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Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of the Ascidians Lissoclinum

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Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of the Ascidians Lissoclinum Original Article 65 Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR), 5(2), 2018, 65 - 71 Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of the Ascidians Lissoclinum patella, Oxycoryna fascicularis, Didemnum molle and Botryllus schlosseri Firmansyah Karim1, Masteria Yunovilsa Putra1, Tri Aryono Hadi1, Muhammad Abrar1 1Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Science ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to investigate antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Indonesian ascidians. Extracts prepared from the Indonesian ascidians namely Lissoclinum patella, Oxycoryna fascicularis, Didemnum molle and Botryllus schlosseri were assessed for anti- microbial and cytotoxic properties. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested against two Gram-positive bacteria, viz. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and three Gram-negative bacteria, viz. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Vibrio cholerae ATCC 14035 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 101454 using the disk ARTICLE HISTORY diffusion test. Antifungal activity was also tested againstCandida albicans ATCC 10231 and Received: October 2017 Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of potential Revised: November 2017 ascidian extracts were determined by the microdilution technique. Cytotoxicity of the extracts Accepted: June 2018 was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. By comparing the inhibition zones in the disk diffusion test, the most active anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) was found in the crude extracts of Oxycoryna fascicularis and Didemnum molle. Lissoclinum patella extract showed the highest activity against the Gram- negative bacteria E. coli and V. cholerae. The LC50 values of the crude extracts of Lissoclinum patella, Didemnum molle, Botryllus schlosseri, and Oxycoryna fascicularis were 74.3, 97.2, 114.7 and 132.9 μg/ml, respectively. In our study, the most promising species for anti- microbial and cytotoxic properties were Lissoclinum patella and Didemnum molle. Keywords : ascidians; antibacterial; antifungal; cytotoxicity *corresponding author Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION 2003; Paul et al., 1990; Pisut & Pawlik, 2002)northern Sulawesi (Indonesia. While research efforts in bioactive The marine environment becomes a new focus of metabolites from marine ascidians are relatively recent, natural product drug discovery because of its relatively some chemical compounds from marine ascidians unexplored biodiversity compared to terrestrial are being evaluated as antitumor agents in preclinical environment (Malve, 2016). Available resources for and clinical trials. The most prominent example of an pharmacy can be found in the coral reef communities ascidian-derived drug is trabectedin or ecteinascidin such as algae, soft coral, sponge, ascidian, marine 743 (ET-743, Yondelis®), an alkaloid isolated from the microorganism, etc (Abdillah et al., 2015; Deepa et Caribbean ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinate. This is the al., 2017; Ramos et al., 2016). Bio-prospection of first marine-derived drug to be prescribed against soft marine natural products is one of the main interest of tissue carcinoma (Cuevas & Francesch, 2009; Gordon et pharmaceutical research such as antibacterial, antiviral, al., 2016; Menna, 2009). antifungal, cytotoxic activity (Castro-Carvalho et al., 2017). It has been demonstrated that 7% of the compounds isolated from ascidians are produced by symbiotic Sessile filter-feeding chordates known as ascidians are an bacteria, leaving the exact biosynthetic source of the important structural component of coral reef communities. remaining 93% of described metabolites unknown They populate marine ecosystems, whether in tropical, (Schmidt & Donia, 2010; Tianero et al., 2015). Many subtropical or temperate waters. Ascidians have been anti-microbial compounds have been isolated from the source of a wide variety of secondary metabolites, ascidians or ascidian-associated marine bacteria. some of which have physiological functions, mainly in Antibacterial activity was observed in brominated defense against their natural predators (Joullié et al., rubrolides isolated from an African ascidian Synoicum ISSN 2407-2354 66 Pharm Sci Res, Vol 5 No 2, 2018 Karim, et al. globosum (Sikorska, Parker-Nance, et al., 2012). and extracted three times with MeOH-CHCl3 (3:1) Peptidolipins, which are lipopeptide compounds at room temperature overnight. Following this, the produced by bacteria (Nocardia sp.) from the Florida crude extracts were concentrated by evaporation under Keys tunicate Trididemnum orbiculatum, showed reduced pressure. activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Antimicrobial Assays aureus (MRSA) (Wyche et al., 2012). Disk Diffusion Assay In the present study, investigations were undertaken Antibacterial activity of the ascidian extracts was on marine invertebrates from coastal areas of the assessed using the agar disk diffusion test6. Five Indonesian archipelago, one of the world’s hotspots reference strains of human pathogens were used in the of marine biodiversity. We examined organic extracts assays, viz. two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus from some of the most abundant marine ascidians in the aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) and Buton islands, Southeast Sulawesi, namely Lissoclinum three Gram-negative bacteria (Eschericia coli ATCC patella, Oxycoryna fascicularis, and Didemnum molle. 25922, Vibrio cholerae ATCC 14035, Pseudomonas We also investigated crude extracts of the ascidian aeruginosa ATCC 10145). The bacteria were grown Botryllus schlosseri collected from Selayar Island, South in liquid marine broth medium for 24 hours at room Sulawesi, for their anti-microbial and cytotoxic effects. temperature. The various ascidian extracts were adjusted Using the disk diffusion assay, the anti-bacterial activity to a concentration of 100 µg/mL in MeOH and 20 μl of of ascidian extracts was tested against five human each extract was pipetted on to a sterile paper disk (6 pathogenic bacteria, viz. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC mm diameter) and allowed to dry. A reference control 25923), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Eschericia coli paper disk carried 10 µg ampicillin in 20 μl MeOH. The (ATCC 25922), Vibrio cholerae (ATCC 14035), and paper discs were then placed on Mueller Hinton Agar Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145). Antifungal (Himedia) in a petri dish that had been inoculated with activity was similarly tested against Candida albicans the test bacteria (107 CFU/mL). The inhibition zone that (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). We appeared was recorded after 24 h incubation at 30°C. All also used the brine shrimp lethality bioassay to test for the assays were carried out in triplicate. cytotoxic activity. Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger MATERIALS AND METHODS ATCC 16404 were used as test fungi and inoculated on to Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (fungus) plates (104 CFU/ Ascidian Sample Collection and Extraction mL). The various ascidian extracts were adjusted to a Three ascidians, Lissoclinum patella, Oxycoryna concentration of 100 µg/mL and 20 μl of each extract was fascicularis, and Didennum molle, were collected in July pipetted on to 6 mm sterile paper disks. The discs were 2016 at a depth of 1-5 m by scuba diving from two sites allowed to dry and then placed on Sabouraud Dextrose of the Buton Islands, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Agar. The inhibition zone was recorded after incubation ascidian Botryllus schlosseri was collected in June 2015 at room temperature (25 °C) for 48 h. Nystatin (30 mg/ at a depth of 5-10 m from Selayar Island, South Sulawesi disc) was used as the positive control and methanol as (Table 1). A voucher record of each specimen (ASC1- the solvent control. All the assays were performed in BT, ASC2-BT, ASC3-BT, ASC1-SLY) was deposited triplicate. at the Research Center for Oceanography of Indonesian Institute of Science. Each ascidian sample of 150-200 Microdilution Method g wet weight was cut into small pieces, homogenized The microdilution method was used to evaluate the Table 1. Ascidians Species and Place of Collection Voucher Specimen Sponge Species Depth (m) Place of Collection Number Lissoclinum patella 1-5 m Buton Island (Southeast ASC1-BT Sulawesi) Oxycoryna fascicularis 1-5 m Buton Island (Southeast ASC2-BT, Sulawesi) Didennum molle 1-5 m Buton Island (Southeast ASC3-BT Sulawesi) Botryllus schlosseri 5-10 m Selayar Island (South Su- ASC1-SLY lawesi) ISSN 2407-2354 Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties Pharm Sci Res, Vol 5 No 2, 2018 67 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the ascidian Statistical Analysis extracts which displayed high activity (growth inhibition Measurements in all the experimental analyses were halos more than 9 mm.) Tests were performed in 96-well expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). Results of the research round bottom sterile culture plates using the Infinite® were tested for statistical significance with One-way 200 PRO microplate reader (Tecan Austria GmbH). ANOVA. Differences were considered statistically The assay plates were filled with Mueller-Hinton broth significant at the P < 0.05 level. The statistical software medium (MHB) containing different concentrations package SPSS v.16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was (62.5, 125, 250, 500 µg/ml) of Lissoclinum patella used for the analysis. extract, Oxycoryna fascicularis extract, Didemnum molle extract, ampicillin
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