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Invasive, Exotic, 'Neurotic' Arthropod Pests of Trees

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Invasive, Exotic, 'Neurotic' Arthropod Pests of Trees College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Invasive, Exotic, ‘Neurotic’ Arthropod Pests of Trees Dr. Carol Sutherland Extension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture Shape the Future. BEThe BOLD. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community development New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.eduin New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and Extension programs. Usually, These Presentations Help You Diagnose the Living…But… • Diagnostician • Coroner If You’re Removing a Tree…Look at It, Too BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Let’s Begin With Something ‘Exotic’… • Emerald Ash Borer • What it does to hosts • Life cycle • Latest from Colorado BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu January, 2018 Map for Emerald Ash Borer Distribution in US & Canada BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Larvae ‘Mine’ Ash Phloem/Cambium Tissues Die, Bark Dries and Peels Off Adults are difficult to monitor; No good way to detect early Can fly 1-3 miles? More? Infestations--’girdling’ a trap tree? Debbie Miller, USFS, bugwood.org Eggs laid in bark crevices David Cappaert, bugwood.org Larva is flat with bell-shaped segments; Tree death? CO Dept. Agriculture In 3-6 years? Eric R. Day, VPI-SU, Bugwood.org BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu More Evidence of EAB Top Die-Back; Water Sprouts Woodpecker Activity D-shaped Emergence Holes MI Dept. Agriculture, bugwood.org Daniel Herms, bugwood.org David Cappaert, Bugwood.org Trees Die in All Settings BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Leah Bauer, bugwood.org Impacts of EAB Visual, Property Values, Costs of Treatment, Removal* Major expense for cities. Add suburbs and $$$. That’s YOUR tax dollars! Toledo, OH neighborhood: ‘Before’ = June, 2006; ‘After’ = August, 2009 BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu More Impacts From EAB Infestation State & federal quarantines Costs of surveys, tree marking, treatment or removal on city/county land (tax $$) Nurseries---no sales of ash trees ---production fields worthless Public Debates---treat or not? $$$, gamble Loss of shade trees, ash can represent 20% or more of urban forest Loss of shade, air conditioners work harder Water consumption increases---$$$ No ash wood tool handles, baseball bats, etc. BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu White Fringetree, Chionanthus virginicus (Oleaceae) ---EAB verified on it in Ohio--- A shrub-tree native to the Southeastern US Increasingly popular? In Midwest, elsewhere Delicate blooms = name Are there members of the Oleaceae native to NM or the Southwest that could be at risk of EAB infestation? BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Other Oleaceae in NM: Could These Host EAB? EAB has targeted green, white & velvet ash in US Forestiera pubescens: NM Olive Fraxinus lowellii, Lowell Ash *Fraxinus spp. = trees *Forestiera = shrub Menodora = perennial herb ___ *Possible to Very Likely Hosts? Fraxinus velutina BE BOLD. Shape the Future. Velvet Ash New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Menodora scabra Back to Colorado---Where is EAB? Boulder Co., 5 communities since 2013 Fort Collins is NE of here (41mi as crows fly) 16mi ‘Gunbarrel’? YIKES!!! Flights of 1-3 miles? Riding inside firewood? Adults hitchhiking on ? Denver is SE of here (27mi from Boulder) BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Is EAB a Knock-out Punch for Ash in New Mexico? Ash whitefly, 1987 We already have these ash pests Redheaded ash borer Lilac-Ash Borer Cosmetic to Killer? Ash gall mites Ash twig beetle Ash leaf-curl aphid BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Ash Whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae Invasive exotic (‘80s); Mediterranean area Hosts in NM: ash, pomegranate, lilac, apple, crabapple, pear, Bradford pear, chitalpa, crape myrtle, hawthorne, quince, pyracantha Copious honeydew, leaf loss; immatures ringed by stalks with waxy exudate; late summer BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Ash Borers & Lilac-Ash Borer Neoclytus acuminatus, Red-headed ash borer Ash, other hardwoods, some vines & shrubs Neoclytus caprea, banded ash borer Ash, oak, pecan Podosesia syringae, lilac ash borer (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) Attacks Oleaceae: Ash, lilac, privet, fringetree BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Twig Beetles on Ash Trees Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Hylesinus spp. 3mm Twig damage is cumulative; canopy reduced Dead twigs ‘cage’ struggling ‘sprouts’ These pests are already widely distributed in NM. Adults mine buds, twigs; larval ‘breathing & escape holes’ BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Remember the MG & the Dying Tree Story? D-shaped His Evidence-Photographs & Samples! emergence holes! Skinny, shiny beetles stuck died under peeling bark! Peeling bark; larval tunnels criss-cross Tree dying from top down! vascular system! Water sprouts at base! All About Discovery! BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Best Ever Field Trip (Honey Locust) Graeme Davis, Lynda Garvin---CES Connie Jones, Bill Segura--NMDA BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu RESULTS! Jennifer Shaughney, NMSU Arthropod Museum Host tree was a ‘Honey Locust’ Insect WAS Agrilus difficilis (attacks honey locust) D What A. difficilis does to honey locust mirrors what EAB does to ashkills it See? Previous record of A. difficilis in NM (Nelson, et al. 2008.) More difficilis found in honey locust since 7/2015 in ABQ, Santa Fe, Farmington & Portales Sutherland’s ID confirmed by USDA-APHIS,PPQ-James Zablotny BE BOLD. Shape the Future. Congrats from USDA, APHIS, PPQ- Washington DC_ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Best Ever Field Trip EAB: bell-shaped segments Honey Locust: rounded segments VS BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu My Challenge to YOU!!! Find, Document & Report Other Honey Locusts with Agrilus difficilis Probably travels in/on trees in nursery trade; possible movement in infested honey locust firewood It’s likely where you work, too! Look AGAIN at dead honey locust When you’re removing one….. BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Oak Trees & Kermesid Scale Insects in NM Damage is cumulative. Twigs, then branches die---whole tree! Mature females Adult male Female & eggs Euclemensia schwarziella (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterygidae), AZ & TX. Larvae are internal parasitoids of Allokermes scales! Are they in NM? BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Bagworms! Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Psychidae)--- Northern NM, 2016Now Male Pupae in bags Larvae in their bags Female Eggs laid in female’s pupa case Mating Pair BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Native ‘Bagworms” (Psychidae) e.g. Oiketicus townsendi(W. TX into AZ) hosts: mesquite, Robinia (NM locust) BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Sycamore Scale, Stomacoccus platani Hemiptera, Steingellidae Attack native & introduced sycamores Overwinter in bark crevices, under bark scales -Crawlers emerge & infest leaves at bud break -Several generations/year; leaves w/yellow spots -Crawlers move to bark in fall….. Where they can be intercepted by Chilocorus sp. Lady beetles (aka ‘twice stabbed lady beetles’) Adult Chilocorus Larva Pupa Crawler BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Life Cycle for Sycamore Leaf Scale Egg masses under sycamore bark scales BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Widespread, long established pest, especially of Siberian/Chinese elms Multiple generations/yr Larvae skeletonize/chew foliage Damage cumulative; leaves dry, shrivel & turn brown Adults overwinter indoors or in protected areas BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University 26 aces.nmsu.edu Banded Elm Bark Beetle, 10/1998 New U.S. Record? “Dutch elm” in Clovis?? October, 1998 Nope, bark beetles! Apparently replaced Lesser European elm bark beetle in NM & CO In CO, BEBB is THE Repeated attacks by BEBB destroys inner Vector of Dutch Elm Diseasel Bark of Chinese/ Siberian elm NM STILL has not confirmed Dutch Elm Disease! Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu European Elm Flea Weevil, Orchestes alni Coleoptera, Curculionidae, 2011 Northern NM to I-40 plus Valencia Co. Adults tiny, jump, mimic damage of elm leaf beetles; reproduce early spring; larvae are leaf miners BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University 28 aces.nmsu.edu ‘’New’ Bark Beetle---New Host is Afghan Pine Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Ips latidens • Native to NM---suspect pinyon is usual host • Discovered during survey for exotic Mediterranean pine bark beetle • Potential to kill hosts? Kill limbs? Transmit blue stain fungi? 3mm long BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Forgotten Afghan Pine Pest? Eurytoma tumoris (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) Eggs laid in thin branch bark Each bump under bark has 1 grub Affected branches die Trees removed eventually Oscar Maestas, TX Forestry, 2008, retired BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Eurytoma tumoris Mystery Wasp---abt 3-4mm long I suggested Eurytoma tumoris---this or something similar mentioned in Western Forest Insects (Furniss & Carolin) So far, no alternative ID Other tiny wasps in this family are parasitoids This one is a plant pest? No insecticides labeled specifically for it BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Basic Diorhabda Life Cycle on Saltcedar Beneficial---only host is Tamarix NMSU News NatParkServ-DinosaurNatMon 10-20 eggs/day; 300NPS, -Dinosaur NatMon 2009 3 larval instars, 12-14 days of feeding 500/female Life Cycle in Summer abt.
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