The Power of Absence
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Juicio a Las Juntas Militares (Argentina)
Juicio a las juntas militares (Argentina) The 1985 trial of the Argentinean Military Junta Members is an historical trial which saw the prosecution of the leaders of the three first Argentinean juntas of 1976 – 1983. The hearings were held from 22 April to 9 December 1985. Due to the large number of victims, the Court selected 280 emblematic cases among the 709 cases presented by the Prosecution. The Prosecutor’s closing argument, with its “ ¡ nuncas mas !”, remains historical. On 9 December 1985, the verdict stated that the Military Juntas had “developed and implemented a criminal plan to fight terrorism, leaving considerable discretion to the junior officers of the armed forces to imprison those who where described as ‘subversives’ by the intelligence services; to torture them; to subject them to inhumane living conditions; and ultimately to decide freely on the final fate of their victims: being transferred to the legal system (judiciary or police), being released, or being simply executed” (unofficial translation of an extract of the judgment). Jorge Rafael Videla and Emilio Eduardo Massera (first Junta) were sentenced to life imprisonment. Roberto Eduardo Viola (second Junta) was sentenced to 17 years’ imprisonment, Armando Lambruschini (second Junta) to 8 years and Orlando Ramón Agosti (first Junta) to 4 years. Omar Graffigna (second Junta), Leopoldo Galtieri, Jorge Isaac Anaya et Basilio Lami Dozo (third Junta) were acquitted for lack of evidence. This trial is the first in South-America where former dictators were brought before judges by a democratic government. On 29 December 1990, Argentinean President Carlos Menen published Decree 2741/90 pardoning the accused sentenced during the 1985 trial. -
Ideas, 10 | Automne 2017 / Hiver 2018 the Long Itinerary to Normalization: the Cuban – Latin American Relations 2
IdeAs Idées d'Amériques 10 | Automne 2017 / Hiver 2018 États-Unis / Cuba : une nouvelle donne ? The Long Itinerary to Normalization: The Cuban – Latin American Relations Le long parcours vers la normalisation : les relations entre Cuba et l’Amérique latine El largo itinerario de normalización: las relaciones entre Cuba y América Latina Dirk Kruijt Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ideas/2162 DOI: 10.4000/ideas.2162 ISSN: 1950-5701 Publisher Institut des Amériques Electronic reference Dirk Kruijt, « The Long Itinerary to Normalization: The Cuban – Latin American Relations », IdeAs [Online], 10 | Automne 2017 / Hiver 2018, Online since 29 November 2017, connection on 23 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ideas/2162 ; DOI : 10.4000/ideas.2162 This text was automatically generated on 23 April 2019. IdeAs – Idées d’Amériques est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. The Long Itinerary to Normalization: The Cuban – Latin American Relations 1 The Long Itinerary to Normalization: The Cuban – Latin American Relations Le long parcours vers la normalisation : les relations entre Cuba et l’Amérique latine El largo itinerario de normalización: las relaciones entre Cuba y América Latina Dirk Kruijt Introduction1 1 In Cuba, since 1902 an American protectorate, a regime change took place (1959) that produced enormous consequences for Latin America and the Caribbean. This happened at a key moment in the Cold War. The two world powers during the next three decades tried to establish friendly relations and defense alliances with countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. -
Achieving Justice for Victims of Human Rights Violations by South American Military Regimes Roseann M
Boston College International and Comparative Law Review Volume 25 Issue 2 Symposium: Globalization & the Erosion of Article 12 Sovereignty in Honor of Professor Lichtenstein 5-1-2002 Coming Out of the Dark: Achieving Justice for Victims of Human Rights Violations by South American Military Regimes Roseann M. Latore Follow this and additional works at: http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Roseann M. Latore, Coming Out of the Dark: Achieving Justice for Victims of Human Rights Violations by South American Military Regimes , 25 B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 419 (2002), http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/iclr/vol25/iss2/12 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMING OUT OF THE DARK: ACIDEVING JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY SOUTH AMERICAN MILITARY REGIMES RosEANN M. LAToRE* Abstract: The military regimes of the countries of the Southern Cone of South America cooperated under Operation Condor to eradicate all political opposition throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The military leaders of these regimes are only now being brought to justice for their crimes, which include widespread killing and "disappearances" of political opponents and, in Argentina, the stealing of babies born to doomed political dissidents. It is only in the last decade that these crimes have been brought to light so that the perpetrators can be brought to justice and nations deeply wounded can begin to heal. -
The Politics of Torture in Great Britain, the United States, and Argentina, 1869-1977
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2014 Holes in the Historical Record: The olitP ics of Torture in Great Britain, the United States, and Argentina, 1869-1977 Lynsey Chediak Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Chediak, Lynsey, "Holes in the Historical Record: The oP litics of Torture in Great Britain, the United States, and Argentina, 1869-1977" (2014). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 875. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/875 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE Holes in the Historical Record: The Politics of Torture in Great Britain, the United States, and Argentina, 1869-1977 SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR LISA FORMAN CODY AND DEAN NICHOLAS WARNER BY LYNSEY CHEDIAK FOR SENIOR HISTORY THESIS SPRING 2014 April 28, 2014 Acknowledgments This thesis would not have been possible without the brilliant minds of my professors at Claremont McKenna College and the encouragement of my family. First, I would like to thank my reader and advisor, Professor Lisa Forman Cody. From my first day in her class, Professor Cody took what I was trying to say and made my statement, and me, sound ten times smarter. From that moment, I started to truly believe in the power of my ideas and a central tenet that made this thesis possible: there is no wrong answer in history, only evidence. Through countless hours of collaboration, Professor Cody spurred my ideas to levels I never could have imagined and helped me to develop my abilities to think critically and analytically of the historical record and the accuracy of sources. -
Map Room Files of President Roosevelt, 1939–1945
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of World War II Research Collections MAP ROOM FILES OF PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, 1939–1945 Map Room Ground Operations Files, 1941–1945 Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Blair D. Hydrick A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Map room files of President Roosevelt, 1939–1945. Map room ground operations files, 1941–1945 [microform] / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels ; 35 mm. — (World War II research collections) Reproduced from the presidential papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library. Accompanied by printed guide compiled by Blair D. Hydrick. ISBN 1-55655-513-X (microfilm) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—Sources. 2. United States— Armed Forces—History—World War, 1939–1945. 3. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945—Archives. 4. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882–1945—Military leadership—World War, 1939–1945. I. Lester, Robert. II. Hydrick, Blair. III. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library. IV. University Publications of America (Firm). V. Series. [D743] 940.53’73—dc20 94-42746 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are from the Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the custody of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, National Archives and Records Administration. Former President Roosevelt donated his literary rights in these documents to the public. © Copyright 1994 by University Publications of America. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-513-X. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................ vii Source and Editorial Note .................................................................................................... -
Swinging Back and Forth Between Impunity and Impeachment: the Struggle for Justice in Latin America and the International Criminal Court
Pace International Law Review Volume 19 Issue 2 Fall 2007 Article 3 September 2007 Swinging Back and Forth between Impunity and Impeachment: The Struggle for Justice in Latin America and the International Criminal Court Alberto L. Zuppi Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr Recommended Citation Alberto L. Zuppi, Swinging Back and Forth between Impunity and Impeachment: The Struggle for Justice in Latin America and the International Criminal Court, 19 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 195 (2007) Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol19/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pace International Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SWINGING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN IMPUNITY AND IMPEACHMENT: THE STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT Alberto L. Zuppi* I. INTRODUCTION: LATIN AMERICAN STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY The dreadful experiences endured in Latin America during the 1970's and 1980's evolved into a troubled transitional period before democracy began to consolidate. In those two decades, military rulers from all over the region displaced democratically elected governments through the use of force, and imprisoned, tortured and killed their opponents, including the baby-snatch- ing cases or trafficking with the newborn of murdered prison- ers.1 The term "desaparecido"was coined to name those who disappeared without a trace after being arrested by members of the security forces, burdening their relatives with the addi- tional anguish of not knowing the fate of their loved ones. -
Abuelas De Plaza De Mayo Photographs of 30 Years in Struggle
Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo Photographs of 30 Years in Struggle Idea Abel Madariaga Compilation and production Alejandro Reynoso Text José María Pasquini Durán Captions Guillermo Wulff Design and digital retouching Horacio Petre Translation Tamara Lamela We thank the photographers and the press for their collaboration in the production of this book Copyrighted according to Argentine Law 11723 2 Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo Photographs of 30 Years in Struggle 3 4 1 were arrested. Was it not irresponsible of the youth to procreate The Wait when their own lives were at risk? In any case, they did it because they were completely confident about victory and they deeply J. M. Pasquini Durán* believed in another possible world and in another possible life for future generations. After all, instances of glorious insubordination had taken place during the 60s: the Cordobazo, the Cuban Revolution, Some of the photographs in this book could belong to any the events of May 1968 in France, and the groundbreaking music of family album: their protagonists are not heroes or bandits, but just The Beatles, just to name a few among many others. At the outset, ordinary people, in most cases young men and women who only the 70s looked promising: Chile, for the first time, had a socialist differed in the type of dreams they had. Other photographs, by president popularly elected and, here, Argentina saw the end of the contrast, should be exhibited at a horror museum to be duly eighteen-year proscription of Peronismo, the country’s biggest condemned by future generations. The so very different pictures of popular political movement during the second half of the 20th this collection, beyond the good work of their authors, aim to century. -
Torture Or Genocide: Claiming the Truth on the Desaparecidos in Chile and Argentina
Master’s Degree Programme – Second Cycle (D.M. 270/2004 ) in Comparative International Relations Final Thesis Torture or Genocide: claiming the truth on the desaparecidos in Chile and Argentina Supervisor Ch. Prof. Sara De Vido Co- Supervisor Ch. Prof. Francesca Coin Graduand Teresa Tommasino Matriculation Number 833655 Academic Year 2014 / 2015 INDEX ABSTRACT 4 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER 1: Historical Background 11 1.1 The origins of Operation Condor 11 1.2 Operation Condor 17 1.3 Operation Condor and the military coup in Chile 20 1.4 The Chilean economic “miracle” 27 1.5 Military coup in Argentina 31 1.6 International Documents on the problem of enforced disappearances 36 CHAPTER 2: Torture as a strategy of political terror 44 2.1 The definition and prohibition of torture in International Law 44 a) International instruments 44 b) Regional instruments 56 2.2 The Shock Doctrine as a metaphor for torture 61 2.3 Torture in the detention centers 66 a) Kidnapping the enemy 66 b) The horror and torture wells 72 2.4 Prosecuting the torturers: Chile and Argentina after the coups 85 a) Prosecuting Pinochet 85 b) Fighting for the truth: Argentina cries out for “Nunca Más” 98 CHAPTER 3: The Genocidal characteristic of Chilean and Argentinian disappearances 108 3.1 Definition of Genocide and its constitutive elements 108 2 3.2 Analysis of the constitutive and omitted groups in the Convention 122 3.3 The Genocidal characteristic of political terror in Chile and Argentina 132 3.4 Claiming justice 142 3.5 Mothers of Plaza de Mayo: claiming the identity -
Manufacturing Firms in Argentina and Brazil
Technological capacity-building in unstable settings: Manufacturing firms in Argentina and Brazil Anabel Marín, Lilia Stubrin and María Amelia Gibbons ABSTRACT From the 1970s onward, the macroeconomic context in Argentina and Brazil was characterized by drastic economic changes and instability. Numerous studies have documented the generally negative effect of this environment on the innovation capacities of the manufacturing sector. This paper, however, analyses the possible emergence of new innovation capacities in the period, bringing two important phenomena to light. First, a quite substantial number of firms, even in unstable settings, redoubled their innovation efforts. Second, these firms are mainly found in a small group of sectors associated with the countries’ static advantages or in sectors favoured by specific sectoral regimes. The findings, although exploratory, are a contribution to the debate on the development of innovative capacities in unstable macroeconomic contexts and the ability of sectors associated with the two countries’ static advantages to generate spaces of innovation and value creation. KEYWORDS Industry, manufactures, economic conditions, technological innovations, research and development, statistical data, Argentina, Brazil JEL CLASSIFICATION O14, O25, O32 AUTHORS Anabel Marín is a researcher with the National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (conicet), the Research Centre for Industrial Transformation (cenit) and Tres de Febrero National University (untref ), Argentina. [email protected] Lilia Stubrin is a post-doctoral fellow at the Research Centre for Industrial Transformation (cenit), Argentina. [email protected] María Amelia Gibbons is a research assistant with the Research Centre for Industrial Transformation (cenit) and a teaching assistant at the University of San Andres, Argentina. -
Argentinian Photography During the Military Dictatorship (1976-1983)
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 9-2015 A Light in the Darkness: Argentinian Photography During the Military Dictatorship (1976-1983) Ana Tallone Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1152 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] A LIGHT IN THE DARKNESS: ARGENTINIAN PHOTOGRAPHY DURING THE MILITARY DICTATORSHIP (1976-1983) by Ana Tallone A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Art History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 © 2015 Ana Tallone All Rights Reserved ! ii! This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Art History in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Katherine Manthorne _____________________ ______________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Rachel Kousser ______________________ ______________________________ Date Executive Officer Geoffrey Batchen Anna Indych-López Jordana Mendelson Supervisory Committee ! iii! ABSTRACT A Light in the Darkness: Argentinian Photography During the Military Dictatorship (1976-1983) by Ana Tallone Adviser: Katherine Manthorne In 2006, on the thirtieth anniversary of the military coup that brought Argentinian democracy to a halt, a group of photojournalists put together an outstanding exhibition of images from the dictatorship.1 This dissertation critically engages with the most enduring photojournalistic works produced during this period and featured in the landmark retrospective. -
Reproductive Health Disparities in Latin America
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2014 Reproductive Health Disparities in Latin America Emily Mae Vala-Haynes University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, and the Public Health Education and Promotion Commons Recommended Citation Vala-Haynes, Emily Mae, "Reproductive Health Disparities in Latin America" (2014). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1479. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1479 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1479 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reproductive Health Disparities in Latin America Abstract Most countries in Latin America have completed or are approaching the completion of the fertility transition. Yet, the pace of the fertility decline in the region is characterized by vast inequalities. There are considerable cross-country and within-country differences, and women in lower socioeconomic strata continue to be more at risk of high adolescent and total fertility. This dissertation investigates reproductive health disparities in four Central American countries, Paraguay, and Argentina. Using Demographic and Reproductive Health Surveys, as well as a unique longitudinal dataset from Northern Argentina, I employ logistic regression, event history analysis, and logistic random effects techniques to examine the factors related to disparities in out-of-union childbearing, sexual behaviors in the transition to adulthood, and contraceptive use among indigenous women. I find that oungy age, residence in the capital region, and higher levels of religiosity and wealth are significantly related to out-of-union fertility in Paraguay. In Central America, age distributions for important events during the transition to adulthood have undergone little to no change over the past two decades. -
A Century of Us Military Interventions
FROM WOUNDED KNEE TO IRAQ: A CENTURY OF U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2009. by Dr. Zoltan Grossman SOUTH DAKOTA-1890-Troops-300 Lakota Indians massacred at YUGOSLAVIA-1919-Troops/Marines-intervene for Italy against Wounded Knee. Serbs in Dalmatia. ARGENTINA-1890-Troops -Buenos Aires interests protected. GUATEMALA -1920 –Troops-2-week intervention against CHILE -1891-Troops-Marines clash with nationalist rebels. unionists. HAITI -1891-Troops-Black revolt on Navassa defeated. WEST VIRGINIA -1920-21-Troops, bombing -Army intervenes IDAHO-1892-Troops-Army suppresses silver miners' strike. against mineworkers. HAWAII -1893 (-?) -Naval, troops-Independent kingdom TURKEY-1922-Troops-Fought nationalists in Smyrna. overthrown, annexed. CHINA-1922-27-Naval, troops-Deployment during nationalist CHICAGO -1894-Troops-Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed. revolt. NICARAGUA -1894-Troop -Month-long occupation of Bluefields. HONDURAS-1924-25-Troops -Landed twice during election strife. CHINA-1894-95-Naval, troops-Marines land in Sino-Japanese War PANAMA -1925-Troops-Marines suppress general strike. KOREA-1894-96-Troops-Marines kept in Seoul during war. CHINA-1927-34-Troops -Marines stationed throughout the PANAMA-1895-Troops, naval-Marines land in Colombian province. country. NICARAGUA-1896-Troops-Marines land in port of Corinto. EL SALVADOR-1932-Naval-Warships send during Marti revolt. CHINA-1898-1900-Troops-Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign WASHINGTON DC -1932-Troops-Army stops WWI vet bonus armies. protest. PHILIPPINES -1898-1910-(-?)-Naval, troops-Seized from Spain, WORLD WAR II-1941-45-Naval, troops, bombing, nuclear -Hawaii killed 600,000 Filipinos bombed, fought Japan, Italy and Germay for 3 years; first CUBA-1898-1902 (-?) Naval, troops-Seized from Spain, still hold nuclear war.