College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New State University aces.nmsu.edu Invasive, Exotic, ‘Neurotic’ Pests of Trees

Dr. Carol Sutherland Extension Entomologist, NM State University & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture

Shape the Future. BEThe BOLD. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community development State University aces.nmsu.eduin New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and Extension programs. Usually, These Presentations Help You Diagnose the Living…But… • Diagnostician • Coroner

If You’re Removing a Tree…Look at It, Too

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Let’s Begin With Something ‘Exotic’…

• Emerald Ash Borer

• What it does to hosts • Life cycle • Latest from

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu January, 2018 Map for Emerald Ash Borer Distribution in US & Canada

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Larvae ‘Mine’ Ash Phloem/Cambium Tissues Die, Bark Dries and Peels Off

Adults are difficult to monitor; No good way to detect early Can fly 1-3 miles? More? Infestations--’girdling’ a trap tree?

Debbie Miller, USFS, bugwood.org Eggs laid in bark crevices

David Cappaert, bugwood.org Larva is flat with bell-shaped segments; Tree death? CO Dept. Agriculture In 3-6 years? Eric R. Day, VPI-SU, Bugwood.org

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu More Evidence of EAB

Top Die-Back; Water Sprouts Woodpecker Activity

D-shaped Emergence Holes

MI Dept. Agriculture, bugwood.org

Daniel Herms, bugwood.org

David Cappaert, Bugwood.org Trees Die in All Settings

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Leah Bauer, bugwood.org Impacts of EAB Visual, Property Values, Costs of Treatment, Removal*

Major expense for cities. Add suburbs and $$$.

That’s YOUR tax dollars!

Toledo, OH neighborhood: ‘Before’ = June, 2006; ‘After’ = August, 2009

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu More Impacts From EAB Infestation State & federal quarantines

Costs of surveys, tree marking, treatment or removal on city/county land (tax $$)

Nurseries---no sales of ash trees ---production fields worthless

Public Debates---treat or not? $$$, gamble

Loss of shade trees, ash can represent 20% or more of urban forest

Loss of shade, air conditioners work harder

Water consumption increases---$$$

No ash wood tool handles, baseball bats, etc.

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu White Fringetree, Chionanthus virginicus () ---EAB verified on it in Ohio---

A -tree native to the Southeastern US

Increasingly popular? In Midwest, elsewhere

Delicate blooms = name

Are there members of the Oleaceae native to NM or the Southwest that could be at risk of EAB infestation?

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Other Oleaceae in NM: Could These Host EAB? EAB has targeted green, white & velvet ash in US

Forestiera pubescens: NM Olive Fraxinus lowellii, Lowell Ash *Fraxinus spp. = trees *Forestiera = shrub = perennial herb ___ *Possible to Very Likely Hosts? Fraxinus velutina

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. Velvet Ash New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Menodora scabra Back to Colorado---Where is EAB? Boulder Co., 5 communities since 2013

Fort Collins is NE of here (41mi as crows fly)

16mi

‘Gunbarrel’? YIKES!!!

Flights of 1-3 miles? Riding inside firewood? Adults hitchhiking on ? Denver is SE of here (27mi from Boulder)

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Is EAB a Knock-out Punch for Ash in New Mexico?

Ash whitefly, 1987 We already have these ash pests

Redheaded ash borer

Lilac-Ash Borer Cosmetic to Killer? Ash gall mites

Ash twig Ash leaf-curl aphid

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Ash Whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae

Invasive exotic (‘80s); Mediterranean area

Hosts in NM: ash, pomegranate, lilac, apple, crabapple, pear, Bradford pear, chitalpa, crape myrtle, hawthorne, quince, pyracantha

Copious honeydew, leaf loss; immatures ringed by stalks with waxy exudate; late summer

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Ash Borers & Lilac-Ash Borer

Neoclytus acuminatus, Red-headed ash borer

Ash, other hardwoods, some vines &

Neoclytus caprea, banded ash borer

Ash, oak, pecan Podosesia syringae, lilac ash borer (, ) Attacks Oleaceae: Ash, lilac, privet, fringetree

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Twig on Ash Trees Coleoptera, , Hylesinus spp. 3mm

Twig damage is cumulative; canopy reduced Dead twigs ‘cage’ struggling ‘sprouts’

These pests are already widely distributed in NM.

Adults mine buds, twigs; larval ‘breathing & escape holes’

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Remember the MG & the Dying Tree Story?

D-shaped His Evidence-Photographs & Samples! emergence holes!

Skinny, shiny beetles stuck died under peeling bark!

Peeling bark; larval tunnels criss-cross Tree dying from top down! vascular system! Water sprouts at base!

All About Discovery!

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Best Ever Field Trip (Honey Locust)

Graeme Davis, Lynda Garvin---CES Connie Jones, Bill Segura--NMDA

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu RESULTS! Jennifer Shaughney, NMSU Arthropod Museum Host tree was a ‘Honey Locust’

Insect WAS Agrilus difficilis (attacks honey locust) D What A. difficilis does to honey locust mirrors what EAB does to ashkills it See?

Previous record of A. difficilis in NM (Nelson, et al. 2008.) More difficilis found in honey locust since 7/2015 in ABQ, Santa Fe, Farmington & Portales

Sutherland’s ID confirmed by USDA-APHIS,PPQ-James Zablotny

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. Congrats from USDA, APHIS, PPQ- Washington DC_ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Best Ever Field Trip

EAB: bell-shaped segments Honey Locust: rounded segments

VS

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu My Challenge to YOU!!! Find, Document & Report Other Honey Locusts with Agrilus difficilis

Probably travels in/on trees in nursery trade; possible movement in infested honey locust firewood

It’s likely where you work, too!

Look AGAIN at dead honey locust When you’re removing one…..

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Oak Trees & Kermesid Scale in NM

Damage is cumulative. Twigs, then branches die---whole tree! Mature females Adult male Female & eggs

Euclemensia schwarziella (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterygidae), AZ & TX. Larvae are internal parasitoids of Allokermes scales! Are they in NM?

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Bagworms! Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Psychidae)--- Northern NM, 2016Now

Male

Pupae in bags Larvae in their bags Female

Eggs laid in female’s pupa case Mating Pair

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Native ‘Bagworms” (Psychidae) e.g. Oiketicus townsendi(W. TX into AZ) hosts: mesquite, Robinia (NM locust)

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Sycamore Scale, Stomacoccus platani Hemiptera, Steingellidae Attack native & introduced sycamores Overwinter in bark crevices, under bark scales

-Crawlers emerge & infest leaves at bud break -Several generations/year; leaves w/yellow spots -Crawlers move to bark in fall…..

Where they can be intercepted by Chilocorus sp. Lady beetles (aka ‘twice stabbed lady beetles’)

Adult Chilocorus Larva Pupa

Crawler

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Life Cycle for Sycamore Leaf Scale

Egg masses under sycamore bark scales

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu , Xanthogaleruca luteola

Widespread, long established pest, especially of Siberian/Chinese elms

Multiple generations/yr Larvae skeletonize/chew foliage Damage cumulative; leaves dry, shrivel & turn brown Adults overwinter indoors or in protected areas

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University 26 aces.nmsu.edu Banded Elm Bark Beetle, 10/1998 New U.S. Record?

“Dutch elm” in Clovis?? October, 1998 Nope, bark beetles!

Apparently replaced Lesser European elm bark beetle in NM & CO

In CO, BEBB is THE Repeated attacks by BEBB destroys inner Vector of Dutch Elm Diseasel Bark of Chinese/ Siberian elm  NM STILL has not confirmed Dutch Elm Disease!

Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu European Elm Flea Weevil, alni Coleoptera, Curculionidae, 2011 Northern NM to I-40 plus Valencia Co.

Adults tiny, jump, mimic damage of elm leaf beetles; reproduce early spring; larvae are leaf miners

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University 28 aces.nmsu.edu ‘’New’ Bark Beetle---New Host is Afghan Pine Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Ips latidens

• Native to NM---suspect pinyon is usual host • Discovered during survey for exotic Mediterranean pine bark beetle • Potential to kill hosts? Kill limbs? Transmit blue stain fungi?

3mm long

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Forgotten Afghan Pine Pest? Eurytoma tumoris

(Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae)

Eggs laid in thin branch bark

Each bump under bark has 1 grub

Affected branches die

Trees removed eventually

Oscar Maestas, TX Forestry, 2008, retired

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Eurytoma tumoris

Mystery Wasp---abt 3-4mm long

I suggested Eurytoma tumoris---this or something similar mentioned in Western Forest Insects (Furniss & Carolin)

So far, no alternative ID

Other tiny wasps in this family are parasitoids

This one is a pest?

No insecticides labeled specifically for it

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Basic Diorhabda Life Cycle on Saltcedar Beneficial---only host is Tamarix

NMSU News NatParkServ-DinosaurNatMon 10-20 eggs/day; 300NPS, -Dinosaur NatMon 2009 3 larval instars, 12-14 days of feeding 500/female Life Cycle in Summer abt. 4 weeks 5-7 generations/year in NM?

Pupae may be ‘bare’ or inside a litter-covered ‘cocoon’ Adult: lives 2-4 weeks Disperses, reproduces

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu The Latest Diorhabda Map

2007-20072017 -2017 Distribution of Diorhabda spp. in New Mexico

--- Otero, Tularosa Creek, ‘16, ’17 --- Hidalgo Co., Exits 24, 29 on I-10, ‘16, ’17 --- Grant Co., Bayard, ’17, San Juan, ’17 --- Las Cruces, NMSU campus, ‘17

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Conservation Stewardship Program (NRCS) Biological suppression/non-chemical techniques to manage brush, herbaceous weeds & invasive species? $$$

Saltcedar BEFORE & AFTER Diorhabda

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu Thank You! • Dr. Carol Sutherland ACES, Extension Plant Sciences Department Box 30003 MSC 3AE New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003 [email protected] (preferred) Ph. 575-646-1132; FAX 575-646-8085

The College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community development in New Mexico, Improving the lives of New Mexicans thru academic, research & Extension programs.

New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer & educator. New Mexico State University & the US Department of Agriculture cooperating.

BE BOLD. Shape the Future. New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu