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Back to Types! Towards Stability of Names in Indian Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae)

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Back to Types! Towards Stability of Names in Indian Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae) TAXON 59 (1) • February 2010: 269–282 Leong-Škorničková • Stability of names in Indian Curcuma Back to types! Towards stability of names in Indian Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae) Jana Leong-Škorničková,1 Otakar Šída2 & Karol Marhold3,4 1 The Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569 2 Department of Botany, National Museum in Prague, Cirkusová 1740, Praha 9 – Horní Počernice 190 00, Czech Republic 3 Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 128 01, Czech Republic 4 Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovak Republic Author for correspondence: Jana Leong-Škorničková, [email protected] Abstract The existence of the type material indicated in the protologues of all Indian Curcuma species names is confirmed or excluded following visits to numerous herbaria. Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated for previously untypified names or names for which the holotype is missing. Earlier ineffective or superfluous typifications are discussed, several new synonyms are recognised and notes on critical taxa are provided. Keywords Curcuma ; India; nomenclature; Sri Lanka; synonymy; typification; Zingiberaceae INTRODUCTION the types of Indian names first, to avoid further misinterpreta- tions and misapplications. Škorničková & Sabu (2005b) provided a general introduc- tion to the genus Curcuma L. and pointed out that the applica- tion of the names of many Curcuma species described in early METHODS taxonomic publications, including those of commonly used and cultivated species, are still unclear (e.g., Leong-Škorničková Names of taxa currently recognized as members of Cur- & al., 2008a,b). Many synonyms, especially those established cuma L. from India and Sri Lanka have been investigated here, solely on the study of herbarium material, are unreliable and as well as several other names from adjacent areas, which are need critical reconsideration. This is mostly owing to scanty believed to be relevant to India, and names from adjacent ter- protologues and a lack of type specimens, which were either ritories where the original material is present only in Indian not cited or are lost or badly deteriorated. Another complica- herbaria. The search for types and original material, including tion arises from the often ignored fact that there are several herbarium sheets, drawings/icons, manuscripts and letters was ploidy levels in the genus having different levels of variability carried out in the following herbaria, libraries and archives: within species. Some seed-setting species (namely hexaploids ASSAM, B, BHAG, BLAT, BM, BO, BSA, BSD, BSHC, BSI, with 2n = 42; see Leong-Škorničková & al., 2007) express a C, CAL, CALI, CDRI, DD, E, G, K, KIEL, L, LD, LE, LINN, wide range of intraspecific variability (sometimes misidenti- LIV, LWG, MH, P, PBL, PCM, PDA, PR, S, SING and WU. fied as several species) while others, at higher ploidy levels (2n Protologues of all names were examined. If holotypes = 9x = 63 and 2n = 15x = 105), are mostly sterile with limited and isotypes were explicitly mentioned, these were located variation and, although superficially quite similar, have subtle and their validity confirmed or excluded. For names where but stable differences. It is important when designating a lec- no holotypes were designated, lectotypes were selected from totype, epitype or neotype, to be clear which sort of species is syntypes, paratypes or other relevant original material. If no in question (seed-setting or sterile) and preferably to know its original material could be found, neotypes were designated. In range of variation in populations from direct observations in a few cases, where the identity of the taxon was still doubtful the field. Typification in this economically important genus (i.e., we were not able to confirm it with living material) we will help to stabilize the application of names and resolve the avoided typification and identified only ‘original material’. identities and synonymy of a number of taxa. Some names in Curcuma were published long before the This typification research is supported by extensive field- type concept was adopted and typification has to be done with work carried out between 2001 and 2005 throughout India and extreme caution. The term holotype is not used unless only Sri Lanka, where most of the taxa were observed and flower- a single specimen was located in all herbaria, where the col- ing material re-collected from type or near-to-type localities. lections of a particular author are known to be deposited. In Successful completion of a revision of Indian Curcuma will these cases it was assumed that the single specimen represents take more time but, as revisions of the genus are in progress the implicit holotype. For lectotype designation, all relevant in various countries, and many names described from India material was considered and efforts made to understand the by early authors are widely applied to various (and not conspe- method of work of each particular author from various bio- cific) taxa in South and Southeast Asia, it is desirable to settle graphic sources. 269 Leong-Škorničková • Stability of names in Indian Curcuma TAXON 59 (1) • February 2010: 269–282 It is widely acknowledged that gingers have to be studied as lectotype, while the drawing was assigned as an epitype. from living material (e.g., Williams, 2004; Škorničková & However, for most of the names, no specimen could be located Sabu, 2005b) and that it is impossible to conduct meaningful and in such case the drawing was assigned as lectotype. work from dried material only (Poulsen, 2006), as it is difficult In this treatment homotypic synonyms are listed after the to preserve useful specimens (Burtt & Smith, 1976). Precise accepted name in chronological sequence in a single paragraph colour drawings (e.g., of Roxburgh, Roscoe, Wallich), field followed by their type; heterotypic synonyms and their types sketches or colour photographs including flower dissections are listed in separate paragraphs, followed by illegitimate and (Poulsen 2006; Škorničková & Sabu, 2005a,b,c) are invaluable, invalid names. Notes are provided where typification, exist- as colours in gingers are often important but are not preserved ence and distribution of types, priority, synonymy or reported in dried or spirit material. Flowers are rarely represented on distribution in India were in question. herbarium specimens and many specific characters cannot be observed, unless the specimen is of outstanding quality and ac- companied by spirit material and detailed notes. This is usually RESULTS not the case with historic collections, where even the locality notes are frequently imprecise or collections are not properly Amomum zedoaria Christm. ≡ Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) numbered. Often there is no direct link between a specimen Roscoe. and the name presumably based on it. In many instances, the drawings can be far superior to the corresponding specimen Amomum zerumbeth J. Koenig, nom. illeg. (ICBN, McNeill and enable the correct interpretation of the name (Forman, & al., 2006: Art 53.1) ≡ Erndlia subpersonata Giseke (see 1997; Škorničková & Sabu, 2005b). In Curcuma, herbarium notes under E. subpersonata). specimens alone rarely reveal critical characters sufficient for the interpretation and unambiguous application of names as Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. in Asiat. Res. (Calcutta) 11: 335. they usually lack flowers, rhizomes and colours. On the other 1810 – Lectotype (designated here): [icon] “Curcuma aeru- hand, drawings by themselves do not reveal many characters ginosa” in Icones Roxburghianae Ineditae No. 1924 (K!). derived from the three dimensional nature of the real speci- men. Ideally, the specimen and the drawing (if it exists) form Curcuma albiflora Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 316. 1861 – material adequate for interpreting the species name. In line Lectotype (designated here): [Sri Lanka, Central Province] with this, for a number of names, epitypes have been desig- Ambagamowa Distr., Maskelia, C.P. 2737 (PDA!; isolecto.: nated to support the holotype or lectotype, when appropriate BM!, G!, K!, P!); epitype (designated here): [icon] “Cur- material was available. cuma albiflora”, C.P. 2737, unpublished, (K!). The importance of the unpublished drawings Icones Herbarium material distributed by Thwaites under C.P. Roxburghianae Ineditae (CAL, K) for typification of Roxburgh’s (Ceylon Plants) numbers represents original material with names has been mentioned by Sealy (1957) and Forman (1997). which Thwaites worked and which he cited in his works, even The problem with Roxburgh’s original specimens lies in the though this material stems from various locations and was not lack of a direct link to the descriptions. The date is usually always collected by Thwaites himself. missing and thus it cannot easily be established if a particular A colour drawing of Curcuma albiflora found at Kew is sheet forms original material or not, and in many of Roxburgh’s part of the original material, as the name and number C.P. 2737 duplicates the original labels have been replaced by new ones, is in Thwaites’s handwriting, and the printed label says “From destroying the evidence of their originality. Illustrations, clearly the Royal Botanic Garden, Peradenyia. 1862”, which is most linked by numbers to the names in Roxburgh’s manuscript of likely to be the date when it was received at Kew. It is selected Flora Indica (1820) often represent better original material for here as an
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