KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE CERAMBYCIDAE OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA Version 030120 JAMES R. LaBONTE JOSHUA B. DUNLAP DANIEL R. CLARK THOMAS E. VALENTE JOSHUA J. VLACH OREGON DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Begin key Contributions and Acknowledgements

James R. LaBonte, ODA (Oregon Department of Agriculture: Design and compilation of this identification aid. Joshua B. Dunlap: Acquisition of most of the images. Daniel R. Clark: Design input and testing. Thomas E. Valente, ODA: Design input and testing. Joshua J. Vlach, ODA: Design input and testing. Thomas Shahan, Thomas Valente, Steve Valley – additional images ODA: Use of the imaging system, the entomology museum, and general support. Our appreciation to USDA Forest Service and ODA for funding this project. Introduction Begin key

This identification aid is a comprehensive key to the genera of western North American Cerambycidae (roundheaded or long- horned borers). It also includes several genera (and species) that are either established in the region or that are targets of USDA and other exotic cerambycid surveys. Keys to commonly trapped or encountered (based on ODA’s years of wood borer surveys) indigenous species are also included. *This aid will be most reliable west of the Rocky Mountains. It may not function well with taxa found in the desert West and east of the Rockies. This aid is designed to be used by individuals with a wide range of taxonomic expertise. Images of all character states are provided. Begin key Use of This Key: I This key is designed like a traditional dichotomous key, with couplets. However, PowerPoint navigational features have been used for efficiency. Buttons linking non-sequential couplets and enabling return to an originating couplet are indicated by . All slides have this button, Begin key , to move immediately to the begin- ning of the key. This button, Index , returns to the appropriate Index page from a portrait slide. If there are more images than can fit on a single slide, the multiple slides for the couplet are indicated by “I”, “II”, etc., fol- lowing the couplet number at the top of the slide. Taxonomic jargon has been kept to a minimum. Most terms and character states are explained via the images and associated labels. The first several slides following the introduction illustrate the basic body parts of cerambycids and the terms applied Use of This Key: II Begin key to them. Several slides illustrating families that are frequently confused with cerambycids and some key differentiating features are included thereafter. A single slide explaining a few technical terms follows those. Index slides with images of all the survey target exotic species and ”common” indigenous species are after these introductory slides. The key follows. Scientific names of exotic target species are followed by superscript ET. Those of established non-target exotic species are followed by superscript EE. When there is only one species in North America (NA) or Western North America (WNA), the couplet will terminate at that species. Where there are multiple species in NA or WNA, the number of species will be indicated. Realistic limitations and expectations: It is likely that native species, and even genera, not treated in this key, will be encountered. Ranges for many species are poorly Begin key Use of This Key: III known and those for some species are also changing due to climate change and human transport. Furthermore, the influx of exotic cerambycids continues and exotics new to western North America (including species indigenous to other areas of this continent), the U.S. and North America are being found with dismaying frequency. Specimens from either set of taxa may not key readily. Such specimens should be submitted to a cooperating entomologist competent with Cerambycidae. Monochamus and Tetropium are two particularly taxonomically challenging genera which include exotic species that are known to be or could be destructive. Unfortunately, the characters distingu- ishing species are often subtle and variable. Any specimen in these genera that doesn’t readily key out to a native species or that looks unusual should be regarded with concern and submitted to a cerambycidist. Begin key A Few Technical Terms

Acuminate: strongly and abruptly tapered to a narrow apex Arcuate: arched Carina: an elevated ridge (plural is “Carinae”) Emarginate: broadly notched Pubescence: short, fine, closely set hair-like structures Punctate: with punctures Rugae: ridges or wrinkles Rugose-punctate: with ridges and punctures Serrate: with notched edges like the teeth of a saw Seta: relatively long, stiff hair-like structures (plural is “Setae”) Sinuate: winding or wavy Strigae: fine, impressed lines or streaks. “Strigate” = with strigae. Transverse: running across the longitudinal axis at right angles Truncate: squared off Begin key Body Parts of Cerambycidae: Dorsum

mid-leg hind-leg proleg

elytron (plural = “elytra”)

head pronotum scape elytron

antenna (plural = “antennae”) Begin key Body Parts of Cerambycidae: Venter

procoxa mesocoxa metacoxa

a1 a2 a3 a4 a5

“a1” - “a5” refer to abdominal sternites 1 through 5 prosternum mesosternum metasternum Begin key Body Parts of Cerambycidae: Elytra

apex (plural head & pronotum = “apices”)

suture

scutellum

humerus (plural = “humeri”) Begin key Body Parts of Cerambycidae: Head

vertex

frons

clypeus

labrum maxillary palp labial palp Begin key Body Parts of Cerambycidae: Legs

coxa femur

femur tibia femur

trochanter tibia tibia tarsus (plural = “tarsi”)

tarsal claws Begin key Features Typical of Cerambycids: I All 3 sets of tarsi appear to be comprised of 4 segments each (except for a few very primitive cerambycids which have all tarsi clearly composed of 5 segments). In cerambycids, each tarsus really has 5 segments, but the 4th is very small and hidden between the lobes of the 3rd segment.

5 hidden segment 4 3 2

1 Begin key Features Typical of Cerambycids: II Pronotum without sharp lateral margins Begin key Features Typical of Cerambycids: III

pronotum with spines on sides

pronotum with tubercles on sides Begin key Features Typical of Cerambycids: IV Antennae long and slender, extending beyond the hind margin of the pronotum atypically short antennae Begin key Features Typical of Cerambycids: V Elytra generally lack distinct striae (thin carinae may be present) Begin key Features Typical of Cerambycids: VI Antennae are inserted on prominences Begin key Non-Cerambycids: Chrysomelidae All tarsi 5-segmented with a hidden 4th segment (like Cerambycidae)

Antennae shorter than half length of body

Antennae not inserted on prominences Begin key Non-Cerambycids: Cantharidae

All tarsi clearly 5-segmented

3 2 1 5 4

Lateral margins of pronotum sharp, carinate Begin key Non-Cerambycids: Cleridae

All tarsi are clearly 5-segmented

5 4 3 2 1

Most Cleridae antennae are short & clubbed Begin key

Non-Cerambycids with 5-segmented pro- and mesotarsi and 4-segmented metatarsi (5-5-4)

3 2 1 2 5 4 1 3 a protarsus mesotarsus metatarsus 4 5 4 3 2 1 b c There are several common families that can be confused with Cerambycidae that all have 5-segmented pro- and meso- tarsi (a-b) and 4-segmented metatarsi (c). These include Meloidae, Oedemeridae, Pyrochroidae, and Stenotrachelidae. Begin key Non-Cerambycids with 5-5-4 tarsi: Meloidae

Posterior margin of head truncate

Split tarsal claws Begin key Non-Cerambycids with 5-5-4 tarsi: Oedemeridae Begin key

Non-Cerambycids with 5-5-4 tarsi: Pyrochroidae Begin key Non-Cerambycids with 5-5-4 tarsi: Stenotrachelidae

Sides of the head behind the eyes are convergent Exotic Cerambycid Taxa Index Begin key Click picture for direct link to taxon page

Male Female

Chlorophorus Anoplophora glabripennis* annularis* Monochamus sartor* semipunctata*

Female Male

Anoplophora Trichoferus chinensis* strobicola* Monochamus sutor* campestris*

Female Male

Callidiellum Monochamus Tetropium rufipenne* alternatus* Monochamus urussovii castaneum*

Female Male

Callidiellum Phoracantha Tetropium villosulum* Monochamus saltuarius* recurva* fuscum* Indigenous or Established Exotic Cerambycid Taxa Index: I Begin key Click picture for direct link to taxon page

Female Male

Neoclytus Megacyllene Asemum Grammoptera Monochamus modestus robiniae Acmaeops proteus nitidum subargentata scutellatus oregonensis zebratus

Female Male

Brothylus Holopleura Megasemum Neospondylis Acanthocinus obliquus gemmulatus marginata asperum acuminatus upiformis

Arhopalus Centrodera Judolia Monochamus Phymatodes asperatus dayi instabilis clamator Neoclytus conjunctus aeneus

Arhopalus Centrodera Leptura Monochamus Neoclytus Phymatodes productus spurca obliterata obtusus muricatulus decussatus Indigenous or Established Exotic Cerambycid Taxa Index: II Begin key Click picture for direct link to taxon page

Female Male

Phymatodes Rusticoclytus Strophiona dimidiatus nauticus laeta Xestoleptura crassipes

Prionus Phymatodes Tetropium californicus grandis Stenocorus nubifer cinnamopterum longitarsis

Female Male Female Male

Phymatodes nigrescens Rhagium inquisitor Stenocorus vestitus Trichocnemis spiculatus Xylotrechus mormonus

Phymatodes Xestoleptura nitidus funebris canadensis crassicornis 1 Elytra either elongate and attenuate (a-b) or truncate (exposing much of the abdomen (c-f)………...……………..………………….….....2 Elytra not elongate and attenuate or truncate (g-j) ..…………..…....7

a b c d e f

g h i j 2 (1) Begin key Elytra elongate and attenuate (a-b)………………………...... 3 Elytra truncate, exposing much of the abdomen (c-f)……...... 4

a b c d e f 3 (2) Begin key Elytra not striped and with apices very narrow and pointed (a); legs boldly banded (c)……………………….… fuscipennis Elytra striped and with apices broader and rounded (b); legs not banded (d)…………….…………………..…Neobellamira delicata

c

d a bb Begin key Index

Callimoxys Neobellamira fuscipennis delicata (LeConte) (LeConte) 4 (2) Begin key Elytra parallel-sided, broadly rounded at apex (a); pronotum with at most very sparse, short pubescence (e)……………...... brevipennis EE Elytra almost triangular, narrowly rounded or pointed at apex (b-d); pronotum with much longer and denser pubescence (f-i)……………...... 5

a b c d

e f g h Begin key Index

Nathrius brevipeninnis 5 (4) Begin key Elytra boldly bicolored (a); pronotum round, with dense pubescence throughout (d): reminiscent of a bumblebee……………………...... …Ulochaetes leoninus Elytra at most indistinctly bicolored (b-c); pronotum ovate, with pubescence sparser or more restricted in distribution (e-g)………….……………………....6

a b c

d e f g Begin key Index

Ulochaetes leoninus 6 (5) Begin key Pronotum ovate, about evenly dorsally convex, coarsely punctate (a); elytra coarsely punctate (d ): (3 species in WNA)……………..Molorchus Pronotum cylindrical, horizontally sulcate anteriorally and posteriorally and medially swollen, finely punctate (b-c); elytra finely punctate (e): (6 species in WNA)………..……………………...…..…..……..…Necydalis

a b c

d e Begin key Index Molorchus Necydalis Begin key 7(1): I Unique appearance! Pronotum white with a large central black dot (a); elytra with broad bands of black and white (e)……………...…...... Rosalia funebris This species is not common in traps but is often submitted for identification, particularly as a possible Asian longhorned beetle. Pronotum never white with a large central central black dot (e.g., b-d); elytra without broad bands of black and white - may have white spots or patches on a black background (e.g., f-g) …………………………….……..……………8

b c

a

d Begin key 7(1): II

e f g Elytra with broad bands Elytra without broad bands of black and white – may of black and white. have white spots or patches on a black background. Begin key Index

Rosalia funebris Motschulsky 8 (7) Begin key Unique appearance! Large (up to 30 mm) and very convex (a) on cacti (3, perhaps 4, species in WNA)………………..…………..…...…..Moneilema If as large, very different in appearance and more-or-less dorsally flattened (b-c) not on cacti……………………………………………………….....9

b

c

a Begin key Index

Moneilema gigas LeConte f Begin key 9 (8) Pronotum with complete antemedian and median bands of yellow pubescence (a)...... …………………………………………………………………..Megacyllene robiniaeEE * is native to Eastern North America but not to the West. Megacyllene includes numerous species in eastern NA and southwestern U.S., several with distributions nearing WNA. Pronotum lacking bands of pale pubescence (b); with bands of pale pubescence along anterior and/or posterior margins (c); with additional incomplete median band of pale pubescence (d); or with longitudinal or oblique markings (e)...... 10

b c a

d e Begin key Index

Megacyllene robiniae (Forster) Begin key 10 (9) I Mandibles about as long or longer than head capsule (a-b); tarsi with five easily seen segments – the 4th segment is smaller but not hidden within the lobes of the 3rdsegment (g-h)….………...... …….…..11 Mandibles shorter than head capsule (c-f); tarsi with only four easily seen segments – the 4th segment is very small and hidden within the lobes of 3rd (i)……………………………………………………..…12 a c e

b d f Begin key 10 (9): II 4th tarsal segment is smaller but not hidden within the lobes of the 3rd segment g 4th segment

4th segment

h

4th segment hidden segment 5 segment 1 segment 2 segment 3 i 4th segment is very small and hidden within the lobes of 3rd hidden segment 4 segment 5 Begin key 11 (10) Upper surface smooth and elytra without carinae (a); pronotum with lateral ridges (c)…..…………..………………..…………….…...Neandra brunnea Upper surface rough and elytra carinate (b); pronotum without lateral ridges (d)…………………………………………...………Neospondylis upiformis c

lateral margin pronotum head

no lateral margin pronotum

head

a b d Begin key Index

Neandra Neospondylis brunnea upiformis (Fabricius) Mannerheim Begin key 12 (10) Each lateral margin of pronotum with either a raised ridge over the entire length (a-b) or at least in the posterior half (c)……………………...... 13 Lateral margins of pronotum without raised ridges (d-g)………..….…15

a

b c d f

e g Begin key 13 (12) Other than the scape, 2nd and last segments, all antennal segments triangular with angles on both sides of the apices (a) (4 species in WNA)…….…….....Prionus I Other than segment 2, all antennal segments cylindrical with at most a small denticle on the outer side of a few basal segments (b-c)………………….……14

a

b

c Begin key Prionus I Antennal segment surface shiny, with network of fine wrinkles - most obvious on outer segments and underneath (a)………………………………...Prionus II Antennal segment surface dull with very small pores and no network of wrinkles - most obvious on outer segments and underneath (b)….…other Prionus species

a

b Begin key Prionus II Antennae with twelve segments (a)…....…... Prionus californicus *This species is not common in traps but is frequently submitted for identification. Antennae with thirteen segments (b)……..…other Prionus species a 7 8 9 4 5 6 10 2 3 11 1 12

b 5 6 4 7 8 3 9 10 11 2 12 1 13 Begin key Index

Prionus californicus Motschulsky Begin key 14 (13) Each lateral margin of pronotum with no more than two large spines (a-b), some-times none (c), dorsum with long, often dense, pubescence (d): (2 species in NA) ………………………………………………………………………..…Tragosoma Each lateral margin of pronotum with many small spines, at most with sparse pubescence along lateral margins (e-f)………………..…Trichocnemis spiculatus

two spines per side one spine per side no spines per side a b c d e f Begin key Index

Tragosoma Tragosoma harrisii soror LeConte Laplante Trichocnemis spiculatus LeConte Begin key Index

Female Male Begin key 15 (12) Each eye completely divided into upper and lower lobes (a-e) – these may be connected by a thin carina without any facets on it (a-c) or rarely by a carina with an incomplete row of facets (e)……………………………………..…16 Each eye not divided into separate upper and lower lobes (f-i) – if there are distinct upper and lower lobes, these are connected by one or more complete rows of facets (g)………………………………………….…….…………..20

a b c d e

f g h i Begin key 16 (15) Pronotum with lateral spines (a-b)……………………………………..…17 Pronotum without lateral spines (c-f), although blunt tubercles may be present (e-f)………………………………………………………….....…18

a b

c d e f Begin key 17 (16) Pronotum with two lateral spines on each side (a) 2 species in WNA and NA……Dicentrus Pronotum with one lateral spine on each side (b) 1 species in NA…Ospimus quadrilineatus

a

b Dicentrus bidentatus Champlain & Knull Dicentrus bluthneri LeConte Begin key Index Begin key Index

Opsimus quadrilineatus Mannerheim Begin key 18 (16) Body all brown in color (a-b)…………………………...... …Tetropium I *This includes 4 indigenous WNA species, one exotic species established in SE Canada and several exotic target species not known to be established in NA. Body colored otherwise (c-d)…………………………………………………...………..19

a c

b d Begin key Tetropium I Dorsum of pronotum finely, densely, more-or-less uniformly punctate, and with shorter pubescence (a)…………………..……….……..…. Dorsum of pronotum with irregularly distributed punctures, often with shiny and smooth bare patches, and with longer pubescence (b-c)……….Tetropium II

b c

a

d e Begin key Index

Tetropium velutinum LeConte Begin key Tetropium II Antennomeres 3-11 elongate and narrow (a-b)………..Tetropium III Antennomeres 3-11 short and broad (d-e)……………...Tetropium IV a

b

c

d Begin key Tetropium III Dark and pale pubescence mingled throughout length of elytron, pubescence thin, not obscuring integument anywhere(a); metatrochanter rounded at apex (c)…..Tetropium abietis Pale pubescence restricted to about anterior ¼ of elytra and sharply demarcated from dark pubescence over rest of elytra, pale pubescence dense enough to obscure integument (b); metatrochanter pointed at apex (d)………..………………...... ………. ET a b

c

d Tetropium abietis Fall Begin key Index

Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) ET Begin key Tetropium IV Metatrochanters truncate (females) (a) or spinose (males) (b) at apices...Tetropium parallelum Metatrochanters broadly (c) or narrowly (d) rounded at apices; …………………..Tetropium V

a c

b d Tetropium parallelum Casey Begin key Tetropium V1 Pronotum with extensive smooth, shining, sparsely punctate areas and much shorter and sparse pubescence (a), posterior medially impressed area with horizontal ridges (d); head between and behind eyes sparsely punctate and sparsely pubescent, surface smooth between punctures (f)..……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………...…Tetropium castaneum ET Pronotum with smooth, shining, sparsely punctate areas restricted to cross-shaped section at middle, with much longer and denser pubescence (b-c), posterior medially impressed area finely roughened (e); head between and behind eyes densely punctate and densely pubescent, surface finely roughened between punctures (g)..…………………………………………………………..……………...…

a b

c Begin key Tetropium V2

head head d. Posterior medially impressed area of e. Posterior medially impressed area of pronotum with horizontal ridges pronotum finely roughened

f. Head between and behind eyes sparsely g. Head between and behind eyes densely punctate punctate and sparsely pubescent, surface and densely pubescent, surface finely roughened smooth between punctures between punctures Begin key Index

Tetropium Tetropium castaneum cinnamopterum (Linnaeus) (Kirby) Begin key 19 (18) Index Body mostly grey, with dark bands and stripes; antennae longer than body (a) 1 species in NA………………….….……Synaphaeta guexi LeConte Body reddish with dark spots; antennae shorter than body; (b) 4 species in WNA…………………………………………...…………..…Tetraopes

a b Begin key 20 (15) I Second antennal segment almost half as long as scape or longer (a-b); brown or black (f-i), rarely with brightly contrasting colors (j)...21 Second antennal segment much less than half as long as scape (c-e); body often with metallic or brightly contrasting colors (k-o)…...... …25

long second short second antennal segment antennal segment

a b c d e Begin key 20 (15) II

Brown or black beetles without metallic or brightly contrasting coloration

f g h i j

Beetles with metallic or brightly contrasting coloration

k l m n o Begin key 21 (20) I Body covered with long and dense pubescence (a-b), at least on head largely obscuring the integument (f-g)……………………...... …....22 Pubescence on body short and sparser, nowhere obscuring the integument (c-e), including on the head (h-i)……………...... …....23

a b c d e Begin key 21 (20) II

f h scant pubescence dense pubescence

g i Begin key 22 (21) Pubescence in very dense patches on the elytra, elytral apices concave with pointed angles (a): 2 species in WNA and NA……..…....Atimia Pubescence evenly distributed on the elytra, elytral apices rounded (b)…………………………..………..……..…....Paratimia conicola a

b Begin key Index

Atimia Paratimia dorsalis conicola LeConte Fisher Begin key 23 (21) I Antennomere 3 much longer than scape (a); pronotum with a pair of median impressions (d): 5 species in WNA…………....Arhopalus I Antennomere 3 about as long as scape (b-c); pronotum with a single median impression (f-g)…………………………………...….…...24

a

b

c Begin key 23 (21) II

d f g

e Begin key Arhopalus I Third segment of metatarsus cleft for no more than about half its length (best seen from a ventral position) (a)……………….…………...... …Arhopalus II Third segment of metatarsus cleft almost its entire length (b)…Arhopalus III

segment 2 segment 5 segment 1

cleft a

segment 2 segment 1 segment 5

b cleft Begin key Arhopalus II Pronotum broader, with angulate sides (a); last four segments of antennae short and broad (c)...... …………………...……..……Arhopalus asperatus Pronotum narrower, with rounded sides (b); last four segments of antennae long and narrow (d)………………….……………….Arhopalus productus

a

b c d Begin key Index

Arhopalus Arhopalus asperatus productus (LeConte) (LeConte) Arhopalus III1 Begin key Frons narrowly, almost linearly, impressed between eyes (a); sides of scutellum parallel before apex (c); punctures of elytra between costae indistinct, close (e) ………………………………...... …….……Arhopalus montanus Frons broadly impressed between eyes (b); sides of scutellum convergent (d); punc- tures of elytra between costae distinct, widely separated (f)…..Arhopalus syriacusEE European species established in California and possibly Oregon.

c a

b d Arhopalus III2 Begin key e. Punctures of elytra between f. Punctures of elytra first two costae close; surface between first two costae widely roughened. separated; surface smoother. Begin key Index

Arhopalus montanus (LeConte) Begin key Index

Arhopalus syriacus (Reitter)EE Begin key 24 (23) Pronotum coarsely asperate laterally (a) 1 sp. in NA….Megasemum asperum Pronotum not asperate (b) or at most finely asperate over entire surface (c): 3 species in WNA………………………...……………………..….…Asemum I a

b

c Begin key Index

Megasemum asperum (LeConte) Begin key Asemum I Pronotum contiguously, asperately punctate (a)……………….… Pronotal punctures simple, often separated (especially on disc) (b-c)…..Asemum II

b

a

c Begin key Index

Asemum striatum (Linnaeus) Begin key Asemum II1 Pubescence pale, short, and appressed (a); basal antennal segments at most slightly broader than those following, antennae overall narrow and cylindrical throughout their length (c)…………………………………………………....…Asemum caseyi Pubescence dark, longer, and erect (b); basal antennal segments broad, rest becoming narrower toward the apex (d)…...... Asemum nitidum

a

b Begin key Asemum II2

c. Basal antennal segments at most slightly broader than those following, antennae narrow overall.

d. Basal antennal segments broad, rest becoming narrower toward the apex. Begin key Index

Asemum Asemum caseyi nitidum Linsley LeConte Begin key 25 (20) I Apex of terminal palpi tapering (a); frons (in profile) ~vertical to posteriorally directed (c)…………...…………………..……26

Apex of terminal palpi exanded and broadly rounded or blunt (b); frons subvertical to anteriorally oblique (d)………………40

a b Begin key 25 (20): II

c. frons ~vertical d. frons anteriorally oblique Begin key 26 (25) Pronotum without lateral spines or tubercles (a-d)……..……27 Pronotum with lateral spines or tubercles (e-h)……..…….…31

a b c d

e f g

h f i Begin key 27 (26) Body covered with long pubescence; pronotum globose; elytra ovate (a): southern California………….……Ipochus fasciatus Pubescence on body shorter; pronotum quadrate; elytra with sides parallel (b-c)……………………..…………………..…28

a b c Begin key Index

Ipochus fasciatus LeConte Begin key 28 (27) Tarsal claws simple (a-b)………….………………………..29 Tarsal claws bifid (c-d)…………………...... …….……..…30

a c

b d Begin key 29 (28) Elytron with a humeral and an elongate basal callus (a); tarsal claws each with a short basal ventral angle or denticle (d) 1 sp. in NA……..Lypsimena fuscata Elytron without humeral or basal calluses (b-c); tarsal claws without ventral angle or denticle (e) 5 species in WNA…….…………..…………..…Saperda

d

a b c e Begin key Lypsimena Index fuscata Haldeman Begin key Saperda Index

Saperda Saperda calcarata horni Say Joutel Begin key 30 (28) Tarsal claws with basal tooth slender, sharply pointed (a): 2 species in WNA………………………………………………………Mecas Tarsal claws with basal tooth broad, blunt (b): 3 species in WNA... ……………………………………………………………Oberea EE A European species, O. erythrocephala (Schrank), has been introduced for weed biocontrol of leafy spurge.

a b Begin key Mecas Index

Mecas bicallosa Martin Begin key Oberea Index

Oberea Oberea erythrocephala quadricallosa (Schrank) EE LeConte Begin key 31 (26) Elytra with raised, isolated, shiny tubercles, humeral angles very obtuse (a) 1 species in NA……..……………………………………..…...…Plectrura spinicauda Elytra without raised, isolated, shiny tubercles, humeral angles rectangular (b-e)…32

a b c d e Begin key Plectrura Index spinicauda Mannerheim Begin key 32 (31) Horizontal welt on scape (a)………………………………..……33 No horizontal welt on scape (b)……………………………….…34 a

b Begin key 33 (32) Elytra either entirely smooth (a) or granulate only in anterior third (b); scutellum may lack pubescence (d) 2 exotic targets...……..…Anoplophora ET Elytra rugose throughout length (c); scutellum usually with at least some pale pubescence (e-f) 3 native WNA spp & several targets…...….Monochamus ET d

e

a b c f Begin key Anoplophora I Elytra with granules in anterior third (a); scutellum with dense pubescence (c); pronotum with a patch of pale pubescence (e) or a field of tiny punctures on either side of middle (f); …..…..Anoplophora chinensis (Citrus longhorned beetle) ET Elytra entirely smooth (b); scutellum without pubescence (d); pronotum without patches of pale pubescence or fields of tiny punctures (g)….....….....Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle) ET

c d

a b Begin key Anoplophora II e. Pubescent patches f. Fields of micropunctures

g. No patches of pubescence or micropunctures Begin key Index

Anoplophora chinensis Forster ET

Female Male Begin key ET Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) Index *Important note: The number and size of spots on the elytra can vary. Also, a yellow-spotted variety exists in Asia, although it is not known from North America.

Female Male Monochamus I Begin key Elytral apices with small projections at suture (a)…………...Monochamus clamator Elytral apices broadly rounded to suture (b) or slightly truncate (c)…Monochamus II

a b c Begin key Monochamus Index clamator (LeConte)

Female Male Begin key Monochamus II Base color of elytra reddish brown (a-b)…Monochamus III Base color of elytra black (c-d)………..…Monochamus IV

a b c d Begin key Monochamus III1

Elytra with interrupted stripes of black and white pubescence alternating with orange pubescent stripes (a); scutellum densely and completely covered by pubescence (c); pronotum with orange pubescence (e)………………...... Monochamus alternatus ET Elytra with interrupted bands of pubescence that is only brown and white (b); scutellum mostly bare of pubescence (d); pronotum with creamy or yellowish pubescence (f)…………………………………………….…..Monochamus obtusus

a b Begin key Monochamus III2

c. scutellum densely and completely pronotum with orange pubescence covered by pubescence e

c e

scutellum mostly bare of pubescence pronotum with creamy or yellow pubescence

d f Begin key Index

Monochamus alternatus Hope ET Begin key Monochamus Index obtusus Casey - female Begin key Monochamus Index obtusus Casey - male Begin key Monochamus IV Posterior quarter of each elytron with even coat of dense, fine pubescence (a); scutellum densely and completely covered by pubescence (d) (M. sartor, once treated as a separate species, is now a synonym of M. urussovii, based on a 2004 molecular study)...... Monochamus urussovii (urussovii form) ET Elytra without evenly dense, fine pubescence (b-c), although there may be patches of dense pubescence (c); scutellum may be densely and completely covered by pubescence or with a bare anterior spot (e) or narrow bare median line (f)…….....…Monochamus V

zin.ru

d

e

a b c f Begin key ET Monochamus urussovii (Fischer) Index “urussovii” form: posterior ¼ of elytra with dense pubescence

Female zin.ru Male moibiol.ru Monochamus V1 Scutellum completely covered by dense pubescence (a); elytra with more evenly distributed, sparse, semi-erect, relatively long, curved pubescence (easily seen along lateral margins) (d) (M. sartor, once treated as a separate species, is now a synonym of M. urussovii, based on a 2004 molecular study)...... Monochamus urussovii sartor form ET Scutellum with a bare anterior spot (b) or a narrow bare median line (c); elytra with unevenly distributed, prostrate, short pubescence (e-f)...... Monochamus VI

b

a

c Monochamus V2

d e f Begin key ET Monochamus urussovii (Fischer) Index “sartor” morph: without dense pubescence on elytron

Male Begin key Monochamus VI Head, pronotum, and scutellum with white pubescence (a)...... Monochamus scutellatus oregonensis Head, pronotum, and scutellum with orange pubescence (b)...... Monochamus VII b

a b Begin key Monochamus scutellatus oregonensis LeConte Index

Female Male Begin key Monochamus VII Scutellum with anterior median bare spot (a); elytra with raised and shiny rugosities throughout the length (c)……...... Monochamus galloprovincialis ET Scutellum with bare median stripe throughout length (b); elytra with raised and shiny rugosities limited to the anterior half (d-e)...... Monochamus VIII

U of Georgia

a

c b c d e e Begin key Index

Monochamus gallopro- vincialis (Olivier) ET

Female Male pinterest Begin key Monochamus VIII Elytra with large punctures separated by shiny ridges restricted to about anterior quarter, pun- ctures thereafter small and not separated by raised ridges (a).... Monochamus salturarius ET Elytra with large punctures separated by shiny ridges extending at least to posterior half (b-c) ……...... Monochamus sutor ET

a

U of Georgia

a b

c

a b Begin key Index

Monochamus saltuarius Gebler ET

cerambyc.uochb.cz Begin key Index

Monochamus sutor (Linnaeus) ET

Female Begin key ET Monochamus sutor (Linnaeus) Index

Male Begin key 34 (32) I When retracted, scape doesn’t reach the middle of the pronotum (a); body with long, erect setae (c-e)……………………………………..………..35 When retracted, scape reaches the middle of the pronotum (b); body without long, erect setae (f-i)………………………………….….…….37

scape scape

middle

middle b a Begin key 34 (32) II

scape

c d e

f g h i Begin key 35 (34) Elytron with four rows of tufts of raised black pubescence, apices rounded or very faintly truncate (a-b): 4 species in WNA………………………….……Poliaenus Elytron with only one row of (c-e) or no tufts (f) of raised black pubescence, apices truncate (c) or emarginate-spinose (d-f)……………………...…….….…36

a b c d e f Poliaenus obscurus Poliaenus oregonus Begin key (Fall) Poliaenus LeConte Index Begin key 36 (35) Elytron without contrasting dark and pale patches or bands, apex with outer angle long and spinose (a), with a large median crest in basal ¼ (b) 1 species in NA…. …………………………………………………………...…Lophopogonius crinitis Elytron with contrasting dark and pale patches or bands, apex with outer angle at most produced into a short, triangular spine (d-f), at most with a very small median crest in basal ¼ (c) 4 species in WNA………………………..….…Pogonocherus b

c

a d e f Begin key Index

Lophopogonius crinitis (LeConte) Begin key Pogonocherus Index

Pogonocherus pictus Fall

Pogonocherus propinquus Fall Begin key 37 (34) I Pronotum with lateral spines blunt (a)….…Pseudastylopsis nebulosus Pronotum with lateral spines sharp (b-c)……………………….……38

b

a

c e Begin key Pseudastylopsis Index nebulosus (Horn) Begin key 38 (37) Pronotum and elytra with black pubescent dots on a field of pale pubescence; antennae at most vaguely banded brown and black (a): 2 species in WNA………………..……………………..….…Hyperplatys Pronotum and elytra variegated with glabrous patches and black, white, and sometimes brown pubescence); antennae sharply banded black and white (b-c)………………………..………………………….….….…39

a b c Begin key Hyperplatys Index

Hyperplatys aspersa (Say) 39 (38) Antennae much longer than body (a); female with last abdominal segment protruding (a, d): 4 species in WNA…………...…………….….…Acanthocinus Antennae only slightly longer than body (c); female with last abdominal segment not protruding (e) 1 species in NA……………….…….…Astyleiopus variegatus

d

e

a b c Begin key Acanthocinus Index

Acanthocinus obliquus (LeConte)

Female Male Begin key Astyleiopus Index variegatus (Haldeman) Begin key 40 (25) I Procoxae not strongly protruding (with at most, a shallow groove between them?), more-or-less spherical (a); anterior of pronotum not narrowed in most species (c-h): subfamily ...... …41 Procoxae strongly protruding (with a deep groove between them), more- or-less conical (b); anterior of pronotum narrowed in most species (i-m), sometimes not or little narrowed anteriorly (n): Desmocerus & subfamily ………………………………………………………………63 a b Begin key 40 (25) II

c d e

f g h Begin key 40 (25) III

i j k

d l m n Begin key 41 (40) I Each side of pronotum with distinct lateral tubercles or spines (a-f) – these can sometimes be hard to see in very pubescent species………...……...…42 Each side of pronotum convex but without distinct lateral tubercles or spines (sides may be angulate, as in figures k-l) (g-l)…….………………………50

a b d

c e f 41 (40) II Begin key

g h i s

j k l 42 (41) I Begin key Elytral apices each with a pair of spines (a); each antennal segment with a spine and distinctive body colors (see Phorocantha portraits)..…………43 Elytral apices each without spines (b-e); antennal segments without spines and body color not as in Phorocantha portraits…….....……………...…44

b d

a e c e 43 (42) I Begin key Each elytron with a single small median dot anterior to the post-median dark band (a); portrait (d)..……...………...… EE Each elytron with a band anterior to the post-median dark band, which may be an oblique bar (b) or a sinuate band reaching the suture (c); portrait (e)..…………………………..… EE

Note: there are many species of cerambycids that have spines on the antennae and with a pair of spines on the apex of the elytra. However, most of these are in the eastern and southwestern United States and none closely resemble these two species of Phoracantha.

a b c Begin key Phoracantha Index recurva Newman EE Begin key Phoracantha Index semipunctata (Fabricius) EE 44 (42) I Begin key All antennomeres with long erect pubescence (except sometimes for the most apical segments) (a-b); pronotum elongate (h-i).….…....45 At most a few antennomeres have erect pubescence (c-d); pronotum rounded (j-m)..……...……………………………………………...47

a b c d 44 (42) II Begin key

g j e

h k

f i l 45 (44) Begin key Dorsum coarsely punctate (a), especially pronotum (c) and scapes; all antennomeres with erect pubescence (e) 1 species in NA (only known from California)...…………………….…...…...Vandykea tuberculata Dorsum finely punctate (b), including pronotum (d); last several antennomeres without erect pubescence (f)………………………...46

c

a b d e f Begin key Vandykea Index tuberculata Linsley 46 (45) Begin key Each elytron with a median oblique or transverse pale marking, elytra markedly broadened toward apex (a) 1 species in NA (only known from California).…...... Megobrium edwardsi Each elytron without a median oblique or transverse pale marking, elytral lateral margins almost parallel (b) 1 species in NA (only known from California)…...Pseudopilema hoppingi

a b Begin key Megobrium Index edwardsi LeConte Begin key Pseudopilema hoppingi (Van Dyke) Index

BugGuide: Dennis Haines 47 (44) Begin key Elytra with many small shiny smooth dots amongst the pubescence (a). Of the two species of Brothylus in NA and WNA, Brothylus gemmulatus occasionally has tubercles on the pronotum. Elytra evenly punctate and pubescent (b-e)…………………...………..48

a b c d e Begin key Brothylus Index gemmulatus LeConte 48 (47) Begin key Black pronotum with orange elytra that have each have a black band at the anterior margin; antennae banded (a) 7 species in NA, 2 species in WNA…………………………………………………...……. Pronotum and elytra colored otherwise; antennae not banded (b-g)…49

b c d

a e f g Begin key Tragidion Index

Tragidion annulatum LeConte 49 (48) I Begin key Mandibles truncate at apices (a); dorsum and venter often covered with long, erect pubescence (c-d) (not always - e); most antennal segments cylindrical (i) Pronotal tubercles often variable and hard to see in pubescent species – 15 species in NA, ~6 species in WNA……………………………………………………...….. Mandibles pointed at apices (b); dorsum and venter never with long, erect pubescence (f-h); most antennal segments broader at apices than at bases (j-k) 5 species in NA, 1 species in WNA, 1 exotic target species….….….… a b 49 (48) II Begin key

Crossidius species

c d e

Purpuricenus species

f g h 49 (48) III Begin key

i

j

k Begin key Index Crossidius coralinus (LeConte) Crossidius Crossidius hirtipes LeConte Purpuricenus Begin key Elytra either all black (a) or black and red (b), elytral costae at most indistinct (b)………………………………………………..… Purpuricenus dimidiatus Elytra all red and elytral costae distinct (c)…… Purpuricenus temminickii ET

a

b

c Begin key Purpuricenus dimidiatus LeConte Index Female Male Begin key Purpuricenus Index temminickii Guerin- Meneville ET 50 (41) Begin key Elytra black with reddish-orange margins (a) 1 sp. in NA.....Holopleura marginata Elytral color otherwise (b-j)………………………….…...... …51

b c d e f

a g h i j Begin key Index

Holopleura marginata LeConte Begin key 51 (50) Lateral procoxal cavities rounded (a); antennae often, but not always, short , barely reaching elytral humeri (c)…………………...…...……...... …..52 Lateral procoxal cavities angulate (b); antennae always long, extending well past elytral humeri (d) ………………………………………………57

a

b c d 52 (51) I Begin key Frons with a “V” (a) or “Y” (b) shaped carina: ~10 spp. in WNA…Xylotrechus Frons without a “V” or “Y” shaped carina (c-h)…………………...…….….…53

a

b 52 (51) II Begin key

c d e Frons without a “V” or “Y” shaped carina

f g h Begin key Xylotrechus I Elytral apex with a distinct, sharp, spine at either angle (a)…… Sometimes placed in the genus Rusticoclytus but in the two most recent NA cerambycid treatments, it is within Xylotrechus. Elytral apex obliquely truncate (b) or rounded (c), without spines at angles (although there may be a blunt denticle at the outer angle (c)………………..…..Xylotrechus II

a b c Begin key Index

Xylotrechus nauticus (Mannerheim) Begin key Xylotrechus II Elytral apices rounded (a)………………....Xylotrechus III Elytral apices obliquely truncate (b-c)…...... Xylotrechus IV

a b c Xylotrechus III Begin key All the pale markings on elytra are in the form of dots, not bands (a-b); pronotum never with pale anterior and posterior marginal markings (f)…Xylotrechus mormonus At least some of the pale elytral markings are in the form of bands (c-e) – sometimes these are very faint (e); pronotum sometimes with pale markings (g)……...other WNA Xylotrechus species with rounded elytral apices (X. annosus, insignis, nunemacheri)

f

a b c d e g Begin key Xylotrechus mormonus (LeConte) Index

Female Male Xylotrechus IVa Begin key Pronotum with distinct, sharply defined, pale pubescent markings at both anterior and posterior margins and without abundant pale pubscence scattered through dark medial area (a); dark areas on elytra without abundant scattered pale pubescence (c)………...... (Say) Formerly, specimens from west of the Rocky Mountains were normally assigned to X. longitarsis Casey and specimens from Alaska and east of the Rockies are normally assigned to X. undulatus (Say). Bousquet et al. 2017 synonymized X. longitarsis with X. undulatus. Pronotum without distinct, sharply defined, pale lateral pubescent markings at both anterior and posterior margins and with abundant pale pubescence scattered throughout the dark medial area (b); dark areas on elytra with abundant scattered pale pubescence (d)……other WNA Xylotrechus with truncate elytral apices (X. albonotatus, bowditchi, and lengi.

a b Begin key Xylotrechus IVb

c dark areas on elytra without abundant scattered pale pubescence

d dark areas on elytra with abundant scattered pale pubescence Begin key Xylotrechus Index undulatus (Say)

normal elytral reduced elytral markings markings 53 (52) Begin key Pronotum with median row of transverse carinae (a-d) 9 spp. in WNA…Neoclytus Pronotum without median row of transverse carinae (e-g)……………………..…54

a b c d

e f g Neoclytus I Begin key Sharp spines on at least outer angle of elytral apices (a-b)……Neoclytus II Outer angle of elytral apices without sharp spine (s), obliquely truncate (c) or rounded (d)……………………………….…..Neoclytus III

spines spines

a b

c d Begin key Neoclytus II Pronotum without pale, pubescent patches (a); scutellum at most with thin pubescence (e); overall body color reddish brown, median and posterior elytral bands straight (portrait) Native to ENA, exotic to WNA… EE Pronotum with pale, pubescent patches (b-d); scutellum covered with dense, white pubescence (f); overall body color dark brown, all elytral bands arcuate (portraits)……………...…………………………....… zebratus

a b c d

e f Begin key Neoclytus Index acuminatus (Fabricius) EE Begin key Neoclytus Index modestus zebratus Van Dyke

white yellow morph morph Begin key Neoclytus III Elytra with at least anterior pair of pale bands connected along the suture (a-c)………….…………………………....……Neoclytus IV Elytra with none of the pale bands connected along the suture (d)… ...other WNA Neoclytus (e.g., N. balteatus, provoanus, resplendens)

a b c d Neoclytus IVa Begin key Normally both the anterior and posterior pairs of pale elytral bands connected along the suture (a); pronotum with distinct pale markings and abundant long setae (d); elytral apices rounded (f)…...... Neoclytus conjunctus Only anterior pair of pale elytral bands connected along the suture (b-c); pronotum without distinct pale markings and without long setae (e) elytral apices obliquely truncate or broadly pointed (e)……………………………..…...Neoclytus muricatulus

a b c Neoclytus IVb Begin key

pronotum with pale markings elytral apices rounded & many long setae

d f

pronotum without pale markings & without elytral apices obliquely truncate many long setae

e g Begin key Neoclytus Index conjunctus (LeConte)

white yellow morph morph Begin key Index

Neoclytus muricatulus Kirby well- developed pale elytral markings

reduced pale elytral markings 54 (53) I Begin key Pronotum without pale pubescence (a), although sometimes a pale band is along the posterior margin of the head (b); larger, 20-25 mm long) (h) 2 species in NA (species shown is C. lorquini – the other is C. nobilis (Harris)…….…… Pronotum either with pale bands of pubescence (c-e) or with pale pubescence scattered more widely over the dorsum (f-g); smaller, ~10 mm long (j-k)……55

a c d e

b f g 54 (53) II Begin key

Size shown reflects actual relative lengths

h i j k Begin key Calloides Index

Calloides lorquini Buquet) 55 (54) Begin key Pronotum with sharp, well-defined pale markings (a-c)……...... ……...56 Pale pubescence on pronotum not in the form of sharply defined markings but more generally distributed over the dorsum (d-e): several Cerambycinae genera

a b c

d e 56 (55) Begin key Pronotum with dark median area surrounded by paler, more-or-less arcuate bands (a-b) 2 exotic target species...... …Chlorophorus ET Pale pubescence on pronotum mostly in form of bands at anterior and posterior margins (c) 5 species in WNA……………………….…

a b c Begin key Chlorophorus

Pronotum with an interrupted median pale pubescent stripe and an arcuate lateral pale pubescent stripe on either side(a); pale pubescence golden (portrait) …………………………...... ….Chlorophorus annularis ET Pronotum with dark central area surrounded by pale pubescence (b); pale pubescence gray (portrait)...... Chlorophorus strobilicola ET

a b Begin key Chlorophorus Index

Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius) ET

Chlorophorus strobilicola Champion ET Begin key Clytus Index

Clytus planifrons (LeConte) 57 (51) Begin key At least meso- and meta-femora strongly club-shaped, very narrow and cylindrical in basal third to half and abruptly much broader in the apical half to two-thirds (a-c)… 58 Femora not strongly clubbed, slightly broadened around apical third to half but not narrowly cylindrical at base (d-f)…………………………………………………..…61

d a

e b

c f 58 (57) Begin key Process separating procoxae extends almost the entire length of the procoxae (a)...59 Procoxae are in contact or the procoxal process extends no farther than half the length of the procoxae (b-c)……...... …60

b

a

c 59 (58) Begin key Pronotum more-or-less evenly punctate and pubescent (a-b) 1 NA indigenous species, 2 exotic target species…...... …..Callidiellum ET Pronotum with smooth calluses either side of middle and densely punctate and setose laterally (c) 1 species NA……………..... bajulus EE

a

c b Begin key Callidiellum ET Index Callidiellum Callidiellum rufipenne villosulum (Motschul- Fairmaire ET sky) ET

c Begin key Hylotrupes Index bajulus (Linnaeus) EE Begin key 60 (58) I Elytra never with pale bands (a-b), sometimes with vague pale borders along outer margins (b), with large and coarse punctures; antennae and body stout (i-j); often, not always, dark metallic in color ~12 species in WNA………………... Elytra often with pale bands (c-d) or extensive pale markings (e), otherwise overall brown or black (f-g) or brassy (h) (rarely dark metallic), with small and fine punctures; antennae and body slender (k-n) ~18 indigenous species in WNA, 1 established exotic species……….…………………………………...... Phymatodes

a b c d e f g h Begin key Callidium 60 (58) II Phymatodes

i k l

j m n Begin key Callidium Index

Callidium cicatricosum Mannerheim Begin key Phymatodes I Elytra with pale bands (a-b) or extensive pale markings (c)…Phymatodes II Elytra without pale bands or extensive pale markings (d-f).....Phymatodes V

a b c d e f Begin key Phymatodes II Elytra with extensive pale markings but without pale bands (a)…………………………………Phymatodes dimidiatus Elytra only with pale bands (b-d)…………Phymatodes III

a b c d Begin key Phymatodes Index dimidiatus (Kirby) Begin key Phymatodes III Each elytron with one pale band, elytra varying in color (a-c)…Phymatodes nigrescens Note: Another western species, P. vulneratus (LeConte), will key here. The characters distinguishing these two species are very subtle. Individuals keying to P. nigrescens are much more common in the samples we’ve seen. Each elytron with two pairs of pale bands (d-e)……………………Phymatodes IV

a b c d e Begin key Phymatodes Index nigrescens Hardy & Preece Begin key Phymatodes IV Elytra dull, with dense pubescence (a)...... Phymatodes decussatus Elytra glossy, with sparse pubescence (b)……....Phymatodes nitidus

a

b Begin key Phymatodes Index decussatus (LeConte) Begin key Phymatodes Index nitidus LeConte

dark elytra

pale elytra Begin key Phymatodes V Elytra brassy and shiny with long, sparse pubescence (a)....Phymatodes aeneus Elytra with dense, short pubescence and often dull (b-c), if shiny, not brassy (d-e)……………………………………………………..…..…Phymatodes VI

a b c d e Begin key Phymatodes Index aeneus LeConte Begin key Phymatodes VI Eye incompletely separated into dorsal and ventral lobes, lobes connected by strip 3 or more facets wide (a)………………………..Phymatodes VII Dorsal and ventral lobes of eye almost completely separated, connected by strip no more than 2 facets wide (b)……..other species of Phymatodes (P. blandus (LeConte) & P. concolor Linsley)

a b Begin key Phymatodes VII Elytra dull (a-b) other species of Phymatodes will key here that are not treated in VIII, e.g. P. hirtellus, P. infuscatus, etc.)…..………...... ….Phymatodes VIII Elytra shiny (c-d)……….other species of Phymatodes (P. fulgidus & P. rainier)

a b c d Begin key Phymatodes VIIIa Dorsum of pronotum closely granulate-punctate (a); metatarsomere 1 shorter than metatarsomeres 2-5 (c); normally unicolorous….....Phymatodes grandis Dorsum of pronotum only with sparse punctures, granules absent (b); metatarsomere 1 as long or longer than metatarsomeres 2-5 (d); if the elytra are dark, then the pronotum is pale………………...Phymatodes testaceus EE c d

a

b Begin key Phymatodes Index grandis Casey Begin key Phymatodes testaceus (Linnaeus) EE Index dark morph pale morph 61 (57) I Begin key Pronotum thinly pubescent with large, raised shiny areas (a-b); elytra uniformly bright metallic purple (e) or sharply bicolored (f) and thinly pubescent: 6 species in WNA………………………………………………………………..…Semanotus Pronotum heavily pubescent (c-d), if distinct raised shiny areas are present, these are small and inconspicuous (c); elytra are brown and heavily pubescent (g-i).…62

a c

b d Begin key 61 (57) II

e f g h i Begin key images not Semanotus to scale Index

Semanotus litigiosus (Casey)

Semanotus amethystinus (LeConte) Begin key 62 (61) Elytra (a-b) and pronota (d-e) with abundant denuded round spots: 2 species in NA………………………………………..……..Brothylus Elytra (c) and pronotum (f) with more-or-less even covering of pubescence…………………………….....Trichoferus campestris ET

d e

a b c f Begin key Brothylus Pronotum (a) and elytra (c) with larger punctures and larger denuded round spots and with extensive denuded markings...... Brothylus conspersus Pronotum (b) and elytra (d) with smaller punctures and smaller denuded round spots and without extensive denuded markings...Brothylus gemmulatus

a

b c d Begin key Brothylus Index conspersus LeConte

No image available Begin key Brothylus Index gemmulatus LeConte Begin key Trichoferus Index campestris (Falderman) ET Begin key 63 (40) I Each side of pronotum with distinct tubercles (a) or spines (b-e)……..…64 Each side of pronotum convex but without distinct tubercles or spines (sides may be angulate (f-g) (f-j)…………………………………………67

b c

a

d e Begin key 63 (40) II

f g h

i j Begin key 64 (63) Each side of pronotum with distinct tubercles (a) 7 spp. in WNA…Stenocorus Each side of pronotum with spines (b-e)…………………….……….………65

b c

a

d e Begin key Stenocorus I Elytra not striped (a-b)……………………………….…Stenocorus II Elytra striped (c-d): other species of Stenocorus (e.g., S. flavolineatus (LeConte) or S. trivittatus (Say)

a b c d Stenocorus II Begin key Pronotum with dense pubescence obscuring the surface (a); at least the inner half of the length of the elytron with dense, prostrate pubescence obscuring the surface (c-d).…….... ……….………………………………………………………..……...……..Stenocorus III Pronotum with sparse pubescence not obscuring the surface (b); surface of elytron visible through uniformly sparse, short pubescence (the example shown is striped – no unstriped example was available) (e): other species of Stenocorus (e.g., S. obtusus (LeConte)

a

b c d e Begin key Stenocorus III Apex of elytron obliquely truncate with a distinct spine at the end of the suture (a)………………………………………………Stenocorus nubifer Apex of elytron rounded (b) or very slightly truncate (c), with at most a very small and obscure spine at the end of the suture…Stenocorus vestitus

spine minute spine

a b c Begin key Stenocorus nubifer (LeConte) Index

pale morph dark morph Begin key Stenocorus vestitus (Haldeman) Index pale morph dark morph Begin key 65 (64) Thick longitudinal ridges running length of elytra, elytral color mottled black and yellowish orange-red (a) 1 species NA…Rhagium inquisitor Elytra without thick longitudinal ridges running length of elytra, elytral color not mottled (b-d)………………………………………...……..66

a b c d Begin key Rhagium Index inquisitor (Linnaeus) 66 (65) Begin key Body color nearly uniform tan or light brown, usually with a single, small, dark, spot at the midpoint of each elytral margin (a) ~6 spp. WNA………Centrodera Body color otherwise (b-g)………other Lepturinae genera with spinose pronota

b c d

a e f g Centrodera Ia Begin key Pronotum dorsally coarsely punctate (a) and elytra coarsely, densely punctate in anterior half (d); dorsal surface sparsely pubescent on pronotum (a) and elytra (d) …………………………Centrodera II Pronotum dorsally finely punctate (b-c) and elytra finely, more sparsely punctate in anterior half (e-f); dorsal surface densely pubes- cent on pronotum (b-c) and elytra (e-f): other species of Centrodera (C. nevadica LeConte and tenera Casey)

a b c Begin key Centrodera Ib

d e f Centrodera II Begin key Elytra with reclining pubescence (a), elytral apices often with sutural spurs (c)………………………..…Centrodera spurca Elytra with suberect pubescence (b), elytral apices narrowly rounded, without sutural spurs (d)………...…Centrodera III

a c

b d Begin key Centrodera Index spurca (LeConte) Begin key Centrodera III

Tarsi short and broad, especially pro- and mesotarsi (a)…Centrodera dayi Tarsi comparatively long and narrow (b): other species of Centrodera (C. autumnata Leech)

protarsus protarsus

mesotarsus mesotarsus

metatarsus metatarsus a b Begin key Centrodera Index dayi Leech 67 (63) Begin key Antennae distinctly banded and with segments 4-8 triangular (a)………………………………….Stictoleptura canadensis If antennae distinctly banded, no segments are triangular (b), otherwise unbanded (c-d)…………………….……...……68

a b c d Begin key Stictoleptura canadensis (Olivier) Index black red morph morph Begin key 68 (67) Posterior angles of pronotum sharp, at least partially covering anterior margins of humeri (a-c)…………..…….……………..69 Posterior angles of pronotum not sharp, covering none of anterior anterior margins of humeri (d-f)………………….……………74

desmocerus a b c

d e f 69 (68) Begin key Elytra pale with dark bands or blotches (a-d)………….…………...... 70 Elytra more or less one color (e-i) or with color on margins contrasting with color on central area (j-k)………………………………….....…72

a b c d

e g h i j k 70 (69) Begin key Elytral apex emarginate, with outer angle pointed (a) 8 spp. in WNA.…Leptura Elytral apex rounded (b) or truncate (c), outer angle not pointed……………...71

a b c Leptura Ia Begin key Elytron normally with a large, dark oblique spot in anterior half and with a large, dark postmedian band (a); legs and sides of head and pronotum at least partially pale (Leptura Ib)……………...... …..Leptura obliterata Elytron without an oblique spot in anterior half and without a post-median band; legs, head, and pronotum all dark (b-c, Leptura Ic): other species of Leptura

a b c Leptura Ib Begin key Leptura Ic Begin key Begin key Leptura Index obliterata (Haldeman) 71 (70) Begin key Elytral apex narrowly rounded (a); body stout (d-e) 6 spp. in WNA…Judolia Elytral apex broadly rounded or truncate (b-c); body narrow (f-g): several genera of Lepturinae with acute pronotal hind angles, e.g., Stenostrophia

a b c

d e f g Begin key Judolia Pronotum with long pubescence; deep , horizontal groove just behind anterior margin (a)……………………………….…...Judolia instabilis Pronotum with short pubescence; deep , horizontal groove well behind anterior margin (b): other species of Judolia in WNA

a b Begin key Judolia Index instabilis (Haldeman)

Note: In this species, the dark spots on the elytra vary greatly in their size and shape. Begin key 72 (69) Elytral apex rounded (a) or slightly truncate (b)………………....73 Elytral apex strongly squarely (c) or obliquely truncate (d): several genera of Lepturinae

a b

c d 73 (72) Begin key Elytra dark (a-b) 4 species in WNA………...……….…Grammoptera Elytra reddish-brown (c) or dark with pale margins (d): several genera

a b c d Begin key Grammoptera I Body color not metallic (a)………..…Grammoptera II Body color metallic bluish or greenish (b): G. militaris (Chevrolat) and G. molybdica (LeConte)

a b Grammoptera II Begin key Tempora strongly rounded (a)………….…Grammoptera subargentata (Kirby) Tempora oblique or more-or-less parallel (b) (metallic species used as other specimens demonstrating character were not available: G. rhodopus (LeConte)

a b Begin key Grammoptera Index subargentata (Kirby) Begin key 74 (68) Elytra banded or with large spots (a-g)……….……………75 Elytra without bands or large spots (h-j)…………………..77

a b c d e f g

h i j Begin key 75 (74)

Pronotum with posterior margin weakly sinuate; anterior margin of elytron not sinuate (a) 2 species in WNA………...……Strophiona Posterior margin of pronotum strongly sinuate; anterior margin of elytron sinuate (b-c)…………..….………………………………76

a b c Begin key Strophiona Anterior dark elytral band transverse (a); pronotum with center obscured by dense pubescence (c)………...….Strophiona laeta Anterior dark elytral band oblique (b); center of pronotum with at most sparse pubescence (d): Strophiona tigrina Casey

a b

c d Begin key Strophiona Index laeta (LeConte) Begin key 76 (75) Pronotum deeply and broadly impressed at both anterior and posterior margins (a) 4 species in WNA..…….Xestoleptura Pronotum at most shallowly impressed at both anterior and posterior margins (b): other Lepturinae

a b Begin key Xestoleptura I Elytron with anterior dark band always present and transverse (a)…...... …Xestoleptura crassicornis If elytron has an anterior dark band, it is oblique (b-c)…………………………….…Xestoleptura II

a b c Begin key Xestoleptura Index crassicornis (LeConte) Begin key Xestoleptura II Elytral suture is pale anterior of anterior dark band (a-c)……………………………...Xestoleptura III Elytral suture is dark anterior of anterior dark band (d): Xestoleptura behrensi (LeConte)

a b c d Begin key Xestoleptura III Legs pale (a)………………………………Xestoleptura crassipes Legs with at least femora dark (b) Xestoleptura tibialis (LeConte)

a

b Begin key Xestoleptura crassipes (LeConte) Index

Female Male Begin key 77 (74) Pronotum with median area strongly flattened and with a broad elevated tubercle on either side (a)…………………………….....Acmaeops proteus Dorsum of pronotum more evenly convex in median area (b-d): numerous Lepturinae genera

right tubercle left tubercle flat area b

a c d Begin key Acmaeops proteus (Kirby) Index Note: As the name suggests, the color of the elytra and legs of this species are highly variable. dark morph light morph