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Democracies-In-Development-Politics Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. All rights reserved. Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. For more information visit our website: www.iadb.org/pub This pageintentionallyleftblank Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. All rights reserved. Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. For more information visit our website: www.iadb.org/pub DEMOCRACIES IN DEVELOPMENT Politics and Reform in Latin America J. Mark Payne, Daniel Zovatto G., and Mercedes Mateo Díaz Andrés Allamand Zavala, Fernando Carrillo-Flórez, Koldo Echebarría, Flavia Freidenberg, and Edmundo Jarquín Published by the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. All rights reserved. Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. For more information visit our website: www.iadb.org/pub Washington, D.C. 2007 ©2007 Inter-American Development Bank 1300 New York Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20577 Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the IDB. Produced by the IDB Office of External Relations 1st edition, 2002 Expanded and updated edition, 2007 To order this book, contact: IDB Bookstore Tel: (202) 623-1753 Fax: (202) 623-1709 E-mail: [email protected] www.iadb.org/pub The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Inter-American Development Bank. Cataloging-in-Publication data provided by the Inter-American Development Bank Felipe Herrera Library Democracies in development : politics and reform in Latin America / J. Mark Payne ... [et al.] “Expanded and updated edition, 2007” p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-59782-036-9 LCCN 2007920347 1. Elections—Latin America. 2. Latin America—Politics and government—1980-. 3. Latin America—Economic conditions—1982–. I. Payne, J. Mark. II. Inter-American Development Bank. III. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. IV. David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. All rights reserved. Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. For more information visit our website: www.iadb.org/pub 324 D36--dc21 JF1001 D36 2007 Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................vii Preface ....................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................1 The Role of the State and Politics in Latin American Development (1950–2005) Edmundo Jarquín and Koldo Echebarría Part I Institutions and Democracy (I): Election Rules and Regime Design Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................17 The Effects of Presidential Election Systems on Democratic Governability J. Mark Payne and Andrés Allamand Zavala Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................37 Legislative Electoral Systems and Democratic Governability J. Mark Payne Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................81 Balancing Executive and Legislative Prerogatives: The Role of Constitutional and Party-Based Factors J. Mark Payne Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................117 Institutions of Democratic Accountability in Latin America: All rights reserved. Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. For more information visit our website: www.iadb.org/pub Legal Design versus Actual Performance Fernando Carrillo-Flórez Part II Institutions and Democracy (II): Political Parties Chapter 6 ................................................................................................................................149 Party Systems and Democratic Governability J. Mark Payne Chapter 7 ................................................................................................................................179 Intraparty Democratic Processes and the Financing of Political Parties Daniel Zovatto G. and Flavia Freidenberg Part III Citizen Participation and Democracy Chapter 8 ................................................................................................................................221 Direct Democracy Institutions Daniel Zovatto G. Chapter 9 ................................................................................................................................241 Trends in Electoral Participation Mercedes Mateo Díaz and J. Mark Payne Chapter 10 ..............................................................................................................................271 Gauging Public Support for Democracy Mercedes Mateo Díaz, J. Mark Payne, and Daniel Zovatto G. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................301 Trends in Democratic Reform in Latin America The authors About the Authors .................................................................................................................317 Index .......................................................................................................................................319 CD-ROM Appendix 1 Summary of Selected Political Institutional Rules by Country Appendix 2 Electoral Turnout in Latin America, 1978–2006 Appendix 3 All rights reserved. Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. For more information visit our website: www.iadb.org/pub Results of Presidential and Legislative Elections, 1978–2006 iv Democracies in Development Foreword More than 200 years ago, Charles de Montesquieu and Adam Smith identified the rela- tionship between the well-being of nations and a sound legal framework capable of ensuring certain fundamental rights. Since that time, institutions have remained a signif- icant focus of discussion and debate in both academic and political forums. Throughout the past century, the vital role played by institutions has been examined by Ronald Coase and neo-institutionalist academics like Douglass North, acquiring renewed salience in the 1990s as research and thinking in the area converged to shed light on major world events. Today, demanding markets and increasingly globalized economies compel countries to have the capacity to adapt quickly to change. The necessary adaptability is built on many qualities—chief among them confidence in a predictable legal system and public policies; a reliable and flexible regulatory framework that stimulates business growth and labor market expansion; efficient investment in human capital and infrastructure; and social policies that cultivate both a well-prepared labor force and effective mechanisms of social protection. All these components necessarily depend on a system of strong institutions that facilitate the design and implementation of reforms that are sound, gradual, and well- adapted to specific realities. During the past 25 years, countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have expe- rienced the progressive consolidation of democratic freedoms, and political actors and citizens have accepted the rules of the electoral game. Representatives of the region’s governments have agreed to take part in competitive electoral processes in which they sub- ject their political performance to periodic voting. The current period is the region’s most protracted and geographically extensive electoral phase in history. In some cases, this has All rights reserved. Copyright © by the Inter-American Development Bank. For more information visit our website: www.iadb.org/pub brought considerable political realignment, the opening of representative institutions to new political groups and, certainly, along with that, the advancement of novel ideas. The current challenge is now to ensure that democratic institutions endure and are consolidated and strengthened by such processes. The present study focuses precisely on these institutions. It examines prevailing reform trends as well as the principal governance challenges confronting the region. It is our thesis that while the interactions, negotiations, and agreements among political actors are cer- tainly significant, even more significant are the institutions within which such interactions take place. Written in this spirit, this book is the result of a joint effort initiated by the Inter-American Development Bank and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance in 2002 with the publication of the first edition of Democracies in Development. The great demand for both the English and Spanish editions
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