Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition

FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Federal State Budgetary Institution “Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition

QUARTERLY BULLETIN №2 (63) April - June 2013 STATE OF ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations

St. Petersburg 2013

FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Federal State Budgetary Institution “Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition

QUARTERLY BULLETIN №2 (63) April - June 2013

STATE OF ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations

Edited by V.V. Lukin

St. Petersburg 2013

Editor-in-Chief - M.O. Krichak (Russian Antarctic Expedition – RAE)

Authors and contributors Section 1 M. O. Krichak (RAE), Section 2 Ye .I. Aleksandrov (Department of Sea – Air Interaction), Section 3 G. Ye. Rybkov (Department of Ice Regime and Forecasting), Section 4 A. I. Korotkov (Department of Ice Regime and Forecasting), Section 5 Ye. Ye. Sibir (Department of Sea – Air Interaction), Section 6 I. V. Moskvin, Yu.G. Turbin (Department of Geophysics), Section 7 V. L. Martyanov (RAE),

Translated by I.I. Solovieva http://www.aari.aq/, Antarctica/ Quarterly Bulletin/

Acknowledgements: Russian Antarctic Expedition is grateful to all AARI staff for participation and help in preparing this Bulletin.

For more information about the contents of this publication, please, contact Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of Roshydromet Russian Antarctic Expedition Bering St., 38, St. Petersburg 199397 Russia Phone: (812) 352 15 41; 337 31 04 Fax: (812) 337 31 86 E-mail: [email protected]

CONTENTS

PREFACE 1

1. DATA OF AEROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS 3 2. METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN APRIL - JUNE 2013 42 3. REVIEW OF THE ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES OVER THE ANTARCTIC IN APRIL – JUNE 2013 48 4. BRIEF REVIEW OF ICE PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN FROM DATA OF SATELLITE AND COASTAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN APRIL – JUNE 2013 49 5. RESULTS OF TOTAL OZONE MEASUREMENTS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF 2013 52 6. GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN APRIL – JUNE 2013 53 7. MAIN RAE EVENTS IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF 2013 65

PREFACE The activity of the Russian Antarctic Expedition in the second quarter of 2013 was carried out at five permanent year-round Antarctic stations – Mirny, Novolazarevskaya, Bellingshausen, Progress and Vostok stations and at the field bases Leningradskaya, Russkaya and Druzhnaya-4. The work was performed by the team of the 58th RAE under a full complex of the Antarctic environmental monitoring programs. At the field bases Molodezhnaya, Leningradskaya, Russkaya and Druzhnaya-4, the automatic meteorological stations AWS, model MAWS-110, and the automatic geodetic complexes FAGS were in operation. At the field base Soyuz no activities were carried out in the season 2012-2013. Section I in this issue of the Bulletin contains monthly averages and extreme data of standard meteorological and solar radiation observations that were carried out at permanent stations in April-June 2013, and data of upper-air sounding carried out at two stations – Mirny and Novolazarevskaya once a day at 00.00 of Universal Time Coordinated (UTC). More frequent sounding is conducted during the periods of the International Geophysical Interval in accordance with the International Geophysical Calendar in 2013 during 11 to 24 February, 06 to 19 May, 12 to 25 August and 04-17 November at 00 h and 12 h UTC. The meteorological tables present the atmospheric pressure values for the coastal stations, which are referenced to sea level. The atmospheric pressure at Vostok station is not referenced to sea level and is presented at the level of the meteorological site. Along with the monthly averages of meteorological parameters, the tables in Section 1 contain their deviations from multiyear averages (anomalies) and deviations in f fractions (normalized anomalies (f-favg)/ f). For the monthly totals of precipitation and total radiation, the relative anomalies (f/favg) are also presented. The statistical characteristics necessary for calculation of anomalies were derived at the AARI Department of Meteorology for the period 1961-1990 as recommended by the World Meteorological Organization. For Progress station, the anomalies are not calculated due to a short observation series. The Bulletin contains brief overviews with assessments of the state of the Antarctic environment based on the actual data for the quarter under consideration. Sections 2 and 3 are devoted to meteorological and synoptic conditions. The review of synoptic conditions (section 3) is based on the analysis of current aero-synoptic information, which is performed by the RAE weather forecaster at Progress station, and on more complete data of the Southern Hemisphere from the Internet. The analysis of ice conditions in the Southern Ocean (Section 4) is based on satellite data received at Bellingshausen, Novolazarevskaya, Mirny and Progress stations and on the observations conducted at the coastal Bellingshausen, Mirny and Progress stations. The anomalous character of ice conditions is evaluated against the multiyear averages of the drifting ice edge location and the mean multiyear dates of the onset of different ice phases in the coastal areas of the Southern Ocean adjoining the Antarctic stations. As the average and extreme values of the ice edge location, the updated data, which are obtained at the AARI for each month based on the results of processing the entire available historical archive of predominantly national information on the Antarctic for the period 1971 to 2005, are used. Section 5 presents an overview of the total ozone (TO) content on the basis of measurements at the Russian Antarctic stations. The measurements are interrupted in the autumn and winter period at the Sun’s height of less than 5o. Data of geophysical observations published in Section 6, present the results of measurements carried out under the geomagnetic observation program, program of space radio-emission measurements and the program of vertical sounding of the ionosphere at Mirny, Novolazarevskaya, Vostok and Progress stations. Section 7 sets forth the main events of the logistical activity of RAE during the quarter under consideration.

RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS AND FIELD BASES

MIRNY STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89592 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 39.9 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 6633 S;  = 9301 E GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES  = -76.8;  = 151.1 BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY December 7 – January 5 BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT No

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89512 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 119 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 7046 S;  = 1150 E GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES  = -62.6;  = 51.0 BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY November 15 – January 28 BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT May 21 – July 23

BELLINGSHAUSEN STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89050 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 15.4 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 6212 S;  = 5856 W BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY No BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT No

PROGRESS STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89574 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 14,6 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 6923 S;  = 7623 E BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY November 21 – January 22 BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT May 28 – July 16

VOSTOK STATION STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89606 METEOROLOGICAL SITE HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL 3488 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 7828 S;  = 10648 E GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES  = -89.3;  = 139.5 BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY October 21 – February 21 BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT April 23 – August 21

FIELD BASE MOLODEZHNAYA

STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89542 HEIGHT OF AWS ABOVE SEA LEVEL 40 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 6740 S;  = 4608 E BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR DAY November 29 – January 13 BEGINNING AND END OF POLAR NIGHT June 11 – July 2

FIELD BASE LENINGRADSKAYA STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89657 HEIGHT OF AWS ABOVE SEA LEVEL 291 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 6930,1 S;  = 15923,2 E

FIELD BASE RUSSKAYA

STATION SYNOPTIC INDEX 89132 HEIGHT OF AWS ABOVE SEA LEVEL 140 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 7646 S;  = 13647,9 E

FIELD BASE DRUZHNAYA-4 HEIGHT OF ABOVE SEA LEVEL 50 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 6944 S;  = 7342 E

FIELD BASE SOYUZ HEIGHT OF ABOVE SEA LEVEL 50 m GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES  = 7034 S;  = 6847 E 3

1. DATA OF AEROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS

APRIL 2013

MIRNY STATION Table 1.1 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg) Mirny, April 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative anomaly Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 986.5 1004.8 967.0 -1.7 -0.5 Air temperature, C -15.2 -3.7 -27.5 -1.3 -0.7 Relative humidity, % 65 -7.3 -1.6 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.2 -0.5 -0.6 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 2.0 -1.0 -0.8 Precipitation, mm 8.9 -30.6 -0.9 0.2 Wind speed, m/s 11.6 22.0 -0.8 -0.6 Maximum wind gust, m/s 28.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 158 Total radiation, MJ/m2 118.6 11.6 1.1 1.1 Total ozone content (TO), DU 302 328 261

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.1. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Mirny station. April 2013.

Table 1.2 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages) Mirny, April 2013 Number of Isobaric Resultant Number of Isobaric Dew point Resultant Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T C direction, without P hPa D C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

983 39 -15.9 4.0 925 495 -14.9 5.4 98 10 92 0 0 850 1130 -17.2 5.4 96 8 82 0 0 700 2579 -20.2 6.3 200 2 24 0 0 500 4995 -34.9 4.7 249 8 60 0 0 400 6517 -45.3 4.8 257 10 62 0 0 300 8381 -56.6 4.5 260 15 73 0 0 200 10951 -53.4 5.5 263 16 92 0 0 150 12800 -53.8 7.0 266 17 94 0 0 100 15386 -56.5 8.4 269 19 95 0 0 70 17630 -58.8 9.2 272 22 96 0 0 50 19729 -60.5 9.5 274 24 97 0 0 30 22884 -62.6 10.0 275 27 97 1 1 20 25385 -62.7 10.4 277 32 98 3 3

Table 1.3 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface height and temperature Mirny, April 2013

P hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/Н Т-Тavg, С (Т-Тavg)/Т 850 -14 -0.5 -1.0 -0.7 700 -18 -0.6 0.4 0.4 500 -28 -0.7 -0.6 -0.4 400 -35 -0.7 -1.2 -0.8 300 -46 -0.7 -2.0 -1.3 200 -83 -1.4 -1.5 -1.1 150 -101 -1.6 -1.8 -1.5 100 -121 -1.5 -2.8 -2.4 70 -169 -2.1 -3.4 -2.8 50 -209 -2.2 -3.8 -2.7 30 -298 -2.5 -4.8 -2.7 20 -343 -2.2 -5.1 -2.0

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION

Table 1.4 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg) Novolazarevskaya, April 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 985.3 1000.6 963.5 -2.3 -0.6 Air temperature, C -13.0 -2.6 -25.8 -1.2 -0.7 Relative humidity, % 41 -7.0 -1.6 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 5.6 0.1 0.1 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 0.9 -0.3 -0.4 Precipitation, mm 4.1 -11.4 -0.5 0.3 Wind speed, m/s 9.7 23.0 -1.2 -0.7 Maximum wind gust, m/s 27.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 135 Total radiation, MJ/m2 71.9 0.9 0.2 1.0 Total ozone content (TO), DU 262 315 215

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.2. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow coverage (F). Novolazarevskaya station, April 2013.

Table 1.5 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages) Novolazarevskaya, April 2013 Number of Isobaric Resultant Number of Isobaric Dew point Resultant Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T C direction, without P hPa D C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

970 122 -12.9 11.0 925 483 -12.3 13.1 113 12 93 0 1 850 1123 -16.5 14.0 103 13 95 0 0 700 2560 -22.7 11.3 124 6 55 0 0 500 4970 -34.3 9.6 219 7 58 0 0 400 6496 -44.3 10.1 228 11 63 0 0 300 8369 -55.1 9.8 236 13 68 0 0 200 10953 -54.0 10.9 243 14 86 0 0 150 12797 -54.5 12.3 241 15 89 0 0 100 15376 -57.5 13.5 243 16 93 0 0 70 17603 -60.4 14.0 248 19 95 0 0 50 19683 -62.9 14.2 249 21 95 0 0 30 22804 -65.5 14.4 252 24 95 0 0 20 25261 -66.2 14.2 253 25 97 3 3

Table 1.6 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature Novolazarevskaya, April 2013

P hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/Н Т-Тavg, С (Т-Тavg)/Т 850 -25 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3 700 -30 -0.8 -0.1 -0.1 500 -27 -0.6 1.7 1.3 400 -18 -0.4 1.6 1.2 300 -15 -0.3 0.8 0.6 200 -17 -0.4 -0.8 -0.5 150 -26 -0.5 -1.0 -0.7 100 -44 -0.7 -2.0 -1.4 70 -82 -1.2 -2.8 -2.2 50 -117 -1.6 -3.2 -2.3 30 -180 -2.0 -3.9 -2.4 20 -256 -2.1 -4.8 -2.2

BELLINGSHAUSEN STATION

Table 1.7 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg)

Bellingshausen, April 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 988.1 1011.0 960.5 -2.9 -0.7 Air temperature, C 0.5 3.7 -4.0 2.5 1.8 Relative humidity, % 93 6.2 1.9 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 8.8 -0.2 -0.5 Lower cloudiness (sky coverage),tenths 8.5 0.7 0.7 Precipitation, mm 85.6 18.4 1.0 1.3 Wind speed, m/s 8.2 18.0 0.6 0.6 Maximum wind gust, m/s 28.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 45 Total radiation, MJ/m2 74.6 -13.4 -1.4 0.8

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.3. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow coverage (F). . Bellingshausen station. April 2013.

PROGRESS STATION

Table 1.8

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f)

Progress, April 2013 Parameter f fmax fmin Sea level air pressure, hPa 988.7 1007.2 972.0 Air temperature, 0C -14.3 -4.7 -31.8 Relative humidity, % 59 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.1 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 2.4 Precipitation, mm 13.8 Wind speed, m/s 5.4 12.0 Maximum wind gust, m/s 20.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 68 Total radiation, MJ/m2 85.8

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.4. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Progress station. April 2013.

VOSTOK STATION

Table 1.9 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear averages (favg)

Vostok, April 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Station surface level air pressure, hPa 620.5 629.8 599.6 -2.4 -0.8 Air temperature, C -64.1 -49.1 -74.7 0.8 0.4 Relative humidity, % 56 -12.1 -2.5 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 3.7 0.8 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 0.0 0.0 0.0 Precipitation, mm 4.3 1.6 0.9 1.6 Wind speed, m/s 4.0 8.0 -1.7 -1.5 Maximum wind gust, m/s 10.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 270 Total radiation, MJ/m2 21.0 3.0 1.0 1.2 Total ozone content (TO), DU - - -

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.5. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, ground level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line, precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Vostok station. April 2013.

A P R I L 2 0 1 3

Atmospheric pressure at sea level, hPa (at Vostok station - ground level pressure)

986.5 985.3 988.1 988.7 1000 620.5 750 500 Mirny Novolaz Bellings Progress Vostok

(f-favg)/f -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8

Air Airtemperature, temperature, °C °C

-15.2 -13.0 0.5 -14.3 0.00 -20.0-20 -40.0-40 -9 -11.8 -0.5 -8.2 -64.1 -60.0-60 -80.0-80 -62.4 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f -0.7 -0.7 1.8 0.4

RelativeRelative humidity, humidity, % %

80 88 93 100 65 59 100 3941 58 58 56 50 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f -1.6 -1.6 1.9 -2.5

TotalTotal cloudiness, cloudiness, tenths tenths

8.4 8.28.8 10 6.2 5.6 7.6 6.1 5 3.3 3.7 5 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f -0.6 0.1 -0.5 0.8

Precipitation,Precipitation, mm mm 85.6 74.894.4 90100 49 60 10.7 11.813.8 13.9 3050 8.94.9 1.44.1 4.9 7.9 4.3 00 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

f/favg 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.3

MeanMean wind wind speed, speed, m/s m/s

11.6 1520 13.612.9 10.912.79.7 8.2 10 6.18.7 8.26 5.4 5.24.7 4.0 105 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f -0.6 -0.7 0.6 -1.5

Fig.1.6. Comparison of monthly averages of meteorological parameters at the stations. April 2013.

MAY 2013

MIRNY STATION Table 1.10 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg) Mirny, May 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 983.4 998.6 964.3 -6.0 -1.1 Air temperature, 0C -15.4 -5.1 -26.9 0.0 0.0 Relative humidity, % 72 -2.2 -0.3 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 7.2 0.6 0.7 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 2.7 -0.5 -0.3 Precipitation, mm 29.9 -20.1 -0.5 0.6 Wind speed, m/s 11.9 29.0 -1.0 -0.7 Maximum wind gust, m/s 35.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 135 Total radiation, MJ/m2 22.8 0.8 0.3 1.0 Total ozone content (TO), DU 299* 326* 270*

* Only 11 days of measurements.

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.7. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Mirny station. May 2013.

Table 1.11 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages) Mirny, May 2013 Number of Isobaric Resultant Number of Isobaric Dew point Resultant Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T 0C direction, without P hPa D 0C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

979 39 -15.3 2.4 925 469 -14.3 2.4 101 11 90 0 0 850 1106 -16.9 2.5 89 9 79 0 0 700 2549 -21.5 4.3 74 2 29 0 0 500 4954 -36.0 4.3 288 4 52 0 0 400 6468 -46.1 3.8 285 7 61 0 0 300 8324 -58.2 3.9 291 11 71 0 0 200 10856 -58.1 4.7 288 16 93 0 0 150 12664 -58.5 5.5 286 20 96 0 0 100 15203 -61.3 6.5 285 24 97 1 1 70 17393 -64.1 6.9 284 29 98 1 1 50 19428 -66.5 7.1 284 34 98 2 2 30 22493 -68.7 7.2 284 41 98 5 5 20 24890 -69.8 7.4 283 47 98 6 7 10 29071 -69.2 8.1 283 56 98 13 ≥9

Table 1.12 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature Mirny, May 2013 P hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/Н Т-Тavg, С (Т-Тavg)/Т 850 -40 -0.9 0.6 0.3 700 -45 -1.0 0.0 0.0 500 -53 -0.9 -0.5 -0.3 400 -63 -0.9 -0.8 -0.4 300 -74 -0.9 -1.9 -1.6 200 -98 -1.1 -0.5 -0.2 150 -105 -1.1 -0.8 -0.4 100 -108 -1.0 -1.0 -0.5 70 -122 -0.9 -1.4 -0.6 50 -162 -1.1 -1.7 -0.7 30 -185 -1.0 -1.8 -0.6 20 -256 -1.0 -2.5 -0.8 10 -355 -1.1 -3.5 -1.1

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION

Table 1.13 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations

from the multiyear averages (favg) Novolazarevskaya, May 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 987.9 1000.9 974.1 -1.9 -0.4 Air temperature, 0C -15.6 -6.5 -27.4 -2.2 -1.0 Relative humidity, % 44 -5.4 -0.9 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.7 0.8 0.7 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 1.6 0.2 0.2 Precipitation, mm 26.3 2.8 0.1 1.1 Wind speed, m/s 9.6 26.0 -1.5 -0.7 Maximum wind gust, m/s 37.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 135 Total radiation, MJ/m2 4.7 -0.4 -0.2 0.9 Total ozone content (TO), DU - - -

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.8. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow coverage (F). Novolazarevskaya station, May 2013.

Table 1.14 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages) Novolazarevskaya, May 2013 Number of Isobaric Resultant Number of Isobaric Dew point Resultant Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T 0C direction, without P hPa D 0C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

971 122 -15.1 10.6 925 492 -14.8 12.5 112 10 88 0 0 850 1126 -18.2 12.8 99 12 93 0 0 700 2557 -23.2 8.2 113 3 28 0 0 500 4958 -36.2 8.1 254 7 45 1 0 400 6468 -46.8 9.4 257 10 56 0 0 300 8315 -59.3 9.1 262 15 70 0 0 200 10812 -61.9 9.1 258 15 87 0 0 150 12592 -61.9 9.5 256 17 93 0 0 100 15077 -65.6 9.9 257 21 95 0 0 70 17221 -69.0 10.1 259 25 96 0 0 50 19217 -71.6 10.0 262 29 97 1 1 30 22215 -73.5 10.1 264 34 96 2 2 20 24580 -74.4 10.0 267 38 97 3 3 10 28607 -72.2 10.9 271 41 97 14 ≥9

Table 1.15 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature Novolazarevskaya, May 2013

P hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/Н Т-Тavg, С (Т-Тavg)/Т 850 -35 -0.7 -0.6 -0.3 700 -41 -0.8 0.6 0.3 500 -38 -0.5 1.3 0.7 400 -32 -0.4 0.7 0.4 300 -30 -0.4 -1.1 -0.8 200 -67 -0.7 -1.4 -0.8 150 -75 -0.8 -0.8 -0.5 100 -88 -1.0 -1.2 -0.7 70 -113 -1.1 -1.6 -0.9 50 -131 -1.2 -1.6 -0.8 30 -159 -1.1 -1.4 -0.6 20 -160 -0.8 -1.5 -0.6 10 -256 -1.1 -0.7 -0.3

BELLINGSHAUSEN STATION

Table 1.16 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg) Bellingshausen, May 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 987.7 1007.7 967.6 -7.3 -1.4 Air temperature, 0C -3.7 2.2 -11.5 0.5 0.3 Relative humidity, % 88 0.9 0.3 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 9.1 0.4 0.7 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 8.5 0.9 1.0 Precipitation, mm 82.5 19.4 1.2 1.3 Wind speed, m/s 7.9 10.0 0.3 0.2 Maximum wind gust, m/s 25.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 158 Total radiation, MJ/m2 26.7 -6.3 -1.3 0.8

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.9. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Bellingshausen station. May 2013.

PROGRESS STATION

Table 1.17

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f)

Progress, May 2012 Parameter f fmax fmin Sea level air pressure, hPa 986.1 1003.7 960.8 Air temperature, 0C -15.7 -5.7 -30.7 Relative humidity, % 63 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 6.9 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 3.3 Precipitation, mm 9.3 Wind speed, m/s 4.9 20.0 Maximum wind gust, m/s 27.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 112 Total radiation, MJ/m2 9.2

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.10. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F).

Progress station. May 2013.

VOSTOK STATION

Table 1.18 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg) Vostok, May 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Station surface level air pressure, hPa 620.7 631.4 612.1 -2.9 -0.5 Air temperature, C -67.3 -49.3 -75.7 -1.5 -0.6 Relative humidity, % 56 -12.1 -2.4 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 2.2 -0.6 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 0.0 0.0 0.0 Precipitation, mm 3.8 0.8 0.3 1.3 Wind speed, m/s 3.5 9.0 -2.1 -2.1 Maximum wind gust, m/s 11.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 292 Total radiation, MJ/m2 0.0 Total ozone content (TO), DU - - -

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.11. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, ground level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Vostok station. May 2013.

M A Y 2 0 1 3

AtmosphericAtmospheric pressure pressure at seaat sea level, level, hPa hPa (at Vostok (at Vostokstation station - ground - ground level level pressure) pressure)

981.8 977.8 989.4 985.3 1100 983.4 987.9 987.7 986.1 1000900 614.4620.7 750700 500 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f -1.1 -0.4 -1.4 -0.5

Air temperature,Air temperature, °C °C

-15.4 -15.6 -3.7 -15.7 0 -20-20 -40-40 -0.8 -67.3 -60-60 -21 -12.6 -17.3 -80-80 -66.3 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f 0.0 -1.0 0.3 -0.6

RelativeRelative humidity, humidity, % %

7272 88 88 100 4544 51 63 57 56 50 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f -0.3 -0.9 0.3 -2.4

TotalTotal cloudiness, cloudiness, tenths tenths 9.1 7.2 7.16.7 8.8 6.9 10 3.9 5.6 5 0.8 2.2 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f 0.7 0.7 0.7 -0.6

Precipitation,Precipitation, mm mm 82.5 90100 74.8 60 29.9 26.3 13.9 3050 4.9 10.7 4.99.3 3.8 00 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

f/favg 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.3

MeanMean wind wind speed, speed, m/s m/s

20 12.911.9 12.7 9.6 8.77.9 6 4.7 10 4.9 3.5 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f -0.7 -0.7 0.2 -2.1

Fig. 1.12. Comparison of monthly averages of meteorological parameters at the stations. May 2013.

JUNE 2013

MIRNY STATION

Table 1.19 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg) Mirny, June 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 993.4 1012.0 976.8 4.1 0.7 Air temperature, 0C -14.5 -2.6 -24.9 0.9 0.4 Relative humidity, % 70 -5.3 -0.9 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 7.8 1.1 0.9 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 3.3 0.1 0.1 Precipitation, mm 30.7 -42.0 -1.0 0.4 Wind speed, m/s 13.8 28.0 0.8 0.5 Maximum wind gust, m/s 38.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 158 Total radiation, MJ/m2 3.0 -1.0 -1.1 0.8 Total ozone content (TO), DU - - -

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.13. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Mirny station. June 2013.

Table 1.20 Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages)

Mirny, June 2013 Number of Isobaric Resultant Number of Isobaric Dew point Resultant Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T 0C direction, without P hPa D 0C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

990 39 -14.9 3.3 925 549 -14.9 4.4 91 15 98 1 1 850 1183 -17.9 4.6 89 13 92 1 1 700 2626 -20.8 5.9 75 7 62 1 1 500 5039 -35.4 6.0 24 2 14 1 1 400 6554 -46.5 6.2 296 1 8 1 1 300 8407 -58.6 5.7 282 4 24 1 1 200 10887 -66.1 5.6 289 9 54 1 1 150 12629 -66.5 5.7 284 11 76 1 1 100 15057 -71.2 5.7 283 16 84 1 1 70 17147 -74.5 5.7 282 22 89 2 2 50 19086 -77.3 5.8 281 29 91 2 2 30 21961 -80.2 5.3 280 36 92 4 4 20 24243 -81.1 5.4 280 43 93 4 4 10 28158 -78.3 6.0 281 55 96 11 ≥9

Table 1.21 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature

Mirny, June 2013

P hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/Н Т-Тavg, С (Т-Тavg)/Т 850 43 1.3 -0.1 -0.1 700 43 1.2 1.4 1.2 500 46 0.9 1.5 0.9 400 48 0.8 0.5 0.3 300 49 0.7 -0.1 0.0 200 24 0.3 -2.5 -1.4 150 0 0.0 -2.5 -1.6 100 -35 -0.4 -4.0 -2.2 70 -79 -0.6 -4.2 -2.0 50 -135 -1.1 -4.8 -1.9 30 -278 -1.5 -5.7 -1.9 20 -414 -1.8 -6.1 -2.0 10 -487 -1.9 -5.0 -1.4

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION

Table 1.22

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg) Novolazarevskaya, June 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 998.3 1019.4 977.1 8.1 1.8 Air temperature, 0C -13.9 -3.5 -34.2 1.6 0.7 Relative humidity, % 43 -8.4 -1.4 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 5.9 0.3 0.3 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 1.7 0.5 0.5 Precipitation, mm 18.2 -11.0 -0.3 0.6 Wind speed, m/s 9.1 29.0 -2.1 -0.9 Maximum wind gust, m/s 36.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 135 Total radiation, MJ/m2 0.0 Total ozone content (TO), DU - - -

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.14. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow coverage (F). Novolazarevskaya station, June 2013.

Table 1.23

Results of aerological atmospheric sounding (from CLIMAT-TEMP messages)

Novolazarevskaya, June 2013 Number of Isobaric Resultant Number of Isobaric Dew point Resultant Wind days surface Temperature, wind days surface, deficit, wind speed, stability without height, T 0C direction, without P hPa D 0C m/s parameter,% temperature H m deg wind data data

982 122 -13.6 10.3 925 577 -13.6 8.5 114 12 92 0 0 850 1214 -17.5 8.5 109 13 91 0 2 700 2647 -22.9 7.8 123 7 54 0 1 500 5047 -36.0 7.5 171 7 46 0 0 400 6562 -45.9 9.3 187 9 46 0 0 300 8422 -57.9 9.0 197 11 48 0 0 200 10901 -67.9 8.3 222 11 55 0 1 150 12612 -68.8 8.3 227 14 83 1 2 100 15012 -72.9 8.2 243 16 91 1 2 70 17072 -76.4 8.3 247 22 94 3 4 50 19005 -78.5 7.9 249 28 98 11 ≥9

Table 1.24 Anomalies of standard isobaric surface heights and temperature

Novolazarevskaya, June 2013

P hPa Н-Нavg, m (Н-Havg)/Н Т-Тavg, С (Т-Тavg)/Т 850 57 1.5 2.0 1.2 700 65 1.5 2.5 1.8 500 84 1.6 2.8 1.9 400 100 1.7 3.0 1.9 300 122 1.8 2.6 1.7 200 130 1.8 -0.9 -0.5 150 108 1.5 -0.8 -0.5 100 90 1.1 -0.9 -0.5 70 82 0.8 0.0 0.0 50 64 0.5 0.1 0.1

BELLINGSHAUSEN STATION

Table 1.25

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations

from the multiyear averages (favg) Bellingshausen, June 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Sea level air pressure, hPa 981.4 1007.9 949.7 -12.8 -1.9 Air temperature, 0C -4.2 1.8 -14.2 1.7 0.9 Relative humidity, % 87 -0.2 -0.1 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 8.8 0.2 0.3 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 8.3 1.0 1.1 Precipitation, mm 59.0 8.7 0.3 1.2 Wind speed, m/s 7.0 19.0 -0.7 -1.2 Maximum wind gust, m/s 24.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 22 Total radiation, MJ/m2 10.3 -2.7 -1.0 0.8

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.15. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Bellingshausen station. June 2013.

PROGRESS STATION

Table 1.26

Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f)

Progress, June 2013 Parameter f fmax fmin Sea level air pressure, hPa 995.8 1012.4 971.7 Air temperature, 0C -13.3 -3.6 -24.8 Relative humidity, % 64 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 7.1 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 4.1 Precipitation, mm 54.8 Wind speed, m/s 6.5 20.0 Maximum wind gust, m/s 27.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 90 Total radiation, MJ/m2 1.0

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.16. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, sea level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Progress station. June 2013.

VOSTOK STATION Table 1.27 Monthly averages of meteorological parameters (f) and their deviations from the multiyear

averages (favg) Vostok, June 2013 Normalized Anomaly Relative Parameter f fmax fmin anomaly f-favg anomaly f/favg (f-favg)/f Ground level air pressure, hPa 629.7 647.3 612.6 6.0 1.2 Air temperature, C -61.8 -43.5 -78.1 3.2 1.1 Relative humidity, % 57 -11.7 -2.7 Total cloudiness (sky coverage), tenths 3.4 0.5 Lower cloudiness(sky coverage),tenths 0.0 0.0 0.0 Precipitation, mm 4.7 1.7 0.7 1.6 Wind speed, m/s 4.5 12.0 -1.2 -1.5 Maximum wind gust, m/s 15.0 Prevailing wind direction, deg 292 Total radiation, MJ/m2 0.0 Total ozone content (TO), DU - - -

А B

C D

E F

Fig. 1.17. Variations of daily mean values of surface temperature (A, bold line), maximum (A, thin line), minimum (A, dashed line) air temperature, ground level air pressure (B), relative humidity (C), mean (D, thick line), maximum (D, thin line) values of surface wind speed, maximum wind gust (D, dashed line), precipitation (E) and snow cover thickness (F). Vostok station. June 2013.

J U N E 2 0 1 3

AtmosphericAtmospheric pressure pressure at atsea sea level, level, hPa hPa (at Vostok (at Vostokstation station - ground - ground level level pressure) pressure)

982.1 985.5 998.4 985.5 1100 993.4 998.3 981.4 995.8 1000900 621.8629.7 750700 500 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f 0.7 1.8 -1.9 1.2

Air Airtemperature, temperature, °C °C

-14.5 -13.9 -4.2 -13.3 0 -20-20 -40-40 -4 -61.8 -60-60 -15.7 -14.1 -13.4 -80 -80 -64.2 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.1

RelativeRelative humidity, humidity, % % 86 87 8070 64 100 4843 48 56 57 50 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f -0.9 -1.4 -0.1 -2.7

TotalTotal cloudiness, cloudiness, tenths tenths

7.8 9.38.8 10 7 6.35.9 7.1 7.1 8 3.4 56 0.8 24 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.5

Precipitation,Precipitation, mm mm 90.3 59.0 54.8 10060 30.731.5 40 31.5 18.2 23 10 2050 10 4.1 4.7 00 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

f/favg 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.6

MeanMean wind wind speed, speed, m/s m/s 13.8 15 15.515.5 9.1 20 11.411.4 7.0 9 6.59 10 6.56.5 4.6 4.64.5 105 0 MirnyMirny Novolaz Novolaz Bellings Bellings Progress Progress Vostok Vostok

(f-favg)/f 0.5 -0.9 -1.2 -1.5

Fig.1.18. Comparison of monthly averages of meteorological parameters at the stations. June 2013.

2. METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN APRIL-JUNE 2013

Fig. 2.1 characterizes the air temperature conditions in April-June 2013 at the Antarctic continent. It presents monthly averages of surface air temperature, their anomalies and normalized anomalies at the Russian and non-Russian meteorological stations. The actual data of the Russian Antarctic Expedition contained in /1/ were used for the Russian Antarctic stations and data contained in /2, 3/ were used for the foreign stations. The multiyear averages of air temperature for the period 1961-1990 were adopted from /4/. In April, similar to March, an area of the below zero air temperature anomalies was situated over much of Antarctica. The largest values of anomalies were observed in the coastal part of East Antarctic in the areas of the Adelie Land at Dumont D’Urville station (-3.4 °С, -2.2 ), the Wilkes Land at Casey station (-2.6 °С, -1.1 ) and the Queen Maud Land at Davis station (-2.7 °С, -1.2 ). April 2013 at Dumont D’Urville station became the third, at Casey station the ninth and at Davis station the seventh coldest April for the entire observation period at these stations (Fig.2.1). In the area of the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea, there was an area of the above zero anomalies of air temperature, the center of which was located in the vicinity of Bellingshausen station (2.5 °С, 1.8 ). April 2013 at Bellingshausen station was the third warmest April from 1968. In May, the core of the area of the below zero anomalies was displaced to the western part of East Antarctica. The largest below zero anomalies were observed at Syowa (-4.3 °С, -1.9 ) and Amundsen-Scott (-4.3 °С, -1.9 ) stations. At Syowa station, May 2013 was the second and at Amundsen-Scott station – the third coldest May from 1957. In the regions of the eastern part of the Indian Ocean coast, the Ross Sea and the Antarctic Peninsula, an area of small above zero anomalies of air temperature (less than 1 ) was located. The largest value of the positive anomaly of air temperature was observed at McMurdo station (2.5 °С, 0.8 ). In June, the area of the above zero anomalies of air temperature extended almost to the entire territory of Antarctica. The core of the heat area was displaced to the South Pole region and the western part of the Queen Maud Land. Here at Amundsen-Scott (5.6 °С, 1.7 ) and Halley (9.1 °С, 2.8 ) stations, June 2013 became the third and the first, respectively, warmest month from 1957. A small below zero anomaly of air temperature was noted in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean coast in the region of Dumont D’Urville station (-1.4 °С, -0.5 ). An assessment of long-period changes of mean monthly air temperature at the Russian stations in these months reveals a statistically significant trend only at Bellingshausen station (Figs.2.2-2.4). The increase of air temperature for May at Bellingshausen station was about 2.5°С/46 years (Table 2.1). At the other stations in April and June, the positive sign of the trend is preserved and in May – negative. The trend values themselves are statistically insignificant. The atmospheric pressure at all Russian stations in April-May, and at Bellingshausen station in June, was characterized by the negative deviations from the multiyear average. The lowest air pressure was recorded at Bellingshausen station in June. The air pressure anomaly at Bellingshausen station was -12.8 hPa (-1.9). In June, at Novolazarevskaya, Mirny and Vostok stations, one observed the positive air pressure anomaliesя. Among them the largest value was noted at Novolazarevskaya station (8.1 hPa, 1.8). For Novolazarevskaya station such high air pressure in June was recorded for the second time over the whole observation period. The interannual variations of atmospheric pressure at the Russian stations reveal a negative trend at Mirny, Novolazarevskaya and Bellingshausen stations for all months and at Vostok station – for April-May (Figs.2.2-2.4). The trend at Mirny station is statistically significant for all months and at Novolazarevskaya station – for April. At Mirny station, the atmospheric pressuire decrease was the largest for May (-6.6 hPa/57 years). The amount of precipitation in the second quarter of 2013 exceeded the multiyear average (by 20-60 %) in April- June at Bellingshausen and Vostok stationиs and at Novolazarevskaya station – in May (by 10 %). The least amount of precipitation in April-June was recorded at Mirny station (20, 50 and 30 of the multiyear average, respectively) and at Novolazarevskaya station in April and June (30 and 60 % of the multiyear average, respectively).

Table 2.1 Linear trend parameters of mean monthly surface air temperature

Station, Parameter IV V VI IV V VI Operation period Entire observation period For the period 2004-2013 Novolazarevskaya °С/10 0.12 -0.16 0.21 0.53 -1.27 0.26 years 1961-2013 % 10.5 11.4 13.9 9.1 23.2 3.0 Р ------Mirny °С/10 0.02 -0.05 0.21 -1.82 -1.41 -0.28 years 1957-2013 % 2.0 3.1 16.4 26.6 13.9 7.7 Р ------Vostok °С/10 0.10 -0.02 0.01 -1.22 -2.59 -2.60 years 1958-2013 % 6.5 1.4 0.3 15.7 28.1 20.8 Р ------Bellingshausen °С/10 0.07 0.55 0.31 -0.80 -0.81 -0.66 years 1968-2013 % 6.3 37.0 19.6 15.4 23.8 9.8 Р - 95 - - -

First line: linear trend coefficient; Second line: dispersion value explained by the linear trend; Third line: Р=1–, where  is a significance level (given if Р exceeds 90 %.

References:

1. http://www.south.aari.nw.ru 2. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/climatedata.html 3. http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/metlog/jones_and_limbert.html 4. Atlas of the Oceans. The Southern Ocean. GUNiO MD RF. St. Petersburg 2005

Fig.2.1. Mean monthly values (1) of surface air temperature and their anomalies (2) and normalized anomalies (3) in April (IV), May (V) and June (VI) 2013 from data of permanent meteorological stations in the South Polar Area.

Fig. 2.2. Interanual variations of anomalies of air temperature and atmospheric pressure at the Russian Antarctic stations. April. 46

Fig. 2.3. Interanual variations of anomalies of air temperature and atmospheric pressure at the Russian Antarctic stations. May. 47

Fig. 2.4. Interanual variations of anomalies of air temperature and atmospheric pressure at the Russian Antarctic stations. June. 48

3. REVIEW OF THE ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES OVER THE ANTARCTIC IN APRIL-JUNE 2013

The main feature of the atmospheric macro-processes over the Antarctic during the period under consideration was a significant excess of the frequency of occurrence of zonality at weakening of meridional processes, as can be clearly seen from the analysis of Table 3.1. This was correspondingly reflected in the distribution of mean monthly thermal baric fields in April-June. In April, deep cyclones achieving their maximum development in temperate latitudes at the background of prevailing zonal circulation of the atmosphere began to destroy not reaching the shores of Antarctica. Among the most active meridional cyclonic trajectories one can note the Falkland, South African, Kerguelen, New Zealand and East Pacific Ocean branches. The dominance of high-latitudinal zonality resulted in the formation over most regions of the South Polar Area of negative anomalies of the atmospheric pressure. The deepest cores of the negative air pressure anomalies were observed over the East Pacific Ocean sector and the Cosmonauts Sea [1], where their values comprised up to -5 hPa and less [1,2]. The field of air temperature in April was characterized by dominance of the below zero anomalies over the East Antarctica and the above zero anomalies over the West Antarctica including the Antarctic Plateau [2]. One can note that in connection with the decrease of the frequency of occurrence of meridional processes and the decrease of heat and moisture outflow to high latitudes, a deficit of precipitation was observed over most of the Antarctic regions. Table 3.1

Frequency of occurrence of the forms of atmospheric circulation in the southern hemisphere and their anomalies (days) in April-June 2013

Months Frequency of occurrence Anomalies Z Ma Mb Z Ma Mb April 18 6 6 6 -4 -2 May 11 10 10 2 -4 2 June 15 10 5 8 -5 -3

In May, the dominance of zonal atmospheric processes was insignificant and the meridional circulation form by Мb type even slightly exceeded the multiyear average (Table 3.1). The cyclonic activity developed more often at the Falkland, South African, New Zealand and East Pacific Ocean branches of the trajectories. The field of atmospheric pressure was similar to the preceding month, being decreased over the whole South Polar Area. However the form itself of mean monthly baric field had more pronounced meridional characteristics. The most significant cores of negative pressure anomalies were observed over the southern area of the Central Pacific sector, the Drake Passage, the Commonwealth and Mawson Seas [1]. The field of air temperature anomalies in May was mainly below zero at small by area insignificant above zero cores. This is explained by dominance of zonality although small, but preventing the inter-latitudinal air exchange. The field of atmospheric precipitation had a non-uniform character. In June, the active development of zonal atmospheric processes, the anomaly of the frequency of occurrence of which comprised 8 days, was continued (Table 3.1). The meridional circulation was weakened. Nevertheless at its development the meridional disturbances of the atmospheric circulation were quite intensive. Among the active branches of the meridional cyclonic trajectories one can note the Falkland, South African, and East Pacific Ocean branches, the latter of which was most developed. Movements of deep cyclones from the Pacific Ocean region across the Drake Passage resulted in the formation of an extensive core of mean monthly negative air pressure anomalies over the Bellingshausen Sea, the Drake Passage and the Antarctic Peninsula, comprising -12 hPa and lower [2]. Over most of the other regions of the South Polar Area there were positive air pressure anomalies. It is necessary to note that in connection with the observed although not frequent but intensive meridional processes, the form of the mean monthly field of air pressure anomalies in June had sufficiently expressed features of meridionality. The background air temperatures over the Antarctic were increased. The anomalies of air temperature comprised the highest values above the West Antarctica and the inland regions [2]. As an example of the warm air outflow to the inner areas of Antarctica, one can point to the case of active cyclone penetration across the Weddell Sea to the continent at the beginning of the month when the air temperature at Vostok station increased by more than 20ºС in 24 h. Precipitation fallout above the South Polar Area had a non-uniform character. Considering the period April-June in general, it can be said that its main circulation peculiarities and their influence on the meteorological fields are related to the increased development of zonal circulation of the atmosphere over the temperate and high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. References: 1. http://www.bom.gov.au/nmoc 2. http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/icd/metlog/jones_and_limbert.html 49

4. BRIEF REVIEW OF ICE PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN FROM DATA OF SATELLITE AND COASTAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN APRIL-JUNE 2013

The main distinguishing feature of the autumn period 2013 was a rapid expansion of the Antarctic ice belt in April-May, which was at the background of the increased (approximately by 0.8 mln. km2) preserved from the summer residual sea ice extent of the Southern Ocean in general. In May, the ice edge spread northward to the maximum in the eastern part of the Weddell Gyre between 0- 20E, in the Davis, Mawson, Somov and Ross Seas, remaining close to its multiyear average location in the other basins (Fig. 4.1). In the area of Russkaya station and in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas, it still was located anomalously far in the south, near the 70th parallel. However in June, a fantastically rapid ice advance northward to 65S also occurred here. As a result, the ice cover area in the Pacific Ocean sector comprised the record value for this time of the year of about 6.5 mln. km2 for the entire period of available regular satellite observations beginning from 1978. The sea ice extent of the Bellingshausen Sea exceeded for the first time this year (by 10%) its mean multiyear value, and an ice tongue began to develop from the area of Marguerite Bay (65S, 70W) in the direction of the Drake Passage. The sea ice belt area in the Antarctic that has reconstructed its circumpolar character, increased up to 15.2 mln.km2, which is by 0.7 mln.km2 greater than the multiyear average. It should be however noted that the intensive ice export from the “body” of the Atlantic ice massif, observed in the northwest of the Weddell Sea from February 2012 was stopped. In this connection there was a repeated clearance from ice in April (after February 2013) of the South Orkneys that lasted until the middle of May. In June, the ice edge occupied here the anomalously southern location, reaching only the 60th parallel. In addition, in the absence of the inflow of cold water and accompanying ice export from the Weddell Sea to Bransfield Strait the process of local ice formation was delayed by not less than half a month according to data of Bellingshausen station (Table 4.2). Quite remarkable is also a rapid character of landfast ice establishment this year (Table 4.1). After only 1.5 months after the final decay the landfast ice was completely reconstructed as early as the end of April in its maximum winter boundaries in Leningradsky Bay in the Lazarev Sea. Throughout May young landfast ice wholly bound the shelf water area in the Cosmonauts and the Commonwealth Seas. Solid coastal band of landfast ice was formed again from Leningradskaya station to Cape Ader (160-170E) in the Somov Sea and near the Scott Shore in the Ross Sea between 75-78S. A giant landfast ice peninsula was formed along 110W based on the concentration of icebergs, which were stuck at the underwater ridge in the vicinity of the Thwaits glacier in the Amundsen Sea. Nevertheless a typical dented projection of multiyear land fast ice in the vicinity of Russkaya station, which is usually established between the Cape Burkes and the concentration of icebergs on the Aristov Bank, located in 60 km in the north-west from the Cape, was not reconstructed. The decay of this projection occurred as early as 2009, when a clear degradation of the Pacific ice massif began. It is indicative that new landfast ice up to the onset of winter was much less (approximately by 10 cm) in thickness compared to its average value (Table 4.2). The intensity of the growth of multiyear landfast ice was even less. In the area of Progress station in Zapadnaya (Nella) Bay, young first-year landfast ice and old five-year landfast ice the thickness of which for the summertime decreased by 40 cm, became equal in thickness, which comprised 90 cm by the end of June.

Table 4.1

Dates of the main ice phases in the areas of Russian Antarctic stations in the first part of 2013

Station Ice formation Landfast ice formation Freeze up (water body) First Stable First Stable First Final Mirny Actual 08.03 16.03 02.04 02.04 16.04 21.04 (roadstead) Multiyear 11.03 12.03 30.03 02.04 14.04 17.04 average Progress Actual 13.02 13.02 16.02 13.03 01.04 01.04 (Vostochnaya Bay) Multiyear 16.02 17.02 06.03 08.03 26.03 26.03 average Bellingshausen Actual 24.05 20.06 No1 - - - (Ardley Bay) Multiyear 12.05 06.06 09.06 17.06 05.07 30.06 average

1  there was no phenomenon (not yet occurred). All actual dates have a preliminary character and can be updated in the summary review for 2013.

Table 4.2

Landfast ice thickness and snow depth (cm) in the areas of Russian Antarctic stations in the first part of 2013

Station Characteristics M o n t h s III IV V VI

- Mirny Actual 53 63 72 Ice Multiyear 22 47 68 84 average Actual 5 9 11 Snow Multiyear 1 10 15 18 average Progress Actual 23 44 64 90 Ice Multiyear 32 54 77 97 average Actual 0 2 3 10 Snow Multiyear 3 6 8 5 average Bellingshausen Ice Actual - - - - Snow Actual 51

Fig. 4.1. Mean monthly (1) location of the external northern sea ice edge in May 2013 relative to its maximum (2), average (3) and minimum (4) extent in the Southern Ocean for a multiyear period.

5. RESULTS OF TOTAL OZONE MEASUREMENTS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF 2013

Rеgular observations of the total ozone concentration in the second quarter of 2013 were carried out only at two Russian stations due to the low Sun’s height (until 27 April at Novolazarevskaya station and until 13 May at Mirny station).

350 350

300 300

250 250

200 200

150 150 Total ozone, DU ozone, Total 100 100

1 50 50 2

0 0 01.04.2013 11.04.2013 21.04.2013 01.05.2013 11.05.2013

Date

Fig. 5.1. Mean daily total ozone values at Mirny (1) and Novolazarevskaya (2) stations in the second quarter of 2013.

The mean daily total ozone values at these stations are given in Fig. 5.1. The lowest for the period under consideration TO value was recorded at Novolazarevskaya station on 25 April (215 DU). The minimum TO value for this period at Mirny station (261 DU) was observed on 20 April. The mean monthly TO values in April 2013 at Mirny station (302 DU) were slightly higher and at Novolazarevskaya station (262 DU) – lower than in 2012 [1]. In the first part of May the total ozone concentration at Mirny station changed from 270 DU on 3 May to 326 DU on 6 May.

References:

1. Quarterly Bulletin “State of Antarctic Environment April-June 2012 Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations”. SI AARI, Russian Antarctic Expedition, 2012, No.2 (55), p. 52.

6. GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS IN APRIL-JUNE 2013

Analysis of geophysical materials of the Antarctic stations for the 2nd quarter of 2013

Geomagnetic data

The geomagnetic observations in the second quarter of 2013 were carried out at Vostok, Novolazarevskaya, Mirny and Progress stations under the standard program. As can be seen from the presented data (Figs. 6.4–6.7), the average quarterly absolute values of the Earth’s magnetic field (EMF) components at Vostok station have not practically changed compared to the previous quarter. The largest changes were noted at Novolazarevskaya station. The value of the horizontal component has increased by 84 nT, and of the vertical – has decreased (by module) by 63 nT. The changes at Mirny and Progress stations do not exceed 20 nT and can be explained by the general change of magnetic activity in the first and the second quarters. At all stations the measurements of basis values of variometers were regularly made. At Novolazarevskaya, Mirny and Progress stations, the basis values are stable and error of their measurements is within the permissible bounds. At Vostok station however one should undertake measures for decreasing errors of measurements. The state of the magnetosphere for the second quarter is characterized similar to the previous quarters by the РС- index values. They are calculated at the Department of Geophysics in real time and are posted in the form of a plot at the AARI site (http://www.aari.nw.ru/clgmi/geophys/index_ru.htm). The value of the 2 mV/m index, denoted in Fig. 6.1 by a blue line, determines the level, after the excess of which the processes of magnetic-ionospheric perturbations appear as a rule, at the Earth’s surface, characterizing the state of magnetosphere and the “space weather” in general. Fig. 6.1 presents the index values for the period 23 April to 23 May 2013. One can see that the index on 18 May is much greater than 2 mV/m. Figs. 6.2 and 6.3 present the magnetograms of Novolazarevskaya and Vostok stations on which one can see the magnetic perturbations that appeared at that time. All ionosphere perturbations recorded from riometer data are traced on the magnetograms of these stations.

Fig. 6.1 54

Fig. 6.2

Fig. 6.3 55

Riometer data

A monthly set of the maximum (for each day) absorption values is analyzed. The analysis presents an assessment of the work of riometers in general and the classification of riometer absorption increases depending on the factors influencing these increases. The increases with the amplitude greater than 0.5 dB were analyzed. The following abbreviations were used in the analysis: 1. SPE (solar proton event) – a phenomenon of the increase of solar proton fluxes after strong solar bursts, registered in the interplanetary space and in the Earth’s magnetosphere. During the analysis the SPE with the density of proton flux Fmax greater or equal to 5 were considered; 2. Fmax – the maximum density of proton flux with the energy more than 10 MeV, expressed in the number of protons passing across the area of 1 cm2 per one second from the angle of one steradian; 3. PCA (type of polar cap absorption) – a phenomenon of the increase of absorption determined by the proton fluxes during the SPE; 4. GA (geomagnetic activity) – level of geomagnetic field perturbation; 5. GP (geomagnetic perturbation) – a phenomenon of the increase of geomagnetic activity; intensity of GP is assessed by the Кр index, which reflects a global character of geomagnetic perturbation; as a significant geomagnetic perturbation, the periods were considered where Кр≥30; 6. AA (auroral absorption) – a phenomenon of the increase of absorption determined by the fluxes of magnetospheric particles at the time of global or local geomagnetic perturbations. 7. QDC (Quiet day curve) – non-perturbed level of the space noise registered by riometers. It is determined by a special algorithm. 8. BA (Background absorption) – a stable increased or decreased absorption, which is approximately the same for several days, determined by unstable performance of riometer 9. BV (background variations) – periodic (daily) absorption variations with the amplitude of 0.2 – 0.4 dB; the BV are determined by inaccuracy of processing, due to inaccuracy of QDC selection; the BV often have a sinusoid shape but in some cases differ significantly from it.

The absorption increases of the impulse character can be caused by the global factors (SPE and GP), or the local factors (local increase of geomagnetic activity, increase of the level of interference or malfunction of riometer work). The prolonged increased (or decreased) absorption can be caused by riometer fault (BA) or inaccuracy of the QDC (BV). The Internet data on the fluxes of solar protons (with the energy of 1 – 100 MeV) and on the level of geomagnetic activity (Кр index) were used in the analysis. The maximum for the day absorption values were compared with variations of every minute absorption values presented at the site of the Department of Geophysics (http://www.aari.nw.ru/clgmi/geophys/htm).

April

During April one SPE phenomenon was observed on 11-13 April with the maximum on 11 April (Fmax =30). Two geomagnetic perturbations were recorded: 14 – 15 April with the maximum on 14 April (Кр = 30 ) and on 23 – 27 April with the maximum on 24 April (Кр = 50).

Vostok (32 MHz). Two absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 12 and 27 April (with the amplitudes of 1.6 and 0.6 dB, respectively). The first increase is the PCA, determined by the solar proton fluxes. The second is the AA, determined by the increase of the global GA. Mirny (32 MHz). Two absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 12 and 27 April (with the amplitudes of 1.0 and 0.8 dB, respectively). The first increase is the PCA, determined by the solar proton fluxes. The second is the AA, determined by the increase of the global GA. Progress (32 MHz). Five absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 9, 13, 18, 21 and 23 April (with the amplitudes of 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6 and 0.7 dB, respectively). The increase on 13 April is determined by the instability of riometer operation, the other – by the global (23 April) or local (9, 18, 21) increased geomagnetic activity. Novolazarevskaya (32 MHz). Four insignificant absorption increases were registered in the first part of the month with the maximums on 1, 4, 7 and 11 April (with the amplitudes of 0.7, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.6 dB, respectively), which are the AA, determined by the local increased level of geomagnetic activity. The increase of absorption was registered with the maximum on 26 April and the amplitude of 3.2 dB, which is the AA, determined by the global perturbation. 56

May

During May two SPE phenomena were registered: on 15 – 20 May with the maximum on 18 May (Fmax = 10) and on 22 – 25 May with the maximum on 23 May (Fmax = 1000). Three geomagnetic perturbations were registered: on 1 – 2 May with the maximum on 1 May (Кр = 6-), on 17 – 20 May with the maximum on 18 May (Кр = 5+) and on 24 – 28 May with the maximum on 25 May (Кр = 6-) Vostok (32 MHz). Two absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 16 and 23 May (with the amplitudes of 0.6 and 1.9 dB, respectively). Both increases are the PCA, determined by the solar proton fluxes at the time of the SPE. Mirny (32 MHz). Three absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 17, 23 and 27 May (with the amplitudes of 0.7, 6.6 and 6.6 dB, respectively). The first two increases are the PCA, determined by the solar proton fluxes. The third is the AA, determined by the increased level of global GA. Progress (32 MHz). The absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 3, 11, 16, 23 and 27 May (with the amplitudes of 1.8, 1.2, 2.2, 6.5 and 8.0 dB, respectively). The increase on 23 May is the PCA, determined by proton fluxes of the SPE. The increases on 16, 23 and 27 May are the AA, determined by the global GA. The increases on 3, 11 and 23 are the AA, determined by the local GA. Novolazarevskaya (32 MHz). The absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 1, 6, 14, 16, 18 and 26 May (with the amplitudes of 4.4, 1.6, 3.6, 2.0, 3.0 and 6.3 dB, respectively), which are the AA, determined by the increased level of global GA. The increase on 18 May is partly the PCA, determined by the proton fluxes at the time of the SPE.

June

During June, one SPE phenomenon was registered: on 21 – 26 June with the maximum on 24 June (Fmax = 10). Four geomagnetic perturbations were registered: on 1 – 3 June with the maximum on 1 June (Кр =70), 6 – 8 June with the maximum on 7 June (Кр = 60), on 9 – 10 June with the maximum on 10 June (Кр = 3+), 20 – 25 June with the maximum on 20 June (Кр = 4+) and on 27 – 30 June with the maximum on 29 June (Кр = 6+). Vostok (32 MHz). One absorption increase was registered with the maximum on 23 June (with the amplitude of 0.5 dB). This increase is the PCA, determined by proton fluxes of the SPE. Mirny (32 MHz). Four absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 2, 7, 22 and 30 June (with the amplitudes of 2.0, 0.7, 1.6 and 2.0 dB, respectively). These increases are the AA, determined by the global GA. Progress (32 MHz). The absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 7, 10, 22 and 29 June (with the amplitudes of 1.1, 2.2, 6.0 and 2.0 dB, respectively). The increases on 7, 22 and 29 are determined by the global GA. The increase on 10 April is determined by the unstable work of riometer. Novolazarevskaya (32 MHz). The absorption increases were registered with the maximums on 1, 4, 7, 21, 23 and 29 June (with the amplitudes of 7.6, 1.9, 5.0, 3.0, 4.8 and 6.0 dB, respectively), which are the AA, determined by the increase of global and local (4 June) GA. The increase on 23 June is partly determined by the proton fluxes at the time of the SPE.

Conclusions

1. During the period under consideration four phenomena of the PCA were registered, determined by the proton fluxes of the SPE and a number of the AA, determined by the global and local GA. 2. According to the site data, one observes at all stations each month a stable daily absorption variation with an amplitude of 0.1 – 04 dB. This variation is determined by inaccuracy of data processing (inaccurate selection of the QDC) and sometimes unstable riometer functioning. Therefore the indicated maximum absorption values should be reduced by the corresponding background values. 3. According to the site data, one observes interruptions in recording with duration of several minutes to several hours each month at all stations. The interruptions have an irregular character: sometimes – several times a day and sometimes once a week. The cause of interruptions is the instability of functioning of the ADC card. In general, the riometers at Vostok, Mirny and Novolazarevskaya stations functioned normally. At Progress station there are variations of the recording level with duration of 3 – 7 days, which cause changes in absorption up to 1 dB. The variations are neither the PCA, nor the AA. The cause of variations is being determined.

CURRENT OBSERVATIONS

MIRNY STATION

Mean monthly absolute geomagnetic field values

Horizontal Vertical Declination component component April 88º09.1´W 13673 nT -57622 nT May 88º09.7´W 13669 nT -57620 nT June 88º12.7´W 13673 nT -57633 nT Average 88º10.5´W 13672 nT -57625 nT

Main variometer reference values

Date D, deg. H, nT Z, nT 02.04.2013 -87.0817 13902 -57625 06.04.2013 -87.0417 13898 -57624 12.04.2013 -87.0583 13899 -57623 18.04.2013 -87.0583 13902 -57624 24.04.2013 -87.0800 13908 -57622 30.04.2013 -87.0817 13909 -57619 06.05.2013 -87.0617 13902 -57627 12.05.2013 -87.0583 13902 -57626 18.05.2013 -87.0717 13902 -57627 24.05.2013 -87.0667 13903 -57625 30.05.2013 -87.0617 13904 -57625 05.06.2013 -87.0717 13904 -57625 11.06.2013 -87.0700 13901 -57627 17.06.2013 -87.0617 13903 -57627 23.06.2013 -87.0633 13902 -57626

Mirny, April 2013

dB 2 max, A 1

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Mirny, May 2013

, dB 4 max A 2

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Mirny, June 2013

, dB 2 max A 1

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Fig. 6.4. Maximum daily space radio-emission absorption at the 32 MHz frequency from riometer observations at Mirny station.

NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA STATION

Mean monthly absolute geomagnetic field values

Horizontal Vertical Declination component component April 29º17.4´W 18540 nT -34501 nT May 29º18.8´W 18549 nT -34506 nT June 29º19.9´W 18547 nT -34501 nT Average 29º18.7´W 18545.3 nT -34505.9 nT

Main variometer reference values

Date D, deg. H, nT Z, nT 03.04.2013 -29.5782 -34.69 18545 09.04.2013 -29.5803 -34.82 18547 15.04.2013 -29.6240 -37.44 18546 22.04.2013 -29.6307 -37.84 18545 28.04.2013 -29.5462 -32.77 18539 06.05.2013 -29.5640 -33.84 18538 12.05.2013 -29.6328 -37.97 18541 18.05.2013 -29.6415 -38.49 18539 26.05.2013 -29.6542 -39.25 18538 31.05.2013 -29.7082 -42.49 18537 04.06.2013 -29.6818 -40.91 18538 11.06.2013 -29.6407 -38.44 18536 17.06.2013 -29.6598 -39.59 18538 25.06.2013 -29.6592 -39.55 18538 30.06.2013 -29.6365 -38.19 18537

Novolazarevskaya, April 2013

, dB 2 max A 1

0 1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931

Novolazarevskaya, May 2013

, dB 4 max A 2

0 1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931

Novolazarevskaya, June 2013

dB 4 max, A 2

0 135791113151719212325272931

Fig. 6.5. Maximum daily space radio-emission absorption at the 32 MHz frequency from riometer observations at Novolazarevskaya station. 61

PROGRESS STATION

Mean monthly absolute geomagnetic field values

Horizontal Vertical Declination component component April 78º59.4´W 16996 nT -50838 nT May 79º02.2´W 16997 nT -50837 nT June 79º04.1´W 16990 nT -50847 nT Average 79º01.8´W 16994.8 -50840.7

Main variometer reference values

Date D, deg. H, nT Z, nT 01.04.2013 -78.8619 118.4 -42.0 06.04.2013 -78.8606 119.5 -42.3 10.04.2013 -78.8300 117.5 -42.3 15.04.2013 -78.8772 116.8 -42.4 18.04.2013 -78.8586 116.5 -42.3 23.04.2013 -78.8622 116.5 -42.7 29.04.2013 -78.8581 119.6 -41.4 03.05.2013 -78.9008 121.0 -40.9 08.05.2013 -78.9039 113.9 -44.4 13.05.2013 -78.8725 122.8 -40.3 20.05.2013 -78.8664 119.3 -42.1 22.05.2013 -78.8822 124.1 -40.5 27.05.2013 -78.8783 121.6 -39.9 28.05.2013 -78.8703 119.6 -41.0 30.05.2013 -78.8733 120.7 -42.4 04.06.2013 -78.8833 119.7 -40.9 08.06.2013 -78.8728 120.6 -40.2 13.06.2013 -78.8744 119.8 -40.5 17.06.2013 -78.8803 121.7 -39.2 18.06.2013 -78.8608 120.6 -39.8 24.06.2013 -78.8619 120.0 -41.5 26.06.2013 -78.8842 120.8 -41.9

Progress, April 2013

, dB 2 max A 1

0 135791113151719212325272931

Progress, May 2013

, dB 4 max A 2

0 135791113151719212325272931

Progress, June 2013

dB 4 max, max, A 2

0 135791113151719212325272931

Fig. 6.6. Maximum daily space radio-emission absorption at the 32 MHz frequency from riometer observations at Progress station. 63

VOSTOK STATION

Mean monthly absolute geomagnetic field values

Horizontal Vertical Declination component component April 123º17.0´W 13584 nT -57828 nT May 123º17.6´W 13589 nT -57835 nT June 123º18.4´W 13590 nT -57833 nT Average 123º17.6´W 13587.6 -57831.6

Main variometer reference values

Date D, deg. H, nT Z, nT 02.04.2013 -122.5764 13569 -57903 05.04.2013 -122.5628 13604 -57910 09.04.2013 -122.5717 13568 -57923 16.04.2013 -122.5744 13581 -57930 19.04.2013 -122.5664 13578 -57911 23.04.2013 -122.5758 13575 -57911 05.05.2013 -122.5767 13569 -57920 08.05.2013 -122.5725 13605 -57922 09.05.2013 -122.5706 13568 -57913 26.05.2013 -122.5119 13587 -57912 28.05.2013 -122.5733 13568 -57912 29.05.2013 -122.5686 13568 -57913 07.06.2013 -122.5856 13568 -57910 08.06.2013 -122.5822 13568 -57912 11.06.2013 -122.5675 13566 -57907 13.06.2013 -122.5806 13574 -57910 16.06.2013 -122.5819 13567 -57909 26.06.2013 -122.5792 13569 -57910

Vostok, April 2013

, dB 2 max A 1

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Vostok, May 2013

, dB 2 max A 1

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Vostok, June 2013

, dB 2 max A 1

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Fig. 6.7. Maximum daily space radio-emission absorption at the 32 MHz frequency from riometer observations at Vostok station.

7. MAIN RAE EVENTS IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF 2013

04.04. 2013 At the concluding phase of her first voyage the R/V “Akademik Tryoshnikov” called the port of Bremerhaven. During the stay in Bremerhaven, the trials of the scientific equipment were finished as well as the testing of the electrical propulsion system, which however has not solveed all problems of the ship.

08.04 The Bellingshausen station was visited by the team of the Ukrainian Antarctic Vernadsky station, Advisor of the Governor of the Yamalo-Nenetsky autonomous district and personnel of the Argentine Antarctic San Martin Base.

10 – 12.04 A Workshop of the participants to the Agreement on the “Larsemann Hills” Oasis was held at the AARI, which was attended by the representatives of Russia, China and Australia.

10. 04 The Russian TV channel “Rossiya 2” showed in the live broadcast an interview with the Leader of Vostok station P.V. Teterev. On the same day the air temperature at the station dropped to -75ºС, although the winter has not yet set in.

06 -11.04 The R/V “Akademik Fedorov” made a planned call to the port of Capetown. Part of the seasonal team of the 58th RAE, the group of builders and the air crew – a total of 42 people, who were onboard, departed by regular flights to Russia, including the Head of the seasonal expedition V.А. Kuchin. The duties of the Cruise Head at the next stage were performed by V.А. Bondarchuk.

12. 04 The R/V “Akademik Tryoshnikov” finished her first experimental Antarctic voyage and moored in the port of St. Petersburg.

17 - 28. 04 In Bransfield Strait, the Chinese seiner “YO YOUNG” took fire. The crew was transferred to the Norwegian ship “JUVEL”. The Chilean rescue vessel approached the burning ship and began accompanying it during the drift in Bransfield Strait. On 27 April, the Chinese seiner went down.

30. 04 The R/V “Akademik Aleksandr Karpinsky”, which participated in the activity of the 58th RAE finished her voyage and moored in the port of St. Petersburg.

30.04 – 05. 05 The R/V “Akademik Fedorov” called the port of Bremerhaven. From board the ship two helicopters Ka-32, which participated in the seasonal operations, flew to the constant basing place.

04.05 In the framework of reforming the infrastructure at Mirny station, temporary closing-down of the office- living building No.18 was completed. Work on temporary closing-down of the house of background monitoring of the atmosphere began.

08. 05 In the southern part of Leningradsky Bay in the area of the ice barrier where the shore base of the Indian Maitri station is located, a piece of the ice shelf 1000 m x 200 m in size calved again like in 2012. Due to the fact that all expedition cargo was at a distance of 2-3 km from the barrier edge, no losses were registered.

10. 05 The R/V “Akademik Fedorov” finished the next Antarctic voyage under the program of the 58th RAE and arrived to St. Petersburg. The activities of the 58th seasonal RAE were completed.

20 - 29.05 The sessions of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) were held in Brussels. There were three RAE representatives in the Russian Delegation – V.V. Lukin, V.N. Pomelov and А.V. Voyevodin.

21. 05 President of the Russian Federation signed a Decree on establishing the Day of Polar Explorer on the 21st of May. A special event was held at the AARI, which was attended by the Minister of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation S.Е. Donskoy, Head of Roshydromet А.I. Frolov, Special President’s Representative on International Cooperation in the Arctic and the Antarctic А.N. Chilingarov, veterans- polar explorers, seamen, pilots – a total of about 450 people. 66

22. 05 The R/V “Akademik Tryoshnikov” moved to the 1st area of the port of St. Petersburg for performing a warranty repair. The R/V “Akademik Fedorov” departed St. Petersburg for the port of Turku (Finland) for the next repair after which the ship will depart to the Arctic voyage.

28.05 The Meeting on the results of the work of the DROMLAN Program in the season of 2012-2013 was held in Brussels V.V. Lukin and V.L. Martyanov participated in the session from the Russian Federation.

21. 06 The reports on the activities during the first half a year were presented at the AARI at the session of the Scientific-Technical Council on the subprogram “Study and research of the Antarctic” of the Federal Target Program “World Ocean”. The applications of the organizations for participation in the work of the 59th RAE were considered. The recommendations for the formation of the seasonal expedition were adopted.

Fig. 7.1. The R/V “Akademik Tryoshnikov” in the Atlantic Ocean on the way to the Antarctic.

Fig. 7.2. Ice trials of the R/V “Akademik Tryoshnikov” in Simonov Bay (Bellingshausen Sea, Marguerite Bay)

Fig. 7.3. Preparation for the ice trials in the area of Adelaide Island (Matha Strait).

Fig. 7.4.Fauna of Simonov Bay (near the Alexander I Island).

Fig. 7.5. Ice trials of the R/V “Akademik Tryoshnikov” in the Active Sound in the area of Joinville Island.