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Provenance Variation and Genotype X Environment Interaction in Sesbania Sesban (L) Merill Risper Nyagoy Nyong'o Iowa State University

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Provenance Variation and Genotype X Environment Interaction in Sesbania Sesban (L) Merill Risper Nyagoy Nyong'o Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1991 Provenance variation and genotype x environment interaction in Sesbania sesban (L) Merill Risper Nyagoy Nyong'o Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Genetics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Nyong'o, Risper Nyagoy, "Provenance variation and genotype x environment interaction in Sesbania sesban (L) Merill " (1991). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9671. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9671 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I UMI MICROFILMED 1992 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfUm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9212174 Provenance variation and genotype x environment interaction in Sesbania sesban (L.) Merill Nyong'o, Risper Nyagoy, Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1991 UM-I SOON.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 ^ ' Provenance variation and genotype x environment interaction in Sesbania sesban (L.) Merill by Risper Nyagoy Nyong'o A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Forestry Major: Forestry (Forest Biology-Wood Science) Approved : Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of^Hajor Work Signature was redacted for privacy. FoIF the Major p^fJartn(fent Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1991 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Explanation of dissertation format 1 Study extent 2 Statement of the problem 3 Background information on Sesbania sesban 7 Genetic Improvement in S. sesban 9 Genotype x environment Interaction 10 Techniques of estimating GxE interaction 11 PART 1. PRETREATMENT AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF FOUR KENYAN PROVENANCES OF SESBANIA SESBAN var nubica (L.) MERILL 15 INTRODUCTION 17 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 Experiment 1 21 Experiment 2 22 RESULTS 23 Experiment 1 23 Experiment 2 24 DISCUSSION 28 Provenances 28 Pretreatments 30 Hot water 30 Sulphuric acid 31 Tepid water 32 iii Page RECOMMENDATIONS 33 LITERATURE CITED 34 PART 2. SYMBIOTIC EFFECTIVENESS OF TWELVE PROVENANCES OF SESBANIA SESBAN (L.) MERILL SEEDLINGS 36 INTRODUCTION 38 MATERIALS AND METHODS 41 Statistical analysis RESULTS 44 Germination 44 Height 44 Leaf color 47 Number of nodules 47 Shoot dry weight 52 Shoot wet, root wet and root dry weights 53 Nodule distribution 53 Symbiotic effectiveness 53 Relationships between symbiotic characteristics 53 DISCUSSION 59 LITERATURE CITED 63 PART 3. VARIATION IN FUELWOOD POTENTIAL OF SEVERAL ACCESSIONS OF SESBANIA SESBAN (L.) MERILL 65 INTRODUCTION 67 MATERIALS AND METHODS 70 Statistical analysis 77 iv Page RESULTS 80 Heights 80 Basal Diameter 83 Volume 88 Wet Wood Density 88 Dry Wood Density 89 Moisture Content 89 Trait Correlation 90 Multiple Regressions 90 DISCUSSION 92 LITERATURE CITED 99 PART 4. PERFORMANCE OF EIGHT ACCESSIONS OF SESBANIA SESBAN (L.) MERILL AT TWO, FIVE AND EIGHT MONTHS AFTER PLANTING 102 INTRODUCTION 104 MATERIALS AND METHODS 106 Statistical Analysis 111 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 112 Height 112 Basal Diameter 118 Length of Live Crown 124 Foliage 125 Number of Branches 125 Branch Length 126 V Page Percent Trait Superiority 127 Correlation Between Traits 128 LITERATURE CITED 132 PART 5. HERITABILITY ESTIMATES OF SESBANIA SESBAN (L.) MERILL TREES GROWING AT 4 SITES IN KENYA 134 INTRODUCTION 136 MATERIALS AND METHODS 139 Statistical Analysis 139 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 142 Heritability 142 Correlation 145 LITERATURE CITED 147 PART 6. GENOTYPE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN SESBANIA SESBAN (L.) MERILL 149 INTRODUCTION 151 Techniques of Estimating GxE Interaction 152 MATERIALS AND METHODS 155 Statistical Analysis 155 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 157 REFERENCES CITED 162 GENERAL SUMMARY 164 Seed Pretreatraent 164 Symbiotic Effectiveness 166 vi Page Variation in Fuelwood Characteristics 167 Performance at Different Ages 169 Heritability 171 Genotype x Environment Interaction 172 Genetic Improvement of S. sesban 172 LITERATURE CITED 175 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 181 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Explanation of dissertation format The presentation of this dissertation uses the alternate format approved by the Graduate Faculty of Iowa State University in 1979. With this format there is a general introduction, followed by papers prepared for submission to academic journals and an overall discussion of the entire dissertation. The references in the final literature cited are those used in the general introduction and summary sections. As a result of current emphasis on the need for information on multipurpose trees for on-farm planting, this dissertation consists of papers dealing with several aspects of research on Sesbania sesban (L. Merrill) provenances. The dissertation therefore covers: 1. Pretreatraent and germination of seeds 2. Provenance variation in fuelwood characteristics and symbiotic effectiveness 3. Performance of the provenances at 2, 5 and 8 months 4. Heritability and genotypic correlation estimates 5. Genotype x environment interaction. The research was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation under their African Dissertation Internship Award Program. Research work, most of which was done in Kenya, was started by the author in 1989. The germ- plasm collection used in this research was procured from ILCA in Addis Ababa and KEFRI, Nairobi, Kenya. Of the six sites used for field 2 planting, four were within KEFRI Research stations, one was on Moi University grounds and one on the farm of the author's parents. Throughout the research, technical advice was given by Dr. R. B. Hall of ISU and Dr. F. Owino of IGRAF, Nairobi. Statistical advice was given by Dr. C. Mize, Dr. P. Hinz, and Dr. D. F. Cox, all of ISU. Study extent • The pretreatment and germination study was carried out at the Iowa State Seed Laboratory. The provenances used in this study were four Kenyan provenances, seeds of which had been sent by KEFRI Seed Centre. The pretreatraents included hot water treatment at varying temperatures, sulphuric acid soaks at different lengths of time and a 24 hour tepid water soak. Performance was assessed by germination counts at 14 days and also by the rate of germination. The rest of the research was based on a total of 30 provenances with origins ranging from Pakistan, India, Egypt, Kenya and the Congo. Because of a short supply of seeds of any one provenance, not all were planted at all six test sites, although each site had 20 provenances planted on it. The six test sites included Got Ramogi and Ratta, both in Western Kenya; Eldoret and Turbo in the Rift Valley; Muguga in Central Kenya and Machakos in the East. Both Got Ramogi and Machakos are classified as semi-arid regions and the others as sub-humid or semi- humid . Data were collected at all six sites at 2, 5 and 8 months after transplanting. The two month measurements were done at the cessation of 3 the long rains and the final one after the short rains. Measurements done in the field included measurements of height, basal diameter, number of branches, length of live crown, lengths of the two longest branches and a grading for foliage abundance at 2, 5 and 8 months of age. Additional measurements done only at 8 months for a determination of volume included diameter and lengths of all branches that could qualify for firewood. Estimation of moisture content and dry wood densities were done in the laboratory using samples obtained in the field. The nodulation study was carried out at the Moi University Forestry Department's teaching nursery and in the laboratory. Soil samples were collected from each
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