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Copyright by Caitlin Elizabeth Andrews-Lee 2019 Copyright by Caitlin Elizabeth Andrews-Lee 2019 The Dissertation Committee for Caitlin Elizabeth Andrews-Lee Certifies that this is the approved version of the following Dissertation: Charisma Lives On A Study of Peronism and Chavismo Committee: ____________________________________ Kurt Weyland, Supervisor ____________________________________ Raúl Madrid ____________________________________ Bethany Albertson ____________________________________ Daron Shaw ____________________________________ Javier Auyero Charisma Lives On A Study of Peronism and Chavismo by Caitlin Elizabeth Andrews-Lee Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2019 Acknowledgements Throughout the multi-year process of planning, researching, writing, and completing this dissertation, I depended on the support of many individuals and institutions. I am especially indebted to my supervisor, Kurt Weyland, whose mentorship, enthusiasm, and generous contributions of time and feedback were instrumental in shaping both my project and my career as a scholar. From our initial correspondence when I was a prospective graduate student in 2011 to the completion of my project eight years later, I have benefitted enormously from Kurt’s teaching and guidance. I strive to be as dedicated a mentor to my future students. I am also deeply grateful to the other members of my dissertation committee for offering advice, feedback, and encouragement. Bethany Albertson first introduced me to political psychology and the experimental method. With her guidance, I was able to enrich my project by incorporating original survey experiments. During my first year of graduate school, Raúl Madrid’s course on Democratic Consolidation pushed me to rigorously assess the effects of charismatic leadership on democracy; over the years, Raúl continued to strengthen my project through posing challenging questions and offering helpful suggestions to improve my theory and evidence. Daron Shaw provided valuable insights and literature about campaigns and elections, consistently encouraging me to think about the “big picture” beyond Latin America. Discussions with Javier Auyero, along with his written work, greatly deepened my understanding of Peronism. He also introduced me to contacts in Argentina who became my most invaluable and rewarding partners in research. Finally, my undergraduate advisor, Juan Lindau, helped sow the seeds for this project twelve years ago, nurtured my intellectual curiosity, and profoundly influenced my decision to pursue a career as a scholar. iv During my fifteen combined months of fieldwork in Argentina and Venezuela, many people made generous contributions of knowledge, time, and enthusiasm without which this project would not have reached its completion. In Argentina, I am especially grateful to Shila Vilker, Carlos Gervasoni, Natalia Arnuado, and Nicolás Papalía for their advice, support, and friendship. I also thank María Matilde Ollier, Sebastián Mazzuca, and Lucas González, whose help with my pilot survey experiment in 2013 was instrumental to the success of my full survey experiment three years later. I am also grateful to Noam Lupu and Luis Schiumerini for including my survey questions about charisma in the 2015 Argentine Panel Election Study. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella provided an institutional home away from home as well as the opportunity to present my research and receive feedback from some of the Argentina’s foremost experts on Peronism. In Venezuela, I thank Thais Maingon, Gerardo González, Alexandra Panzarelli, Fernando Pires, Félix Seijas Rodríguez, Deborah Vega, Ricardo Méndez, Douglas and Sonia Méndez, Elsa Fernández, Jael Palacios, and Ricardo Romero for entertaining my questions, deepening my understanding of Chavismo, and helping me navigate the challenges of daily life in Caracas, which were substantial. Benigno Alarcón and the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello also provided a valuable institutional affiliation during my fieldwork. In both countries, I am indebted to hundreds of other scholars, politicians, and voters who generously shared their time and experiences with me in the context of informal conversations, interviews, focus groups, and survey experiments. Several institutions provided financial support for my project. The Lozano Long Institute for Latin American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin funded summer fieldwork trips to Argentina and Venezuela through the Argentine Studies Program Grant v and the Tinker Summer Field Research Grant, respectively. Fulbright and the Institute for International Education provided the 9-month, U.S. Student Scholarship with which I conducted the rest of my fieldwork in Argentina. UT Austin’s Graduate School Continuing Fellowship supported an additional four semesters of my graduate education, including one semester of fieldwork in Venezuela and three semesters of dissertation writing. Finally, P.E.O. International funded my final year of graduate school as I completed my dissertation. I also thank the tremendous community of Ph.D. students I had the pleasure of knowing at UT Austin. In particular, the friendship, collaboration, and support of Kate Bersch, Katie Putnam, Kim Guiler, Jake Dizard, Riitta-Ilona Koivumaeki, Laura Gamboa-Guitérrez, Calla Hummel, Ken Miller, Austin Hart, Eduardo Dargent, Iasmin Goes, Daniel Weitzel, Nathalia Sandoval-Rojas, Brendan Apfeld, Chieh Kao, Tomas Burt, and many more made my life and work all the more rewarding. Finally, I am grateful to my family. My parents have always welcomed my pursuit of a liberal arts education, applauded my successes, and taught me to learn and grow from my mistakes. They have also followed me around the world, from Texas to Argentina to Japan, bringing a piece of home to me regardless of how far from Colorado I have strayed. My in-laws have graciously supported my ambitious career, even though it has meant moving their son and family hundreds of miles away from their home in Denver. Both sets of parents have doted on our son, Jamie, and have provided invaluable support when his parents have had to work during nights and weekends. Last but not least, I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my husband, Mark, who has lifted me up, made me laugh during even the most challenging times, and joined me on the wild and exhilarating adventure of parenthood. It is to him that I dedicate this dissertation. vi Charisma Lives On A Study of Peronism and Chavismo Caitlin Elizabeth Andrews-Lee, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2019 Supervisor: Kurt Weyland Conventional wisdom suggests that political movements founded by charismatic leaders must undergo “routinization” to survive beyond the death or disappearance of the founder. Yet charismatic movements have persisted or reemerged in countries as diverse as Argentina, Venezuela, Peru, Italy, and Thailand. Consequently, party systems in these countries remain deeply personalistic and vulnerable to authoritarian threats. Focusing on Argentine Peronism and Venezuelan Chavismo, my research investigates how such movements can survive without becoming thoroughly institutionalized. To explore this puzzle, I first examine citizens’ deep emotional attachments to the movement. Rather than becoming depersonalized through programmatic or organizational means, citizens’ bonds can survive by sustaining their original affective nature. Moreover, subsequent politicians can strategically reactivate citizens’ attachments and garner support by (1) symbolically associating themselves with the founder and (2) vii achieving bold, impressive performance to “rescue” the followers from their suffering. I illustrate the survival of charismatic attachments using public opinion data and original focus groups with Peronist and Chavista followers. To substantiate my theory of reactivation, I draw evidence from two survey experiments conducted in three distinct regions of Argentina and Venezuela. Next, I use elite interviews and archival research to analyze the conditions under which new leaders can implement these strategies to consolidate power. Whereas successors handpicked by the founder struggle to establish independent authority, self- starters who emerge years later enjoy more leeway to step out of the founder’s shadow. If self-starters can leverage a crisis to portray themselves as heroes and adopt the founder’s personalistic style, they can inherit his mantle and return the movement to power. Yet their success is temporary: Ungrounded institutionally, their daring policies eventually tend to collapse, causing followers to feel betrayed and seek out a more convincing successor to the founder. The short-lived successes and subsequent failures of new leaders cause charismatic movements to develop in a spasmodic fashion unlike the stable, linear trajectories of more conventional parties. The results suggest that these movements can survive without forming strong institutions. But their survival compromises citizens’ democratic representation and hinders the development of stable, programmatic parties. viii Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ xi List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... xii PART I: THEORETICAL DISCUSSION ..................................................................
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