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Design and Designers of Nigerian Postage Stamp Arts and Design Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-6061 (Paper) ISSN 2225-059X (Online) Vol.45, 2016 Design and Designers of Nigerian Postage Stamp Hilda Toritsereju WOODS Department of Fine and Applied Arts, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria Abstract Conceptually, codified signs and symbols are the two most apparent forerunners of postage stamp, divergently displayed by some of the world’s foremost civilizations. Many of whom are contributors to the world artistic tradition; among them are Egypt, Persia, Greek, Rome, Ifè and Old Òyó of Southwestern Nigeria. Necessity however, led the British government to officially launch postage stamp; a small piece of paper with adhesive cum design surface in the year 1840; a development that brought among other things standard in generation and distribution of mails globally. An experience Lagos, Nigeria has been enjoying since 1874 being a colony of Britain. 1914 however, was significant in the history of Nigeria because her amalgamation was commemorated with an official postage stamp. It is however regrettable that after a century of indigenous operation, she is yet to meet global practices where practitioners are recognized among others. This paper examines the emergence, designs, productions, themes and designers of postage stamp in Nigeria. Keywords: philatelic, post office, postage stamp, postage stamp design, postage stamp designers Introduction Before the advent of Western letter posting and courier services, many of the great kingdoms and empires of the world had well established methods of passing message through codified signs and symbols within and across provincial or national boarder. In Ancient Egypt, there was evidence of corps of royal couriers that were used to disseminate the decree of the Pharaohs as early as 2,400 BC (Wikipedia, 2014a). Old Òyó Empire also had an effective dissemination of official and confidential messages of the Alaafin; paramount ruler of Òyó (Aláàfin) and other prominent Versailles Chiefs [Báálè(s)]; these messages were strictly disseminated by the royal messengers otherwise known as Ìlárìs (Johnson, 1920: 62 and 512). Dongari(s) are the Emirate messengers of Hausaland, saddle with the responsibility of carrying messages in ancient Northern Nigeria from place to place (thewillnigeria.com 2010). The advent of writing precisely the Western alphabets brought about the introduction of letter writing as a means of communicating with distant political, business partners, relatives, pen pal among others; the latter spread to other parts of the world. The term modern post office has been in use since 1650 shortly after the legalisation of private mail service in England in 1635. The post office offers various mail related services and route the items through specific designated post office for receipt or delivery. Before the introduction of adhesive postage stamp, mail was usually post-paid for by recipient, a system that was associated with irresolvable problem. The cost of delivering mail were not recoverable by the postal service when the recipient were unable or unwilling to pay for delivered items and the senders had no incentive to restrict the number of pages, size or weight of sent item and the cost of their sent items (Wikipedia, 2014b). This led to the innovation and eventual invention of various ink and hand stamps that were made from wood or cork, used to imprint and confirm the payment of the postage on the mail. There were several attempts to reform and improve postal system in United Kingdom. However, the idea of adhesive postage stamp was first proposed in 1837 by Rowland Hill as one of the many postal reforms in Britain. Hill also suggested that mail must be prepaid and charges should be based on the weight of the mail instead of the number of pages or the size of the item being sent and that the rates must be low enough to allow ordinary citizens to mail letters (Carlton, 2009 and Wikipedia, 2014b). Postage stamp is a small adhesive printed label that shows a national identity (historical events, natural features, social, economic and cultural activities) and a denomination (value) affixed to letter or parcel to indicate evidence of payment of the mail for delivery. It is usually issued by government or any agency that is representing a government, such as government post office. Stamp is a means of communication which publicise the history, arts and culture of a country. Nonetheless, the hobby or business of studying postal history and the collection of stamps and postcards is known as philately (Carlton, 2009, Amaefule, 2012 and Wikipedia, 2014b). The first officially issued adhesive postage stamp is a one penny (plate 1) also known as “Penny Black” released in Great Britain. The penny black which features a portrait of Queen Victoria on a black background was issued on 1 May, 1840 and released for official use from 6 May of the same year. Few days after the first adhesive stamp was issued, the hobby of stamp collection, philately was born; a trend where stamp usage goes beyond postage into design aesthetics, historical documentation, economic value and as souvenirs. Britain’s stamps often featured monarchical reign and denominational values; none has the name of the country, a privilege reserved for the nation that invented postage stamp. This idea of adhesive postage stamp later diffused 14 Arts and Design Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-6061 (Paper) ISSN 2225-059X (Online) Vol.45, 2016 to Brazil in 1843, United States of America in 1847 and by 1860, more nations had also adopted the use of postage stamps. Till date, the penny black remains highly regarded by philatelists across the globe because of its historic significance (Carlton, 2009 and Wikipedia, 2014b). Virtually all the postage stamp designs imitated British concept by depicting the portrait of reigning kings, queens, presidents and other political figures of their countries on their stamps while some countries used their national symbols and identities as well as historical events with the names of their countries. However, non- portrait postage stamp design became popular by the end of the nineteenth century. Presently, colourful pictorial stamps created to commemorate important events as well as socio-economic activities, cultural and monumental heritages are issued and have received high patronage by philatelists across the globe (plates 2 and 3). However, various stakeholders of postage stamps like the initiator of the new stamp, artists and administrative officials are usually involved in the choice of theme and method of printing stamps (Carlton, 2009 and Wikipedia, 2014b). In Nigeria, postal service was established in Lagos in 1852 and Calabar in 1891 by the British government to promote legitimate trade in the regions. The introduction of post office in Lagos first brought to light the “hand struck stamp” with inscription “Paid in Lagos” in 1859 which was followed with postage stamp in form of adhesive label, issued on 10 June, 1874; designed and printed abroad, mostly decorated with British monarchs. This practice was on until 1969 when stamps were designed, printed and issued in Nigeria (thewillnigeria.com 2012). Although, postal service, postage stamps and philatelic activities are well established in Nigeria for decades, there is still inadequate public enlightenment on the part of Nigeria’s operators in term of postage stamp design, collection, documentation and other philatelic services (Amaefule, 2012). Apparently, the total number of postage stamps released annually in Nigeria is low compared to that of South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States of America (NIPOST, 2001 and Hudgeons, Hudgeons Jr. and Hudgeons Sr., 2005). However, postage stamps have documented a lot of the Nigeria’s historical events, socio-economic and cultural activities as well as natural and monumental heritages in Nigeria but those designs and their designers have not been given sufficient scholastic attention. Recent technological advancement in information dissemination such as the various social media has shifted the attention of potential and prospective philatelists from postal service, postage stamps and philatelic activities. This paper therefore examines emergence of postage stamp, production, philatelic activities as well as design and designers in Nigeria. Emergence of Postage Stamp in Nigeria Early postage stamps of Nigeria include the first modern State of Nigeria, issued on 1 June 1914 in commemoration of the amalgamation of Northern and Southern Protectorates. Other definite and commemorative stamps are that of independence and Republican Nigeria, all of which were designed and printed overseas (Wikipedia, 2013, Nigerian Philatelic Service, 1994). Many of these early stamps were rendered with a dominant portrait of her British Colonial masters and sometimes with a combination of the latter with notable Nigerian personality, royal paraphernalia, monumental features, antiquities, indigenous vocations, animals and plants among others (plates 4, 5, 6 and 7). Colours of these stamps varied from monochrome to four colours separation with exception of Nigeria’s First Independence Anniversary Commemoration which is printed with seven colours (plate 8). However, the first set of Nigerian designed and printed postage stamps were as a result of the inability of the foreign non-governmental agencies handling it to function satisfactorily and effectively for Nigerian Postal Service (NIPOST); a scenario that led to the establishment of Nigerian Philatelic
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