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Al-Jazeera and Arab Governments 113 7 Al-Jazeera Scoops the World 143 8 Al-Jazeera and the West: the Love-Hate Relationship 175 Epilogue 197
AL-JAZEERA This page intentionally left blank AL-JAZEERA The Story of the Network That Is Rattling Governments and Redefining Modern Journalism MOHAMMED EL-NAWAWY ADEL ISKANDAR A Member of the Perseus Books Group The authors wish to acknowledge the Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel, which has generously given permission to use the pictures and JSC logo in this book. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distin- guish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designa- tions appear in this book and Westview Press was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. Copyright © 2003 by Mohammed el-Nawawy and Adel Iskandar All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-8133-4149-3 Westview Press is a member of the Perseus Books Group. Find us on the World Wide Web at http://www.westviewpress.com Westview Press books are available at special discounts for bulk pur- chases in the U.S. by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 11 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, or call (800) 255-1514 or (617) 252-5298, or e-mail j [email protected]. Text design by Janice Tapia Set in 11.5-point Janson Text by the Perseus Books Group First paperback printing, August 2003 12 345678910—06050403 Dedicated to all those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001. -
Constitution-Making in Transition: a Comparative Study of the 2012 Egyptian and 2014 Tunisian Constitutions
The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy CONSTITUTION-MAKING IN TRANSITION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2012 EGYPTIAN AND 2014 TUNISIAN CONSTITUTIONS A Master's Project Submitted to the Public Policy and Administration Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Global Affairs By Mona Ahmed Saleh Fall14 The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy Department of Public Policy and Administration CONSTITUTION-MAKING IN TRANSITION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE 2012 EGYPTIAN AND 2014 TUNISIAN CONSTITUTIONS Mona Ahmed Saleh Supervised by Professor Ibrahim Awad ABSTRACT This project examines constitution-making in transition by analyzing both the 2012 Egyptian and the 2014 Tunisian constitutions as case studies. The processes of the two constitutions took place in quite similar post-uprising contexts in which Islamists were the majority and yet resulted in different outcomes. The project aims to identify and analyze the variables that influenced constitution-making processes in both countries and hence the outcomes as indicated in the analysis of a selected number of civil and political rights in both constitutions. The project answers three questions: Why did Islamists in Egypt gain a qualified majority at the constituent assembly, while Ennahda Islamists in Tunisia gained only a simple majority? How did these majorities impact the constitution-making process in each country, and how did the process shape the constitutional outcome? The conceptual framework of the project sets a number of factors (independent variables) that were at stake during transition and influenced the constitution-making process (intermediate variable), which, in turn, shaped the outcome (dependent variable). -
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy
Order Code RL33530 Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Updated April 10, 2007 Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Summary After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process consisting of bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon achieved mixed results. Milestones included the Israeli-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Declaration of Principles (DOP) of September 13, 1993, providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control, the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of October 26, 1994, and the Interim Self-Rule in the West Bank or Oslo II accord of September 28, 1995, which led to the formation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to govern the West Bank and Gaza. However, Israeli-Syrian negotiations were intermittent and difficult, and postponed indefinitely in 2000. Negotiations with Lebanon also were unsuccessful, leading Israel to withdraw unilaterally from south Lebanon on May 24, 2000. President Clinton held a summit with Israeli and Palestinian leaders at Camp David on final status issues that July, but they did not produce an accord. A Palestinian uprising or intifadah began in September. On February 6, 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Prime Minister of Israel, and rejected steps taken at Camp David and afterwards. The post 9/11 war on terrorism prompted renewed U.S. focus on a peace process, emphasizing as its goal a democratic Palestinian state as a precondition for achieving peace. On April 30, 2003, the United States, the U.N., European Union, and Russia (known as the “Quartet”) presented a “Roadmap” to Palestinian statehood. -
Peaceful Revolution) [Or, New to You Does NOT Make It New] the Color Revolution, Cairo 2011
Thowra Selmia (Peaceful Revolution) [or, New to you does NOT make it New] The Color Revolution, Cairo 2011 Observations on the parallels between the U.S. today and Cairo then. by CairoKitty October 7, 2020 © October 2020 America’s Color Revolution? There are Reason to think so! The 2011 Egyptian “Arab Spring” was a Color Revolution. It shared many of the CharaCteristiCs of other Color revolutions that have regularly appeared in other Countries. While Color Revolutions Can appear loCal beCause they key on national and loCal grievances to instantiate mass line movements, they are aCtually international and multinational events – as is demonstrated by the basic Commonness of the various “national” Color revolutions around the world. In Egypt, it has not gone unnotiCed that events ongoing in the Untied States in 2020 with Antifa and BLM share many characteristics with Egypt’s 2011 Color Revolution that was popularly, and erroneously, labeled “The Arab Spring.” It too demonstrated interaCtive united front Coordination between the Neo-Marxist Left and the IslamiC Movement. In what follows, Cairo Kitty, an Egyptian Citizen residing in Cairo, put together a series of raw TV transCripts of Tahrir Square and related aCtivities to reveal the similarities between Color Revolutions in other Countries, in this example, Egypt’s in 2011, and the United States today. “PeaCeful Protest”? “The people want to burn down the regime”? Following Cairo Kitten’s presentation, examples of related events in other Countries, and especially the United States, will demonstrate the obvious and sustained Continuity between events in the Untied States today with another country that experienCed its own Color Revolution. -
Monitoring Talk Shows in Television
MONITORING TALK SHOWS IN TELEVISION 1 The study was conducted at the Maharat Foundation by: Jocelyne Nader, PhD Tony Mikhael Reviewed by George Sadaka, PhD ©2015 Opinions and recommendations set out in this study do not necessarily represent the views of the United Nations Development Programme. 2 1- Study Objective: Talk shows occupy a significant place in all local television stations as they are considered an important avenue to attract viewers and to present positions, events and opinions around which political and social life revolve. Some of these talk show programs have become a weekly event expected by the public at large in the political scene, raking in a high level of viewership. These programs are broadcast during primetime, generating a large amount of advertising, which shows their importance as a significant way of expressing the political and social reality and a major instrument for interacting with the viewers. Talk shows abound, especially in the morning, on a daily basis and in the evening on a weekly basis on most TV channels, with at least one political program on each channel. This raises the following questions: Is this a sign of enrichment of the social and democratic dialogue and of the intellectual and media diversity? Is it the result of a situation in which problems abound, and if so, does it call for more explanation? Is it a reflection of the state of the society or an instrument to orient the society in directions set out by the broadcaster? This report tries to study the talk show programs in order to see the values, concepts, and opinions that are advanced and to appreciate their level of conformity with the “Journalists’ Pact for Strengthening Civil Peace in Lebanon”, launched on June 25, 2013, by the UNDP “Peace Building in Lebanon” Project and signed by the Lebanese media. -
Timeline: Egypt's Political Transition
DOCUMENTS Timeline: Egypt’s Political Transition Compiled by Ghazala Irshad April 6, 2008: Factory workers attempt to stage January 1-3, 2011: Following a deadly New Year’s a general strike over low wages and high food church bombing in Alexandria, Coptic Christians prices in the Nile Delta city of Mahalla. Police in Alexandria and Cairo throw rocks and set fire open fire and arrest hundreds. The incident to vehicles in protest of the government’s failure to pushes the nascent April 6 Youth Movement guarantee their security. to demonstrate alongside the workers in oppo- sition to President Hosni Mubarak’s regime January 14, 2011: In Tunisia, ten days after throughout Egypt. Bouazizi’s death, Ben Ali resigns the presidency and flees to Saudi Arabia, bringing an end to his February 24, 2010: Mohamed ElBaradei, former twenty-three-year rule. director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, returns to Egypt to a hero’s January 25, 2011: Tens of thousands of Egyptians, welcome, raising the possibility that he will run responding to calls for anti-government protests for president; he launches the National Associa- on national Police Day, stage unprecedented dem- tion for Change, a reformist group, with several onstrations in Cairo’s Tahrir Square and other other prominent democracy activists, including Egyptian urban centers. Riot police attempt to journalist Hamdi Qandil and political analyst disperse them using batons, tear gas, and water Hassan Nafaa. cannons. Two protesters in Suez and a police offi- cer in Cairo are killed. June 6, 2010: Police beat to death Khaled Said, a twenty-eight-year-old computer programming January 27, 2011: Police clash with protesters graduate, on a street in Alexandria. -
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S
Order Code RL33530 Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Updated December 21, 2007 Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Summary After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process consisting of bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon achieved mixed results. Milestones included the Israeli-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Declaration of Principles (DOP) of September 13, 1993, providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control, the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of October 26, 1994, and the Interim Self-Rule in the West Bank or Oslo II accord of September 28, 1995, which led to the formation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to govern the West Bank and Gaza Strip. However, Israeli-Syrian negotiations were intermittent and difficult, and postponed indefinitely in 2000. Negotiations with Lebanon also were unsuccessful, leading Israel to withdraw unilaterally from south Lebanon on May 24, 2000. President Clinton held a summit with Israeli and Palestinian leaders at Camp David on final status issues that July, but they did not produce an accord. A Palestinian uprising or intifadah began in September. On February 6, 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Prime Minister of Israel, and rejected steps taken at Camp David and afterwards. On April 30, 2003, the United States, the U.N., European Union, and Russia (known as the “Quartet”) presented a “Road Map” to Palestinian statehood. Neither Israel nor the Palestinians have implemented it. Israel unilaterally disengaged (withdrew) from the Gaza Strip and four small settlements in the West Bank in August 2005. -
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S
Order Code RL33530 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Updated September 1, 2006 Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Summary After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process involved bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon with mixed results. Milestones included the Israeli-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Declaration of Principles (DOP) of September 13, 1991, providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control; the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of October 26, 1994; and the Interim Self-Rule in the West Bank or Oslo II accord of September 28, 1995, which led to the formation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to govern the West Bank and Gaza. However, Israeli-Syrian negotiations were intermittent and difficult, and postponed indefinitely in 2000. Negotiations with Lebanon also were unsuccessful, leading Israel to withdraw unilaterally from south Lebanon on May 24, 2000. President Clinton held a summit with Israeli and Palestinian leaders at Camp David on final status issues that July, but they did not produce an accord. A Palestinian uprising or intifadah began in September. On February 6, 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Prime Minister of Israel, and rejected steps taken at Camp David and afterwards. The post 9/11 war on terrorism prompted renewed U.S. focus on a peace process, emphasizing as its goal a democratic Palestinian state as a precondition for achieving peace. -
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S
Order Code RL33530 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Updated September 21, 2006 Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Summary After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process involved bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon with mixed results. Milestones included the Israeli-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Declaration of Principles (DOP) of September 13, 1991, providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control; the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of October 26, 1994, and the Interim Self-Rule in the West Bank or Oslo II accord of September 28, 1995, which led to the formation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to govern the West Bank and Gaza. However, Israeli-Syrian negotiations were intermittent and difficult, and postponed indefinitely in 2000. Negotiations with Lebanon also were unsuccessful, leading Israel to withdraw unilaterally from south Lebanon on May 24, 2000. President Clinton held a summit with Israeli and Palestinian leaders at Camp David on final status issues that July, but they did not produce an accord. A Palestinian uprising or intifadah began in September. On February 6, 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Prime Minister of Israel, and rejected steps taken at Camp David and afterwards. The post 9/11 war on terrorism prompted renewed U.S. focus on a peace process, emphasizing as its goal a democratic Palestinian state as a precondition for achieving peace. -
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S
Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Carol Migdalovitz Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs January 29, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33530 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Israeli-Arab Negotiations: Background, Conflicts, and U.S. Policy Summary After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process consisting of bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon achieved mixed results. Milestones included the Israeli-Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Declaration of Principles (DOP) of September 13, 1993, providing for Palestinian empowerment and some territorial control, the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of October 26, 1994, and the Interim Self-Rule in the West Bank or Oslo II accord of September 28, 1995, which led to the formation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) to govern the West Bank and Gaza Strip. However, Israeli-Syrian negotiations were intermittent and difficult, and postponed indefinitely in 2000. Israeli-Lebanese negotiations also were unsuccessful, leading Israel to withdraw unilaterally from south Lebanon on May 24, 2000. President Clinton held a summit with Israeli and Palestinian leaders at Camp David on final status issues that July, but they did not produce an accord. A Palestinian uprising or intifadah began in September. On February 6, 2001, Ariel Sharon was elected Prime Minister of Israel, and rejected steps taken at Camp David and afterwards. On April 30, 2003, the United States, the U.N., European Union, and Russia (known as the “Quartet”) presented a “Road Map” to Palestinian statehood. It has not been implemented. -
Fore Starting: Tahrir Channel on 12Th February 2011, a Trailer: We Dream of It (Egypt) As a Land of Justice and Freedom
A Tale of Two Channels, Starting with: People want to free minds, Ending with: The regime wants to silence people! Before Starting: Tahrir channel on 12th February 2011, a trailer: We dream of it (Egypt) as a land of justice and freedom. We dream that every citizen feels human. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qeB1om_SY4&t=2s Ten Channel – former Tahrir – an episode in 2020, talking about another journalist: A person who has no honor, with bad manners, impolite, who has no religion or patriotism... etc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4KJjcdGM0MA How Tahrir was founded, to what it turned when it became TEN? Introduction : No one forgot how many media distorted the January revolution in its very beginning, during its first days, and how some TV channels had turned cameras on empty places despite millions of Egyptians on the streets, convincing the rest of Egyptians that there was no revolution. This was the image of the media, it was difficult to say the Egyptian media, because it was not the expression of Egyptians, but rather the expression of Anas al-Fiqi, Mubarak's Minister of Information, National Party media and Gamal Mubarak, the Saudi media, with all its selectivity and misleading. The media's deterioration, lie, disinformation, and lack of freedom of expression were among the causes of the January revolution. The first step was to create a popular channel, a popular media initiative, with the support of a large number of journalists and writers, with the support of people, under the title and slogan, "People_want." People wanted media and TV channels to express, professional media. -
Egypt National Railways: ICT Can Save Egyptian Lives
IBIMA Publishing IBIMA Business Review http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/IBIMABR/ibimabr.html Vol. 2015 (2015), Article ID 375305, 16 pages DOI: 10.5171/2015.375305 Research Article Egypt National Railways: ICT Can Save Egyptian Lives Amr H. Badr-El-Din 1 and Ramy A. Fathy 2 1Management Information System The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt 2Digital Services Policies, NTRA, Cairo, Egypt Correspondence should be addressed to: Amr H. Badr-El-Din; [email protected] Received date: 12 September 2014; Accepted date: 23 December 2014; Published date: 10 July 2015 Copyright © 2015. Amr H. Badr-El-Din and Ramy A. Fathy. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 Abstract Since 1992, the Egyptian National Railways (ENR) has been encountering tremendous losses in lives and revenues. The losses were due to the lack of a proper IT infrastructure, making the network unqualified to handle the millions who use its railways every day. The safety measures along ENR’s 6,700 kilometers of railways network have been managed by human operations, which makes railway transportation too risky. When he came into office as Minister of Transport in 2010, Alaa Fahmy put safety as the highest priority. The intention of this research case is to investigate and showcase how ICT centric short term strategic actions combined with ICT centric long term strategies and reforms can be adopted to solve the eminent problems of safety and efficiency in the Egyptian railway sector. A one year longitudinal participant observation methodology has been adopted in this research case data collection process where the study was conducted in an uncontrolled observational manner to minimize any interference or manipulation to the real-life setting.