Avalik-Õigusliku Ringhäälingu Legitimatsioon: Eesti Kogemus Rahvusvahelises Kontekstis

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Avalik-Õigusliku Ringhäälingu Legitimatsioon: Eesti Kogemus Rahvusvahelises Kontekstis TARTU ÜLIKOOL Sotsiaalteaduskond Ajakirjanduse ja kommunikatsiooni osakond Andres Jõesaar AVALIK-ÕIGUSLIKU RINGHÄÄLINGU LEGITIMATSIOON: EESTI KOGEMUS RAHVUSVAHELISES KONTEKSTIS Magistritöö Juhendaja: prof. Marju Lauristin Tartu 2005 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS.............................................................................................................. 4 1. RINGHÄÄLINGU LEGITIMATSIOONI MÕISTMINE ........................................... 9 1.1 Avalik sfäär ja turumajandus.................................................................................. 9 1.2 Legitimatsiooni mõiste ja selle rakendamine avalik-õiguslikule ringhäälingule . 13 1.3 Habermas’i kommunikatsiooniteooria ja kriisi tunnused..................................... 15 1.3.1 Ringhäälingusektori sisene ja sotsiaalne legitimatsioon ............................... 23 1.4 Eesti ringhääling Habermas’i kommunikatsiooniteooria taustal.......................... 24 2. EUROOPA KOGEMUS ............................................................................................ 34 2.1 Avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu Euroopa traditsioon ............................................. 34 2.1.1 Suurbritannia ................................................................................................. 36 2.1.2 Prantsusmaa................................................................................................... 39 2.1.3 Saksamaa ....................................................................................................... 40 2.1.4 Holland .......................................................................................................... 41 2.1.5 Põhjamaad ..................................................................................................... 42 2.1.6 Itaalia, Shveits, Belgia................................................................................... 43 2.2 Avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu legitimatsiooni kriis ja Euroopa Liidu meediapoliitika ........................................................................................................... 45 2.2.1 Teleringhäälingu regulatsioon ....................................................................... 49 3. AVALIK-ÕIGUSLIKU RINGHÄÄLINGU RAHASTAMINE KUI LEGITIMATSIOONI PROOVIKVI.............................................................................. 62 3.1 Avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu rolli defineerimine............................................... 62 3.2 Võitlus avalik-õiguslike ringhäälingute rahastamismudelite ümber .................... 69 4. AVALIK-ÕIGUSLIKU RINGHÄÄLINGU LEGITIMATSIOONI KUJUNEMISE PROTSESS..................................................................................................................... 75 4.1 Ida-Euroopa kogemus........................................................................................... 75 4.2 Eesti avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu üldine võrdlus Ida-Euroopa kriisi tunnustega .................................................................................................................................... 76 4.3 Avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu poliitilise ja majandusliku legitiimsuse kujunemise protsess Eestis............................................................................................................. 78 4.3.1 Poliitiline legitimatsioon. .............................................................................. 79 4.3.2 Majanduslik legitimatsioon ........................................................................... 80 4.3.3 2001.aasta konsensuslik kokkulepe............................................................... 86 4.3.4 Avalik-õiguslik ringhääling lahkub reklaamiturult – 2001.aasta ringhäälinguseaduse muudatus............................................................................... 87 5. EESTI TELEVISIOONI JA EESTI RAADIO ARENGUKAVA AASTATEKS 2003- 2005 KUI KATSE LEGITIMEERIDA AVALIK-ÕIGUSLIKKU RINGHÄÄLINGUT EESTIS ........................................................................................................................... 91 5.1 Arengukava ettevalmistamise eeltingimused ....................................................... 91 5.2 Arengukava loomise protsess ............................................................................... 93 5.3 Arengukava menetlemine kultuurikomisjonis...................................................... 94 5.4 Arengukava praktiline rakendamine..................................................................... 96 5.5 Arengukava ebaõnnestumise põhjused................................................................. 99 2 5.6 Avalik õigusliku ringhäälingu legitiimsust kujundanud protsessid aastatel 2003- 2005 .......................................................................................................................... 101 5.6.1 KPMG raport ............................................................................................... 101 5.6.2 Roadmap...................................................................................................... 102 5.6.3 Rahvusringäälingu arengustrateegia aastateks 2006-2008.......................... 104 5.6.4 Eesti Rahvusringhäälingu seaduse eelnõu väljatöötamine .......................... 105 5.6.5 Perioodi 2003-2005 peamised tähised avalik-õiguslikus ringhäälingus ..... 107 6. RAHVUSRINGHÄÄLINGU SEADUSE EELNÕU - UUS KATSE AVALIK- ÕIGUSLIKU RINGHÄÄLINGU LEGITIMATSIOONI TÕSTMISEKS................... 109 6.1 Eesti Rahvusringhäälingu seaduse eelnõu loomise lähtekohad.......................... 109 6.2 Eesti Rahvusringhäälingu seaduse eelnõu ERR eesmärkidest ja ülesannetest... 111 6.3 Eesti Rahvusringhäälingu leping riigiga ............................................................ 114 7. DISKUSSIOON ....................................................................................................... 117 8. JÄRELDUSED JA KOKKUVÕTE ......................................................................... 120 9. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 123 10. KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS ................................................................................ 125 11. LISAD .................................................................................................................... 131 11.1 Euroopa ringhäälingute regulaatorid ja avalik-õiguslikud telekanalid............. 132 11.2 Euroopa riikide üleriiklike era-õiguslike ja avalik-õiguslike telekanalite jaotus leviliigi järgi ............................................................................................................. 135 11.3 Suurbritannia telekanalid.................................................................................. 136 11.4 Prantsusmaa telekanalid ................................................................................... 142 11.5 Saksamaa telekanalid........................................................................................ 146 11.6 Hollandi telekanalid.......................................................................................... 149 11.7 Norra telekanalid .............................................................................................. 150 11.8 Eesti telekanalid................................................................................................ 151 12. ALLIKAD .............................................................................................................. 152 3 SISSEJUHATUS Töö eesmärgiks on rahvusvahelise meediapoliitika ning detailsemalt Euroopa Liidu meediapoliitika kujunemise taustal analüüsida Eesti avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu (AÕR) legitimatsiooni ja seda protsessi mõjutanud tegureid ning nende analüüside tulemuste alusel pakkuda välja võimalikud lahendused avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu tugevamaks legitimiseerimiseks Eesti Vabariigis. Legitimatsiooni kaudu väljendub AÕRi tunnustatus. AÕRi eksisteerimise eelduseks on avaliku huvi olemasolu tunnustamine – ühiskond mõistab AÕRi vajalikkust lähtudes avaliku huvi rahuldamise vajadusest. Üheks AÕRi legitimatsiooni väljenduseks on seadusandlus ja selle kujunemine. Eriti selgelt tuleb AÕRi legitimatsioon välja läbi AÕRi rahastamise. Sellest johtuvalt keskendutakse töös AÕRi poliitilise ja majandusliku legitimatsiooni küsimustele. Jakubowicz’i (2004) järgi näitavad Ida-Euroopa siirderiikide riigiringhäälingute transformatsiooniprotsessi uuringud selgelt, et avalik-õigusliku ringhäälingu loomine on paljuski ebaõnnestunud. Siirderiikides ei ole õnnestunud muuta endisi riigiringhäälinguid normaalselt toimivateks avalik-õiguslikeks ringhäälinguteks. Avalik- õigusliku ringhäälingu kontekstis ei ole Eesti siirderiikide seas erand. Shein võtab taasiseseisvunud Eesti Vabariigi ringhäälingu arenguprobleemid kokku järgmiselt: “Kõige keerukamaks osutus kaks aspekti: selge arusaama kujunemine avaliku ringhäälingu missioonist, sotsiaalsest ja kultuurilisest rollist kaasaegses demokraatias ja kodanikuühiskonnas ning Eesti oludele sobiva ringhäälingu organisatsioonilise ja finantseerimismudeli leidmine (Shein 2004:190)”. Loetletud küsimused pole tänaseni lahendust leidnud. AÕRi piisavaks ja stabiilseks arenguks vajalike lahenduste (sh rahastamise aluseks oleva finantseerimisskeemi) leidmine ja rakendamine on kogu Eesti Vabariigi taasiseseisvumise perioodi vältel olnud problemaatiline ning toimivat kompleksset lahendust ei ole tänaseni veel suudetud rakendada. Töös lähtutakse oletusest, et Eesti meediapoliitikas AÕRi jaoks positiivsete lahenduste leidmise takistuseks on ühiskonnas puuduv üksmeel
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