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Claire Alison HOLDER School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford

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Claire Alison HOLDER School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford THE IMPACT OF PROFESSIONALISM ON ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NOTTING HILL CARNIVAL, LONDON, 1989 to 2002 Volume I of II Claire Alison HOLDER School of the Built Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK. Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Professional Doctorate in the Built Environment, June 2017 Carnival is So Much More than just a Party ! ii CONTENTS Page No: List of Tables & Illustrations xiv Abstract xix 1. THE MECHANISMS OF PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The Concept of Professionalism 1 1.2.1. Definition and Framework of Professionalism 1 1.2.2. The Dimensions of Professionalism 3 1.3. Professional Management at the Notting Hill Carnival Trust 5 1.3.1. The Requirement for Professional Management 5 1.3.2. The Nature of Professional Management 6 1.3.3. Designing Professional Management Solutions 6 1.3.4. Key Problems of Professional Management 8 1.3.5. The Multi-stakeholder Management Challenges 10 1.3.6. Managing Key and Powerful Stakeholders 11 1.4. The Attainment of Organisational Effectiveness 13 1.4.1. The Role of Professional Management Staff 13 1.4.2. Implementation Success 18 1.5. The Value of Professional Management Bodies 19 1.5.1. Professional Management Bodies and Business Schools 19 1.5.2. The Contribution of Professional Management Bodies 21 iii 1.6. Societal Value of Organisational Excellence 24 1.6.1. The Importance of Professionalism in Management 24 1.7. Research Aim and Objectives 25 1.8. Overview of Chapters 26 1.9. Concluding Comments 29 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 31 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Basis of the Research 32 2.2.1. The Research Issue 33 2.2.2. The Research Context 34 2.3. Insider Research 35 2.3.1. The Researcher’s Insider Interest 35 2.3.2. Researcher as the Research Instrument 36 2.3.3. The Challenges of Insider Research 37 2.3.4. Issues of Validity and Insider Research 39 2.4. Research Design 42 2.4.1. Choosing the Appropriate Design 42 2.4.2. Philosophical Underpinnings 43 2.5. Strategy for Addressing the Research Issue 44 2.5.1. Staged Approach 44 2.5.2. Reflexivity 45 2.5.3. Triangulation 47 2.6. The Collection of Case Study Evidence 50 2.6.1. Multiple Sources of Data Collection 50 2.6.2. The Instrumental Case Study 52 2.6.3. Managing Case Study Data 55 iv 2.6.4. Literature Search and Review 55 2.6.5. Document Analysis 57 2.6.6. The Value of Document Analysis 60 2.6.7. The Process of Document Analysis 61 2.6.8. The Importance of Participant Observation 62 2.6.9. Unstructured and Informal Interviews 67 2.6.10. Selecting Interviewees 68 2.7. Research Criteria and Analysis 69 2.7.1. Evaluation of Qualitative Research 69 2.7.2. Additional Evaluative Criteria 74 2.7.3. Interpretative Analysis 76 2.8. Ethics 77 2.9. Audience 78 2.10. Concluding Comments 78 3. THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE NOTTING HILL CARNIVAL 80 3.1. Introduction 80 3.2. The Nature and Celebration of Festivals 81 3.2.1. Definition and Types of Festivals 81 3.2.2. Celebration of Festivals and Their Meanings 82 3.2.3. Developments and Trends in Urban Festivals 83 3.3. The Role and Importance of the Arts in Society 85 3.3.1. Definition of Art and the Arts 85 3.3.2. The Economic and Social Contribution of the Arts 85 3.3.3. Definition of Carnival as an Arts Festival 87 3.4. Concluding Comments 89 v 4. THE ORIGINS OF THE NOTTING HILL CARNIVAL 90 4.1. Introduction 90 4.2. A Distinctly Caribbean Carnival in Notting Hill 91 4.2.1. The Notting Hill Carnival’s Trinidadian Heritage 91 4.2.2. The Journey from Trinidad to Notting Hill 92 4.2.3. The Social Environment of Notting Hill in the 1950s 93 4.3. The Emergence of the Notting Hill Carnival 94 4.3.1. Introduction 94 4.3.2. In the Aftermath of the Notting Hill Race Riots 94 4.3.3. The Influence of the Trinidad Carnival Culture 95 4.3.4. The Story of the Notting Hill Festival 97 4.3.5. And the Notting Hill Carnival Started 100 4.3.6. The Emergence and Development of Artistic Disciplines 104 4.3.7. The Organisation of the Artistic Disciplines 112 4.3.8. The Issues of Public Safety at the Carnival 113 4.3.9. The Challenges Posed by the Carnival’s Popularity 116 4.4. The Arts and Culture of the Notting Hill Carnival 117 4.4.1. Masquerade: The Heart of the Arts of Carnival 118 4.4.2. Steelpan: The Rhythm of the Oil Drum 120 4.4.3. Calypso: The Art of Dialogue Through Song 121 4.4.4. Static Sound System: The Art of Sound System “DeeJaying” 123 4.4.5. Mobile Sound System: The Art of “DeeJaying” On The Move 126 4.4.6. Live Stages: The Power to Excite and Entertain 126 4.5. Concluding Comments 127 5. CARNIVAL MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES 129 5.1. Introduction 129 5.2. Learning to Manage a Spontaneous Event 130 5.2.1. The Problems of Ineffective Leadership 130 5.2.2. Under-estimating the Size and Scale of the Task 131 5.2.3. The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Management 132 5.2.4. The Broadening of the Cultural Base of the Carnival 133 5.2.5. Consequences of Breakdown in Communication 134 vi 5.2.6. Conflicts Within the Management Organisation 136 5.2.7. Wider Social Issues Affecting the Carnival Community 137 5.3. The Case of Inadequate Management Capability 139 5.3.1. The Absence of a Cohesive Management Organisation 139 5.3.2. Trial and Error Approaches to Management 141 5.3.3. The Threats of Strong Environmental Factors 142 5.3.4. The Strains and Tensions of Ad Hoc Management 143 5.3.5. Attempts at Carnival Management Re-organisation 145 5.3.6. Crisis and the Lack of Organisational Stability 148 5.4. Concluding Comments 150 6. CHANGE MANAGEMENT FOR ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS 152 6.1. Introduction 152 6.2. Critical Professional and Public Review 153 6.2.1. The Case for Organisational Change 153 6.2.2. The Need for Professional Carnival Management 157 6.3. The Change Management Process: 1989 – 2002 160 6.3.1. The Foundations of the Change Initiative 160 6.3.2. The Impacts of Recent Organisational History 162 6.3.3. Formulation of the Five Year Development Plan 163 6.3.4. Stakeholders of the Notting Hill Carnival 164 6.4. Changing the Perceptions and Image of the Carnival 167 6.4.1. Requirement for Good Governance 167 6.4.2. The Design of New Management Structures 168 6.4.3. Development of the Carnival’s Organisational Vision 171 6.4.4. The Fundamentals of Stable Organisation 172 6.5. Concluding Comments 173 vii 7. TRANSFORMATION OF THE CULTURE OF MANAGEMENT 175 7.1. Introduction 175 7.2. Approaches to Management and Organisational Development 176 7.2.1. Organisational Development and Training Programmes 176 7.2.2. Development of the Carnival Disciplines and Associations 179 7.2.3. Improvement of Stakeholder Relationships 180 7.2.4. New Approaches to Communication and Contacts 181 7.3. Carnival Environment Improvement Initiatives 182 7.3.1. Carnival Awareness Training and Education 184 7.3.2. Requirement for Effective Public Safety Management 184 7.3.3. Marketing and Promotion of the Carnival Arts 187 7.3.4. The Importance of the Carnival Magazine 188 7.3.5. Live Stages and Licensed Street Trading 189 7.3.6. Carnival Arts Development Initiative 190 7.3.7. Carnival Finance and Funding of the Carnival 191 7.3.8. The Fundamentals of the Carnival Marketing Strategy 195 7.4. Achievements of the Notting Hill Carnival Trust 197 7.4.1. Development of the Carnival’s Strategic Capabilities 197 7.4.2. Realisation of Strategic Purpose Through Change 199 7.4.3. Improved Stability, Reputation and Perception 201 7.5. Concluding Comments 205 8. REQUIREMENT FOR ORGANISATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS 207 8.1. Introduction 207 8.2. Carnival Organisational Review 208 8.2.1. Necessity for Organisational Change 208 8.2.2. Managing Organisational Conflict 210 8.2.3. Essential Properties of Organisation 212 viii 8.3. The Concept of Organisational Effectiveness 215 8.3.1. Core Activities of Organisations 215 8.3.2. Organisations Exist for People 218 8.3.3. Management Capacity and Capability 222 8.3.4. Organisational Discomfort and Ineffectiveness 226 8.4. Concluding Comments 229 9. TECHNIQUES FOR ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 231 9.1. Introduction 231 9.2. Stakeholder Strategy Formulation 232 9.2.1. Impact of Environmental Factors 232 9.2.2. Identification of Stakeholders 233 9.3. Managing an Envisioned Future 237 9.3.1. The Carnival Mission Statement 237 9.3.2. Promotion of Unity of Purpose 240 9.3.3. Organisational Design and Structure 244 9.3.4. Management Control and Controls 246 9.4. Concluding Comments 250 10. STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT AND DIRECTION 252 10.1. Introduction 252 10.2. Strategic Orientation and Design 253 10.2.1. Establishing Strategic Priorities 253 10.2.2. Strategy for Change and Improvement 262 10.2.3. Definition of Strategic Management 269 10.2.4. Application of Strategic Management 273 ix 10.3. Strategy Implementation and Adaptation 279 10.3.1. The Pursuit of Carnival Wealth Creation 279 10.3.2.
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