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A Guide to the Joseph Smith Papyri John Gee Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Maxwell Institute Publications 2000 A Guide to the Joseph Smith Papyri John Gee Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi Part of the Religious Education Commons Recommended Citation Gee, John, "A Guide to the Joseph Smith Papyri" (2000). Maxwell Institute Publications. 3. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi/3 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maxwell Institute Publications by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A Guide to the Joseph Smith Papyri A Guide to the Joseph Smith Papyri John Gee ! The Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) at Brigham Young University Provo, Utah Design by Bjorn W. Pendleton John Gee (Ph.D., Yale University) is assistant research professor of Egyptology at FARMS and research associate for the Center for the Preservation of Ancient Religious Texts (CPART) at Brigham Young University. The Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) at Brigham Young University P.O. Box 7113 University Station Provo, Utah 84602 © 2000 by The Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gee, John. A guide to the Joseph Smith papyri / by John Gee. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-934893-54-3 1. Book of Abraham. 2. Egyptian language—Papyri, Hieroglyphic. I. Title BX8629.P5 G44 2000 289.3’2—dc21 00-009956 Contents Illustrations ...............................................................................vi Acknowledgements ..................................................................vii Introduction ..............................................................................ix 1. Historical Overview ..............................................................1 Early History of the Papyri ...............................................1 History of the Translation of the Book of Abraham .......4 History of the Publication of the Book of Abraham .......4 Later History of the Papyri ...............................................6 2. The Ancient Owners of the Papyri ....................................15 3. Theories to Explain the Book of Abraham ........................19 Relationship of the Book of Abraham Text to the Papyri .....................................................................21 Date of the Text of the Book of Abraham ......................23 Date of the Papyri ...........................................................25 Transmission of the Text .................................................27 Nature of the Facsimiles .................................................28 4. The Facsimiles of the Book of Abraham ...........................33 5. The Role of the Book of Abraham in Latter-day Saint Scripture ...............................................43 6. Further Reading ..................................................................47 Glossary of Names ...................................................................51 Glossary of Terms ....................................................................61 Notes .........................................................................................65 Illustration Credits ...................................................................67 Illustrations Egypt in Greco-Roman Times ....................................................viii Joseph Smith Papyrus I ...................................................................x Owners of the Papyri ..................................................................... 2 The Joseph Smith Papyri at Thebes .............................................. 3 Timeline for the Translation and Publication of the Book of Abraham ............................................................... 5 Publication History of the Hypocephalus .................................... 7 Travels of the Joseph Smith Papyri in the United States .............. 8 An Overview of the Papyri That Joseph Smith Owned ....... 10–11 Original Extent of the Joseph Smith Papyri ......................... 12–13 Joseph Smith Papyrus II .............................................................. 14 Egyptian Traditions about Abraham .......................................... 16 Joseph Smith Papyrus III ............................................................. 18 Theories about the Book of Abraham ........................................ 20 Kirtland Egyptian Papers .............................................................22 Egyptian Chronology ...................................................................24 Greco-Roman Egyptian Chronology .......................................... 26 Joseph Smith Papyrus IV ............................................................. 32 A Brief Outline of the Contents of the Book of Abraham ............................................................. 35 Jackal Masks ................................................................................. 36 Facsimile 1 of the Book of Abraham ...........................................37 Wing or Hand? ............................................................................. 38 Facsimile 2 of the Book of Abraham ...........................................39 Figure 7 from Cairo CG 9446 ...................................................... 40 Facsimile 3 of the Book of Abraham ...........................................41 Joseph Smith Papyri V and VI ..................................................... 42 Joseph Smith Papyri VII and VIII ............................................... 46 Joseph Smith Papyrus IX ............................................................. 50 Joseph Smith Papyri X and XI .....................................................60 Acknowledgements This publication would not have been possible without the assistance of several individuals. Without the encouragement and support of M. Gerald Bradford, the director of research at the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, this publication would never have seen the light of day. Clark Gee, Brian M. Hauglid, Matthew Roper, Brian L. Smith, John A. Tvedtnes, and my wife, Kathleen, have provided important feedback. Wendy H. Christian, Alison V. P. Coutts, and Angela Clyde of the FARMS editorial staff have been unfailingly helpful in preparing the manuscript for publication. I would also like to thank Carmen Cole for helping make the charts readable; Julie A. Dozier, Paula W. Hicken, Linda M. Sheffield, and Sandra A. Thorne for proofreading the manuscript; Rebecca Sterrett for producing the maps; and Bjorn Pendleton for designing the volume. My sincere appreciation also goes to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for permission to publish pic- tures of the Joseph Smith Papyri and the Kirtland Egyptian Papers, which reside in their archives, and to whom the intel- lectual property rights of these materials belong. Egypt in Greco-Roman Times Introduction More than a dozen years of answering questions about the Joseph Smith Papyri on a weekly, if not daily, basis have convinced me that one of the major problems with understanding the com- plicated issues surrounding the papyri has been the lack of up-to- date, reliable, readily available information on the Joseph Smith Papyri. Many discussions of the papyri are often completely de- void of not only recent Egyptological research but sometimes of even basic information about ancient Egypt. Additionally, few of the available discussions show any acquaintance with serious Latter-day Saint thought on either the Book of Abraham or the Joseph Smith Papyri. This guide has been prepared to provide ba- sic information about the Joseph Smith Papyri and an overview of the discussion about the connections that they may have with the Book of Abraham for those who have no knowledge of ancient Egypt and perhaps little of the Latter-day Saints. Due to the general nature of this work, references have been kept to an absolute minimum. I am currently preparing a larger study that will provide a fuller discussion with references. The present work is not an official publication of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and does not neces- sarily represent the official positions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Brigham Young University, or the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies at Brigham Young University. Joseph Smith Papyrus I (in current condition). The vignette is the original of Facsimile 1 of the Book of Abraham. The hieroglyphs on the right give the name, titles, and genealogy of Hor, the original owner of the manuscript. 1 Historical Overview Early History of the Papyri In the early part of the nineteenth century, Antonio Lebolo, an antiquities dealer working under the consul general of Egypt, plundered several tombs in Thebes in southern Egypt. Some of the antiquities he sold; others he kept. Among those he kept were eleven mummies that he brought home to Italy. After Lebolo’s death, his family sent the mummies through the shipping company of Albano Oblasser to sell in America to the high- est bidder. The highest bidder was Michael Chandler, who, having failed to find valuables inside the mummies other than some papyri, took them around as part of a traveling curios- ity show. After two years on the road,
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