The Brazilian Northeast, Inside Out: Region, Nation, and Globalization (1926-1968)
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The Brazilian Northeast, Inside Out: Region, Nation, and Globalization (1926-1968) By Courtney Jeanette Campbell Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August, 2014 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Marshall C. Eakin, Ph.D. Edward Wright-Rios, Ph.D. Celso Castilho, Ph.D. Thomas Schwartz, Ph.D. Lesley Gill, Ph.D. To my nieces, Kendra, Avah, and Alexa ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the result of long months of research and writing, but it was far from a solitary process; instead, I received help and feedback from several individuals, groups, publishers and institutions along the way. I thank the Ralph Lee Woodward Jr. Award selection committee for their feedback and recognition of an earlier version of the first chapter of this dissertation, which received the prize for best graduate student paper on Latin America and Caribbean, Borderlands or Atlantic World history presented at the Southern Historical Association meeting in 2011. Likewise, I am grateful to Oxford Bibliographies in Latin American Studies for their feedback on my article “History of the Brazilian Northeast,” which helped me work through many of the questions outlined in the literature review of this dissertation and for which I won the Graduate Student Article Award in 2014. I am particularly grateful to the British Library for helping me give back to some of the Brazilian archives that helped me in my research through an Endangered Archives Programme grant that allows me to direct a multi-institutional digitization grant in archives in Paraíba. This feedback, support, recognition, and confidence helped me to trudge through both the most difficult moments in the research and writing phase. The research for this dissertation required several, lengthy trips to archives in Brazil and the United States. I am grateful for the financial support I received from the Institute for International Education (IIE) through an IIE Graduate Fellowship for International Study when the U.S. Congress defunded the Fulbright-Hayes dissertation research award in 2011. I am also thankful for the support of Fulbright Brazil that administered this fellowship, particularly Luiz Loureiro, Jesse Wheeler, Patricia Grijó, and Luana Smeets. This dissertation also would not have been possible without the support of Tinker Field Research Grants from the Tinker Foundation, administered through the Center for Latin American Studies at Vanderbilt University; a Summer Research Award from the College of Arts and iii Sciences at Vanderbilt University; a Dissertation Enhancement Grant from the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University, and; generous tuition and fellowship support offered by Vanderbilt University. I have been immensely fortunate to have the support of Vanderbilt faculty, staff, and students. I am particularly indebted to the patience and wisdom of my advisor, Marshall Eakin. Celso Castilho set me on the right path early in archival research and helped me to brainstorm the events for this project and Edward Wright-Rios has offered generous critical readings and advice and I am especially grateful for their attention. I also thank my entire dissertation committee, composed of Marshall Eakin, Eddie Wright-Rios, Celso Castilho, Tom Schwartz, and Lesley Gill, for their continuous support, careful reading, and thoughtful criticism, and Carlos Jaureguí, who was on my qualifying committee, as well. I thank Jane Landers for inviting me to participate in the Ecclesiastical and Secular Sources for Slave Societies project, for her counsel, and for her friendship. I am grateful to Bill Caferro, Katie Crawford, Michael Bess, and Frank Robinson for modeling good teaching in the courses for which I was a Teaching Assistant and for their advice and friendship. I also thank: Jim Epstein, Gary Gerstle, Lauren Clay, Sarah Igo, Richard Blackett, Celia Applegate, Paula Covington, Heidi Welch, Norma Antillón, Jane Anderson, Brenda Hummel, Chris Lindsey, Tiffany Giese, August Johnson and his co-workers, the Center for Teaching, the Center for Latin American Studies, the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities, and the staff of the Jean and Alexander Heard Library – especially the amazingly dedicated Annex and Interlibrary Loan Staff, including: Jim Toplon, Rachel Adams, Nancy Dolinger, Greg Weldy, and many more. The feedback that I received from several invited presentations, workshops, and seminars has been invaluable. I thank the members of the Grupo de Trabalho Sociologia de Esportes of the Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais, the Simpósio Temático Imagens, Representações e Identidades: Uma Visada Interdisciplinar of the VI Simpósio Nacional de História Cultural, the Latin American History Working Group of the Kellogg Institute at the iv University of Notre Dame, the Brazilian Studies Reading Group of the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities at Vanderbilt University, the Rethinking Sport in the Americas Workshop at Emory University, the Encontro ás Quintas at the Casa de Oswaldo Cruz of FIOCRUZ, the Fulbright Enhancement Seminar for IIE Fellows in São Paulo, the Universidade Estadual de Ceará – Quixadá, the Centro de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes at the Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte, and the Dissertation and Pre-Dissertation Graduate Seminars of the Department of History at Vanderbilt University for their generous advice and suggestions. This dissertation would not have been possible without the advice, guidance, and compassion offered at archives in Brazil and the United States. I am eternally grateful to Manuela Maia, Kênia Araújo, Anna Karoline Queiroz Brás, and Joseilda de Sousa Diniz of the Biblioteca Átila Almeida of the Universidade Estadual da Paraíba in Campina Grande; Joaquim Osterne Carneiro, Maria do Socorro Lacerda, and Adonai Lacerda de Silveira of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Paraibano; Clélia Burity and the other helpful ladies at the Centro de Pesquisa Musical José Siqueira of the Fundação Espaço Cultural (FUNESC) in João Pessoa; João Pedro Ferreira da Silva of the Arquivo Histórico Waldemar Duarte of FUNESC; Ricardo Grisi of the Arquivo Eclesiástico in João Pessoa; Nadigila, Camilo, Francisco, Irene Rodrigues da Silva Fernandes, Ana Lúcia G. da Silva, and Rossiane Delgado de A. Cordeiro of the Casa José Américo in João Pessoa; Lêda of the Cachaçaria Phillipéia who allowed me to photograph the bottle collection; Zilae de Oliveira of the Hemeroteca and the senhoras that work in Obras Raras at the Biblioteca Pública Governador Menezes Pimentel in Fortaleza; Pedro Humberto da Silva of the Museu de Arte da Universidade Federal do Ceará; Nonato Inoia, Marinez Alves, and Ana Wladia Medeiros of the Instituto do Ceará; Michele Maia Mendonça Marinho, Nadia Mendes Moreno, and Vera Lucia Machado de Sá of the Núcleo de Documentação do Instituto de Arte e Cultura do Ceará and Fernando Xavier and Paulo Henrique of the Múseu de Arte Contemporânea of the Centro Dragão do Mar de Arte e Cultura; Miguel Ángelo “Nirez” v Azevedo of the Arquivo Nirez; Paulo de Tarso and the interns at the Museu da Arte e do Som in Fortaleza; Carolina Abreu for her invaluable research assistance in Fortaleza; Tácito Rolim of the Universidade Estadual do Ceará in Quixadá whose research advice in Fortaleza was priceless; Thaiany Soares Silva, Viltany Oliveira Freitas, Maria Lúcia da Silva, Antonieta Freire de Sousa, Manoel Bezerra da Silva, José Maria Fernandes de Leima, and Ana Verônica de Oliveira Silva of the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Norte who went out of their way to help me in my research; Fred Nicolau, Augusto Maranhão, and Vandelúcia Ferreira Tavares Nicolau, (and little William and Anna too) of the Fundação Rampa in Natal; Professor Clyde Smith who lent me advice and access to his personal collection in Natal; Alcides Sales of the Fundação José Augusto in Natal; Abimael Silva of the Sebo Vermelho in Natal; Ananias Martins and Cícero da Hora of the Arquivo Público in São Luís; the staff in the Hemeroteca of the Arquivo Público in Teresina; Luiz, Batista, and Ana Cristina Nascimento of the Biblioteca Pública de Bahia; Urano Andrade for his research assistance in Salvador; Bruno of the Museu da Imagem e do Som in Rio de Janeiro; the staff of the Hemeroteca and Setor Manuscritos of the Fundação Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro; the talented and generous Gonçalo Ferreira da Silva and family at the Academia Brasileira de Literatura de Cordel in Rio de Janeiro; the staff of DOPS at the Arquivo Público do Estado in São Paulo; Fernanda Soares, Sônia Couto, and Lutgardes Costa Freire of the Instituto Paulo Freire in São Paulo; the staff of the Museu da Imagem e do Som in São Paulo; Fernanda Rodrigues Rossi, José Hermes, and several others at the Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros at the Universidade de São Paulo; Sandro Vasconcelos of the Museu da Cidade in Recife; Doutor Ildo and others at the Setor Manuscritos of the Arquivo Público Estadual Jordão Emerenciano (APEJE )in Recife; Lindembergue Santos of the Acervo de DOPS of the APEJE; the staff of the Hemeroteca and the Biblioteca de Obras Raras of the APEJE; George Cabral and others of the Instituto Arqueológico, Histórico, Geográfico Pernambucano; the late Fernando Bivar of the Sport Clube do Recife; Jamille Barbosa of the Fundação Gilberto Freyre; Marcília Gama; Túlio vi Velho Barreto, Lúcia Gaspar, Virgínia Barbosa, Henrique Cruz,