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Millennium Development Goals an Indigenous Peoples

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Millennium Development Goals an Indigenous Peoples MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: AN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES PERSPECTIVE STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN AREAS INHABITED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLES MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: AN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES PERSPECTIVE STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN AREAS INHABITED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Prepared by: Dr. Nina Pacari Luz Marina Vega C. MD Consultants Decentralised Health System of Cotacachi, Ecuador Technical Advisers: José Luis Di Fabio, PhD Manager, Technology, Health Care and Research Area PAHO/WHO Rocío Rojas, MD Regional Adviser on Health of Indigenous Peoples Technology, Health Care and Research Area PAHO/WHO Health of Indigenous Peoples Regional Programme Technology, Health Care and Research Area Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization 525 23rd Street NW Washington, DC 20037 Quito, March 2009 Edition: Sra. Martha Fuertes, OPS/OMS-ECU Srta. Geovanna Villacis, OPS/OMS-ECU Design: Verónica Vargas, [email protected] Printing: Nuevo Arte TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION Setting the context for the Millennium Development Goals from the Indigenous Peoples’ Perspective ............................................. 14 CHAPTER I ANALYSIS OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS TARGETS 1.1 Target 1: Halve the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day............................................................................................ 19 1.2 Target 2: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.......................... 22 1.3 Target 3: Ensure that children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling................................. 25 1.4 Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and at all levels of education no later than 2015..................................................................................................... 28 1.5 Target 5: Reduce, by two thirds the under-five mortality rate..........................31 1.6 Target 6: Reduce by three quarters, the maternal mortality ratio by 2015.... 35 1.7 Target 7: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS... 37 1.8 Target 8: Have halted by 2015, and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases..................................................... 37 1.9 Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources............................................................................................... 39 1.10 Target 10: Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.......................................................... 44 1.11 Target 11: By 2020 to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers................................................... 48 1.12 Targets 12 – 15: Develop an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system, which includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction, both nationally and internationally.............................................................. 50 1.13 Target 16: In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth........................ 56 1.14 Target 17: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable drugs in developing countries...................................... 57 1.15 Target 18: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communication technologies................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER II PROPOSED TARGETS AND INDICATORS OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS WITH GREATER RELEVANCE FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: 2.1 Target 1: Increase by 50% until 2015, the restitution of territories to indigenous peoples and increase their saving capacity..................................... 63 2.2 Target 2: Reduce by half, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015................................................................................................... 64 2.3 Target 3: Until 2015, indigenous boys and girls would complete a course of primary schooling including life awareness and intercultural methodologies to foster the consolidation of their ethnic and cultural identity, as well as their self-esteem....................................................... 64 2.4 Target 4: Achieve equitable opportunities in primary and secondary education, for indigenous girls and boys at all levels of education by 2015........... 65 2.5 Target 5: Reduce by two thirds, the under five mortality rate, through the delivery of intercultural and holistic health services by 2015............. 66 2.6 Target 6: Reduce by three quarters, the maternal mortality ratio through the delivery of intercultural and holistic health services by 2015........... 67 2.7 Target 7: Have halted and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, taking into account indigenous peoples view of the world on sexuality and incorporating a human rights and collective rights approach by 2015.............................................................................. 69 2.8 Target 8: Have begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases, incorporating the holistic approach to health of indigenous peoples in health programmes by 2015..................................................... 70 2.9 Target 9: Integrate into national policies and programs, the principles of sustainable development, as perceived by indigenous peoples in their view of the world, and reverse the loss of environmental resources............................................................................................ 71 2.10 Target 10: Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015............................................ 72 2.11 Target 11: By 2020, have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.......................................................... 73 2.12 Targets 12-15: By 2015, obtain a total cancellation of the official debt which is considered illegitimate...................................................................... 73 2.13 Target 16: By 2015, succeed in generating productive employment for economically active men and women, by introducing greater dynamism in local, national and regional economies................ 74 2.14 Target 17: States, with the support of civil society in general and indigenous peoples in particular, shall protect biodiversity, including genetic and biological resources, and provide access to essential drugs, applying the principles of sovereignty and social protection...... 74 2.15 Target 18: In cooperation with the private sector, States must ensure the technological and scientific development of indigenous peoples and nationalities, and make available the benefits of new information and communication technologies.............................. 75 CHAPTER III RECOMMENDATIONS: 3.1 Recommendations to States................................................. 77 3.2 Recommendations to the United Nations System and other Cooperation Agencies............................................................... 78 3.3 Recommendations to Indigenous Peoples, Nationalities and Organizations.................................................................................. 80 FOREWORD foreword FOREWORD The fifth session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2006), made several recommendations explicitly commenting on the Millennium Development Goals: “During the dialogue with indigenous peoples on the Millennium Development Goals, many indigenous organizations made statements about the urgent need to redefine the Goals. While the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues appreciates that it may not be possible to redefine the Goals, it also recognizes that there is a clear need to redefine approaches to the implementation of the Goals so as to include the perspectives, concerns, experiences and world views of indigenous peoples. Statements also confirmed that there was a need for indigenous peoples to provide their own definitions of poverty and development and that there should be full and effective participation of indigenous peoples in the implementation of the Goals”. Within this context, the current document contributes to the discussion on how to achieve the Millennium Development Goals from the perspective of indigenous peoples. While this document might not fully reflect the rationale, worldviews and approaches of all indigenous peoples, who have their own specific circumstances, identities and needs (the Kichwas in the Andean territories and the Kichwas in the Amazon region will face different needs and resort to different solutions to overcome poverty), it provides an insight into their shared ideologies and views of the world. One such earthly view of the of the world is the Pachamama, the territory which is seen and felt as a vital element in the development of indigenous peoples, in a harmonious relationship between nature and runa (human being), and governed by the principles of sumac
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