monday: Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte left London for Paris.

The United States became the initial government to recognize the new French Republic. The deed was accomplished by Minister Richard Rush without authority from Washington (when they would hear of it at the end of the following month, the President and Secretary of State would concur).

June 4, Sunday: In by-elections to the French Assembly, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, nephew and heir to the Emperor Napoléon I, won a seat.

December 10, Sunday: Prince Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was elected president of France, as the candidate of the Party of Order.

December 20, Wednesday: Giuseppe Verdi left Paris for Rome to produce La Battaglia di Legnano.

The result of the French election of December 10th was announced, and that evening Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was inaugurated president of a 2d French Republic. He appointed Camille Odilon Barrot as prime minister. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1849

February 24, Saturday: Gustav Friedrich Held replaced Alexander Karl Hermann Braun as prime minister of Saxony.

A setting of Domine salvum fac by Daniel-François-Esprit Auber was performed for the initial time, in the Madeleine before President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and the National Assembly. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1850

September: Giuseppe Garibaldi came to Manhattan Island for the funeral of his friend Avezzana’s wife.

According to pages 114-16 of Larry J. Reynolds’s influence study EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS AND THE AMERICAN LITERARY RENAISSANCE (New Haven CT: Yale UP, 1988), Herman Melville would base his characterization of Captain Ahab largely upon Thomas Carlyle’s and Waldo Emerson’s analyses of Napoleon Bonaparte:

Nevertheless, for many of the details of Ahab’s character, especially those that distinguish him from traditional tragic heroes and make him a modern (that is, a nineteenth-century) protagonist, Herman Melville I think drew upon a particular account of Napoleon, that of Waldo Emerson in “REPRESENTATIVE MAN,” a book Melville probably read in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s small sitting room during a September morning in 1850. Emerson, fascinated in spite of himself by Napoleon, describes him as a representative of the “class of industry and skill,” someone able to “carry with him the power and affections of vast numbers,” because “the people whom he sways are little Napoleons.” Unlike the effete kings he defeated, Napoleon was, according to Emerson, “a worker in brass, in iron, in wood.... He knew the properties of gold and iron, of wheels and ships, of troops and diplomatists, and required that each should do after its kind.” He “would not hear of materialism,” however, and fondly indulged in abstract speculation, especially concerning religion and justice. Although Emerson attributes to Napoleon Bonaparte a deadly “absorbing egotism” and admits he has no scruples, he nevertheless defends him from the charge of cruelty, claiming he must not “be set down as cruel, but only as one who knew no impediment to his will; not bloodthirsty, not cruel, — but woe to what thing or person stood in his way!... He saw only the object: the obstacle must give way.” ...Some of [the characterization of the shaggy old whale hunter] resulted from another book Melville turned to in the summer of 1850, Thomas Carlyle’s HEROES AND HERO-WORSHIP, which contained a treatment of Napoleon and the French Revolution that supplemented Emerson’s chapter and showed Melville an intriguing way of perceiving and presenting political revolt as ontological heroics.

The 3rd edition of THE SCARLET LETTER, printed from stereotype plates which did not correct the errors of the 2nd edition (again Nathaniel Hawthorne had not bothered himself to read proof, and yet further errors had been introduced). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

September 26, Thursday: In London, the first column of what would be the Crystal Palace was being raised.

Restrictions were set on the French press by President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte.

Henry Thoreau and Ellery Channing were just south of Plattsburg, Vermont and got their first fair view of Lake Champlain, (still, incidentally, a fair view): CANADA QUÉBEC é HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Above all the church of Notre Dame was conspicuous, and anon the Bonsecours Market-House occupying a commanding position on the quay, in the rear of the shipping. This city makes the more favorable impression from being approached by water, and also being built of stone, a gray limestone found on the island. Here, after travelling directly inland the whole breadth of New England, we had struck upon a city’s harbor, –it made on me the impression of a sea-port,– to which ships of six hundred tons can ascend, and where vessels drawing fifteen feet lie close to the wharf, — five hundred and forty miles from the Gulf; the St. Lawrence being here two miles wide. There was a great crowd assembled on the ferry-boat wharf, and on the quay, to receive the Yankees, and flags of all colors were streaming from the vessels to celebrate their arrival. When the gun was fired, the gentry hurrahed again and again, and then the Canadian caleche drivers, who were most interested in the matter, and who, I perceived, were separated from the former by a fence, hurrahed their welcome; first the broad-cloth, then the home-spun. It was early in the afternoon when we stepped ashore. With a single companion I soon found my way to the church of Notre Dame. I saw that it was of great size and signified something. It is said to be the largest ecclesiastical structure in North America, and can seat ten thousand. It is two hundred fifty-five and a half feet long, and the groined ceiling is eighty feet above your head. The Catholic are the only churches which I have seen worth remembering, which are not almost wholly prophane. I do not speak only of the rich and splendid like this, but of the humblest of them as well. Coming from the hurrahing mob and the rattling carriages, we pushed aside the listed door of this church and found ourselves instantly in an atmosphere which might be sacred to thought and religion if one had any. There sat one or two women who had stolen a moment from the concerns of the day as they were passing; but if there had been fifty people there, it would still have been the most solitary place imaginable. They did not look up at us, nor did one regard another. We walked softly down the broad-aisle with our hats in our hands. Presently came in a troop of Canadians, in their homespun, who had come to the city in the boat with us, and one and all kneeled down in the aisle before the high altar to their devotions, somewhat awkwardly, as cattle prepare to lie down, and there we left them. As if you were to catch some farmer’s sons from Marlboro, come to Cattleshow, silently kneeling in Concord meetinghouse some Wednesday! Would there not soon be a mob peeping in at the windows? It is true, these Roman Catholics, priests and all, impress me as a people who have fallen far behind the significance of their symbols. It is as if an ox had strayed into a church and were trying to bethink himself. Nevertheless, they are capable of reverence; but we Yankees are a people in whom this sentiment has nearly died out, and in this respect we cannot bethink ourselves even as oxen. I did not mind the pictures nor the candles, whether tallow or tin. Those of the former which I looked at appeared tawdry. It matters little to me whether the pictures are by a neophyte of the Algonquin or the Italian tribe. But I was impressed by the quiet religious atmosphere of the place. It was a great cave in the midst of a city, –and what were the altars and the tinsel but the sparkling stalactites,– into which you entered in a moment, and where the still atmosphere and the sombre light disposed to serious and profitable thought. Such a cave at hand, which you can enter any day, is worth a thousand of our churches which are open only on Sundays, –hardly long enough for an airing,– and then filled with a bustling congregation. A church where the priest is the least part, where you do your own preaching, where the universe preaches to you and can be heard. I am not sure but this Catholic religion would be an admirable one if the priest were quite omitted. I think that I might go to church myself sometimes, some Monday, if I lived in a city where there was such a one to go to. In Concord, to be sure, we do not need such. Our forests are such a church, far grander and more sacred. We dare not leave our meetinghouses open for fear they would be prophaned. Such a cave, such a shrine, in one of our groves, for instance, how long would it be respected — for what purposes would it be entered, by such baboons as we are? I think of its value not only to religion, but to philosophy and poetry; beside a Reading Room to have a Thinking Room in every city! Perchance the time will come when every house even will have not only its sleeping rooms, and dining room, and talking room or parlor, but its Thinking Room also, and the architects will put it into their plans. Let it be furnished and ornamented with whatever conduces to serious and creative thought. I should not object to the holy water, or any other simple symbol, if it were consecrated by the imagination of the worshippers. I heard that some Yankees bet that the candles here were not wax but tin. A European assured them that they were wax; but inquiring of the sexton he was surprised to learn that they were tin filled with oil. The church was too poor to afford wax. As for the Protestant churches, here, as elsewhere, they did not interest me, for it is only as caves that churches interest me at all, and in that respect they were inferior. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Montreal makes the impression of a larger city than you had expected to find, though you may have heard that it contains nearly sixty thousand inhabitants. In the newer parts it appeared to be growing fast like a small New York, and to be considerably Americanized. The names of the squares reminded you of Paris — the Champ de Mars, the Place d’Armes, and others, and you felt as if a French revolution might break out any moment. Glimpses of Mount Royal rising behind the town, and the names of some streets in that direction made one think of Edinburgh. That hill sets off this city wonderfully. I inquired at a principal bookstore for books published in Montreal. They said that there were none but school books, and the like, they got their books from the States. From time to time we met a priest in the streets, for they are distinguished by their dress, like the civil police. Like clergymen generally, with or without the gown, they made on us the impression of effeminacy. We also met some Sisters of Charity, dressed in black, with Shaker-shaped black bonnets and crosses, and cadaverous faces, who looked as if they had almost cried their eyes out, — their complexions parboiled with scalding tears; insulting the daylight by their presence, having taken an oath not to smile. By cadaverous, I mean that their faces were like the faces of those who have been dead and buried for a year, and then untombed, with the life’s grief upon them, and yet, for some unaccountable reason, the process of decay arrested.

“Truth never fails her servant, Sir, nor leaves him With the day’s shame upon him.” They waited demurely on the side-walk while a truck laden with raisins was driven in at the seminary of St. Sulpice, never once lifting their eyes from the ground. The soldier here, as everywhere in Canada, appeared to be put forward, and by his best foot. They were in the proportion of the soldiers to the laborers in an African ant-hill. The inhabitants evidently rely on them in a great measure, for music and entertainment. You would meet with them pacing back and forth before some guard-house or passage way, guarding, regarding, and disregarding all kinds of law by turns, apparently for the sake of the discipline to themselves, and not because it was important to exclude anybody from entering that way. They reminded me of the men who are paid for piling up bricks and then throwing them down again. On every prominent ledge you could see England’s hands holding the Canadas, and I judged by the redness of her knuckles that she would soon have to let go. In the rear of such a guard-house, in a large gravelled square or parade ground, called the Champ de Mars, we saw a large body of soldiers being drilled, we being as yet the only spectators. But they did not appear to notice us any more than the devotees in the church, but were seemingly as indifferent to fewness of spectators as the phenomena of nature are, whatever they might have been thinking under their helmets of the Yankees that were to come. Each man wore white kid gloves. It was one of the most interesting sights which I saw in Canada. The problem appeared to be, how to smooth down all individual protuberances or idiosyncrasies, and make a thousand men move as one man, animated by one central will, and there was some approach to success. They obeyed the signals of a commander who stood at a great distance, wand in hand, and the precision, and promptness, and harmony of their movements, could not easily have been matched. The harmony was far more remarkable than that of any quire or band, and obtained, no doubt, at a greater cost. They made on me the impression, not of many individuals, but of one vast centipede of a man, good for all sorts of pulling down; — and why not then for some kinds of building up? If men could combine thus earnestly, and patiently, and harmoniously, to some really worthy end, what might they not accomplish? They now put their hands, and partially perchance their heads, together, and the result is that they are the imperfect tools of an imperfect and tyrannical government. But if they could put their hands and heads and hearts and all together, such a cooperation and harmony would be the very end and success for which government now exists in vain — a government, as it were, not only with tools, but stock to trade with. I was obliged to frame some sentences that sounded like French in order to deal with the market women, who, for the most part, cannot speak English. According to the guide-book the relative population of this city stands nearly thus. Two fifths are French Canadian; nearly one-fifth British Canadian; one and a half fifth English, Irish, and Scotch; somewhat less than one half fifth Germans, United States people, and others. I saw nothing like pie for sale, and no good cake to put in my bundle, such as you can easily find in our towns, but plenty of fair-looking apples, for which Montreal Island is celebrated, and also pears, cheaper and I thought better than ours, and peaches, which, though they were probably brought from the south, were as cheap as they commonly are with us. So imperative is the law of demand and supply that, as I have been told, the market of Montreal is sometimes supplied with green apples from the state of New York some weeks even before they are ripe in the latter place. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

We got our first fair view of the lake at dawn, just before reaching Plattsburg, and saw blue ranges of mountains on either hand, in New York and in Vermont, the former especially grand. A few white schooners, like gulls, were seen in the distance, for it is not waste and solitary like a lake in Tartary; but it was such a view as leaves not much to be said.… The number of French Canadian gentlemen and ladies among the passengers, and the sound of the French language, advertised us by this time, that we were being whirled toward some foreign vortex. And now we have left Rouse’s Point, and entered the Sorel River, and passed the invisible barrier between the States and Canada. The shores of the Sorel, Richelieu, or St. John’s River, were flat and reedy, where I had expected something more rough and mountainous for a natural boundary between two nations. Yet I saw a difference at once, in the few huts, in the pirogues on the shore, and as it were, in the shore itself. This was an interesting scenery to me, and the very reeds or rushes in the shallow water, and the tree tops in the swamps, have left a pleasing impression. We had still a distant view behind us of two or three blue mountains in Vermont and New York. About nine o’clock in the forenoon we reached St. John’s, an old frontier post three hundred and six miles from Boston and twenty-four from Montreal. We now discovered that we were in a foreign country, in a station-house of another nation. This building was a barn-like structure looking as if it were the work of the villagers combined, like a log-house in a new settlement. My attention was caught by the double advertisements in French and English fastened to its posts, by the formality of the English, and the covert or open reference to their queen and the British lion. No gentlemanly conductor appeared, none whom you would know to be the conductor by his dress and demeanor; but ere long we began to see here and there a solid, red-faced, burly- looking Englishman, a little pursy perhaps, who made us ashamed of ourselves and our thin and nervous countrymen, — a grandfatherly personage at home in his great coat, who looked as if he might be a stage proprietor, certainly a rail- road director, and knew, or had a right to know when the cars did start. Then there were two or three pale-faced, black- eyed, loquacious Canadian French gentlemen there, shrugging their shoulders; pitted as if they had all had the small pox. In the mean while some soldiers, red-coats, belonging to the barracks nearby, were turned out to be drilled. At every important point in our route the soldiers showed themselves ready for us; though they were evidently rather raw recruits here, they manœuvred far better than our soldiers; yet, as usual, I heard some Yankees talk as if they were no great shakes, and they had seen the Acton Blues manœuvre as well. The officers spoke sharply to them, and appeared to be doing their part thoroughly. I heard one, suddenly coming to the rear, exclaim, “Michael Donouy, take his name!” though I could not see what the latter did or omitted to do. It was whispered that Michael Donouy would have to suffer for that. I heard some of our party discussing the possibility of their driving these troops off the field with their umbrellas. I thought that the Yankee, though undisciplined, had this advantage at least, that he especially is a man who, everywhere and under all circumstances, is fully resolved to better his condition essentially, and therefore he could afford to be beaten at first; while the virtue of the Irishman, and to a great extent the Englishman, consists in merely maintaining his ground or condition. The Canadians here, a rather poor-looking race clad in grey homespun, which gave them the appearance of being covered with dust, were riding about in caleches and small one-horse carts called charettes. The Yankees assumed that all the riders were racing, or at least exhibiting the paces of their horses, and saluted them accordingly. We saw but little of the village here, for nobody could tell us when the cars would start; that was kept a profound secret, perhaps for political reasons; and therefore we were tied to our seats. The inhabitants of St. John’s and vicinity are described by an English traveller as “singularly unprepossessing,” and before completing his period he adds, “besides, they are generally very much disaffected to the British Crown.” I suspect that that “besides” should have been a because. At length about noon the cars began to roll toward La Prairie. The whole distance of fifteen miles was over a remarkably level country, resembling a western prairie, with the mountains about Chambly visible in the north-east. This novel, but monotonous, scenery was exciting. At La Prairie we first took notice of the tinned roofs, but, above all, of the St. Lawrence, which looked like a lake, in fact it is considerably expanded here; it was nine miles across diagonally to Montreal. Mount Royal in the rear of the city and the island of St. Helens opposite to it, were now conspicuous. We could also see the Sault St. Louis about five miles up the river, and the Sault Norman still further eastward. The former are described as the most considerable rapids in the St. Lawrence; but we could see merely a gleam of light there as from a cobweb in the sun. Soon the city of Montreal was discovered with its tin roofs shining afar. Their reflections fell on the eye like a clash of cymbals on the ear. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

CATHOLICS I saw here the spruce wax which the Canadians chew, done up in little silvered papers, a penny a roll; also a small and shrivelled fruit which they called cerises mixed with many little stems somewhat like raisins, but I soon returned what I had bought, finding them rather insipid, only putting a sample in my pocket. Since my return, I find on comparison that it is the fruit of the sweet viburnum (viburnum lentago) which with us rarely holds on till it is ripe. I stood on the deck of the steamer John Munn, late in the afternoon, when the second and third ferry-boats arrived from La Prairie bringing the remainder of the Yankees. I never saw so many caleches, cabs, charrettes, and similar vehicles, collected before, and doubt if New York could easily furnish more. The handsome and substantial stone quay which stretches a mile along the river side and protects the street from the ice, was thronged with the citizens who had turned out on foot and in carriages to welcome or to behold the Yankees. It was interesting to see the caleche drivers dash up and down the slopes of the quay with their active little horses. They drive much faster than in our cities. I have been told that some of them come nine miles into the city every morning and return every night, without changing their horses during the day. In the midst of the crowd of carts, I observed one deep one loaded with sheep with their legs tied together, and their bodies piled one upon another. As if the driver had forgotten that they were sheep and not yet mutton. A sight, I trust, peculiar to Canada, though I fear that it is not. About six o’clock we started for Quebec, one hundred and eighty miles distant by the river; gliding past Longueil and Boucherville on the right, and Pointe aux Trembles, “so called from having been originally covered with aspens,” and Bout de l’Isle, or the End of the Island, on the left. I repeat these names not merely for want of more substantial facts to record, but because they sounded singularly poetic to my ears. There certainly was no lie in them. They suggested that some simple and perchance heroic human life might have transpired there. There is all the poetry in the world in a name. It is a poem which the mass of men hear and read. What is poetry in the common sense but a string of such jingling names. I want nothing better than a good word. The name of a thing may easily be more than the thing itself to me. Inexpressibly beautiful appears the recognition by man of the least natural fact, and the allying his life to it. All the world reiterating this slender truth, that aspens once grew there; and the swift inference is, that men were there to see them. And so it would be with the names of our native and neighboring villages, if we had not profaned them. The daylight now failed us and we went below, but I endeavored to console myself for being obliged to make this voyage by night by thinking that I did not lose a great deal, the shores being low and rather unattractive, and that the river itself was much the most interesting object. I heard something in the night about the boat being at William Henry, Three Rivers, and in the Richelieu Rapids, but I still where I had been when I lost sight of Pointe aux Trembles. To hear a man who has been waked up at midnight in the cabin of a steamboat, inquiring, –“Waiter, where are we now?”– is as if at any moment of the earth’s revolution round the sun, or of the system round its centre, one were to raise himself up and inquire of one of the deck hands, — Where are we now? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1851

July 26, Saturday: Henry Thoreau went on a trip about which he would write in CAPE COD:

July 26, Saturday: at Cohasset Called on Capt. Snow who remembered hearing fishermen say that they “fitted out at Thoreau’s” –remembered JEAN THOREAU him. He had commanded a packet bet. Boston or New York & England –spoke of the wave which he sometimes met on the Atlantic coming against the wind & which indicated that the wind was blowing from an opposite quarter at a distance– The undulation travelling faster than the wind. They see Cape Cod loom here– Thought the Bay bet. here & Cape Ann 30 fathom deep –bet here & Cape Cod 60 or 70 fathoms. The “Annual of Sci. Discovery –” for 1851 says quoting a Mr A. G. Findley “waves travel very great distances, and are often raised by distant hurricanes, having been felt simultaneously at St. Helena & Ascension, though 600 miles apart, and it is probable that ground swells often originate at the Cape of Good Hope, 3000 miles distant.” Sailors tell of tide-rips Some are thought to be occasioned by earthquakes The Ocean at Cohasset did not look as if any were ever shipwrecked in it –not a vestige of a wreck left– It was not grand & sublime now but beautiful The water held in the little hollows of the rocks on the receding of the tide is so crystal-pure that you cannot believe it salt. but wish to drink it The architect of a Minot rock light house might profitably spend a day studying the worn rocks of Cohasset shore & learn the power of the waves– See what kind of sand the sea is using to grind them down. A fine delicate sea weed which some properly enough call sea-green.– Saw here the stag-horn or velvet sumack Rhus typhinum so called from form of young branches –a size larger than the Rhus glabrum common with us.– The Plantago Maritima or Sea Plantain properly named –I guessed its name before I knew what it was called by botanists. The Am. Sea Rocket –Bunias edentula I suppose it was that I saw the succulent plant with much cut leaves & small pinkish? flowers.

September 7, Sunday: At Aix, Henri-Frédéric Amiel, who would be referred to as the “Swiss Thoreau,” wrote in his JOURNAL INTIME: “It is ten o’clock at night. A strange and mystic moonlight, with a fresh breeze and a sky crossed by a few wandering clouds, makes our terrace delightful. These pale and gentle rays shed from the zenith a subdued and penetrating peace; it is like the calm joy or the pensive smile of experience, combined with a certain stoic strength. The stars shine, the leaves tremble in the silver light. Not a sound in all the landscape; great gulfs of shadow under the green alleys and at the corners of the steps. Everything is secret, solemn, mysterious. O night hours, hours of silence and solitude! with you are grace and melancholy; you sadden and you console. You speak to us of all that has passed away, and of all that must still die, but you say to us, “courage!” and you promise us rest.”

At this point Henry Thoreau originated what eventually would become, after four distinct revisions during Fall 1854 during preparations for the lecture he would deliver on December 4, 1854 at Railroad Hall in Providence, a leaf now in the Houghton Library. Just prior to his death Thoreau submitted a revised version of this lecture to James Fields for print publication as an essay, including this leaf which he had not included in the lecture as it had been delivered in Rhode Island, and the essay would be published as his “LIFE WITHOUT PRINCIPLE”. Here is the final version as it would posthumously be published: It seems to me that there is nothing memorable written upon the art of life — at least in these days. By what discipline to secure the most life? I would like to know how to spend this evening; not how to economize time, but how to spend it — that the day may not have been in vain. It is plain that men are not HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

well employed. We explore the coast of Greenland but leave our own interior blank. I would fain go to that place or condition where my life is to be found. I suffer that to be rumor which may be verified. We are surrounded by mystery; as big a drapery [sic] which adapts itself to all our motives, and yet most men will be reminded by this of no garment but their shirts and pretend perchance that the only mystery left is the magnetic character of the North Pole. That is the great problem nowadays. To devote your life to the discovery of the divinity in Nature, or to the eating of oysters! I have read how many car-loads of oysters are sent daily from Connecticut to western New York. So it seems that some men are devoted even to the mere statistics of the oyster business, who perhaps do not get any oysters! HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Now, here is the original initial first version of this finished product, as it appeared as of this date:

September 7, Sunday: We sometimes experience a mere fulness of life, which does not find any channels to flow into. We are stimulated but to no obvious purpose. I feel myself uncommonly prepared for some literary work, but I can select no work. I am prepared not so much for contemplation, as for force- ful expression. I am braced both physically and intellectually. It is not so much the music – as the marching to the music that I feel. I feel that the juices of the fruits which I have eaten the melons & apples have ascended to my brain–& are stimulating it. They give me a heady force. Now I can write nervously. Carlyle’s writing is for the most part of this character. Miss Martineau’s last book is not so bad as the timidity which fears its influence.85 As if the popularity of this or that book would be so fatal–& man would not still be man in the world. Nothing is so much to be feared as HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

fear– Atheism may be popular with God himself. What shall we say of these timid folk who carry the principle of thinking nothing & doing nothing and being nothing to such an extreme– As if in the absence of thought that vast yearning of their natures for something to fill the vacuum – made the least traditionary expression & shadow of a thought to be clung to with instinctive tenacity. They atone for their producing nothing by a brutish respect for something. They are as simple as oxen and as guiltless of thought & reflection.– their reflections are reflected from other minds. The creature of institutions –bigoted –& a conservatist– –can say nothing hearty. he cannot meet life with life – but only with words. He rebuts you by avoiding you. He is shocked like a woman. Our extatic states which appear to yield so little fruit, have this value at least– though in the seasons when our genius reigns we may be powerless for expression.– Yet in calmer seasons, when our talent is active, the memory of those rarer moods comes to color our picture & is the permanent paint pot as it were into which we dip our brush Thus no life or experience goes unreported at last – but if it be not solid gold it is gold-leaf which gilds the furniture of the mind. It is an experience of infinite beauty – on which we unfailingly draw. Which enables us to exaggerate ever truly. Our moments of inspiration are not lost though we have no particular poems to show for them. For those experiences have left an indelible impression, and we are ever and anon reminded of them. Their truth subsides & in cooler moments we can use them as paint to gild & adorn our prose. When I despair to sing them I will remember that they will furnish me with paint with which to adorn & preserve the works of talent one day. They are like a pot of pure ether. They lend the writer when the moment comes a certain superfluity of wealth – making his expression to overrun & float itself. It is the difference between our river now parched & dried up exposing its unsightly & weedy bottom–& the same when in the spring it covers all the meads with a chain of placid lakes, reflecting the forests & the skies. We are receiving our portion of the Infinite. The Art of life! Was there ever anything memorable written upon it? By what disciplines to secure the most life – with what care to watch our thoughts. To observe not what transpires, in the street – but in the mind. & heart of me! I do not remember any page which will tell me how to spend this afternoon. I do not so much wish to know how to economize time –as how to spend it –by what means to grow rich. That the day may not have – been in vain. What if one moon has come & gone with its world of poetry –its weird teachings –its oracular suggestions– So divine a creature – freighted with hints for me, and I not use her. One moon gone by unnoticed!! Suppose you attend to the hints to the suggestions which the moon makes for one month –commonly in vain– will they not be very diffirent from any thing in literature or religion or philosophy. The scenery, when it is truly seen reacts on the life of the seer. How to live– How to get the most life! as if you were to teach the young hunter how to entrap his game. How to extract its honey from the flower of the world. That is my every day business. I am as busy as a bee about it. I ramble over all fields on that errand and am never so happy as when I feel myself heavy with honey & wax. I am like a bee searching the livelong day for the sweets of nature. Do I not impregnate & intermix the flowers produce rare & finer varieties by transfering my eyes from one to another? I do as naturally & as joyfully with my own humming music – seek honey all the day. With what honied thought any experience yields me I take a bee line to my cell. It is with flowers I would deal. Where is the flower there is the honey – which is perchance the nectareous portion of the fruit – there is to be the fruit– & no doubt flowers are thus colored & painted – to attract & guide the bee. So by the dawning or radiance of beauty are we advertised where is the honey & the fruit of thought of discourse & of action– We are first attracted by the beauty of the flower, before we discover the honey which is a foretaste of the future fruit. Did not the young Achilles (?) spend his youth learning how to hunt? The art of spending a day. If it is possible that we may be addressed – it behoves us to be attentive. If by watching all day & all night – I may detect some trace of the Ineffable – then will it not be worth the while to watch? Watch & pray without ceasing – but not necessary in sadness – be of good cheer. Those Jews were too sad: to another people a still deeper revelation may suggest only joy. Dont I know what gladness is? Is it but the reflex of sadness, its back side? In the Hebrew gladness I hear but too distinctly still the sound of sadness retreating. Give me a gladness which has never given place to

85. Thoreau was presumably referring to the correspondence of the notorious free-thinker Harriet Martineau with her friend Henry Atksinson, which was being published during this year by J. Chapman of London as LETTERS ON THE LAWS OF MAN’S NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT. Martineau shocked many readers with her acceptance of her friend’s “necessarianism, materialism [and] perfectibilism.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

sadness.

I am convinced that men are not well employed – that this is not the way to spend a day. If by patience, if by watching I can secure one new ray of light – can feel myself elevated for an instant upon Pisgah – the world which was dead prose to me become living & divine – shall I not watch ever – shall I not be a watchman henceforth?– If by watching a whole year on the citys walls I may obtain a communication from heaven, shall I not do well to shut up my shop & turn a watchman? Can a youth –a man– do more wisely – than to go where his life is to found? As if I had suffered that to be rumor – which may be verified. We are surrounded by a rich & fertile mystery– May we not probe it –pry into it –employ ourselves about it – a little? To devote your life to the discovery of the divinity in Nature or to the eating of oysters would they not be attended with very different results?86 I cannot easily buy a blank book to write thoughts in, they are all ruled for dollars & cents.87 If the wine which will nourish me grows on the surface of the moon – I will do the best I can to go to the moon for it. 86. This entry would inspire Thoreau as he began to write “WHAT SHALL IT PROFIT” in late 1854:

The art of life! Was there ever anything memorable written upon it? By what disciplines to secure the most life, with what care to watch our thoughts. To observe what transpires, not in the street, but in the mind and heart of me! I do not remember any page which will tell me how to spend this afternoon. I do not so much wish to know how to economize time as how to spend it, by what means to grow rich, that the day may not have been in vain.... How to live. How to get the most life.... How to extract its honey from the flower of the world. That is my everyday business. I am as busy as a bee about it.... The art of spending a day. If it is possible that we may be addressed, it behooves us to be attentive.... I am convinced that men are not well employed, that this is not the way to spend a day.... We are surrounded by a rich and fertile mystery. May we not probe it, pry into it, employ ourselves about it, a little? To devote your life to the discovery of the divinity in nature or to the eating of oysters, would they not be attended with very different results? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

The discoveries which we make abroad are special and particular – those which we make at home are general & significant. The further off the nearer the surface. The nearer home the deeper. Go in search of the springs of life–& you will get exercise enough. Think of a man’s swinging dumb bells for his health – when those springs are bubbling in far off pastures unsought by him! The seeming necessity of swinging dumbells proves that he has lost his way. To watch for describe all the divine feautures which I detect in Nature. My profession is to be always on the alert to find God in nature – to know his lurking places. To attend all the oratorios – the operas in nature. The mind may perchance be persuaded to act –to energize – by the action and energy of the body. Any kind of liquid will fetch the pump. We all have our states of fullness & of emptiness – but we overflow at different points. One overflows through the sensual outlets – another through his heart another through his head–& another perchance only through the higher part of his head or his poetic faculty– It depends on where each is tight & open. We can perchance thus direct our nutriment to those organs we specially use. How happens it that there are few men so well employed–, so much to their minds, but that a little money –or fame – would by them off from their present pursuits!88 7th still: To Conantum via fields Hubbards Grove & grain field To Tupelo cliff & Conantum and rturning over peak same way. 6. P M I hear no larks [Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna] sing at evening as in the spring – nor robins. only a few distressed notes from the robin– In Hubbards grain field beyond the brook – now the the sun is down. The air is very still– There is a fine sound of crickets not loud The woods & single trees are heavier masses in the landscape than in the spring. Night has more allies. The heavy shadows of woods and trees are remarkable now. The meadows are green with their second crop. I hear only a tree toad or song sparrow [Melospiza melodia] singing as in spring at long intervals. The Roman wormwood is beginning to yellow-green my shoes.– intermingled with the blue-curls over the sand in this grain field. Perchance some poet likened this yellow dust to the ambrosia of the Gods. The birds are remarkably silent At the bridge perceive the bats are out. & the yet silvery moon not quite full is reflected in the water. The water is perfectly still – and there is a red tinge from the evening sky in it. The sky is singularly marked this evening. There are bars or rays of nebulous light springing from the western horizon where the sun has disappeared, and alternating with beautiful blue rays, by far more blue than any other portion of the sky these continue to diverge till they have reached the middle & then converge to the eastern horizon – making a symmetrical figure like the divisions of a muskmelon – not very bright yet distinct.– though growing less & less bright toward the east. It was a quite remarkable phenomenon encompasing the heavens, as if you were to behold the divisions of a muskmelon thus alternately colored from within it. A proper vision – a colored mist. The most beautiful thing in Nature is the sun reflected from a tear-ful cloud. These white and blue ribs embraced the earth. The two outer blues much the brightest & matching one another. You hear the hum of mosquitoes. Going up the road. The sound of the crickets is now much more universal & loud. Now in the fields I see the white white streak of the neottia in the twilight– The whippoorwills [Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus] sing far off. I smell burnt land somewhere. At Tupelo Cliff I hear the sound of singers on the river young men & women – which is unusual here – returning from their row. Man’s voice thus uttered fits well the spaces– It fills Nature. And after all the singing of men is something far grander than any natural sound. It is wonderful that men do not oftener sing in the fields – by day & night. I bathe at the north side the cliff while the moon shines round the end of the rock– The opposite Cliff is reflected in the water. Then sit on the S side of the Cliff in the woods. One or two fireflies – could it be a glowworm– I thought I saw one or two in the air (–that is all in this walk) I hear a whippoorwill uttering a cluck of suspicion in my rear– He is suspicious & inquisitive. The river stretches off southward from me. I see the sheeny portions of its western shore interruptedly for a quarter of a mile – where the moon light is reflected from the pads.– a strong gleaming light 87. Thoreau would later copy this into his early lecture “WHAT SHALL IT PROFIT”, combining it with an entry made on June 29, 1852 (JOURNAL 4:162) to form the following:

[Paragraph 6] I cannot easily buy a blank book to write thoughts in; they are all ruled for dollars and cents. If a man was tossed out of a window when an infant, and so made a cripple for life, or scared out of his wits by the Indians, it is regretted chiefly because he was thus incapacitated for—business! I think that there is nothing, not even crime, more opposed to poetry, to philosophy, ay, to life itself, than this incessant business. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

while the water is lost in the obscurity. I hear the sound from time to time of a leaping fish –or a frog –or a muskrat or turtle.– It is even warmer methinks than it was in August–& it is perfectly clear the air. I know not how it is that this universal cricket’s creak should sound thus regularly intermittent – as if for the most part they fell in with one another & creaked in time – making a certain pulsing sound a sort of breathing or panting of all nature. You sit twenty feet above the still river – see the sheeny pads. & the moon & some bare tree tops in the distant horizon. Those bare tree tops add greatly to the wildness. Lower down I see the moon in the water as bright as in the heavens – only the water bugs disturb its disk – and now I catch a faint glassy glare from the whole river surface which before was simply dark. This is set in a frame of double darkness on the east i.e. the reflected shore of woods & hills & the reality – the shadow & the AURORA substance bipartite answering to each. I see the northern lights over my shoulder to remind me of the Esquimaux & that they are still my contemporaries on this globe – that they too are taking their walks on another part of the planet.– in pursuit of seals perchance. The stars are dimly reflected in the water– The path of water-bugs in the moon’s rays is like ripples of light. It is only when you stand fronting the sun or moon that you see their light reflected in the water. I hear no frogs these nights – bull-frogs or others – as in the spring– It is not the season of sound. At Conantum end – just under the wall From this point & at this height I do not perceive any bright or yellowish light on Fair Haven – but an oily & glass like smoothness on its southwestern bay – through a very slight mistiness. Two or three pines appear to stand in the moon lit air on this side of the pond – while the Enlightened portion of the water is bounded by the heavy reflection of the wood on the east It was so soft & velvety a light as contained a thousand placid days sweetly put to rest in the bosom of the water. So looked the north Twin Lake in the Maine woods. It reminds me of placid lakes in the mid-noon of Ind. Summer days – but yet more placid & civilized – suggesting a higher cultivation – which aeons of summer days have gone to make. Like a summer day seen far away. All the effects of sunlight – with a softer tone – and all this stillness of the water & the air superadded – & the witchery of the hour. What gods are they that require so fair a vase of gleaming water to their prospect in the midst of the wild woods by night? Else why this beauty allotted to night – a gem to sparkle in the zone of night. They are strange gods now out – methinks their names are not in any mythology– I can faintly trace its zigzag border of sheeny pads even here. If such is there to be seen in remotest wildernesses – does it not suggest its own nymphs & wood Gods to enjoy it? As When at middle of the placcid noon in Ind summer days all the surface of a lake is as one cobweb – gleaming in the sun which heaves gently to the passing zephyr– There was the lake – its glassy surface just distinguishable – its sheeny shore of pads – with a few pines bathed in light on its hither shore just as in mid of a november day – except that this was the chaster light of the moon – the cooler – temperature of the night and these were the deep shades of night that fenced it round & imbosomed. It tells of a far away long passed civilization of an antiquity superior to time – unappreciable by time.

88.This would appear in “WHAT SHALL IT PROFIT” as:

[Paragraph 36] It is remarkable that there are few men so well employed, so much to their minds, but that a little money or fame would commonly buy them off from their present pursuit. I see advertisements for active young men, as if activity were the whole of a young man’s capital. Yet I have been surprised when one has with confidence proposed to me, a grown man, to embark in some enterprise of his, as if I had absolutely nothing to do, my life having been a complete failure hitherto. What a doubtful compliment this is to pay me! As if he had met me half-way across the ocean beating up against the wind, but bound nowhere, and proposed to me to go along with him! If I did, what do you think the Underwriter1 would say? No, no! I am not without employment at this stage of the voyage. To tell the truth, I saw an advertisement for able-bodied seamen, when I was a boy, sauntering in my native port, and as soon as I came of age I embarked.

1.Bradley P. Dean has emended the essay copy-text from ‘underwriters’ on authority of an intermediate lecture-draft manuscript in OClW (see Dean, “Sound of a Flail,” pages 403-404 for a transcription of this manuscript). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Is there such virtue in raking cranberries – that those men’s industry whom I now see on the meadow – shall reprove my idleness? Can I not go over those same meadows after them & rake still more valuable fruits. Can I not rake with my mind? Can I not rake a thought perchance which shall be worth a bushel of cranber?–89 A certain refinement & civilization in nature which increases with the wildness. The civilization that consists with wildness. The light that is in night. A smile as in a dream on the face of the sleeping lake. There is light enough to show what we see – what night has to exhibit – any more would obscure these objects. I am not advertised of any deficiency of light. The actual is fair as a vision or a dream. If ever we have attained to any nobleness – ever in our imagination & intentions – that will surely ennoble the features of nature for us that will clothe them with beauty. Of course no jeweller ever dealt with a gem so fair & suggestive as this actual lake. The scene it may be of so much noble & poetic life – & not merely adorn some monarch’s crown. It is remarkably still at this hour & season – no sound of bird or beast for the most part. This has none of the reputed noxious qualities of night. On the Peak. The faint sounds of birds – dreaming aloud – in the night – the fresh cool air & sound of the wind rushing over the rocks – remind me of the tops of mts. That is all the earth is but the outside of the planet bordering on the hard eyed skyed – equally with drawn & near to heaven. is this pasture as the summit of the white mts– All the earth’s surface like a mt top – for I see its relation to heaven as simply. & am not imposed upon by a difference of a few few feet in elevation.– In this faint light all fields are like a mossy rock – & remote from the cultivated plains of day. All is equally savage – equally solitary – & the dif. in elevation is felt to be unimportant. It is all one with caucasus the slightest hill pasture. The bass wood had a singularly solid look & sharply defined – as by a web or film – as if its leaves covered it like scales– Scared up a whippoorwill [Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus] on the ground on the hill. Will not my townsmen consider me a benefactor if I conquer some realms from the night? If I can show them that there is some beauty awake while they are asleep.? If I add to the domains of poetry. If I report to the gazettes anything transpiring in our midst worthy of man’s attention. I will say nothing now to the disparagement of Day, for he is not here to defend himself. The northern lights now as I descend from the Conantum house have become a crescent of light crowned with short shooting flames – or the shadows of flames. for some times they are dark as well as white. There is scarcely any dew even in the low lands. Now the fire in the north increases wonderfully – not shooting up so much as creeping along like a fire on the 89. Thoreau would combine the entries JOURNAL 2:389 (August 15, 1851), JOURNAL 2:470, and JOURNAL 2:477 in “WHAT SHALL IT PROFIT” as:

[Paragraph 96] It is pathetic for me far in the fields in mid forenoon to hear the village clock striking. The bees on the flowers seem to reprove my idleness. Yet I ask myself to what end do they labor? Is there so much need of honey and wax? Is the industry of mankind truly respectable? Is there such virtue in raking cranberries that those men’s employment whom I now see in the meadow can rightly reprove my idleness? Can I not go over these same meadows after them and rake still more valuable fruits—rake with my mind? Can I not rake a thought perchance which shall be worth a bushel of cranberries? I will not mind the village clock; it marks time for the dead and dying. It sounds like a knell; as if one struck the most sonorous slates in the churchyard with a mallet, and they rang out the words which are engraved on them—tempus fugit irrevocabile.1 I harken for the clock that strikes the eternal hours. What though my walk is desultory—and I do not find employment which satisfies my hunger and thirst, and the bee probing the thistle and loading himself with honey and wax seems better employed than I, my idleness is better than his industry. I would rather that my spirit hunger and thirst than that it forget its own wants in satisfying the hunger and thirst of the body.2 1 Latin: “time flies irrevocably.” Bradley P. Dean has emended the manuscript copy-text by italicizing this phrase. 2. Compare Matthew 5:6. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

mts of the north seen afar in the night. The Hyperborean gods are burning brush, and it spread and all the hoes in heaven could’nt stop it. It spread from west to east over the crescent hill. Like a vast fiery worm it lay across the northern sky – broken into many pieces & each piece strives to advance itself worm like on its own muscles It has spread into the choicest woodlots of valhalla – now it shoots up like a single (solitary watch fire) or) burning bush – or where it ran up a pine tree like powder – & still it continues to gleam here & there like a fat stump in the burning & is reflected in the water. And now I see the gods by great exertions have got it under, & the stars have come out without fear in peace. Though no birds sing, the crickets vibrate their shrill & stridulous cymbals especially on the alders of the causeway. Those minstrels especially engaged for night’s quire. It takes some time to wear off the trivial impression which the day has made – & thus the first hours of night are sometimes lost. There were two hen hawks [Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis] soared and circled for our entertainment when we were in the woods on that Boon Plain the other day – crossing each others orbits from time to time, alternating like the squirrels of the morning. Till alarmed by an imitation of a hawks shrill cry – they gradually inflated themselves made themselves more aerial and rose higher & higher into the heavens & were at length lost to sight– Yet all the while earnestly looking scanning the surface of the earth for a stray mouse or rabbit. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Thoreau made a comment in his JOURNAL that would be trivialized by Waldo Emerson after Thoreau’s death and then utilized, in its trivialized form, by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in a famous speech, as part of his legitimation of American progress-thinking:

It is not so much the music — as the marching to the music that I feel.... Nothing is so much to be feared as fear. Atheism may comparatively be popular with God himself.

In this comment, of course, Thoreau was quoting a famous aphorism of Montaigne as of 1580 and Lord Francis Bacon as of 1623 which had, ten years earlier (1831 ), been plagiarized by Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, the general who had become utterly famous by being in command of the opposing forces when the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte were finally defeated on June 18, 1815.

The only thing I am afraid of is fear.

Thoreau was quoting this famous aphorism, so similar to THE BOOK OF PROVERBS (Chapter 3, verse 25 ), merely by mentioning it, as today we would say “let a thousand flowers bloom” and bring everyone’s mind to Mao’s use of this line from a Chinese classic essay.

Having quoted-by-mentioning, Thoreau went directly on to mock the sort of attitude that had produced such HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

a sentiment, and to mock the iron mind of the Duke, by a caustic deduction about atheism.

The gist of Thoreau’s deduction was that, were it really true and meaningful that nothing is so much to be HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

feared as fear, then atheism, something other than fear, would be something not so much to be feared as fear, and therefore even for God –who of course knows as well as anyone that atheism is a silly doctrine– would prefer being atheistic over being fearful. And we note that this reductio ad absurdum occurs in a context in which Thoreau has been ruminating about his mysterious

It is not so much the music — as the marching to the music that I feel.

which was tied of course to the mysterious “different drummer” passage at the end of WALDEN.

WALDEN: Why should we be in such desperate haste to succeed, and in such desperate enterprises? If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. It is not important that he should mature as soon as an apple-tree or an oak. Shall he turn his spring into summer? If the condition of things which we were made for is not yet, what were any reality which we can substitute? We will not be shipwrecked on a vain reality. Shall we with pains erect a heaven of blue glass over ourselves, though when it is done we shall be sure to gaze still at the true ethereal heaven far above, as if the former were not?

DIFFERENT DRUMMER THE INNER LIGHT HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

The Duke of Wellington had presumably been recommending a practiced callousness toward the lives and desires of others, a Roman or Trojan accommodation rather than the traditional Greek one which involved staying in touch with one’s affect while at the same time overcoming this affect and thus mastering the situation.

Lessing, in his “Laocoön,” stated that “Palnatako gave his Jomsburgers the command to fear nothing nor once to utter the word fear.” Wonder who those guys were....

Every once in a while, a Thoreau gathering will attract one or another survivalist, who will sit around for awhile in his camouflage shirt and then, hopefully, go about his business. Has anybody noted the link between the fear of fear, and the very contemporary agenda of the “survivalist”?

Today, the importance of doing away with fear is not sufficiently emphasized. Fear is worse than danger, which it both attracts and arouses. Survival is just socialized fear. Life has been so thoroughly consumed by survival that many believe they will lose everything if the means of survival are threatened. They forget that there is a happy way of ridding themselves of the “necessity” of survival, which is to dissolve it in life. — Vaneigem, Raoul. THE MOVEMENT OF THE FREE SPIRIT: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND FIRSTHAND TESTIMONY CONCERNING SOME BRIEF FLOWERINGS OF LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES, THE RENAISSANCE AND, INCIDENTALLY, OUR OWN TIME. NY: Zone Books, 1994, page 294 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Here is how the “quotation” appeared in Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first inaugural address on March 4, 1933:

THIS IS PRE-EMINENTLY THE TIME TO SPEAK THE TRUTH, THE WHOLE TRUTH, FRANKLY AND BOLDLY, NOR NEED WE SHRINK FROM HONESTLY FACING CONDITIONS IN OUR COUNTRY TODAY. THIS GREAT NATION WILL ENDURE AS IT HAS ENDURED, WILL REVIVE AND WILL PROSPER. SO FIRST OF ALL LET ME ASSERT MY FIRM BELIEF THAT THE ONLY THING WE HAVE TO FEAR IS FEAR ITSELF — NAMELESS, UNREASONING, UNJUSTIFIED TERROR WHICH PARALYZES NEEDED EFFORTS TO CONVERT RETREAT INTO ADVANCE.

I will quote the usual account of the development of this extrapolation, from Kenneth C. Davis’s DON’T KNOW MUCH ABOUT HISTORY: EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AMERICAN HISTORY BUT NEVER LEARNED:

Most of Roosevelt’s campaign speeches had been written for him, but a handwritten first draft of the inaugural address shows this to be Roosevelt’s own work. Yet the speech’s most famous line was old wine in a new bottle. Similar sentiments about fear had been voiced before. The historian Richard Hofstadter notes that Roosevelt read Thoreau in the days before the Inauguration and was probably inspired by the line “Nothing is so much to be feared as fear.”

This DON’T KNOW MUCH simplification elides the fact that Roosevelt was not reading Thoreau directly, but reading him as filtered through the sensibilities of Emerson. Essentially, it can fairly be said, it was Emerson that FDR was reading. And the preacher, sorry to say, couldn’t figure out how the trout got in the milk.

If you want an apposite remark about fear, you’ll have to look to Eleanor Roosevelt rather than to her husband. Here’s one, from a poster hanging on the wall of Professor Anita Hill’s office, and you’ll notice that Eleanor HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

did not think she was quoting anyone:

“You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face.... You must do the thing you think you cannot do.”

Anita Hill Eleanor Roosevelt

(Blanche Wiesen Cook, in her new biography ELEANOR ROOSEVELT (New York: Viking, 1992), offers that since Thoreau was one of Mrs. Roosevelt’s favorite authors when she taught AmLit at the Todhunter School, and since she had a “copy of Thoreau” (pages 402, 494), it was in this copy of Thoreau that her husband found the quote he used in his first inaugural address. However, I regard such a provenance as entirely unlikely, taking into account that it was in the trivialized form in which the quote had passed through the mentation of Emerson that FDR made use of the quote.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Thoreau was simply undeceived by the “religious” life he saw going on around him in Concord and Cambridge, for he clearly perceived the extent to which “religion is a habit, or rather, habit is religion” in the eyes of his friends and relatives, and he clearly perceived the extend to which their vaunted “Christian virtue of hope” was merely a honorific name they assigned to their complicity in their victimization by fear. His conclusion, as above in this remark about fear versus the fear of fear, and about theism versus atheism, was that, if this is what “religion” amounts to, then “to reject RELIGION is the first step.” Shortly after August 15, 1844; 1974, p.159:

[B]ut for fear death itself is an impossibility.

In his 1837 college essay on the sublime, God, he had said, “would be reverenced, not feared.” Even at that point he was cognizant of the intimate connection between hope and despair, knew how they mutually implicated and reinforced each other in the manner in which the missiles of the USSR once legitimated the missiles of the USA which in turn....

Henry did not learn his faithfulness in church, he learned it from his elder brother, who said as he was dying:

The cup that my Father gives me, shall I not drink it?

“DeQuincey and Dickens have not moderation enough. They never stutter; they flow too readily.”

–JOURNAL, September 8, 1851

ATTITUDES ON DE QUINCEY ATTITUDES ON DICKENS

December 2, Tuesday: Henri-Frédéric Amiel, who would be referred to as the “Swiss Thoreau,” wrote in his JOURNAL INTIME: “Let mystery have its place in you; do not be always turning up your whole soil with the plowshare of self-examination, but leave a little fallow corner in your heart ready for any seed the winds may bring, and reserve a nook of shadow for the passing bird; keep a place in your heart for the unexpected guests, an altar for the unknown God. Then if a bird sing among your branches, do not be too eager to tame it. If you are conscious of something new — thought or feeling, wakening in the depths of your being — do not be in a hurry to let in light upon it, to look at it; let the springing germ have the protection of being forgotten, hedge it round with quiet, and do not break in upon its darkness; let it take shape and grow, and not a word of your happiness to any one! Sacred work of nature as it is, all conception should be enwrapped by the triple veil of modesty, silence and night. Kindness is the principle of tact, and respect for others the first condition of savoir-vivre. He who is silent is forgotten; he who abstains is taken at his word; he who does not advance, falls back; he who stops is overwhelmed, distanced, crushed; he who ceases to grow greater becomes smaller; he who leaves HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

off, gives up; the stationary condition is the beginning of the end — it is the terrible symptom which precedes death. To live, is to achieve a perpetual triumph; it is to assert one’s self against destruction, against sickness, against the annulling and dispersion of one’s physical and moral being. It is to will without ceasing, or rather to refresh one’s will day by day. It is not history which teaches conscience to be honest; it is the conscience which educates history. Fact is corrupting, it is we who correct it by the persistence of our ideal. The soul moralizes the past in order not to be demoralized by it. Like the alchemists of the middle ages, she finds in the crucible of experience only the gold that she herself has poured into it.”

On the 47th anniversary of the coronation of Napoléon I as the Emperor of France and the 46th anniversary of the Battle of Austerlitz, French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte staged his coup d’état against the 2d French Republic. The National Assembly was dissolved, with nearly all political leaders of the Republic taken into custody. There was but sporadic resistance.

An Englishman named Bainbridge was visiting the Niagara Falls in the off season and, while on the icy catwalk to the Terrapin Tower, slipped under the railing. He was able to hang onto a rock for a half an hour in the torrent until someone noticed him down there and summoned two tour guides, J. Davy and H. Brewster. By tying together their horse reins they were able to make a lifeline long enough to reach Bainbridge on his rock — and he got pulled to safety.

Miss Mary Moody Emerson was such a rigid defender of the sanctity of the Sabbath day that often she would spend the day in solitude, refusing to profane it by church and sermon: Pulpits & all the wonders dark & light of nature are but means — not the end of existing — that is for God! Note that this sort of ultra-pious attitude, rather than distancing her from such non-observers of the Sabbath as Margaret Fuller and Henry Thoreau, actually served to bring her closer to them.

On this day Thoreau made no entry in his journal, clearly because he was too busy beginning the survey of a line between Carlisle and Concord that would continue to occupy him on the 3d, 4th, 5th, 10th, and 13th (there had been a lot of controversy about this line for years; the Town Report for 1851/1852 says that Henry was paid $42.00 for setting this line; Henry’s measurements would not resolve the issue), and lotting off a 40-acre “Ministerial lot” in the southeast part of Concord between Cambridge Turnpike and Walden Streets so the lots could be sold to John McKeen, Nathan Brooks, Aaron A. Kelsey, Daniel Shattuck, Reuben Brown, Richard Barrett, Charles B. Davis, Moses Prichard, the Reverend Addison Grant Fay, Patrick MacManners, Dr. Josiah Bartlett, Colonel Charles Holbrook, R.A. Messer, and Jonathan Farwell. (He would continue on this project during the following month.) View Henry Thoreau’s personal working drafts of his surveys courtesy of AT&T and the Concord Free Public Library: http://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Thoreau_Surveys/Thoreau_Surveys.htm

(The official copy of this survey of course had become the property of the person or persons who had hired this Concord town surveyor to do their surveying work during the 19th Century. Such materials have yet to be recovered.)

View this particular personal working draft of a survey in fine detail: http://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Thoreau_surveys/89.htm HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

December 3, Wednesday: Henry Thoreau did not make an entry in his journal.

In Paris, royalist soldiers fired into a crowd of mostly women and children — there was a Napoléon in charge again (what French republicans were left unarrested were fleeing their nation).

Representative Joshua Reed Giddings was pushing the US House of Representatives toward amending the Act of 1807. Mr. Giddings gave notice of a bill to repeal §§ 9 and 10 of the act to prohibit the importation of slaves, etc. from and after Jan. 1, 1808. HOUSE JOURNAL, 32nd Congress, 1st session, page 42. Cf. HOUSE JOURNAL, 33rd Congress, 1st session, page 147.

December 5, Friday: Henry Thoreau made no entry in his journal.

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was in complete control over France. He had succeeded in eliminating opposition to his coup d’etat.

In the White House, President Millard Fillmore was feting Lajos Kossuth. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 9, Tuesday: Henry Thoreau made no entry in his journal (he was still busy surveying the Ministerial lots SE).

After this 40-acre plot between Cambridge Turnpike and Walden Streets was lotted off, the wood would be sold to: John McKeen, Nathan Brooks, Aaron A. Kelsey, George Brooks, Col. Daniel Shattuck, Reuben Brown, Richard Barrett, Charles B. Davis, Moses Prichard, the Reverend Addison Grant Fay, Patrick MacManners, Dr. Josiah Bartlett, Col. Charles Holbrook, R.A. Messer, and Jonathan Farwell.

In France, a coup d’etat orchestrated by President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Morny (his half- brother) had brought an end to the “Second Republic” — in 1852 Louis Napoleon would begin his reign as Napoleon III and proclaim a 2d French Empire. Therefore on this day Hector Berlioz wrote of Louis- Napoléon Bonaparte “this coup d’etat was the work of a master; indeed, it was a veritable masterpiece.” Lord Palmerston would also congratulate Louis Napoleon on his coup d’etat. This would upset Lord John Russell and other radical members of the Whig party, and this time he would accept the advice of Queen Victoria and sack Palmerston (six weeks later Palmerston would take revenge by helping bring down Russell’s government).

December 20, Saturday: The proclaimed result of a plebiscite in France was that by an overwhelming majority of 92%, a 10-year term had been approved for Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte.

December 20, Saturday: 2 Pm to Fair Haven Hill & plain below– Saw a large hawk circling over a pine wood below me–and screaming apparently that he might discover his prey by their flight– Travelling ever by wider circles What a symbol of the thoughts now soaring now descending–taking larger and larger circles or smaller and smaller– It flies not directly whither it is bound but advances by circles like a courtier of the skies No such noble progress–how it comes round as with a wider sweep of thought– But the majesty is in the imagination of the beholder for the bird is intent on its prey. Circling & ever circling you cannot divine which way it will incline–till perchance it dives down straight as an arrow to its mark. It rises higher above where I stand and I see with beautiful distinctness its wings against the sky–primaries & secondaries and the rich tracery of the outline of the latter? its inner wings within the outer–like a great moth seen against the sky. A Will-o-’the wind. Following its path as it were through the vortices of the air. the poetry of motion–not as preferring one place to another but enjoying each as long as possible. Most gracefully so surveys new scenes & revisits the old. As if that hawk were made to be the symbol of my thought how bravely he came round over HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

those parts of the wood which he had not surveyed–taking in a new segment.– annexing new territories Without heave yo! it trims its sail,– It goes about without the creaking of a block– That America Yacht of the air that never makes a tack–though it rounds the globe itself–takes in and shakes out its reefs without a flutter.– its sky scrapers all under its control– Holds up one wing as if to admire–and sweeps off this way then holds up the other & sweeps that. If there are two concentrically circling, it is such a regatta as South hampton waters never witnessed. Flights of imagination – Coleridgean thoughts. So a man is said to soar in his thought– Ever to fresh woods & pastures new. Rises as in thought Snow squawls pass obscuring the sun–as if blown off from a larger storm. Since last monday the ground has covered half a foot or more with snow & the ice also before I have had a skate Hitherto we had had mostly bare frozen ground– Red–white–green–& in the distance dark brown are the colors of the winter landscape. I view it now from the Cliffs. The red shrub oaks on the white ground of the plain beneath make a pretty scene. Most walkers are pretty effectually shut up by the snow. I observe that they who saw down trees in the woods with a cross-cut saw carry a mat to kneel on. It is no doubt a good lesson for the woodchopper the long day alone in the woods & he gets more than his half dollar a cord. Say the thing with which you labor–it is a waste of time for the writer to use his talents merely. Be faithful to your genius–write in the strain that interests you most– Consult not the popular taste. The red oak leaves are even more fresh & glossy than the white. A clump of white pines seen far westward over the shrub oak plain which is now lit up by the setting sun a soft feathery grove with their grey stems indistinctly seen–like human beings come to their cabin door standing expectant on the edge of the plain–impress me with a mild humanity. The trees indeed have hearts. With a certain affection the sun seems to send its farewell ray far and level over the copses to them. & they silently receive it with gratitude like a group of settlers with their children. The pines impress me as human. A slight vaporous cloud floats high over them–while in the west the sun goes down apace behind glowing pines & golden clouds like mountains skirt the horizon– Nothing stands up more free from blame in this world than a pine tree. The dull and blundering behavior of clowns will as surely polish the writer at last as the criticism of men of thought. It is wonderful–wonderful–the unceasing demand that Christendom makes on you–that you speak from a moral point of view. Though you be a babe the cry is repent–repent. The christian world will not admit that a man has a just perception of any truth–unless at the same time he cries Lord be merciful to me a sinner. What made the hawk mount? Did you perceive the manoever? Did he fill himself with air? Before you were aware of it he had mounted by his spiral path into the heavens. Our County is broad and rich–for here within 20 miles of Boston I can stand in a clearing in the woods and look a mile or more over the shrub oaks to the distant pine copses and horizon of uncut woods without a house or road or cultivated field in sight. Sunset in winter from a clearing in the woods. about well meadow head They say that the Indians of the Great Basin live on the almonds of the pine. Have not I been fed by the pine for many a year? Go out before sun-rise or stay out till sun-set. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1852

Silas Seymour developed the Portage Viaduct, a wooden trestle bridge to carry the trains of the New York & Erie RR over the deep gorge of the Genesee River in western New York state. 876 feet long and 234 feet high, this spectacular bridge would become a photography favorite and would star in movies. Also, in this year, patent of the Bollman truss, which basically was a Pratt truss in a composite of cast and wrought iron. This truss had a system of radiating wrought iron eye-bars extending from the ends of the top chord to each panel point., and its deck beams were suspended from pins at these points on chain-like links.

A photograph was made on January 1st of Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte, that eventually would cause Roland Barthes to exclaim at the beginning of CAMERA LUCIDA (LA CHAMBRE CLAIRE), and without tripped over any giant tortoises making themselves useful as lawn ornaments, “Je vois les yeux qui ont vu l’empereur.”

Marcus Root of Philadelphia extrapolated upon the Greek  meaning “immortal” to produce the trade-name “Ambrotype” for a collodion positive photographic process developed by Frederick Scott Archer in collaboration with Peter Fry. Ambrotypes were direct positives, made by under-exposing a collodion negative, bleaching it with mercuric bromide, and then layering it over black background — often black velvet or a black varnish. The process (trademarked in Europe as “Melainotype”) reduced exposure time and eliminated the cost of a printing process. Since the negative could be mounted by placing the collodion side on top of the backing material, the problem of lateral reversal found in most Daguerreotype processes was HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

correctable, and in addition, the resulting image could be viewed from any angle.

HOW TO TELL THEM APART:

Daguerreotype direct positive, mirrorlike surface shifts from positive August 19, 1839- reversed image to negative as you tilt it circa 1860 Ambrotype direct positive, pry the sheets apart and shine a light 1855-circa 1865 reversed image through from the back to verify that the image is negative Carte de Visite non-reversed wedding band is on the proper hand, 1854-circa 1925 image you can read the titles of books, and clothing is buttoned properly for each gender “Tintype” direct positive, The metal is attracted to a magnet 1856-circa 1945 (Ferrotype) reversed image and there is no mirror appearance HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Eugène Labaume’s CIRCUMSTANTIAL NARRATIVE OF THE CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA had gone through any number of editions since its initial publication in French in 1816. A new edition put out in this year at Hartford, Connecticut by Silas Andrus & Son would become available to Henry Thoreau at Albert Stacy (1821-1868)’s Circulating Library in his stationery store on the Milldam in Concord.

THE CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA Thoreau would comment in his journal on this reading, on November 17, 1855. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Sir Archibald Alison was created a baronet, 1st Baronet of Possil House. Presumably in approximately this timeframe, his portrait was prepared by Robert Scott Lauder. He was elected by the student body of the University of Glasgow as their Lord Rector, for a period of three years. From this year until 1859 he would be preparing a couple of supplemental volumes to his MODERN HISTORY OF EUROPE FROM THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TO THE FALL OF NAPOLEON, to extend his account from the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte to the accession of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. HISTORY OF EUROPE XI HISTORY OF EUROPE XII

Here is this distinguished author’s portrait as it would appear at the front of the final volume:

January 23, Friday: The case of John Gordon, hanged for the murder of Amasa Sprague, had been being discussed in Rhode Island for seven years. Had he been guilty of a crime, or had he been the innocent Catholic/Irish impoverished immigrant victim of a rush to judgment and a judicial murder?

The Orléans family (the former ruling house) was banned from France by President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte.

January 23, Friday: The snow is so deep & the cold so intense that the crows [American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos] are compelled to be very bold in seeking their food – and come very near the houses in the village. One is now walking about & pecking the dung in the street in front of Frank Munroe’s. They remind me as they sail along over the street of the turkey buzzards of the south & perhaps many hard winters in HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

succession would make them as tame. There is a vegetable life as well as a spiritual & animal life in us – for the hair & nails continue to grow after the anima has left the body & the spiritual & animal life it is dead. There is also probably an inorganic mineral life. The surface of the snow on the 20th was not yet disturbed or rippled even by the wind. P.m. Deep Cut going to Fair Haven Hill No music from the telegraph harp on the causeway – where the wind is strong but in the cut this cold day I hear memorable strains. What must the birds & beasts think where it passes through woods – who heard only the squeaking of the trees before? I should think that these strains would get into their music at last. Will not the mocking bird be heard one day inserting this strain in his medley? It intoxicates me. Orpheus is still alive – All poetry and mythology revive – The spirits of all bards sweep the strings. I hear the clearest silver lyre-like tones – Tertaean tones. I think of menander & the rest – It is the most glorious music I ever heard. All those bards revive & flourish again in that half-hour in the deep-cut. The breeze came through an oak still wearing its dry leaves The very fine clear tones seemed to come from the very core & pith of the telegraph pole. I know not but it is my own chords that tremble so divinely. There are barytones – & high sharp tones &c Some come sweeping seemingly from further along the wire. The latent music of the earth had found here a vent. Music AEolian – There were 2 strings in fact one each side AEOLIAN HARP I do not know but this will make me read the Greek poets. Thus as ever the finest uses of things are the accidental. Mr Morse did not invent this music. I see where the squirrels have torn the pine-cones in pieces for the sake of to come at their seeds. And in some cases the mice? have nibbled the buds of the pitch pines where the plums have been bent down by the snow. The Blue Hills of Milton are now White. Lindley in Loudon dismisses the winter berries by saying “The species are low shrubs of little beauty.” There are some whose ears help me so that my things have a rare significance when I read to them. It is almost too good a hearing – so that for the time I regard my own writing from too favorable a point of view. Just before sunset there were few clouds or specks to be seen in the western sky – but the sun gets down lower, and many dark clouds are made visible – their sides toward us being darkened. In the bright light they were but floating feathers of vapor – now they swell into dark evening clouds. It is a fair sunset with many purplish fishes in the horizon – pinkish & golden with bright edges – like a school of purplish whales they sail or float down from the north – Or like leopards skins they hang in the west. – If the sun goes behind a cloud – it is still reflected from the least haziness or vapor in that part of the sky – the air is so clear – and the after glow is remarkably long – And now the blaze is put out – and only a few glowing clouds like the flickering light of the fire skirt the west. And now only the brands and embers mixed with smoke VENUS make an Indian red along the horizon. And the new moon90 & the evening star together preside over the twilight scene. The thermometer was at 21this morning Some botanical names have originated in a mere blunder. Thus the Cytharexyllum melanocardium of the West Ind. “called by the French fidele, from its faithfulness or durability in building,” the English have corrupted into fiddle-wood & so the genus goes. It is unfit for musical instruments – Lindley

February 5, Thursday: Alabama modified somewhat its procedure for disposing of the slaves that it had confiscated due to illegal importations. By code approved on this date: — §§ 2058-2062. If slaves have been imported contrary to law, they are to be sold, and one fourth paid to the agent or informer and the residue to the treasury. An agent is to be appointed to take charge of such slaves, who is to give bond. Pending controversy, he may hire the slaves out. Ormond, CODE OF ALABAMA, pages 392-3. INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE

Again we can see that interdicting the slave trade had nothing whatever to do with the welfare of the slave. SLAVERY

90. January 21st and 22nd had been the nights of no moon. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

February 5: Suppose that an equal ado were made about the ornaments of style in literature (as in architecture) should we be any more likely to attain to a truly beautiful & forcible style? Buonaparte said pretty truly Speak plain, the rest will follow. I do not believe that any writer who considered the ornaments–& not the truth simply ever succeeded. So are made the belles lettres & the beaux arts & their professors which we can do without. The sky last night was a deeper more caerulean blue than the far lighter & whiter sky of today. The national flag is the emblem of patriotism, and whether that floats over the Government-House or not – is even, in times of peace, an all absorbing question. The hearts of millions flutter with it. Men do believe in symbols yet & can understand some. When Sir F Head left his Government in Upper Canada & the usual Farewell had been said as the vessel moved off he standing on the deck pointed for all reply to the British Flag floating over his head – and a shriek rather than a cheer went up from the crowd on the pier, who had observed his gesture. One of the first things he had done was to run it up over the Government House at Toronto – & it made a great sensation. Time never passes so rapidly and unaccountably as when I am engaged in recording my thoughts. The world may perchance reach its end for us in a profounder thought – & Time itself run down. I suspect that the child plucks its first flower with an insight into its beauty & significance which the subsequent botanist never retains. The trunks & branches of the trees are of different colors at dif. times & in dif. lights & weathers. in sun, rain, & in the night. The oaks bare of leaves on Hubbards hill side are now a light grey in the sun and their boughs seen against the pines behind are a very agreeable maze. The stems of the white pines also are quite grey at this distance with their lichens. I am detained to contemplate the boughs –feathery boughs of the white pines, tier above tier, reflecting a silvery light– with intervals (between them) through which you look, if you so intend your eye, into the darkness of the grove. That is you can see both the silvery lighted & greenish bough –& the shadowy intervals as belonging to one tree– or more truly refer the latter to the shade behind. Read the Englishmans history of the French & Ind. wars –& then read the Frenchmans — and see how each awards the meed of glory to the others monsters of cruelty or perfidy We have all sorts of histories of wars– One omits the less important skirmishes all-together – another condescends to give you the result of these & the number of killed & wounded – & if you choose to go – further & consult tradition and old MSS — you may learn whether the parson was killed by a shot through the door or tomahawked at the well.

August 10, Tuesday: French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte conferred on Giuseppe Verdi the title of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. He dispatched the publisher Leon Escudier to present the honor to Verdi, who was at the time in Italy.

After two weeks of “daily suffering” in Toulouse, Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka abandoned his intention to make a 2d trip to Spain and boarded a coach for Paris.

Hommage à Lesueur, a cantata by Ambroise Thomas to words of Praron, was performed for the initial time, in Abbeville. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

December 2, Thursday: On the 48th anniversary of the coronation of Napoléon I, the 47th anniversary of the Battle of Austerlitz, and the 1st anniversary of his coup d’etat, French President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed himself to be the Emperor Napoléon III.

In Concord, New Hampshire, the Countess Sarah, Benjamin Thompson’s one legitimate child, died and willed what remained of the Von Rumford estates to the New Hampshire Asylum for the Indigent Insane and to a home for bastard children. Father’s version of the Golden Rule, in his “An Account of an Establishment for the Poor at München,” had been –and as a first approximation I suppose this isn’t so bad–

To make vicious and abandoned people happy, it has been generally supposed necessary first to make them virtuous. But why not reverse this order? Why not make them first happy, and then virtuous? If happiness and virtue be inseparable, the end will be as certainly obtained by one method as by the other; and it is most undoubtedly much easier to contribute to the happiness and comfort of persons in a state of poverty and misery, than, by admonitions and punishments, to reform their morals.

Dec. 2. The pleasantest day of all. Started in boat before 9 A.M. down river to Billerica with W.E.C. Not wind enough for a sail. I do not remember when I have taken a sail or a row on the river in December before. We had to break the ice about the boat-house for some distance. Still no snow. The banks are white with frost. The air is calm, and the water smooth. The distant sounds of cars, cocks, hounds, etc., as we glide past N. Barrett's farm, remind me of spring. It is an anticipation, a looking through winter to spring. There is a certain resonance and elasticity in the air that makes the least sound melodious as in spring. The old unpainted houses under their trees (Joel Barrett's?) look as if winter had come and gone. There is one side of Abner (?) Buttrick's, painted as if with the pumpkin pies left over after Thanksgiving, it is so singular a yellow. The river has risen since the last rain a few feet, and partially floods the meadow. See still two ducks on the meadow. Hear the jay in distant copses, and the ruby-crowned wren(?) flies and mews over. Some parts of the meadow are covered with thin ice, through which we row,- which yet lasts all day, — and the waves we make in the river nibble and crumble its edge, and produce a rustling of the grass and reeds, as if a muskrat were stirring. We land behind Tarbell's and walk inland. How warm in the hollows! The outline of the hills is very agreeable there; ridgy hills, with backs to them, and a perfect cow-path winds along the side of one. They have such weight to carry that they select the easiest course. Again embark. It is remarkably calm and warm in the sun, now that we have brought a hill between us and the wind. There goes a muskrat. He leaves so long a ripple behind that in this light you cannot tell where his body ends, and think him longer than he is. This is a glorious river-reach. At length we pass the bridge. Everywhere the muskrat-houses line the shores, — or what was the shore, — some three feet high and regularly sharp as the Peak of Teneriffe. C. says, “Let us land” (in an orchard by Atkins's (?) boathouse). “The angle of incidents should be equal to the angle of reflection.” We did so. By the island where I formerly camped, half a mile or more above the bridge on the road from Chelmsford to Bedford, we saw a mink, a slender black (at ten rods' distance; Emmons says EMMONS they are a “dark glossy brown”), very like a weasel in form. He alternately ran along on the ice and swam in the water, now and then holding up his head and long neck and looking at us. Not so shy as a muskrat, but I should say very black. The muskrats would curl up into a ball on the ice, decidedly reddish brown. The ice made no show, being thin and dark. Mink's head is larger in proportion to body than the muskrat's, not so sharp and ratlike. Left our boat just above the last-named bridge on west side. A bright dazzling sheen for miles on the river as you looked up it. Crossed the bridge, turned into a path on the left, and ascended a hill a mile and a half off, between us and Billerica, somewhat off from the river. The Concord affords the water prospects of a larger river, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

like the Connecticut even. Hereabouts I found a spear-head, by a mysterious little building. Dined on the hill, from which we saw Billerica centre, a mile and a half northerly. We had crossed what by the map must be the brook from Nutting's Pond. On the west side of the river in Billerica here, is a grand range of hills, somewhat cliffy, covered with young oaks, whose leaves give it a red appearance, even when seen from Ball's hill. It is one of the most interesting and novel features in the river scenery. Men commonly talk as if genius were something proper to an individual. I esteem it but a common privilege, and if one does not enjoy it now, he may congratulate his neighbor that he does. There is no place for man- worship. We understand very well a man's relation, not to his genius, but to the genius. Returning, the water is smoother and more beautiful than ever. The ripples we make produce ribbed reflections or shadows on the dense but leafless bushes on shore, thirty or forty rods distant, very regular, and so far that they may seem motionless and permanent. Again we see the mink, plainer than ever. The smooth river-reaches, so calm and glorious in this light, “I see, not feel, how beautiful they are.” All the water behind us as we row (and even on the right and left at a distance) is perfectly unrippled, we move so fast; but before us, down-stream, it is all in commotion from shore to shore. There are some fine shadows on those grand red oaken hills in the north. What a fine color to last through summer! We look at Atkins's boathouse, ugly, like a barn carried off and lodged in the river. A muskrat had made his cabin in the bathing-apartment. Man's boathouse is a deformity, but the muskrats' cabins are an ornament to the river. The squareness of the former building, roof and all, offend. Could not the architect take P” Joint from the pyramidal or conical farm of the muskrat's house? Something of this form and color, like a large haycock in the meadow, would be in harmony with the scenery. The muskrat's house is made in the midst of weeds or bushes commonly, which protect it from the waves. When a muskrat comes to the surface too near you, how quickly and with what force he turns and plunges again, making a sound in the calm water as if you had thrown into it a large stone with violence! Long did it take to sink the Carlisle Bridge. The reflections after sunset were distinct and glorious, -- the heaven into which we unceasingly rowed. I thought now that the angle of reflection was greater than the angle of incidents. It cooler grew. The stars came out soon after we turned Ball's Hill, and it became difficult to distinguish our course. The boatman knows a river by reaches. We ran part way into several holts, or poke- logans. Got home in the dark, our feet and legs numb and cold with sitting and inactivity, having been about eight miles by river, etc. It was some time before we recovered the full use of our cramped legs. I forgot to speak of the afterglows. The twilight, in fact, had several stages to it, and several times after it had grown dusky the twilight acquired a new transparency, and the trees on the hillsides were lit up again. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1853

January 29, Saturday: The Emperor Napoléon III got married with Countess Eugénie de Montijo (the Empress entered Notre Dame Cathedral to the music of Le Prophéte by Giacomo Meyerbeer).

January 29th 53: To Walden Melvin calls the ducks which I saw yesterday shell-drakes –being small then wood-shelldrakes– I judge from the plates they were velvet ducks or white winged coots. He never shot any at this season. Saw a wood cock last month – never before. Killed a goshawk (which was eating a rabbit) & a cat owl lately says I hear the cat owl– Has got only 3 or 4 minks this year – never saw an otter track. I saw a little greyish mouse frozen into Walden 3 or 4 rods from the shore – its tail sticking out a hole, it had apparently run – into this hole when full of water as if on land & been drowned & frozen. –headed downward it was. The ice is 8 inches thick. It is full of short faint flake-like perpendicular cleavages – an inch or two broad or varying somewhat from the perpendicular. Melvin thinks that the “thundering” of the pond scares the pickerel Pickerel of at least 3 different forms & colors were lying on the ice of Walden this afternoon– 1st a long & shallow kind most like those caught in the river – steel colored with greenish or brownish lines – darker on the back & white beneath– 2nd a bright golden fish with greenish reflections remarkably deep – with a shorter head – both of these are mottled on the sides with an irregular network of dark brown lines often extending over the back – the meshes 3/4 of an inch long more or less producing longitudinal stripes more or less distinct & continuous – very pure white beneath.– 3d shaped like the last – but peppered on the sides with small dark brown or black spots intermixed with a few faint –blood red ones– very much like a trout– The specific name of reticulatus would not describe this. These are all very firm fish – & weigh more than their size promises. The perch also – and indeed all the fishes which inhabit this pond are as much handsomer than ordinary as the water is purer than that of other ponds. Probably many Ichthyologists would make new varieties at least of most of them.

January 30, Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon III got married again with Countess Eugenia de Montijo, this time at the Tuileries. (What the emperor tells you twice is true.)

In the evening there was near-riot in Phillipsville, New York as word spread that a local white daughter, a Miss Mary E. King, a minister’s daughter, was planning to wed an instructor at an integrated college who was a mulatto, being one-quarter black, a Professor William G. Allen (not the same person as the William Allen of Concord):

http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/8/7/17875/17875-h/17875-h.htm

January 30th: The most common & conspicuous green leaf on the ground when the snow is off at this season–as at present is that of the butter-cup–sorrel is also very common & johnswort–& the purplish gnaphaliums– There is also the early crowfoot in some places–strawberry–mullein & thistle leaves– & hawkweeds–&c &c. On Cliffs. The westering sun yet high above the horizon, but concealed by clouds, shoots down to earth on every side vast misty rays like the frame of a tent–to which clouds perchance are the canvass–under which a whole country rests– The northern & southern rays appear very much slanted & long–those between us & the west steeper & shorter. What I have called the shruboak Plain contains comparatively few shrub-oaks–rather young red–& white & it may be some scarlet (?) The shruboak leaf is the firmest & best preserved The white oak is the most sere & curled & brittle–frequently with discolored mouldlike spots. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

April 12, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon III named Gioachino Rossini as a commander of the Legion of Honor.

Henry Thoreau surveyed, for James H. Duncan in Haverhill, what was called the “Little River” lot. On the 12th, the 14th, the 18th, the 22nd, the 25th, the 26th, and the 28th of the month, boarding in Haverhill (that’s pronounced HAY-verll), and on May 3rd and 5th, he would evidently be too busy and too preoccupied to make any journal entries. He was simply trying to make some money to pay off debts, doing seventeen full days of surveying for Elizabeth Howe and in addition surveying the “Kimball Lot” for Charles White. According to a manuscript letter from Henrietta M. Daniels to Alfred W. Hosmer which is now in the Alfred Hosmer Collection at the Concord Free Public Library, during this period Thoreau boarded at a Mrs. Webster’s and went for walks with another boarder there, Samuel A. Chase — whom we notice that he suitably impressed. Here is what has been retained of that, secondhand and as of March 11, 1899: Thoreau was surveying; he was embarrassed through the publication of his book, and trying to earn money. They [Thoreau and Samuel A. Chase] used to walk together often. ...if a bird appeared he showed how Thoreau’s hand would go out to stop him from another step.... He said he did not believe he (Thoreau) ever in all his life did one wrong thing. He was “all purity and goodness personified.” He said the moisture would come to his eyes whenever he spoke of his mother; he was a loving man. And I think what I was most glad to hear was that Thoreau said— “Fifty years from now the majority of people will believe as I do now.” Aren’t you glad that he knew it? It would take the keen edge from his loneliness.... He said the lady with whom they boarded was a stiff old fashioned Methodist who tried her best to “convert” Thoreau; but he said “he was too hard a nut for her to crack.”

In St. Louis, the Daily Morning Herald was on the qui vive for daring ladies, not only in home port but also abroad, and conveyed the news that: A Bloomer was seen in Cleveland the other day. Her skirts were unusually short. Hmmm. Was this daring lady “just asking for it”? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

“Everything in life is unusual until you get accustomed to it.” — The Scarecrow, in THE MARVELOUS LAND OF OZ (L. Frank Baum, 1904) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1854

June 30, Friday: Spanish government troops engaged conservative rebels at Vicálvaro without strategic result.

The Emperor Napoléon III decreed that henceforward the Paris Opéra would be controlled by the Minister of State.

Alfred Hawkins died in Québec (the body would be placed at the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity).

In the afternoon Henry Thoreau walked to Walden Pond and Hubbard’s Close. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1855

January 28, Sunday: William Seward Burroughs, who would invent a recording adding machine and found the Burroughs Computer Corporation, was born.

The Panama Railroad Company of New York began operating a railroad across the Isthmus of Panama. AMANAPLANACANALPANAMA

The first performance of Hector Berlioz’s cantata in honor of Napoléon III, Le Dix Décembre, scheduled for the Théâtre-Italien, was cancelled owing to concerns about the war in the Crimea.

Anton Bruckner was deemed to have passed the Hauptlehrer-Prüfung, which qualified him to be a high school teacher.

May 15, Tuesday: Walt Whitman registered his LEAVES OF GRASS with the United States District Court in New-York.

The Emperor Napoléon III opened the Universal Exposition of Paris in the Palais de l’Industrie.

May 15. P.M. —To Beck Stow’s. Suddenly very warm. hear a hummingbird in the garden. Pear blossomed, — some perhaps yesterday. Locust, black and scarlet oak, and some buttonwoods leaf. A yellow butterfly. I hear from the top of a pitch pine in the swamp that loud, clear, familiar whistle [Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus borealis] which I have sometimes wrongly referred to the wood pewee, –whip-ter- phe-ee. Is it the whip-tom-kelly note which Sloane and Wilson gave to the red-eye, but which Nuttall says he never heard from it? Sometimes ter-phee-e. This is repeated at considerable intervals, the bird sitting quite still a long time. I saw it dart out once, catch an insect, and return to its perch muscicapa-like. (Probably M. Cooperi. Vide June 10th.) As near as I could see it had a white throat, was whitish, streaked with dark, beneath, darker tail and wings, and maybe olivaceous [sic] shoulders; bright-yellow within bill. Andromeda Calyculata begins to leaf — separate twigs from blossoming ones. Andromeda Polifolia just open. Buck-bean, apparently in three days (in house the 18th). The 13th, saw large water-bugs (Gyrinus) crawled up high on rocks. Watch a pine warbler on a pitch pine, slowly and faithfully searching it creeper-like. It encounters a black and white creeper on the same tree; they fly at each other, and the latter leaves, apparently driven off by the first. This warbler shuts its bill each time to produce its peculiar note. Rhodora will apparently open in two or three days. See and hear for a moment a small warbler-like bird in Nemopanthes Swamp which sings somewhat like tchut a-worieter-worieter-worieter-woo. The greater part of the large sugar maples on the Common leaf. Large red maples generally are late to leaf. Minott says that some years ago, maybe ten or fifteen, a man in Bedford climbed to an owl’s nest (probably a cat owl’s), and the owl took out one of his eyes and nearly killed him. He read it in the papers. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

November 15, Thursday: Henry Thoreau spent this day, and part of the next, making shelves for “my Oriental books” expected from Thomas Cholmondeley.

At the close of the Paris Exposition in the Palais de l’Industrie, Hector Berlioz’s cantata L’imperiale for double chorus and orchestra to words of Lafont was performed for the initial time. The composer conducted with the assistance of five others. Halfway through the piece the Emperor Napoléon III, seated on his royal throne, gave a signal that he had heard enough and the musicians ceased playing. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

November 16, Friday: News came that the shipment of Oriental books from Thomas Cholmondeley intended for Henry Thoreau of Concord, Massachusetts had arrived in Canada.

In the Palais de l’Industrie, Hector Berlioz’s cantata L’imperiale was performed, completely this time, as was the entire intended concert of the previous day. An audience in the thousands (which this time did not include the Emperor Napoléon III) was most appreciative.

The Reverend Dr. David Livingstone became the first European to see Victoria Falls and named it after his queen I presume.

Stephen Grellet died in Burlington, New Jersey (the body is buried behind the Quaker Meeting House at 340 High Street).91

91. The Grellet home was located at the corner of High and Library Streets in Burlington, New Jersey. His daughter would donate two of his Chippendale chairs to the Library Company of Burlington. The house would later serve as a boarding house, its most notable resident being Kitty Balester, a student at nearby Van Rensselaer Seminary who eventually would marry Rudyard Kipling. In the mid-20th Century, the house would be moved a short distance down High Street. Only one wall of the original house, however, now remains, and it serves as the north wall of the City’s municipal building. In more recent years, Louis Colaguori constructed a reproduction of the original house, at High and Federal Streets, which structure has come to shelter the local offices of Public Service Electric and Gas. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

HOW A FRENCH NOBLE BECAME A FRIEND92

Sentences from ‘No Cross, No Crown,’ by WILLIAM PENN. ‘Come, Reader, hearken to me awhile; I seek thy salvation; that is my plot; thou wilt forgive me.’ ‘Thou, like the inn of old, hast been full of guests; thy affections have entertained other lovers; there has been no room for thy Saviour in thy soul ... but his love is after thee still, & his holy invitation continues to save thee.’ ‘Receive his leaven, & it will change thee; his medicine and it will cure thee; he is as infallible as free; without money and with certainty.... Yield up the body, soul & spirit to Him that maketh all things new: new heavens & new earth, new love, new joy, new peace, new works, a new life & conversation....’ ‘The inward, steady righteousness of Jesus is another thing than all the contrived devotion of poor superstitious man.... True worship is an inward work; the soul must be touched and raised in its heavenly desires by the heavenly Spirit.... So that souls of true worshippers see God: and this they wait, they pant, they thirst for.’ ‘Worship is the supreme act of man’s life.’ Now we come to a Saint who had a life so full of adventures that a book twice as big as this one would be needed to contain the stories that might be told about him alone. Unlike any of the other ‘Quaker Saints’ in this book, he was by birth a Frenchman and came of noble family. His name was Etienne de Grellet. He was born nearly a century after the death of George Fox; but he probably did not know that such a person had ever existed, never even heard Fox’s name, until long after he was grown up. If Etienne de Grellet, the gay young nobleman of the French court, had been told that his story would ever be written in a book of ‘Quaker Saints’ he would, most likely, have raised his dark eyebrows and have looked extremely surprised. ‘Quakère? Qu’est-ce que c’est alors, Quakère? Quel drôle de mot! Je ne suis pas Quakère, moi!’ he might have answered, with a disdainful shrug of his high, narrow, aristocratic French shoulders. Yet here he is after all! Etienne de Grellet was born at Limoges in France, in the year 1773. His childhood was passed in the stormy years when the cloud was gathering that was to burst a little later in the full fury of the French Revolution. His father, Gabriel de Grellet, a wealthy merchant of Limoges, was a great friend and counsellor

92. Hodgkin, Lucy Violet. A BOOK OF QUAKER SAINTS. Illustrated by F. Cayley-Robinson. 1917. Variously reprinted. QUAKER SAINTS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette. As a reward for having introduced into the country the manufacture of finer porcelain than had ever before been made in France he was ennobled by the king, whom he often used to attend in his private chapel. Limoges china is still celebrated all over the world; and at that time the most celebrated of its china-makers was M. de Grellet, the king’s friend. Naturally the sons of this successful merchant and nobleman were brought up in great luxury. Etienne and his brothers were not sent to a school, but had expensive tutors to teach them at home. Their parents wanted their children to be well educated, honourable, straightforward, generous, and kind; to possess not only accomplishments but good qualities. Yet Etienne felt, when he looked back in later days, that something had been left out in their education that was, perhaps, the most important thing of all. When he was quite a little boy he was taken to visit one of his aunts who was a nun in a convent near Limoges. The rules of this convent were so strict that the nuns might not even see their relations who came to visit them. They might only speak to them from the other side of two iron gratings, between the bars of which a thick curtain was hung. The little boy thought it very strange to be taken from his beautiful home, full of costly furniture, pictures, and hangings, and to be brought into the bare convent cell. Then he looked up and saw an iron grating, and heard a voice coming through the folds of a thick curtain that hung behind it. He could hear the voice, but he might never see the face of the aunt who spoke to him. At night at home, as he lay in his comfortable bed, he used to think of his aunt and the other nuns ‘rising three times in the night for prayer in the church, from the hard boards which formed their couch, even the luxury of a straw pallet being denied them.’ ‘Which is the real life,’ he used to ask himself, ‘the easy comfortable life that goes on round me every day, or that other, difficult life hidden behind the folds of the thick curtain?’ Child though he was, Etienne felt that his aunt loved him, although he had never seen her. This helped him to feel that, although unseen, God was loving him too. As he grew older he wondered: ‘Perhaps everything we see here is like the bars of a grating, or a thick curtain. Perhaps there is some one on the other side who is speaking to us too.’ Etienne was only about five or six years old when he made the great discovery that GOD IS THERE, hidden behind the screen of visible things all round us. After this, he longed to be able to speak to God and to listen to God’s voice, as he was able to listen to his unseen aunt’s voice speaking to him from behind the curtain in the convent. No one ever taught him to pray; but presently he discovered that too for himself. One day, when he was only six years old, his tutor gave him a Latin lesson to learn that was much too difficult for him. Etienne took the book up to his bedroom, and there, all alone, he read it over and over and did his very best HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

to learn it. But the unfamiliar Latin words would not stay in his memory. At last he closed the book in despair and went to his bedroom window and looked out. He gazed over the high roofs of the city, away over the wide plain in which Limoges lay, to the distant mountain, blue against the sky. Everything looked fair and peaceful. As he gazed, the thought came to him, ‘God made the plain and the river and the mountains. God made this whole beautiful world in which I live. If God can create all these things, surely He can give me memory also.’ He knelt down at the foot of his bed and prayed, for the first time in his life, that his Unseen Friend would help him to master the difficult lesson. Taking up the book again, he read the hard Latin words once more, very attentively. This time the words stayed in his memory and did not fade away. Often afterwards, he found that if he prayed all his lessons became easier. He could not, of course, learn them without effort, but after he had really prayed earnestly, he found he could remember things better. Then one day he learned the Lord’s prayer. Long years after, when he was an old man, he could still recall the exact spot in his beautiful home where, as a little boy, he had first learned to say, ‘Our Father.’ Etienne and his family belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. On Sundays they went to the great cathedral of Limoges; but the service there always seemed strange and far away to Etienne.93 The music, the chanting, the Latin words that were said and sung by bishops and priests in their gorgeous robes, did not seem to him to have anything to do with the quiet Voice that spoke to the boy in the silence of his own heart. When Etienne and his brothers were old enough they were sent to several different colleges and schools. Their last place of instruction was the celebrated College of the Oratorians at Lyons. Among other things, the students of this College were taught to move so quietly that fifty or a hundred boys went up or down the stone steps of the College all together, without their feet making the least noise. Etienne tells us in his diary: ‘as we were educated by Roman Catholics and in their principles we were required to confess once a month,’ that is, to tell a priest whatever they had done that was wrong, and receive the assurance of God’s forgiveness from him. The priest to whom Etienne regularly made his confession was ‘a pious, conscientious man,’ who treated him with fatherly care. When the boy told him of his puzzles, and asked how it could be necessary to confess to any man, since God alone could forgive sins, he received a kind, helpful answer. ‘Yet,’ he says, ‘my reasoning faculties brought me to the root of the matter; from created objects to the Creator—from time to eternity.’ After he was confirmed at College he hoped that his heart would be changed and made different; but he found that he was still much the same as before. Before leaving the College he and the other students

93. ‘From my earliest days,’ he writes, ‘there was that in me that would not allow me implicitly to believe the various doctrines I was taught.’ HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

who were also departing received the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper at Mass. This was to Etienne a very solemn time. But, he says, as soon as he was out in the world again, the remembrance of it faded away. He settled that he had no use for religion in his life, and determined to live for pleasure and happiness alone. ‘I sought after happiness,’ his diary says, ‘in the world’s delights. I went in pursuit of it from one party of pleasure to another; but I did not find it, and I wondered that the name of pleasure could be given to anything of that kind.’ In his dissipated life after leaving College, he gave up saying his prayers, and gradually he lost his belief that GOD WAS THERE. He read unbelieving books, which said that God did not exist, and that the Unseen world was only a delusion and a dream. For a time Etienne gave himself up to doubt and denial as well as to dissipation. He was in this restless state when the French Revolution broke out and caught him, like a butterfly in a thunderstorm. New questions surged over him. ‘If there is a God after all, why should He allow these horrors to happen?’ But no answer came. Or perhaps he had forgotten how to listen. ‘Towards the close of 1791,’ he writes, ‘I left my dear Father’s house, and bade him, as it proved, a lasting farewell, having never seen him since.’ At this time, Etienne accompanied his brothers and many other nobles into Germany, to join the French Princes who were endeavouring to bring about a counter- revolution and restore the king, Louis XVI. On this dangerous journey the young men met with many narrow escapes. Courage came naturally to Etienne. ‘I was not the least moved,’ he writes in his diary, ‘when surrounded by people and soldiers, who lavished their abuses upon us, and threatened to hang me to the lamp-post. I coolly stood by, my hands in my pockets, being provided with three pairs of pistols, two of which were double-barrelled. I concluded to wait to see what they would do, and resolved, after destroying as many of them as I could, to take my own life with the last.’ Happily the necessity for extreme courses did not arise. He was, he says, ‘mercifully preserved,’ and no violent hands were laid upon him, though he and his companions suffered a short detention, after which they succeeded in safely joining the French Princes and their adherents at the city of Coblentz on the Rhine. Here Etienne spent the following winter and spring surrounded, he tells us, by many temptations. ‘I was fond of solitude,’ continues the diary, ‘and had many retired walks through the woods and over the hills. I delighted to visit the deserted hermitages, which formerly abounded on the Rhine. I envied the situation of such hermits, retired from the world, and sheltered from its many temptations; for I thought it impossible for me to live a life of purity while continuing among my associates. I looked forward wishfully to the time when I could thus retire; but I saw also that, unless I could leave behind me my earthly-mindedness, my pride, vanity, and every carnal propensity, an outward solitude could afford me no shelter. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

‘Our army entered into France the forepart of the summer of 1792, accompanied by the Austrians and Prussians. I was in the King’s Horse Guards, which consisted mostly of the nobility. We endured great hardships, for many weeks sleeping on the bare ground, in the open air, and were sometimes in want of provisions. But that word honour so inflamed us, that I marvel how contentedly we bore our privations.’ Towards the approach of winter, owing to various political changes, the Princes’ army was obliged to retire from France, and soon after was disbanded. ‘Etienne had been present at several engagements; he had seen many falling about him, stricken by the shafts of death; he had stood in battle array, facing the enemy ready for the conflict; but, being in a reserve corps, he was preserved from actually shedding blood, having never fought with the sword, or fired a gun.’ In after years, he was thankful to remember that although he had been perfectly willing to take life, he had never actually done so in his soldier days. After the retreat of the French army, he and his brothers set out for Amsterdam. On the way, however, they were made prisoners of war, and condemned to be shot. ‘The execution of the sentence was each moment expected, when some sudden commotion in the hostile army gave them an opportunity to make their escape.’ Their lives thus having been spared a second time they reached Holland in safety. The young men were puzzled what to do next. They could not bear to leave their beloved parents at distant Limoges, and yet it was impossible to reach them or to help them in any way. France was a dangerous place for people with a ‘de’ in their names in those days, and for young men of military age most dangerous of all. Finally, Etienne and his brother Joseph settled to go to South America. ‘Through the kind assistance of a republican General, a friend of the family, they obtained a passage on board a ship bound for Demerara, where they arrived in the First month of 1793, after a voyage of about forty days.’ Unfortunately this long voyage had not taken them away from scenes of violence. The Revolution in France was terrible, but the horrors of slavery in South America were, if possible, even worse. The New World seemed no less full of tragedy than the Old. Etienne saw there husbands and wives, parents and children, brothers and sisters torn apart, most cruelly beaten, often sold like cattle to tyrannical masters, never to see each other’s faces again. Amid such scenes Etienne grew more than ever full of despairing thoughts, more than ever inclined to believe that there could not be a God ruling a world where these evils were allowed to go unpunished. ‘Such was the impression made upon Etienne by the scenes of cruelty and anguish he witnessed, that, many years after, the sound of a whip in the street would chill his blood, in the remembrance of the agony of the poor slaves; and he felt convinced that there was no excess of wickedness and malice which a slave-holder, or driver, might not be guilty of.’ HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Etienne and Joseph stayed in Demerara for more than two years. In the spring of 1795 they left South America and settled in Long Island near New York. There, they made friends with a certain Colonel Corsa, a man who had served in the British army, and who had a daughter who spoke French. As the two brothers at this time knew no English it was a great cheer to them in their loneliness to be able to visit at this hospitable house. One day Colonel Corsa happened to speak of William Penn. Etienne had already heard of the Quaker statesman, George Fox’s friend, and when the young girl said she possessed Penn’s writings Etienne asked to borrow them. He took back to his lodgings with him a large folio book, intending, with the help of a dictionary, to translate it in order to improve his English. Great was his disappointment when he found that the book contained nothing about politics or statesmanship. It was about religion; and at this time Etienne thought that religion was all a humbug and delusion. Therefore he shut up the book and put it away, though he did not return it to its owner. One evening, about this time, as he was walking in the fields alone, suddenly the Voice he had heard in his childhood spoke to him once more, close by and terribly clear: ‘ETERNITY, ETERNITY, ETERNITY.’ These three words, he says, ‘reached my very soul,—my whole man shook,—it brought me, like Saul, to the ground.’ The sinfulness and carelessness of his last few years passed before him. He cried out, ‘If there is no God, doubtless there is a hell.’ His soul was almost in hell already, for hell is despair, and Etienne was very nearly despairing at that moment. Only one way out remained, the way of prayer, the little mossy pathway that he used to tread when he was a child, but that he had not trodden, now, for many years. Tangled, mossy, and overgrown that path was now, but it still led out from the dark wood of life where Etienne had almost lost his way and his hope. Etienne took that way. With his whole heart he prayed for mercy and for deliverance from the sin and horror that oppressed him. When no answer came at once he did not stop praying, but continued day and night, praying, praying for mercy. Perhaps he scarcely knew to whom his prayer was addressed; but it was none the less a real prayer. He expected that the answer to it would come in some startling form that he could recognise the first minute and say: ‘There! Now God is answering my prayer!’ Instead, the answer came far more simply than he had expected. God often seems to choose to answer prayers in such a gentle, natural fashion, that His children need to watch very carefully lest they take His most radiant messengers, His most wonderful messages, almost as a matter of course. Only if they recognise God’s Love in all that comes, planning how things shall happen, they can see His hand arranging even the tiniest details of their lives, fitting them all in, and making things work out right. Then they understand how truly wonderful His answers are. The answer to Etienne’s prayer came through nothing more extraordinary than that same old folio book which he had borrowed from his friend Miss Corsa, and had put away, thinking it too dull to translate. He took it out again, and opened upon HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

a part called ‘No Cross, No Crown.’ ‘I proceeded,’ he says, ‘to read it with the help of my dictionary, having to look for the meaning of nearly every word.’ When he had finished, he read it straight through again. ‘I had never met with anything of the kind before,’ and all the time he was reading the Voice inside his heart kept on saying, ‘Yes, Yes, Yes, that is true!’ ‘I now withdrew from company, and spent most of my time in retirement, and in silent waiting upon God. I began to read the Bible, with the aid of my dictionary, for I had none then in French. I was much of a stranger to the inspired records. I had not even seen them before that I remember; what I had heard of any part of their contents, was only detached portions in Prayer Books. ‘Whilst the fallow ground of my heart was thus preparing, my brother and myself, being one day at Colonel Corsa’s, heard that a Meeting was appointed to be held next day in the Friends’ Meeting-house, by two Englishwomen, to which we were invited. The Friends were Deborah Darby and Rebecca Young. The sight of them brought solemn feelings over me; but I soon forgot all things around me; for, in an inward silent frame of mind, seeking for the Divine presence, I was favoured to find in me, what I had so long, and with so many tears, sought for without me. My brother, who sat beside me, and to whom the silence, in which the forepart of the meeting was held, was irksome, repeatedly whispered to me, “Let us go away.” But I felt the Lord’s power in such a manner, that a secret joy filled me, in that I had found Him after whom my soul had longed. I was as one nailed to my seat. Shortly after, one or two men Friends in the ministry spoke, but I could understand very little of what they said. After them Deborah Darby and Rebecca Young spoke also; but I was so gathered in the temple of my heart before God, that I was wholly absorbed with what was passing there. Thus had the Lord opened my heart to seek Him where He is to be found. ‘My brother and myself were invited to dine in the company of these Friends, at Colonel Corsa’s. There was a religious opportunity after dinner, in which several communications were made. I could hardly understand a word of what was said, but, as Deborah Darby began to address my brother and myself, it seemed as if the Lord opened my outward ear, and my heart. She seemed like one reading the pages of my heart, with clearness describing how it had been, and how it was with me. O what sweetness did I then feel! It was indeed a memorable day. I was like one introduced into a new world; the creation, and all things around me, bore a different aspect, my heart glowed with love to all.... O how can the extent of the Lord’s love, mercy, pity, and tender compassion be fathomed!’ After the visit of the two Friends had made this change in his life Etienne decided to give up his French name and title, and to be no longer Etienne de Grellet, the French nobleman, but plain Stephen Grellet, the teacher of languages. Later on, he was to become Stephen Grellet the Quaker preacher; but the time for that had not yet come. After Deborah Darby’s visit he went regularly to the Friends’ Meetings in Long Island, but they were HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

held for the most part in complete silence, and sad to say not one of the Friends ever spoke to him afterwards. He missed their friendliness all the more because the people he was lodging with could not bear his attending Quaker Meetings, and tried to make him give up going to such unfashionable assemblies. His brother, Joseph, also could not understand what had come to him, and both Joseph and the lodging-house people teased poor Stephen about his Quaker leanings, till he, who had been brave enough when his life was in danger, was a coward before their mockery. He did not want to give up going to his dear Meeting, but he hated to be ridiculed. At first he tried to give up Meeting, but this disobedience gave him, he says, ‘a feeling of misery.’ When the next Sunday came he tried another plan. He went to the Meeting- house by roundabout ways ‘through fields and over fences, ashamed to be seen by any one on the road.’ When he reached the Meeting-house by these by-lanes, the door was closed. No Meeting was to be held there that day. The Friends happened to have gone to another place. Stephen, therefore, sat down, ‘in a retired place and in a very tried state,’ to think the whole question over again, with much humility. He decided that henceforth, come what might, he would not be a coward; and he kept his resolution. The next Sunday he went to Meeting ‘though it rained hard and I had about three miles to walk.’ Henceforward he attended Meeting regularly, and at last his brother ceased reproaching him for his Quakerism, and one Sunday he actually came to Meeting too. This time Joseph also enjoyed the silence and followed the worship. ‘From that time he attended meetings diligently, and was a great comfort to me. But, during all that period,’ Stephen continues, ‘we had no intercourse with any of the members of the religious Society of Friends.’ These Friends still took no notice of the two strangers. They seem to have been Friends only in name. About this time bad news came from France. ‘My dear mother wrote to me that the granaries we had at our country seat had been secured by the revolutionary party, as well as every article of food in our town house. My mother and my younger brother were only allowed the scanty pittance of a peck of mouldy horse-beans per week. My dear father was shut up in prison, with an equally scanty allowance. But it was before I was acquainted with the sufferings of my beloved parents, that the consideration of the general scarcity prevailing in the country led me to think how wrong it was for me to wear powder on my head, the ground of which I knew to be pride.’ He gave up powder from this time. It would not be much of a sacrifice nowadays, but it was a very real one then, when powder was supposed to be the distinguishing mark of a gentleman. The two brothers were now obliged to learn to support themselves. All their estates in France had been seized. ‘Our means began to be low, and yet our feelings for the sufferings in which our beloved parents might be involved, caused us to forget ourselves, strangers in a strange country, and to forward them a few hundred dollars we had yet left.’ It was no easy matter to find employment. The brothers went on HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

to New York, and there at last the Friends were kind: Friends in deed and not in name only. They found a situation for Joseph in New York itself, and arranged for Stephen to go to Philadelphia, where he was more likely to find work. And at Philadelphia the Friends were, if possible, even kinder to him than the Friends at New York. They were spiritual fathers and mothers to him, he says, and seemed to know exactly what he was feeling. ‘They had but little to say in words, but I often felt that my spirit was refreshed and strengthened in their company.’ At Philadelphia, he had many offers of tempting employment, but he decided to continue as a teacher of languages in a school. He gave his whole mind to his school work while he was at it, and out of school hours wandered about entirely care free. But although he was a teacher of languages and although the English of his Journals is scrupulously careful, it has often a slight foreign stiffness and formality. He was often afraid in his early years of making mistakes and not speaking quite correctly. There is a story that long afterwards, when he was in England and was taking his leave of some schoolgirls, he wished to say to them that he hoped they might be preserved safely. But in the agitation of his departure he chose the wrong words. His parting injunction, therefore, never faded from the girls’ memory: ‘My dear young Friends, may the Lord pickle you, His dear little muttons.’ If, even as an old man, Stephen was liable to fall into such pitfalls as this, it is easy to understand that in his earlier years the fear of making mistakes must have been a real terror to him, especially when he thought of speaking in Meeting. Very soon after he became a Friend he felt, with great dread, that the beautiful, comforting messages that refreshed his own soul were meant to be shared with others. Months, if not years, of struggle followed, before he could rise in his place in Meeting and obey this inward prompting. But directly he did so, his fears of making a mistake, or being laughed at, vanished utterly away. After agony, came joy. ‘The Lord shewed me how He is mouth, wisdom and utterance to His true and faithful ministers; that it is from Him alone that they are to communicate to the people, and also the when and the how.’ At that first Meeting, after Stephen had given his message and sat down again, several Friends, whose blessing he specially valued, also spoke and said how thankful they were for his words. Among those present that day was that same William Savery, who, in the last story, had a bundle of valuable hides stolen from his tanyard, and punished the thief, when he came to return the hides, by loading him with kindness and giving him a good situation. Certainly William Savery would not tell the story of ‘the man who was not John Smith’ to Stephen Grellet on that particular day; for Stephen was so filled with the thankful wonder that follows obedience, that he had no thought for outside things. ‘For some days after this act of dedication,’ he says, ‘my peace flowed as a river.’ In the autumn of this year (1796), Stephen Grellet, the French nobleman, became a Friend. About two years HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

later, he was acknowledged as a Minister by the Society. ‘In those days,’ he writes, ‘my mind dwelt much on the nature of the hope of redemption through Jesus Christ.... I felt that the best testimony I could bear was to evince by my life what He had actually done for me.’ Henceforth Stephen’s life was spent in trying to make known to others the joy that had overflowed his own soul. He did indeed ‘put the things that he had learned in practice,’ as he journeyed over both Europe and America, time after time, visiting high and low. His life is one long record of adventures, of perils surmounted, of hairbreadth escapes, of constant toil and of much plodding, humdrum service too. His message brought him into the strangest situations, as he gave it fearlessly. He sought an interview with the Pope at Rome in order to remonstrate with him about the state of the prisons in the Papal States. Stephen gave his message with perfect candour, and afterwards entered into conversation with the Pope. Finally, he says, ‘As I felt the love of Christ flowing in my heart towards him, I particularly addressed him.... The Pope ... kept his head inclined and appeared tender, while I thus addressed him; then rising from his seat, in a kind and respectful manner, he expressed his desire that “the Lord would bless and protect me wherever I went,” on which I left him.’ Not satisfied with that, though it seems wonderful enough, Stephen another time induced the Czar of all the Russias, Alexander I., to attend Westminster Meeting. Both these stories are well worth telling. But there is one story about Stephen, better worth telling still, and that is how the Voice that guided him all over the world sent him one day ‘preaching to nobody’ in a lonely forest clearing in the far backwoods of America. Note.—The References throughout are to the Cambridge Edition of George Fox’s JOURNAL, except where otherwise stated. The spelling has been modernised and the extracts occasionally abridged.

[According to the author, this story “HOW A FRENCH NOBLE BECAME A FRIEND” is “Entirely historical. All the facts are taken from the AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF STEPHEN GRELLET.”] HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

November 17, Saturday: Henry Thoreau saw John Goodwin returning in the morning from the river with two mink, one trapped, the other shot, and half a dozen muskrats.

The Reverend Dr. David Livingstone made himself the initial white man to see the Mosi-oa-Tunya waterfall (that name meant “smoke that thunders”), about which he would be exclaiming:

“Scenes so lovely must have been gazed upon by angels in their flight.” Be that as it may, the Reverend would be supplying this waterfall with a more appropriate name, Victoria Falls, because, really, he was an Englishman dude and this was the era of colonialism and of course it was his monarch Queen Victoria who was the greatest smoker, and thunderer. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

November 17: Just after dark the first snow is falling, after a chilly afternoon with cold gray clouds, when my hands were uncomfortably cold. It is interesting to me to talk with Rice, he lives so thoroughly and satisfactorily to himself. Ile has learned that rare art of living, the very elements of which most professors do not know. His life has been not a failure but a success. Seeing me going to sharpen some plane-irons, and bearing me complain of the want of tools, he said that I ought to have a chest of tools. But I said it was not worth the while. I should not use them enough to pay for them. “You would use them more, if you had them,” said he. “When I came to do a piece of work I used to find commonly that I wanted a certain tool, and I made it a rule first always to make that tool. I have spent as much as $3000 thus on my tools.” Comparatively speaking, his life is a success; not such a failure as most men’s. He gets more out of any enterprise than his neighbors, for he helps himself more and lures less. Whatever pleasure there is in it he enjoys. By good sense and calculation he has become rich mid has invested his property well, yet practices a fair and neat economy, dwells not in untidy luxury. It costs him less to live, and he gets more out of life, than others. To get his living, or keep it, is not a hasty or disagreeable toil. Ile works slowly but surely, enjoying the sweet of it. Ile buys a piece of meadow at a profitable rate, works at it in pleasant weather, he and his son, when they are inclined, goes a-fishing or a-bee-hunting or a-rifle-shooting quite as often, and thus the meadow gets redeemed, and potatoes get planted; perchance, and he is very sure to have a good crop stored in his cellar in the fall, and some to sell. Ile always has the best of potatoes there. In the same spirit in which he and his son tackle up their Dobbin (he never keeps a fast horse) and go a-spearing or a-fishing through the ice, they also tackle up and go to their Sudbury farm to hoe or harvest a little, and when they return they bring home a load of stumps in their hay-rigging, which impeded their labors, but, perchance, supply them with their winter wood. All the woodchucks they shoot or trap in the bean-field are brought home also. And thus their life is a long sport and they know not what hard times are. Rice says there are no bees worth hunting about here now. Ile has sometimes been to a large wood in the west part of Sudbury, and also to Nagog, yet there was little honey there. Saw Goodwin this afternoon returning from the river with two minks, one trapped, the other shot, and half a dozen muskrats. Mink seem to be more commonly seen now, and the rising of the river begins to drive out the muskrats. Labaume says that he wrote his journal of the Campaign in Russia each night, in the midst of incredible danger and suffering, with “a raven’s quill, and a little gunpowder, mixed with some melted snow, in the hollow of my hand,” the quill cut and mended with “the knife with which I had carved my scanty morsel of horse-flesh.” Such a statement promises well for the writer’s qualifications to treat such a theme. THE CAMPAIGN IN RUSSIA HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1856

March 16, Sunday: Eugène Louis Jean Joseph was born in Paris, son of Emperor Napoléon III and Empress Eugènie. The Prince Imperial was a grand nephew of Napoléon II, thus ensuring the Bonaparte line.

August 28, Thursday: Henry Thoreau commented in his journal in a manner that might indicate that he had heard an account that there was a turtle still on the island of St. Helena who had met Napoléon. (Be aware that Henry knew that a turtle is not a tortoise, and be aware that in any event this is not the giant tortoise Dipsochelys hololissa (nicknamed by Sir Stewart Spencer Davis in the 1930s Jonathan), who has since lived on the island, for that creature was born in 1832 well after the death of the former emperor and anyway was not brought there from the Seychelles until 1882. In all likelihood Thoreau had never heard this urban legend about this giant tortoise, and all he meant by this “One turtle knows several Napoleons” aphorism was that turtles tend to live considerably longer lives than humans.)

Aug. 28, First watermelon. P.M. — To tortoise eggs, Marlborough road. Potentilla Norvegica again. I go over linnæa sproutlands. The panicled cornel berries are whitening, but already mostly fallen. As usual the leaves of this shrub, though it is so wet, are rolled like corn, showing the paler under sides. At this season it would seem that rain, frost, and drought all produce similar effects. Now the black cherries in sprout-lands are in their prime, and the black choke-berries just after huckleberries and blueberries. They are both very abundant this year. The branches droop with cherries. Those on some trees are very superior to others. The bushes are weighed down with choke-berries, which no creature appears to gather. This crop is as abundant as the huckleberries have been. They have a sweet and pleasant taste enough, but leave a mass of dry pulp in the mouth. But it is worth the while to see their profusion, if only to know what nature can do. Huckleberries are about given up, low blueberries more or less shrivelled, low blackberries done, high blackberries still to be had. Viburnum nudum berries are beginning; I already see a few shrivelled purple ones amid the light green. Poke berries also begun. A goldfinch [American Goldfinch Carduleis tristis] twitters away from every thistle now and soon returns to it when I am past. I see the ground strewn with the thistle-down they have scattered on every side. At Tarbell's andromeda swamp. A probable Bidens connata or small chrysanthemoides. I open the painted tortoise nest of June 10th, and find a young turtle partly out of his shell. He is roundish and the sternum clear uniform pink. The marks on the sides are pink. The upper shell is fifteen sixteenths of an inch plus by thirteen sixteenths. He is already wonderfully strong and precocious. Though those eyes never saw the light before, he watches me very warily, even at a distance. With what vigor he crawls out of the hole 1 have made, over opposing weeds! He struggles in my fingers with great strength; has none of the tenderness of infancy. His whole snout is convex, and curved like a beak. Having attained the surface, he pauses and warily watches me. In the meanwhile another has put his head out of his shell, but I bury the latter up and leave them. Meanwhile a striped squirrel sits on the wall across the road under a pine, eying me, with his check-pouches stuffed with nuts and puffed out ludicrously, as if he had the mumps, while the wall is strewn with the dry brown husks of hazelnuts he has stripped. A bird, perhaps a thrasher, in the pine close above him is hopping restlessly and scolding at him. June, July, and August, the tortoise eggs are hatching a few, inches beneath the surface in sandy fields. You tell of active labors, of works of art, and wars the past summer; meanwhile the tortoise eggs underlie this turmoil. What events have transpired on the lit and airy surface three inches above them! Sumner knocked down; Kansas living an age of suspense. Think what is a summer to them! How many worthy men have died and had their funeral sermons preached since I saw the mother turtle bury her eggs here! They contained an undeveloped liquid then, they are now turtles. June, July, and August, — the livelong summer, — what are they with their heats and fevers but sufficient to hatch a tortoise in. Be not in haste; mind your private affairs. Consider the turtle. A whole summer June, July, and August — is not too good nor too much to hatch a turtle in. Perchance you have worried, yourself, despaired of the world, meditated the end of life, and all things seemed rushing to HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

destruction; but nature has steadily and serenely advanced with a turtle's pace. The young turtle spends its infancy within its shell. It gets experience and learns the ways of the world through that wall. While it rests warily on the edge of its hole, rash schemes are undertaken by men and fail. Has not the tortoise also learned the true value of time? You go to India and back, and the turtle eggs in your field are still unhatched. French empires rise or fall, but the turtle is developed only so fast. What's a summer? Time for a turtle's eggs to hatch. So is the turtle developed, fitted to endure, for he outlives twenty French dynasties. One turtle knows several Napoleons. They have seen no berries, had no cares, yet has not the great world existed for them as much as for you? Euphorbia hypericifolia, how long? It has pretty little white and also rose-colored petals, or, as they are now called, involucre. Stands six inches high, regularly curving,

with large leaves prettily arranged at an angle with both a horizontal and perpendicular line. See the great oval masses of scarlet berries of the arum now in the meadows. Trillium fruit, long time. The river being thus high, for ten days or more I have seen little parcels of shells left by the muskrats. So they eat them thus early. Peppermint, how long? Maybe earlier than I have thought, for the mowers clip it. The bright china-colored blue berries of the Cornus sericea begin to show themselves along the river, ,amid their red- brown leaves, — the kinnikinnic of the Indians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1858

The Emperor Napoléon III agreed to join Piedmont in a war against Austria — he had survived an assassination attempt by Felice Orsini who, following the attempt and before his execution, asked the ruler he had attempted to kill for his help in freeing Italy from Austrian rule.

Queen Victoria granted the right to purchase and hold Longwood House and the Tomb on St. Helena to Napoléon III of France and his heirs in perpetuity (the Tricolor yet flies over these two small patches of “French Territory”).

(There was no mention of title in regard to so many head of giant tortoises in use as lawn ornaments.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

January 14, Thursday: In an effort to cool the atmosphere between himself and the Wesendoncks over their little ménage a trois, Richard Wagner left Zürich for Paris.

Felice Orsini, an Italian patriot and follower of Giuseppi Mazzini, led a small band in throwing several bombs at the carriage carrying the Emperor Napoléon III and Empress Eugénie to the Paris Opéra. Two people were killed. The Empress and about 150 others were injured. Orsini would be captured and executed. As the Emperor reached his box at the Opéra, the audience, aware of the attempt on his life, nevertheless remained mute.

Giuseppe Verdi arrived in Naples with an opera about killing a king.

Francisco Javier Istúriz y Montero replaced Francisco Armero y Fernández Peñaranda, marqués de Nervión as Prime Minister of Spain.

JONATHAN BUFFUM January 14, Thursday [1858]: Mr. Buffum says that in 1817 or 1819 he saw the sea-serpent at Swampscott, and so did several hundred others. He was to be seen off and on for some time. There were many people on the beach the first time, in carriages partly in the water, and the serpent came so near that they, thinking that he might come ashore, involuntarily turned their horses to the shore as with a general consent, and this movement caused him to shear off also. The road from Boston was lined with people directly, coming to see the monster. Prince came with his spy-glass, saw, and printed his account of him. Buffum says he has seen him twenty times, once alone, from the rocks at Little Nahant, when he passed along close to the shore just beneath the surface, and within fifty or sixty feet of him, so that he could have touched him with a very long pole, if he had dared to. Buffum is about sixty, and it should be said, as affecting the value of his evidence, that he is a firm believer in Spiritualism. This forenoon I rode to Nahant with Mr. Buffum. All the country bare. A fine warm day; neither snow nor ice, unless you search narrowly for them. On the way we pass Mr. Alonzo Lewis’s cottage. On the top of each of his stone posts is fastened a very perfectly egg-shaped pebble of sienite from Kettle Cove, fifteen to eighteen inches long and of proportionate diameter. I never saw any of that size so perfect. There are some fifteen of them about his house, and on one flatter, circular one he has made a dial, by which I learned the hour (9:30 A. M.). Says he was surveying once at Kettle Cove, where they form a beach a third of a mile long and two to ten feet deep, and he brought home as many as his horse could draw. His house is clapboarded with hemlock bark; now some twenty years old. He says that he built it himself. Called at the shop where lately Samuel Jillson, now of Feltonville, set up birds,–for he is a taxidermist and very skillful; kills his own birds and with blow-guns, which he makes and sells, some seven feet long, of glass, using a clay ball. Is said to be a dead shot at six rods! Warm and fall-like as it is, saw many snow buntings at the entrance to the beach. Saw many black ducks (so Lewis said; may they not have been velvet ducks, i. e. coot?) on the sea. Heard of a flock of geese (!) (may they not have been brant, or some other species?), etc.; ice[?] divers. On the south side of Little Nahant a large mass of fine pudding-stone. Nahant is said to have been well-wooded, and furnished timber for the wharves of Boston, i. e. to build them. Now a few willows and balm-of-Gileads are the only trees, if you except two or three small cedars. They say others will not grow on account of wind. The rocks are porphyry, with dykes of dark greenstone in it, and, at the extremity of Nahant, argillaceous slate, very distinctly stratified, with fossil corallines in it (?), looking like shells. Egg Rock, it seems, has a fertile garden on the top. P.M.–Rode with J. Buffum, Parker Pillsbury, and Mr. Mudge, a lawyer and geologist of Lynn, into the northwest part of Lynn, to the Danvers line. After a mile or two, we passed beyond the line of the porphyry into the sienite. The sienite is more rounded. Saw some furrows in sienite. On a ledge of sienite in the woods, the rocky woods near Danvers line, saw many boulders of sienite, part of the same flock of which Ship Rock (so called) in Danvers is one. One fifteen feet long, ten wide, and five or six deep rested on four somewhat rounded (at least water-worn) stones, eighteen inches in diameter or more, so that you could crawl under it, on the top of a cliff, and projected about eight feet over it,–just as it was dropped by an iceberg. A fine broad-backed ledge of sienite just beyond, north or northwest, from which we saw Wachusett, Watatic, Monadnock, and the Peterboro Hills. Also saw where one Boyse (if that is the spelling), a miller in old times, got out millstones in a primitive way, so said an old man who was chopping there. He pried or cracked off a piece of the crust of the ledge, lying horizontal, some sixteen or eighteen inches thick, then made a fire on it about its edges, and, pouring on water, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

cracked or softened it, so that he could break off the edges and make it round with his sledge. Then he picked a hole through the middle and hammered it as smooth as he could, and it was done. But this old man said that he had heard old folks say that the stones were so rough in old times that they made a noise like thunder as they revolved, and much grit was mixed with the meal. Returning down a gully, I thought I would look for a new plant and found at once what I suppose to be Genista tinctoria, dyers’-green-weed,–the stem is quite green, with a few pods and leaves left. It is said to have become naturalized on the hills of Essex County. Close by was a mass of sienite some seven or eight feet high, with a cedar some two inches thick springing from a mere crack in its top. Visited Jordan’s or the Lynn Quarry (of sienite) on our return, more southerly. The stone cracks very squarely and into very large masses. In one place was a dyke of dark greenstone, of which, joined to the sienite, I brought off two specimens, q. v. The more yellowish and rotten surface stone, lying above the hard and grayer, is called the sap by the quarrymen. From these rocks and wooded hills three or four miles inland in the northwest edge of Lynn, we had an extensive view of the ocean from Cape Ann to Scituate, and realized how the aborigines, when hunting, berrying, might perchance have looked out thus on the early navigators sailing along the coast,–thousands of them,–when they little suspected it,–how patent to the inhabitants their visit must have been. A vessel could hardly have passed within half a dozen miles of the shore, even,–at one place only, in pleasant weather,–without being seen by hundreds of savages. Mudge gave me Saugus jasper, graywacke, amygdaloid (greenstone with nodules of feldspar), asbestos, hornstone (?); Buffum some porphyry, epidote, argillaceous slate from end of Nahant. JONATHAN BUFFUM Mr. Buffum tells me that they never eat the seaclams without first taking out “the worm,” as it is called, about as large as the small end of a pipe-stem. He supposes it is the penis.

February 27, Saturday: Neapolitan censors returned Giuseppe Verdi’s new opera with a slashed and rearranged libretto and a new title: Adelia degli Adimari. The composer refused to produce the work in Naples.

Following an attempt on the life of the Emperor Napoléon III, the French government instituted several repressive measures in the Lois de sûreté générale.

July 20, Tuesday: The Emperor Napoléon III and Count Cavour met at Plombières to prepare the unification of Italy. They agreed that a war against Austria would be necessary.

The New-York All-Stars baseball team beat Brooklyn, in the 1st paid-admission game. SPORTS HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1859

James Russell Lowell was touring Italy and was not amused:

Even when the Italian beggar is a cripple you suspect him of being a comedian.

Lowell’s wit in The Atlantic Monthly was bound together as a book: THE BIGLOW PAPERS

Napoléon III and Victor Emanuele II joined forces against Austria and won victories at Magenta and Solferino. Lombardy was awarded to Sardinia.

Early in the year: With war about to break out between Austria and France, Napoléon III invited Lajos Kossuth for a personal interview and asked him to organize a revolt in Hungary. Kossuth agreed to collaborate with the French agenda in return for support for the cause of a Magyar nation.

January 30, Sunday: Clotilde, 15-year-old daughter of King Vittorio Emanuele of Sardinia, got married with the 1st cousin of Emperor Napoléon III in the Royal Chapel at Turin. The marriage would be widely perceived as an alliance by France and Sardinia against Austria.

John Thoreau, although bedridden, was alert, and was able on this Sunday to sit up in his bedroom for a little while.

January 30: How peculiar the hooting of an owl! It is not shrill and sharp like the scream of a hawk, but full, round, and sonorous, waking the echoes of the wood. The surface of the snow, especially on hillsides, has a peculiarly combed or worn appearance where water has run in a thaw; i.e., the whole surface shows regular furrows at a distance, as if it had been scraped with an immense comb. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

April 26, Tuesday: Dr. William Lauder Lindsay got married with Elizabeth Reid, only daughter of William Paterson Reid, solicitor, of Demerara. (The couple would produce Marion Jane Robertson Lindsay, who would get married with Dr. Francis Haultain of Edinburgh.)

Count Cavour rejected the Austrian ultimatum of April 23d that Sardinia must disarm within three days. The Emperor Napoléon III would dispatch troops to Sardinia to aid his ally in the face of this Austrian ultimatum.

Henry Thoreau checked out, from Harvard Library, Judge Samuel Penhallow (1665-1726)’s THE HISTORY OF THE WARS OF NEW-ENGLAND, WITH THE EASTERN INDIANS, OR, A NARRATIVE OF THEIR CONTINUED PERFIDY AND CRUELTY, FROM THE 10TH OF AUGUST, 1703, TO THE PEACE RENEWED 13TH OF JULY, 1713. AND FROM THE 25TH OF JULY, 1722, TO THEIR SUBMISSION 15TH DECEMBER, 1725, WHICH WAS RATIFIED AUGUST 5TH 1726. BY SAMUEL PENHALLOW, ESQR. (Boston, 1726; Cincinnati: Re-printed from the Boston edition of 1726, with a memoir by Nathaniel Adams, and notes, and appendix, for Wm. Dodge, by J. Harpel, 1859). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Thoreau also checked out the two volumes of Capitaine Jean Bernard Bossu’s NOUVEAUX VOYAGES AUX INDES OCCIDENTALES; CONTENANT UNE RELATION DES DIFFÉRENS PEUPLES QUI HABITENT LES ENVIRONS DU GRAND FLEUVE SAINT-LOUIS, APPELLÉ VULGAIREMENT LE MISSISSIPI; LEUR RELIGION; LEUR GOUVERNEMENT; LEURSMOEURS [sic]; LEURS GUERRES & LEUR COMMERCE (Paris, Le Jay, 1768), Bossu’s NOUVEAUX VOYAGES DANS L’AMÉRIQUE SEPTENTRIONALE, CONTENANT UNE COLLECTION DE LETTRES ÉCRITES SUR LES LIEUX, PAR L’AUTEUR, À SON AMI, M. DOUIN, CHEVALIER, CAPITAINE DANS LES TROUPES DU ROI, CI-DEVANT SON CAMARADE DANS LE NOUVEAU MONDE, and TRAVELS THROUGH THAT PART OF NORTH AMERICA FORMERLY CALLED LOUISIANA. TR. FROM THE FRENCH, BY JOHN REINHOLD FORSTER, F.A.S. ILLUSTRATED WITH NOTES RELATIVE CHIEFLY TO NATURAL HISTORY... (London: two volumes printed for T. Davies, 1771).

.

“There is no Frigate like a Book To take us Lands away” — Emily Dickinson

(Thoreau would copy from these volumes, in French and in translation, into his 12th Indian Notebook and his 2d Commonplace Book.)

When Thoreau delivered “AUTUMNAL TINTS” at the Frazier Hall in Lynn that evening, he had along with him these library books he had checked out while passing through Cambridge.

April 26. Start for Lynn. Rice says that he saw a large mud turtle in the river about three weeks ago, and has seen two or three more since. Thinks they come out about the first of April. He saw a woodchuck the 17th; says he heard a toad on the 23d. P. M.–Walked with C. M. Tracy in the rain [This is the last of the rains (spring rains!) which invariably followed an east wind. Vide back.] in the western part of Lynn, near Dungeon Rock. Crossed a stream of stones ten or HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

more rods wide, reaching from top of Pine Hill to Salem. Saw many discolor-like willows on hills (rocky hills), but apparently passing into S. humilis; yet no eriocephala, or distinct form from discolor. Also one S. rostrata. Tracy thought his neighborhood’s a depauperated flora, being on the porphyry. Is a marked difference between the vegetation of the porphyry and the sienite. Got the Cerastium arvense from T.’s garden; said to be abundant on Nahant and to have flowers big as a five- cent-piece; very like a dianthus, – the leaf. Also got the Nasturtium officinale, or common brook cress, from Lynn, and set it in Depot Field Brook. Neither of these in bloom. His variety Virginica of Cardamine grows on dry ground.

June 8, Wednesday: The Emperor Napoléon III and King Vittorio Emanuele entered Milan amidst great cheering and excitement while French and Sardinian forces were capturing Parma from the Austrians.

Horace Greeley was in Colorado panning for gold among other activities (such as catching the view from Pike’s Peak), and would soon almost drown in Golden while attempting to ford its swollen creek on a mule.94

June 8: Notice that one of these little silvery scales on a stone is now empty of eggs; how long? See a painted turtle beginning to lay. She has merely scratched the ground a little, and moistened it very much. This must be to make it adherent. It is at the same time beginning to rain. See lightning-bugs to-night. Noticed yesterday, dancing before our chamber windows, swarms of little plumed gnats with white wings and a reddish body forward. One on my book at night incessantly leaps backward. It seems to be a kind of Chironomus.

June 24, Friday: The Battle of Solferino, an unremitting slaughter of 30,000 soldiers in the French-Sardinian effort to expel the Austrians from Italy, should have warned the USA of the scale of suffering which was to come in our civil war. The huge casualty list would cause Napoléon III of France to sue for peace in a forthcoming meeting with Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria at Vilafranca di Verona. A Swiss citizen who observed the battle, Jean Henry Dunant, would in 1862 publish “Un Souvenir de Solferino,” which would help create the neutral organization known as the Red Cross.

June 24, 1859: To Billerica dam, surveying the bridges. Another foggy [SIC], amounting from time to time to a fine rain, and more, even to a shower, though the grass was thickly covered with cobwebs in the morning. Yet it was a condensed fog, I should say. Its value appeared to be as a veil to protect the tender vegetation after the long rainy and cloudy weather. The 22d, 23d, and 24th, I have been surveying the bridges and river from Heard's Bridge to the Billerica dam. I hear of two places in Wayland where there was formerly what was called a hay bridge, but no causeway, at some narrow and shallow place, a hundred years ago or more. Have looked after all the swift and the shallow places also. The testimony of the farmers, etc., is that the river thirty to fifty years ago was much lower in the summer than now. Deacon Richard Heard spoke of playing when a boy on the river side of the bushes where the pads are, and of wading with great ease at Heard's Bridge, and I hear that one Rice (of Wayland or Sudbury), an old man, remembers galloping his horse through the meadows to the edge of the river. The meadow just above the causeway on the Wayland side was spoken of as particularly valuable. Colonel David Heard, who accompanied me and is best acquainted of any with the details of the controversy,–has worked at clearing out the river (I think about 1820),–said that he did not know of a rock in the river from the falls near the Framingham line to perhaps the rear of Hubbard's in Concord. The grass not having been cut last year, the ice in the spring broke off great quantities of pipes, etc., immense masses of them, which were floated and drifted down against the causeways and bridges; and there they lie still, almost concealing any green grass, like a raft on the meadows, along the south side the causeways. The inhabitants of Wayland used a good deal for mulching trees. One told me that at Sherman's Bridge they stretched quite across the river above the bridge, so that a man “could walk across on them,”–perhaps “did walk 94. There’s now a historical marker commemorating this near drowning. It’s in Golden, Colorado on the bank behind the Clear Creek Commons building east of the Washington Avenue Bridge. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

across on them,”–but on inquiring of one who lived by the bridge I learned that “a dog could not have walked across on them.” Daniel Garfield, whom I met fishing on the river, and who has worked on Nine-Acre Corner and Lee's Bridges for fifty years or more, could remember one year when Captain Wheeler dug much mud from the river, when the water was so low that he could throw out pickerel on each side outside the bushes (where the pads now are). Says that his old master with whom he lived in Lincoln when he was young told him that he wheeled the first barrow-load at the building of Lee's Bridge and road, and that if he were alive now he would be a good deal over a hundred years old. Yet Shattuck says that bridge was a new bridge in 1660. LEMUEL SHATTUCK READ SHATTUCK TEXT Ebenezer Conant remembers when the Canal dam was built, and that before that it used to be dry at midsummer outside the bushes on each side. Lee says that about 1819 the bridge near him was rebuilt and the mud-sills taken up. These are said to remain sound an indefinite while. When they put in a new pile (Buttrick the carpenter tells me) they find the mortise in the mud-sill and place it in that. Deacon Farrar says that he can remember Lee's Bridge seventy-five years ago, and that it was not a new bridge then. That it is sometimes obstructed by hay in the spring. That he has seen a chip go faster up-stream there than ever down. His son said this was the case considerably further up in the meadows toward Rice's, and he thought it the effect of Stow River backing up. Deacon Farrar thought the hay bridge called Farrar's Bridge was for foot-passengers only. I found the water in Fair Haven Pond on the 22d twelve to thirteen feet deep in what I thought the channel, but in Purple Utricularia Bay, half a dozen rods from the steep hill, twenty-two and a half feet was the most I found. John Hosmer tells me that he remembers Major Hosmer's testifying that the South Bridge was carried up- stream, before the court, at the beginning of the controversy. Simonds of Bedford, who is measuring the rapidity of the current at Carlisle Bridge, says that a board with a string attached ran off there one hundred yards in fifteen minutes at the height of water (in May, and pretty high), when the Commissioners were here. That he has found it to be swiftest just after the water has begun to fall. The character of the river valley changes about at Hill's Bridge. The meadows are quite narrow and of a different character,–higher and firmer,–a long hill bounds the meadow, and almost the river, on the w cst for a good way, and high land on the east, and the bottom is harder and said to be often rocky (?). The water was about four and a half feet deep–sounded with a paddle and guessed at–at the Fordway, and at that stage so swift and strong that you could not row a boat against it in the swiftest part of the falls. [July 22d, the average depth of water at the Fordway was two feet, it having fallen in Concord two feet nine and three fourths inches since June 23d; so that the water fell possibly as much in this month at the Fordway as at Concord,–I think surely within half a foot as much.]

July: Napoléon III of France cut a deal with Francis Joseph I of Austria, leaving Lajos Kossuth and his new Magyar nation out in the cold. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Fall: Brownson’s Quarterly Review, No. 15

I. The Church and the Revolution II. Public and Parochial Schools CATHOLICISM III. Complete Works of Gerald Griffin IV. Lamennais and Gregory XVI V. Napoleonic Ideas VI. Literary Notices and Criticisms

MAGAZINES ORESTES AUGUSTUS BROWNSON

October 23, Sunday: After meeting with Ferdinand de Lesseps, Napoléon III announced his support for the Suez Canal project. EGYPT

Running into Hector Berlioz on a Paris street, Richard Wagner found him “in a pitiable state of health” because he had just come from an electrical treatment intended to help his nervous condition. The two of them resumed their personal, if not their professional, relationship.

News of Captain John Brown’s raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia having reached Cincinnati, the Reverend Moncure Daniel Conway in his sermon described the enterprise as “worse than a crime — a blunder”95 and declared that the Abolitionists, since they were non-resistants, would repudiate him. (However, upon Brown’s execution the Reverend would opinion that “Two days later my sermon exalted him to the right hand of God,” and then looking back through the perspective of old age, he would write that “Reading his career by the light of subsequent history, I am convinced that few men ever wrought so much evil.”) JOHN HOLLADAY LATANÉ

Several weeks earlier Henry Thoreau had delivered his sermon “LIFE MISSPENT” before the Reverend Theodore Parker’s Twenty-Eighth Congregational Society at the Boston Music Hall on Winter Street near the Tremont Temple.

Swamp-pink and waxwork were bare October 23d; how long?

95. We have no reason to suspect that the Reverend ever became aware that one of the participants in the raid had been a college classmate of his, a young student whom he had caused to be expelled from the college for a very minor infraction. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

His sermon had been reported by Boston newspapers and the Reverend D.C. Eddy had read one of these reviews. Eddy responded with an argumentative theological sermon of his own which, as we might expect, was quite a bit more thoroughly covered, by the Boston Journal, than Thoreau’s lecture had originally been covered:

Misspent Lives. This was the subject of a lecture delivered at Harvard Street Church, last evening, by the pastor, Rev. D. C. Eddy, his text being Matt. vii. 26:27. The speaker referred to a recent lecture delivered in this city, by Henry D. Thoreau, on “Misspent Lives,” conceiving that the lecturer had given no true idea of a model life, either in his lecture or in himself; and turned from him to one wiser than Solomon in all his glory—and the estimate by Christ of a misspent life, as one who hearing and not doing his sayings, was likened to a man building his house upon the sand—turning from the epigrammatic nonsense of the Walden Pond cynic and the transcendental mysticism of Emerson to the Great Teacher whose language was as transparent as his life, and his life an illustration of his teachings, the speaker took the following positions: 1. Every life which did not recognize human brotherhood, and which is not in itself an effort to lift the world up to God, is a misspent life. There are men all around us who do nothing to fulfill one noble purpose—never reach forth a hand to save the lost—rise up and lie down to rest without being conscious of striking of[f] the fetter of [a] single bondman, or giving to a single immortal soul a heavenward impulse. Men may make the world blaze with their deeds, and their lives be misspent. The world is none the better for many a man who has lived in it. How many men with language glowing with eloquence, leave but misspent lives; they have shown their literature and their learning, but the wounds which have festered on the breast of humanity do not heal for anything they have done. Men use their gifted tongues on great public occasions and charm their hearers, and others applaud the sawing off of the heads of bronze statues rather than the heads of vice and crime, but who can help wondering that these great men do nothing to make the world better? They are burdened with learning and the graces of literature, but what is done to draw anything from the ocean of sorrow, or add anything to the sum of human happiness? HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

2. A life is misspent which is not in harmony with Christ and His salvation, which does not comprehend the Cross as its centre and rest upon the atonement as its basis. All the skill a man may have will not compensate him for the want of salvation. Salvation is what men need—Christ in his heart, will, and conscience; Christ crucified as the power of the Cross—as a living energy and the grand object of his life.3. A life is misspent which does not make a large and conscious preparation for a future world. A writer in one of the public journals tells us there is too much attention paid to the future life, and too little bestowed upon this world; that more attention should be given to the stomach, to the teeth, to the hair. What can such a man be thinking of? He forgets a man is to live forever. He can take care of himself, but he needs to care for his soul. All the care of his body, and all he can amass of things of this life, will do him no good without Christ. What did God say to the man who had nothing but barns and stores? “Thou fool, this night thy soul shall be required of thee.” How is it with you who hear me to-night? How do you feel about the great brotherhood of man? Do you feel yourself bound to the great heart of humanity? Is Christ your life and your hope? If you trust in Him, it shall be with you as it was with him who built his house upon the rock. Without Christ your misspent life shall be as he who built upon the sand, and the winds and flood beat upon that house, and it fell. The house was crowded by an attentive audience. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

[NO JOURNAL ENTRIES FOR 23-27 OCTOBER] HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

An anonymous letter of this date, to the Clerk of Court, Kanawha County, in Charlestown VA: Copy “Clerk of the Court Charlestown Va Sir. You had better caution your authorities to be careful what you— with “Ossawatimi Brown” So sure as you hurt One hair of his head— mark my word, the following day you will see every City—Town and Village South of Mason & Dixons line in Flames We are determined to put down Slavery at any odds Forcibly if it must Peacefully if it can Believe me when I tell you the end is not yet– by a long odds All of us at the North Sympathize with the Martyr of Harpers Ferry” On the Envelope “Clerk of the Court Charlestown Kanawha Coy Virginia” Postmarked “New York Oct 23 1859” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1860

March 11, Sunday: The Emperor Napoléon III ordered production of the opera Tannhäuser at the Paris Opéra (with such backing the Saxon ambassador in Paris, Baron von Seebach, would gain an amnesty for the composer Richard Wagner, who had been for 11 years an exile).

March 11. Sunday. 2 P. M. — About 40°. It is cold and blustering walking in the wind, though the thermometer is at 40; i. e., though the temperature is thus high, the strong and blustering northwest winds of March make this notorious March weather, which is worse to hear than severe cold without wind. The farmers say that there is nothing equal to the March winds for drying wood. It will dry more this month than it has in all the winter before. I see a woodchuck out on the calm side of Lee’s Hill (Nawshawtuct). He has pushed away the withered leaves which filled his hole and come forth, and left his tracks in those slight patches of the recent snow which are left about his hole. I was amused with the behavior of two red squirrels as I approached the hemlocks. They were as gray as red, and white beneath. I at first heard a faint, sharp chirp, like a bird, within the hemlock, on my account, and then one rushed forward on a descending limb toward me, barking or chirruping at me after his fashion, within a rod. They seemed to vie with one another who should be most bold. For four or five minutes at least, they kept up an incessant chirruping or squeaking bark, vibrating their tails and their whole bodies and frequently changing their position or point of view, making a show of rushing forward, or perhaps darting off a few feet like lightning and barking still more loudly, i. e. with a yet sharper exclamation, as if frightened by their own motions; their whole bodies quivering, their heads and great eyes on the qui vive. You are uncertain whether it is not half in sport after all. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

April 27, Friday: The Emperor Napoléon III attended a performance of Orphée aux enfers and afterward presented composer Jacques Offenbach with gifts.

No witnesses having appeared to corroborate any of the accusations of murder, John Anderson was released from jail.

JACK BURTON AS THE CANADIAN “JOHN ANDERSON”

April 27. River five eighths of an inch below summer level. P.M.—Row to Conantum. At the stone bridge the lower side outer end of the stone is about a quarter of an inch above summer level. I saw yesterday, and see to-day, a small hawk which I take to be a pigeon hawk. This one skims low along over Grindstone Meadow, close to the edge of the water, and I see the blackbirds rise hurriedly from the button- HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

bushes and willows before him. I am decided by his size (as well as color) and his low, level skimming. [Methinks I saw a yet smaller hawk, perhaps sparrow hawk, fly or skim over the village about the 12th.] The river meadows are now so dry that E. Wood is burning the Mantatuket one. Fishes are rising to the shad- flies, probably because the river is so low. Luzula a day or two at Clamshell. Strawberry well out; how long? Viola ovata common. One dandelion white, as if going to seed! Thalictrum anemonoides are abundant, maybe two or three days, at Blackberry Steep. I see where a robin has been destroyed, probably by a hawk. I think that I see these traces chiefly in the spring and fall. Why so? Columbine, but perhaps earlier, for I hear that it has been plucked here. I see, close under the rocks at Lee’s, some new polypody flatted out. I stand under Lee’s Cliff. There is a certain summeriness in the air now, especially under a warm cliff like this, where you smell the very dry leaves, and hear the pine warbler and the hum of a few insects,—small gnats, etc.,—and see considerable growth and greenness. Though it is still windy, there is, nevertheless, a certain serenity and long-lifeness in the air, as if it were a habitable place and not merely to be hurried through. The noon of the year is approaching. Nature seems meditating a siesta. The hurry of the duck migration is, methinks, over. But the woods generally, and at a distance, show no growth yet. There is a large fire in the woods northwest of Concord, just before night. A column of smoke is blown away from it far southeast, and as the twilight approaches, it becomes more and more dun. At first some doubted if it was this side the North River or not, but I saw that Annursnack was this side of it, but I expected our bells would ring presently. One who had just come down in the cars thought it must be in Groton, for he had left a fire there. And the passengers in the evening train from Boston said that they began to see the smoke of it as soon as they left the city! So hard is it to tell how far off a great fire is. [I learn afterward that it was just this side of Groton Junction in Groton. Some seven hundred acres burned. Vide Apr. 30th.] HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1861

May 22, Wednesday: Franz Liszt dined at the Tuileries with the Emperor Napoléon III and Empress Eugenie. His playing for the invited guests produced a sensation.

The two visitors from Massachusetts, Henry Thoreau and Horace Mann, Jr., “Rode down Michigan Avenue” in Chicago. Meanwhile, in Minnesota, the destination of our Massachusetts travelers, a missionary teacher of the Chippewa Indians at Belle Prairie some 50 miles upriver from Fort Snelling, Patrick Henry Taylor –a young man who had lost one eye in a childhood accident but had nevertheless already adventured with his older brother Jonathan for some 500 miles on the Red River and the Mississippi River in a birchbark canoe– volunteered for the Union forces. From a letter Henry Taylor wrote to his parents:

I have heard that it is doubtful about the St. Cloud company being accepted for some time at least, and as more men are wanted to fill up the First Regiment which has already been accepted for three months, but now wanted for three years or during the war, I have given my name to go in that Reg. I am to start for Fort Snelling (near St. Paul) in the course of three hours. It is now 7 o’clock A.M. I am the only one who goes from Belle Prairie. I have taught two weeks on my term at Little Falls, but you know schools come after Law and Government. I shall probably take the oath day after tomorrow. The “Star Spangled Banner, o long may it wave.” I should be pleased to see you all before I go, but I cannot. The same God, who has thus protected me will not withhold his guardian care in future. I go feeling that I am right and in a good cause, and if that be the case, I will not fear. Tell all my brothers and sisters to stand firm by the Union and by the glorious liberties which, under God, we enjoy.

And, from the diary which Henry Taylor began at that significant juncture in his life:

May 22, 1861 — Left Belle Prairie, Minn. at 11 a.m. by stage, arriving at Sauk Rapids at 7 p.m., the boys drilling in the opening.

Thoreau, evidently after ditching his travelling companion for awhile, visited the Chicago Unitarian minister, the Reverend Robert Collyer, evidently at his parsonage next to the church, and then after Thoreau left the Reverend wrote him an enclosure note, sending him some materials which he had requested, and added a HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

suggestion that Thoreau might author a book about the American West.

Mr Thoreau

Dear Sir You will find herein the things you wanted to know. Mr Whitfield is very well posted about the country and what he Says is reliable. I hope you will have a pleasant time get heartily well and write a book about the great west that will be to us what your other books are. [“a freinds”] I want you to stop in Chicago as you come back if it can be possible, and be my guest a few days. I should be very much pleased to have you take a rest and feel at home with us, and if you do please write in time so that I shall be sure to be at home.

I am very truly Robert Collyer Chicago May 22d.

Thirty-one years later, in 1892, this minister would write most perceptively about the person whom he so briefly encountered, in a manuscript he would title CLEAR GRIT: A COLLECTION OF LECTURES, ADDRESSES AND POEMS which eventually, in 1913, would see publication by Boston’s Beacon Press.

Here are pages 294-7 as eventually published: Thirty-one years ago last June a man came to see me in Chicago whom I was very glad and proud to meet. It was Henry Thoreau of Concord, the Diogenes of this new world, the Hermit of Walden HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

Woods. The gentle and loving misanthropist and apostle of individualism so singular and separate that I do not know where to look for his father or his son — the most perfect instance to be found I think of American independence run to seed, or shall we say to a mild variety which is very fair to look on but can never sow itself for another harvest. The man of a natural mind which was not enmity against God, but in a great and wide sense was subject to the law of God and to no other law. The saint of the bright ages and the own brother in this to the Saint of the dark ages, who called the wild creatures that run and fly his sisters and brothers, and was more intimate with them than he was with our human kind. The man of whom, so far as pure seeing goes, Jesus would have said “blessed are your eyes, for they see,” and whose life I want to touch this evening for some lessons that as it seems to me he alone could teach those who would learn. As I remember Henry Thoreau then, he was something over forty years of age but would have easily passed for thirty-five, and he was rather slender, but of a fine, delicate mold, and with a presence which touched you with the sense of perfect purity as newly opened roses do. It is a clear rose-tinted face he turns to me through the mist of all these years, and delicate to look on as the face of a girl; also he has great gray eyes, the seer’s eyes full of quiet sunshine. But it is a strong face, too, and the nose is especially notable, being as [Moncure] Conway said to me once of Emerson’s nose, a sort of interrogation mark to the universe. His voice was low, but still sweet in the tones and inflections, though the organs were all in revolt just then and wasting away and he was making for the great tablelands beyond us Westwards, to see if he could not find there a new lease of life. His words also were as distinct and true to the ear as those of a great singer, and he had Tennyson’s splendid gift in this, that he never went back on his tracks to pick up the fallen loops of a sentence as commonplace talkers do. He would hesitate for an instant now and then, waiting for the right word, or would pause with a pathetic patience to master the trouble in his chest, but when he was through the sentence was perfect and entire, lacking nothing, and the word was so purely one with the man that when I read his books now and then I do not hear my own voice within my reading but the voice I heard that day.... We are not sure it would be best to meet some men who have touched us by their genius, but it seems to me now that to see Thoreau as I did that day in Chicago and hear him talk was the one thing needful to me, because he was so simply and entirely the man I had thought of when I read what he had written. There was no lapse, no missing link; the books and the man were one, and I found it was true of him also that “the word was made flesh and dwelt among us.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

August 15, Thursday: The Emperor Napoléon III created Jacques Offenbach a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor.

Henry Thoreau wrote to Friend Daniel Ricketson. Concord Aug. 15th ’61 Friend Ricketson, When your last letter was written I was away in the far North-West, in search of health. My cold turned to bronchitis which made me a close prisoner almost up to the moment of my starting on that jour- ney, early in May. As I had an incessant cough, my doctor told m e that I must “clear out”– to the West Indies or elsewhere, so I select- ed Minnesota. I returned a few weeks ago, after a good de al of steady travelling, considerably, yet not essentially better, my cough still continuing. If I do not mend very quickly I shall be obliged to go to another climate again very soon– My ordinary pursuits, both indoor and out, have been for the most part omitted, or seriously interrupted — walking, boating, scrib- bling, &c — Indeed I have been sick so long that I have almost for- gotten what it is to be well, & yet I feel that it all respects only my envelope. Channing & Emerson are as well as usual, but Alcott, I am sorry to say, has for some time been more or less confined by a lameness, perhaps of a neuralgic character, occasioned by carrying too great a weight on his back while gardening. On returning home, I found various letters awaiting me, among oth- ers one from Cholmondeley & one from yourself. Of course, I am sufficiently surprised to hear of your conversion, yet I scarcely know what to say about it, unless that judging by your ac- count, it appears to me a change which concerns yourself peculiarly, and will not make you more valuable to mankind. However, perhaps, I must see you before I can judge. Remembering your numerous invitations, I write this short note now chiefly to say that, if you are to be at home, and it will be quite agree- able to you, I will pay you a visit next week, & take such rides or sauntering walks with you as an invalid may. Yrs Henry D. Thoreau HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1862

June 14, Saturday: The Emperor Napoléon III signed a decree providing a pension for the widow of Fromental Halévy. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1864

June 12, Sunday: Fighting continued at Trevilian Station, and at Cynthiana / Kellar’s Bridge.

The Reverend Moncure Daniel Conway delivered a sermon celebrating the life of William Johnson Fox, late MP for Oldham, and Minister at South Place, Finsbury.96

Maximilian, brother of the Emperor Franz-Joseph, Archduke of Austria arrived in Mexico City and took up the title of Emperor of Mexico (he was placed there by French forces on orders of the Emperor Napoléon III).

August 12, Friday: The emperor Napoléon III named Hector Berlioz as an officer in the Legion of Honor.

August 13, Saturday-20, Saturday: The Emperor Napoléon III created Gioachino Rossini as a grand officer in the Legion of Honor.

People began to kill each other in a place known as Deep Bottom / Fussell’s Mill / Bailey’s Creek (they would continue to kill each other in this vicinity of Illinois until the 20th).

96. Moncure Daniel Conway. THE SERVICE IN COMMEMORATION OF WILLIAM JOHNSON FOX, LATE M.P. FOR OLDHAM, AND MINISTER AT SOUTH PLACE, FINSBURY: AT FINSBURY CHAPEL ON SUNDAY MORNING, JUNE 12, 1864, BY M.D. CONWAY. London: Trübner & Co., 1864. READ THE FULL TEXT HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1865

January 21, Saturday: Les deux reines de France, a play by Ernest Legouvé with incidental music by Charles Gounod, was forbidden to be staged in France by the censors due to the current conflict between the Emperor Napoléon III and Pope Pius IX.

April: The house of Mr. Porteous, in which Napoléon had slept for his initial night on St. Helena, was at this point consumed by fire.

The remaining military formations of the Confederate States of America would be stacking arms and heading home between the end of this month and the end of the following month (President Jefferson Davis would sneak off but would be taken into custody in Georgia on May 10th). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1866

August 11, Saturday: Despite a personal appeal from Empress Carlotta of Mexico, the Emperor Napoléon III announced that all French troops would be withdrawn from Mexico. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1867

March 11, Monday: Don Carlos, an opéra by Giuseppe Verdi to words of Méry and DuLocle after Schiller, was performed for the first time, at the Paris Opéra. In attendance were the Emperor Napoléon III and Empress Eugénie as well as many court and state officials and members of the diplomatic corps. The event was moderately successful but reviews would be mixed.

On the big island of Hawaii, there was a great eruption of Mauna Loa. VOLCANISM

April 1, Monday: Washington Hoppin died. The body would be placed in the Swan Point Cemetery of Providence, Rhode Island.

Great Britain, nationalizing the franchise of the East India Company, made the Straits Settlements into a Crown Colony.

In Paris, the Emperor Napoléon III opened the Exposition universelle.

Using antiseptic methods he had been developing, Dr. Joseph Lister treated the final one of 11 compound fractures (this surgical record would provide the basis for a series of reports in The Lancet, that would change surgery forever).

In Nashville, Tennessee, the good white people hosted the opening ceremonies of the initial national convention of the Ku Klux Klan.

August 15, Thursday: The façade of the new Paris Opéra was unveiled.

The 2d Reform Act received royal assent. This doubled the electorate by enfranchising all men who were able to establish themselves as heads of households.

Paix et Liberté, a cantata by Jules Massenet, was performed for the initial time, at the Théâtre-Lyrique, for the birthday of Napoléon I. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1870

May 7, Saturday: The day before a national plebescite, prominent leftists were arrested in France on charges of plotting against the Emperor Napoléon III — “Hold on, you’re now getting me all confused-like: wasn’t that what we were supposed to be doing?”

Professor Henri-Frédéric Amiel, who would be referred to as the “Swiss Thoreau,” wrote in his JOURNAL INTIME: “The faith which clings to its idols and resists all innovation is a retarding and conservative force; but it is the property of all religion to serve as a curb to our lawless passion for freedom, and to steady and quiet our restlessness of temper. Curiosity is the expansive force, which, if it were allowed an unchecked action upon us, would disperse and volatilize us; belief represents the force of gravitation and cohesion which makes separate bodies and individuals of us. Society lives by faith, develops by science. Its basis then is the mysterious, the unknown, the intangible — religion — while the fermenting principle in it is the desire of knowledge. Its permanent substance is the uncomprehended or the divine; its changing form is the result of its intellectual labor. The unconscious adhesions, the confused intuitions, the obscure presentiments, which decide the first faith of a people, are then of capital importance in its history. All history moves between the religion which is the genial instinctive and fundamental philosophy of a race, and the philosophy which is the ultimate religion — the clear perception, that is to say, of those principles which have engendered the whole spiritual development of humanity. It is always the same thing which is, which was, and which will be; but this thing — the absolute — betrays with more or less transparency and profundity the law of its life and of its metamorphoses. In its fixed aspect it is called God; in its mobile aspect the world or nature. God is present in nature, but nature is not God; there is a nature in God, but it is not God himself. I am neither for immanence nor for transcendence taken alone.”

May 8, Sunday: Brigham Young “got married with” Lydia Farnsworth.

A national plebescite was held in France over the future of the Second Empire. Published results showed 84% in favor of its continuation.

July 28, Thursday: The Emperor Napoléon III left Paris for Metz to take command of his army. He had a big blue “N” monogrammed on his underpants and was a’gonna show them he was exactly like the guy whose initial he wore. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

September 2, Friday: At Sedan, the main body of the French army, personally led by the Emperor Napoléon III, surrendered to the Germans. Immediately the 2d Empire collapsed.

September 3, Saturday: The Emperor Napoléon III was transported to Wilhelmshöhe.

The 32nd anniversary of Frederick Douglass’s freedom, which we may well elect to celebrate in lieu of an unknown slave birthday.

Here is a Daguerreotype, by an unidentified photographer in the 1850-1855 timeframe.

“It has been a source of great annoyance to me, never to have a birthday.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1871

March 19, Sunday: Gabriel Faure was employed as organist at Saint-Honore-d’Eylau but would soon be forced to flee the Commune.

Former Emperor Napoléon III crossed to Dover and exile.

May 16, Tuesday: The Victory Column in Paris’s Place Vendome was removed by order of the Commune (you know how it goes: since this monstrosity had been cast from the metal of guns captured by Napoléon’s victorious French armies, dispensing with it would be viewed by some as an act destroying French pridefulness). HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN WALDEN

1872

May 12, Sunday: Former Emperor Napoléon III issued a letter from England taking responsibility for the loss at Sedan. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1873

January 9, Thursday: Former Emperor Napoléon III died in Chislehurst, England following surgery. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1877

Of two specimens of Aldabra giant tortoise on the lawn at Plantation House on St. Helena –acquired during what era no-one knows– one died.97

What has come to be termed the “Bone War” between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh war intensified, with the discovery of major dinosaur localities at Canon City, Morrison, and Como Bluff.

Comparative anatomy professor François Louis Paul Gervais undertook thin-section microscopy studies of fossil eggs (his work would largely be forgotten until Roy Chapman Andrews would discover dinosaur eggs in Mongolia during the 1920s).

A new Archaeopteryx fossil was discovered in Solnhofen, complete with a toothy jaw. This well-preserved fossil, which will become known as the Berlin Archaeopteryx, supported Thomas Henry Huxley’s previous observations about its reptilian affinities. PALEONTOLOGY

Karl August Möbius used the term biocoenosis to point up the fact that living beings do not live independently, but group themselves into plant and animal communities. THE SCIENCE OF 1877 ECOLOGY

97. Please note that it would never have been any big deal, to acquire some of these giant tortoises as curios and lawn ornaments for one’s greensward on an ocean island estate, for sailors of that era were in the habit of catching the giants on islands in the Indian Ocean and storing them aboard their vessels upside down, to be killed and cooked as the occasion arose. No special coordination would have been necessary! Anyone who wanted to make a pet of one of these awesomely ugly animals would need only to trot down to the port with a cow on halter, and trade the cow for one or another giant lying upside-down under a canvas upon the deck of some barque that happened to be in port that day. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1879

June 1, Sunday: Belgium introduced secular education.

The son of Napoléon III, the Prince-Imperial, was killed in action in South Africa while serving with the British army. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1880

July: Continuation of serial publication of Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoevski’s THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV in The Russian Herald: Book XI, 1-5 (Ivan drawn to Smerdiakov.)

Robert Louis Stevenson, Frances (Fanny) Matilda Vandegrift (or Van de Grift) Stevenson, and her son Samuel Lloyd Osbourne returned from Napa Valley to San Francisco, California.

The Empress Eugene, widow of Napoléon III, paid a visit to St. Helena. (On the lawn at Plantation House, was she glimpsed by the antique tortoise who had glimpsed her in-law the exiled emperor Napoléon? — Inquiring minds need to know.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1881

October: The other giant tortoise died on the lawn at Plantation House. This creature can be accurately attested to more or less have met a Napoléon (whether or not it was old enough to have met the former emperor before his death on St. Helena) for it most likely did sight the Empress Eugene, widow of Napoléon III, who had visited the island during the previous year and assuredly would have been served tea by the governor’s wife. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1889

A gold torque was found during construction work in St. Helier on the Isle of Jersey. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1905

July 3, Monday: By vote of both houses of the French legislature the Roman Catholic church was officially disestablished, reversing the Concordat of 1801 between the Emperor Napoléon I and the Pope. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1915

July 14, Wednesday: On the 1st Bastille Day since the beginning of the current war, the ashes of Rouget de Lisle, composer of La Marseillaise, were brought to Napoléon’s tomb at Les Invalides in Paris. WORLD WAR I

Ahmed Jemal Pasha,98 Commander of Aleppo’s Fourth Army Corps, protested to Dr. Reshid, the governor- general of Diyarbekir Province about the dumping of dead bodies in the Euphrates River and advised burial. From June 22 to July 17, a period of 25 days, a steady stream of bodies of massacred Armenians floated down the Euphrates River. ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

98. Ahmed Jemal [Djemal, Cemal] Pasha (1872-1922) was the overseer of the Armenian Genocide. A graduate of the War Academy, Jemal was posted in 1898 to the Third Army in Salonika where the new captain joined the underground movement of Ottoman officers known as the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which was opposed to the regime of Sultan Abdul-Hamid (Abdulhamit) II. He used his position as a military inspector and staff officer to spread the CUP network in Thrace. By the time of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Jemal was one of the leaders of the movement and was soon on the executive committee of the CUP. He rejoined his military unit to help suppress the April 1909 counter-revolution. Thereafter he served in a succession of military and administrative posts as the CUP's main trouble-shooter across the Ottoman Empire. In August 1909 he was appointed vali (governor-general) of Adana after the massacre of Armenians in the province. He came to prominence with the January 1913 CUP coup d'etat, which he helped engineer. Thereupon he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, given command of the First Army based in Istanbul and made military governor of the city, where he also brutally suppressed the liberal opposition. In December 1913 he joined the CUP cabinet as Minister of Works. His appointment as Minister of the Navy in February 1914 placed the key Ottoman ministries in the hands of the CUP and signaled the complete consolidation of power by the Young Turk dictatorial triumvirate of Enver, Talaat and Jemal. From the time of the Ottoman entry into WWI in November 1914 until December 1917, Jemal was stationed in Damascus as commander of the Fourth Army and served simultaneously as military governor of Syria including the regions of Palestine and Hijaz (Arabia). He led unsuccessful campaigns in 1915 and 1916 against the British in Egypt by advancing on the Suez Canal. Before the British turned the tide, Jemal's administration of Syria had devastated the civilian population in the region. Arab nationalists were summarily hanged, Zionists were persecuted and steps taken to remove Jewish settlements, grain requisitions in Lebanon had driven the populace to the brink of starvation. These calamities, however, paled in comparison to the destruction of the deported Armenian population carried out in Syria during Jemal's rule. By virtue of the fact that he controlled all the resources and the agencies of government in Syria, Jemal had oversight over the final leg of the deportation of the Armenians and the extermination of the surviving population. By mid-1915 Syria was dotted with concentration camps where the weaker members of the Armenian population were starved to death and where the still able-bodied were employed as virtual slave laborers on construction projects, the most notorious being the Baghdad rail line then still to be laid through the mountain passes of northern Syria. Lastly, the infamous killing sites of Rakka, Ras ul-Ain, and Deir el-Zor were locations in his jurisdiction. In this respect, of the Young Turk triumvirs who conspired and executed the Armenian Genocide, Jemal held responsibility as the final enforcer of the secret plan of extermination. With the surrender of the Ottomans in 1918, Jemal joined Enver and Talaat in flight, first to Berlin, then to Switzerland and Russia. He made contact with the Bolsheviks in Moscow who facilitated his travel to Afghanistan, where he reorganized the Afghan army to carry on the fight against the British. In the meantime he was tried in absentia by a military tribunal in Istanbul, found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death. While in Moscow, he also established contact with Mustafa Kemal and assisted Enver's uncle, Halil, who negotiated on Kemal's behalf for a supply of arms, ammunition and gold from the Bolsheviks. Jemal was assassinated in Tbilisi in 1922 by two Armenians on his trail. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1938

October 29, Saturday: The following piece of newspaper truth appeared on page 21 of the Sydney Morning Herald (New South Wales, Australia, published between 1842 and 1954): NAPOLEON'S PET TORTOISE STILL ALIVE. On the tiny Island of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic, where Napoleon died in exile, there is a tortoise that enjoys the distinction of being the only known creature now alive to have seen the famous man in the flesh. The tortoise was taken to St Helena from the little island of Aldabra situated in the Indian Ocean on the other side of Africa, before the “Little Corporal” began his exile. How old it was then is not known. Venerable as Napoleon’s pet must be it probably is much younger than another historical tortoise now living on the Island of Mauritius. This reptile became a national possession and in 1810 it was specifically mentioned in the treaty by which the French ceded Mauritius to England. For seventy years before that, it was said to have lived on the island. If that figure is correct, the tortoise would now be about 200 years old. —C.G.C.C. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1940

June 23, Sunday: Führer Adolf Hitler posed for photo-ops in Paris.

As Herr Hitler was making his triumphant tourist turn, as an architecture buff he of course stopping by the Opéra building to muse on how “This is the most beautiful theater in the world.” He had, however, of course come primarily in order to be able view the tomb of Napoléon Buonaparte and think interesting thoughts. “But there is something else I believe, and that is that there is a God ... and this God again has blessed our efforts during the past 13 years.” — Adolf Hitler, February 24, 1940 WORLD WAR II GERMANY

Over the previous week, the USSR has effected the occupation of the Baltic States.

Darius Milhaud, in Lisbon, wrote to Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge asking for help. He was planning to flee to the United States, and therefore needed to find work there.

Semyon Kotko op.81, an opera by Sergei Prokofiev to words of Katayev and the composer, was performed for the initial time, in the Stanislavsky Theater, Moscow. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1944

November 23, Thursday: Japanese resistance on Breakneck Ridge was broken as American forces took Limon on Leyte Island.

Finland announced that all Germans had been cleared from Lapland.

American and French forces entered Strasbourg on the Rhine River.

The Canadian cabinet made 16,000 conscripts available for overseas duty (this was the first time Canadian draftees were to be sent abroad).

Ode to Napoléon Buonaparte, for speaker, piano and string quartet by Arnold Schoenberg to words of Byron, was performed for the initial time, in New York. This first performance was for string orchestra.

The US submarine Gar (SS-206) landed men and supplies on the west coast of Luzon in the Philippine Islands.

United States naval vessel damaged: Attack transport James O’Hara (APA-90), by Japanese kamikaze suicide plane, Leyte area, Philippine Islands 10 degrees 57 minutes North, 125 degrees 2 minutes East WORLD WAR II HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1945

March 7, Wednesday: Chinese forces captured Lashio, Burma.

Rival Yugoslav governments were merged in a new arrangement dominated by Josip Broz Tito who becomes prime minister.

Allied planes bombed Dessau, destroying what was left of the synagogue where Albert Weill (father of Kurt Weill) was a cantor earlier in the century. The synagogue was gutted during Kristallnacht.

Two Settings from Finnegans Wake for soprano, flageolet, flutes and kithara by Harry Partch to words of Joyce, was performed for the initial time, in Madison, Wisconsin.

As American forces captured Cologne, somewhat to the southeast the Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen was discovered by American troops to have remained intact. Immediately four divisions were sent across to the eastern bank — the initial foreign troops to successfully cross this river in this direction in anger since the Emperor Napoléon I in 1805. WORLD WAR II GERMANY HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1969

October 30, Thursday: William Jefferson Clinton was reclassified 1-A, eligible for induction. (Clinton would allege that he had instigated this reclassification, but produced no evidence whatever that he had done so — and in all likelihood the reclassification had occurred simply because he had not honored the promise he had made to the Hot Springs draft board, to enroll in the law school of the University of Arkansas and enter the ROTC program there.) VIETNAM

I got myself reclassified 1-A and... HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Christie’s of London auctioned off to the highest bidder what remained of Napoleon Bonaparte’s penis. As it turns out, not very surprisingly, it isn’t worth as much to anyone else as it had been to him. Eventually the object, which is said to resemble a worm, would wind up in the display cabinet of an American urologist. DIGGING UP THE DEAD

So that you won’t be too terribly disappointed, that I don’t have a photo of the object, here is the preserved organ of Grigori Rasputin, still in a museum in Russia, HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

and here is a photograph of Napoleon’s sword and pistols, at the West Point Military Academy: HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1971

May 1, Saturday: The short articles at the front of The New Yorker are typically unsigned. This week’s issue (Volume 47, Part 2, Page 31) offered to inform us about a rascally idea Sir Hudson Lowe, Governor of St. Helena, had, to bring a pair of giant tortoises from the Aldabra Islands to irritate the captive emperor Napoléon, by destroying his carefully tended garden: “The tortoise is nature’s bulldozer, and soon there wasn’t much left of that lovely French garden. One of those tortoises met an accidental death some years ago — a truck pushed it into an abyss. The other tortoise, whose name is Jonathan, is still vibrantly alive. Last year wa the bicentenary of Napoleon’s birth, and a group of French writers went to St. Helena. I tried to talk them into paying my way there, claiming I could talk to Jonathan in chelonian — tortoise language. Just think — Jonathan is the only living creature to have seen Napoleon. I didn’t get to go to St. Helena, but the late French poet Jean Follain, who was a friend of mine, sent me some fine photos of Jonathan last fall.”

June 11, Friday: On page 40 of LIFE Magazine an advertisement by the makers of the “Canadian Club” brand of cheap blended whiskey advised us to “Be sure to visit Plantation House, built for officials of the East India Company. Don’t miss the only living witness of Napoleon’s imprisonment on the island [St. Helena]: a land tortoise that’s over 195 years old.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1988

Fiona Stafford’s THE SUBLIME SAVAGE dealt with the Ossian/James Macpherson controversy.

President Thomas Jefferson may still have been reading and appreciating Ossian as late as 1789, and commenting upon his continuing admiration as late as 1799, but is that so strange? • Much later than 1799, as of 1815 even, Napoleon Bonaparte, who was fond of referring to Ossian as “the northern Homer,” had François Gérard paint his palace at Malmaison “in the style of Ossian.” Over his bed in the Quirinale in Rome, instead of a mirror, he had Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres do a “Dream of Ossian” on the ceiling. • Much later than 1815, in the fall of 1843 even, Henry Thoreau was appreciating the poetry of Ossian as if there were no challenge to its authenticity. He was, of course, a Harvard graduate who had specialized in literature and languages, and he did, of course, lecture and publish, and it is clear that no challenge was brought forward on this topic from members of his New England audiences. As of 1846, while Thoreau was working simultaneously on drafts of WEEK and of WALDEN, he was bringing materials forward from his lecture “Homer. Ossian. Chaucer” (upon which he had begun work at the suggestion of Waldo Emerson, another Harvard grad, while he was staying on Staten Island and utilizing the resources of the NY Mercantile Library), without indicating that any concerns had ever been brought to his attention. None of the learned readers of The Dial took any exception to these materials. As of May 1, 1851 Thoreau was writing an alleged Ossian excerpt into his Journal. • Much later than Fall 1843, as of November 1881 even, Walt Whitman was still writing about “an Ossianic night” without any indication of awareness that challenge had been made to the authenticity of the materials!

These instances fall further and further outside the longest of the long 18th Centuries. But Thoreau was not a person of ill will, not a white supremacist, not one of those period blokes who were running at the mouth about the AngloKeltish stock and suchlike, as Emerson and Bronson Alcott were being tempted to do, and as Walt Whitman most certainly did for the duration of his exceedingly long florut. And this was all despite the existence since 1775 of Dr. Samuel Johnson’s JOURNEY TO THE WESTERN ISLANDS and it was all despite the existence since 1782 of Shaw’s AN ENQUIRY INTO THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE POEMS ATTRIBUTED TO OSSIAN. Clearly what we need is a “reception study” to evaluate how belatedly such correctives spread through the learned community, what the lag cycle is and how it can be shortened, etc. The basic problem is that we have at present a publication system that lets stuff get out there and sit on library shelves where essentially it becomes stand-alone uncorrectable. Some of it, such as this embarrassing white-race-pride wannabelieve nonsense about origins, is relatively benign, at least in encouraging such folks to feel proud of themselves (everybody deserves to feel proud of themselves), but other of it —such as for instance a recipe for cooking fiddlehead ferns in a “nature” book, a recipe which would in fact promptly give a family incurable cancers of the stomach— is while equally innocent not so harmless. We issue recalls for our vehicles but not for our ideas. Which is one of the many reasons why I am looking forward to the early date at which all academic publishing is going to be by way of hanging files off of one’s WWW homepage. Once we reach that point, we can be in the process of maintaining and correcting and polishing and elaborating our materials for the duration of our respective floruts. —Which should cut down somewhat on this lag cycle. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

1993

Fall: Alan K. Leahigh’s “The history of -quote, unquote- public relations” appeared in Public Relations Quarterly volume 38, number 3, beginning on page 24. This study provided quotations amply demonstrating that the doctrines of public relations had been being recognized, evaluated, and practiced long before public relations began to emerge as a “profession.” The historical personages quoted include George Ade, Lewis Carroll, James Fenimore Cooper, Albert Einstein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Benjamin Franklin, Ernest Hemingway, Hubert Humphrey, Ben Jonson, Carl Gustav Jung, Abraham Lincoln, Walter Lippmann, St. Matthew, Margaret Mead, Napoleon Bonaparte, Dan Rather, Henry David Thoreau, Mark Twain, E.B. White, Osmo A. Wiio, Oscar Wilde, and Admiral Elmo Russell Zumwalt, Jr.

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

People of Cape Cod and Walden “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2015. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: November 18, 2015 HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

PEOPLE OF CAPE COD AND WALDEN:NAPOLÉON BONAPARTE PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.