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An Historical Study of the Diocese of St John of the Church of the Province of South Africa, with Special Reference to Bishop Calla Ways Vision of a Black Clergy

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An Historical Study of the Diocese of St John of the Church of the Province of South Africa, with Special Reference to Bishop Calla Ways Vision of a Black Clergy AN HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE DIOCESE OF ST JOHN OF THE CHURCH OF THE PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BISHOP CALLA WAYS VISION OF A BLACK CLERGY by ANDREW :MALCOLM THO:MAS DIBB submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of :MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject CHURCH HISTORY atthe UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR. J. MILLARD NOVEMBER 1997 DECLARATION I hereby declare that all the work contained in this dissertation is entirely my own, and all references and sources have been duly noted. Signed: Andrew .M.T. Dibb -··----,,._~TO ........ , .., ~" ~. :· ,• .~ cos .qQ. ; 1Vu IJU I I f 28.3.68791 DIBB l/1~~1'11~111111 0001705440 An historical study of the Diocese of St John's of the Church of the Province of South Africa, with special reference to Bishop Callaway's vision of a black clergy Henry Callaway (1813 - 1890) came to South Africa with Colenso. In 1857 he founded a mission at Springvale, and later at Highflats and Clydesdale. He was highly respected as an expert in the Zulu language, customs and religion. He became bishop of St John's in 187 4. Callaway developed St John's from four isolated mission stations into a thriving diocese. He laid the foundations of education and health systems as well as organising the Church itself. Of special interest was the training a core of black clergy to carry the church to the people. Callaway resigned because of ill health in 1886. Key Words: Callaway, Henry. Diocese of St. John's. Anglican Church. Springvale. Umtata. Clergy training. Black Clergy. Historiography. SKETCHES FROM SPRINGVALE AND THE DIOCESE OF ST. JOHNS :}"'· ::?'·/! .• j ;f;5:~~,Jf ·· Bishop Henry Callaway1 (1813 . 1890) 1 The Mission Field. 1890:195 SPRINGVALE I ' ~;.·==--~~ J:j: ~ ii;1 1~; Woman and Child2 ·-·~ ~-~ ~~ ·~/h/,:-f/~.Ad'J'J:O."'.---=.<>~~- The Congregation at Springvale3 2 The Mission Field 1868:70 3 The Mission Field 1868:97 Traditional St. John's AKraal4 A Pando W arrior5 The Great Chief, Kreli6 4 The Mission Field 1888:274. 5 The Mission Field 1888:58 6 The Mission Field 1888:57 Diocesan St. John's The Parsonage Hut, Umtata7 St. Mark's Mission Stations 1 The Mission Field. 1885:366. s The Mission Field. 1867:246. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION ........................•..•.................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................•..•...••.•..••.•...•........................... 13 HISTORIOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS ............................................................................. 13 THE LIBERALS..................................................................................... ........... 15 THE RADICALS ................................................................................................ 17 THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTNE... ...................................................... 21 A FOURTH VIEW. .............................................................................................. 23 NINETEENTH CENTURY MISSIONARY PHILOSOPY ..................................................... 25 THE IMPERIAL VIEW OF MISSIONARIES ...................................................................... 32 THE MISSIONARIES ..................................................................................................... 36 BISHOPGRAY..................................................................................................... 37 BISHOP ARMSTRONG .. ..... .. ... ..... .. .. ... ... ... .. ... .. .. ..... ... ... ... ... .... .... ......... ... .. 39 BISHOP COTTERILL........... ........................... ...... .................. ......... ............... .41 BISHOP COLENSO ... .......................................................................................... .44 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 4 7 CHAPTER 'IWO .........................................................................•.........................................49 BISHOP HENRY CALLAWAY ...................................................................................... .49 CALLAWAY'S BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 51 CALLAWAY AND COLENSO ......................................................................................... 56 SPRINGVALE .............................................................................................................. 61 AFRICAN STUDIES .......................................................................................................65 CALLAW AY'S ATTITUDE TOW ARDS THE AFRICAN PEOPLE.................. .................... 68 EPISCOPACY .............................................................................................................. 70 ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................. 72 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................•............... 75 ST. JOHNS BEFORE CALLAWAY ................................................................................... 75 AFRICAN LIFE. ........................................................................................................... 79 KINSHIP ............................................................................................................... 79 THE CHIEFS...... ................................................................................................ 81 LOSS OF POUTICAL POWER .... .............................................................................. 83 THE EROSION OF AFRICAN LIFE .................................................................................. 88 LOSS OF LAND ..................................................................................................... 89 LABOUR ................................................................................................................ 91 CHANGES IN GENDER ROLES AND FAMILY STRUCTURE ............................................. 94 THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN ................................................................................ 96 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER FOUR .............................••....•............................................•..••........................... 102 BLUEPRINT FOR A DIOCESE ...................................................................................... 102 DIFFICULTIES WITH BISHOP MACRORIE ................................................................... 104 STAFFING THE DIOCESE ........................................................................................... 107 THE FIRST SYNOD OF CLYDESDALE ......................................................................... 109 CLERGY FINANCES .................................................................................................... 111 EPISCOPAL SEAT....................................................................................................... 116 THE FOUNDING OF UMTATA ... ............................................................................ 116 THE DEVELOPMENT OF UMTATA ... .................................................................... 120 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIOCESE. .................................................................... 122 CLYDESDALE ....................................................................................................... 123 ST. MARKS ......................................................................................................... 124 ALL SAINTS AND ST. AUGUSTINES ................................................................... 124 THE NEED TO ESTABLISH SCHOOLS ......................................................................... 129 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SCHOOLS AT UMTATA .................................................... 131 THE HOSPITAL .......................................................................................................... 133 FULFILLMENT .............................................................................................................. CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................. 135 THE RESPONSE FROM THE PEOPLE OF ST. JOHN'S .................................................. 135 THE WAR OF NGCAYECIBI.. ...................................................................................... 142 THE WAR OF 1880 ..................................................................................................... 180 THE EFFECTS OF THE UPRISING ........................................................................ 154 CHAPTER SIX.............•...................................•..•....................................•..•..•.................... 158 TRAINING A BLACK PRIESTHOOD ............................................................................ 158 THE SPRINGVALE EXPERIENCE ................................................................................ 160 THE SYNOD OF PIETERMARITZBURG 1871.. .............................................................. 161 WILLIAM NGCWENSA AND UMPENGULA MBANDA. .. .......................................... 163 THE TRAINING ................................................................................................... 166 THE RESULTS OF THIS EXPERIMENT...........................................................
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