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Spider Field Guide North America
Spider Field Guide North America Worldly and oldish Mitch cauterising commensally and suberizes his trovers amok and puissantly. Kirby is tricuspidate and overplays hourly while horror-struck French slummings and motorised. Unpraising Juanita backcomb avoidably. Clean up arm in garages, Bugwood. Nice photos of a decent size that make the bugs and spiders very visible. The posterior eye row is either straight or slightly recurved, Bugwood. Presence of skeleton signals that request is progressively loaded. Other, based on the features you use or your age. Is currently providing a north america and organic matter how you are opportunistic ambush predators of. Cellar spiders in north america re looking at them. Spider is found in the family Dysderidae or the Dysderid spiders. Look like spiders commonly seen wandering, spider a north america except occasionally been shared among north. As a field guides and there are cryptically colored to a video of america, in this platform clean orderly web type indicate species. Also note when fine hairs on the legs, details, or under bark. National Audubon Society Field Guides Audubon. The Funnel web weavers. The range of the brown recluse spider does not extend into Canada. Bites or stings from a variety of arthropods can result in an itching wound. For write more advanced view of spiders currently covered by Spider ID you create also. These animals with their posterior to north america, field guide selection for? These from some explain the biggest spiders in eastern North America; not including their legs, and other buildings. Audubon Insects and Spiders receives the Parent Tested Parent Approved Award. -
Molecular Insights Into the Phylogenetic Structure of the Spider
MolecularBlackwell Publishing Ltd insights into the phylogenetic structure of the spider genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae) and the origin of the Hawaiian Theridion-like fauna MIQUEL A. ARNEDO, INGI AGNARSSON & ROSEMARY G. GILLESPIE Accepted: 9 March 2007 Arnedo, M. A., Agnarsson, I. & Gillespie, R. G. (2007). Molecular insights into the phylo- doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2007.00280.x genetic structure of the spider genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae) and the origin of the Hawaiian Theridion-like fauna. — Zoologica Scripta, 36, 337–352. The Hawaiian happy face spider (Theridion grallator Simon, 1900), named for a remarkable abdominal colour pattern resembling a smiling face, has served as a model organism for under- standing the generation of genetic diversity. Theridion grallator is one of 11 endemic Hawaiian species of the genus reported to date. Asserting the origin of island endemics informs on the evolutionary context of diversification, and how diversity has arisen on the islands. Studies on the genus Theridion in Hawaii, as elsewhere, have long been hampered by its large size (> 600 species) and poor definition. Here we report results of phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of five genes conducted on five diverse species of Hawaiian Theridion, along with the most intensive sampling of Theridiinae analysed to date. Results indicate that the Hawai- ian Islands were colonised by two independent Theridiinae lineages, one of which originated in the Americas. Both lineages have undergone local diversification in the archipelago and have convergently evolved similar bizarre morphs. Our findings confirm para- or polyphyletic status of the largest Theridiinae genera: Theridion, Achaearanea and Chrysso. -
Spider Biology Unit
Spider Biology Unit RET I 2000 and RET II 2002 Sally Horak Cortland Junior Senior High School Grade 7 Science Support for Cornell Center for Materials Research is provided through NSF Grant DMR-0079992 Copyright 2004 CCMR Educational Programs. All rights reserved. Spider Biology Unit Overview Grade level- 7th grade life science- heterogeneous classes Theme- The theme of this unit is to understand the connection between form and function in living things and to investigate what humans can learn from other living things. Schedule- projected time for this unit is 3 weeks Outline- *Activity- Unique spider facts *PowerPoint presentation giving a general overview of the biology of spiders with specific examples of interest *Lab- Spider observations *Cross-discipline activity #1- Spider short story *Activity- Web Spiders and Wandering spiders *Project- create a 3-D model of a spider that is anatomically correct *Project- research a specific spider and create a mini-book of information. *Activity- Spider defense pantomime *PowerPoint presentation on Spider Silk *Lab- Fiber Strength and Elasticity *Lab- Polymer Lab *Project- Spider silk challenge Support for Cornell Center for Materials Research is provided through NSF Grant DMR-0079992 Copyright 2004 CCMR Educational Programs. All rights reserved. Correlation to the NYS Intermediate Level Science Standards (Core Curriculum, Grades 5-8): General Skills- #1. Follow safety procedures in the classroom and laboratory. #2. Safely and accurately use the following measurement tools- Metric ruler, triple beam balance #3. Use appropriate units for measured or calculated values #4. Recognize and analyze patterns and trends #5. Classify objects according to an established scheme and a student-generated scheme. -
Gillespie, RG 1989. Diet-Induced Color Change in the Hawaiian Happy
Gillespie, R. G . 1989 . Diet-induced color change in the Hawaiian happy-face spider Theridion grallator (Araneae, Theridiidae) . J . Arachnol ., 17:171-177 . DIET-INDUCED COLOR CHANGE IN THE HAWAIIAN HAPPY-FACE SPIDER THERIDION GRALLATOR, (ARANEAE, THERIDIIDAE) Rosemary G. Gillespie' Department of Entomology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822' USA ABSTRACT The Hawaiian happy-face spider Theridion grallator,Simon is a smalll spider, endemic to Hawaii, where it is found under leaves in the wet and mesic forests . The abdomen is pale, translucent yellow, but variable amounts of red, black or white pigment may be superimposed on this to generate a host of patterned morphs . The translucence of the abdomen may enhance crypsis against predators searching the underside of leaves ; the variability in the superimposed pattern may serve to counteract the development of a search image by the predator . The present study documents plasticity in base coloration, which can changee rapidly and markedly following ingestion of certain types of prey . This may be merely a consequence of abdominal translucence . But it is interesting to note that it adds a whole new dimension to the color polymorphism of the species . INTRODUCTION Color change in animals is a widespread phenomenon . It is generally associated with a change in physiological state . This in turn may be induced by ontogenetic or environmental changes, or stress . In spiders, color change is known to occur under a variety of circumstances . Ontogenetic modifictions are widespread, with the adult coloration being attained in the final molt (Bonnet 1933; Homann 1946; Millot 1949). More rapid changes in color pattern have been noted in spiders of the family Araneidae, which accumulate guanine beneath the cuticle during periods of starvation, thereby developing a pattern of opaque white blotches over the abdomen (Foelix 1979) . -
Formatting Your Paper for Submission in the Moorea Class Journal
UC Berkeley Student Research Papers, Fall 2012 Title Coloration in relation to ecology in the Asian spiny-backed spider, Thelacantha brevispina (Araneae, Araneidae) on Moorea, French Polynesia Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5524p5x6 Author Truong, Hua Publication Date 2012-12-12 Undergraduate eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California COLORATION IN RELATION TO ECOLOGY IN THE ASIAN SPINY-BACKED SPIDER, THELACANTHA BREVISPINA (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE) ON MOOREA, FRENCH POLYNESIA HUA S. TRUONG Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA Abstract. Color polymorphism is a widespread phenomenon in many arthropods, including spiders. The persistence of these visible, readily measured polymorphisms over time suggests that they carry adaptive functions and thus are maintained by natural selection. Studying polymorphism is useful for examining evolution in action and the different modes of selection operating to maintain different morph patterns. The color polymorphic spiny-backed spider, Thelacantha brevispina, was surveyed on Moorea, French Polynesia to understand distribution, prey abundance, and density across coastal and forest habitats. In addition, split-brood and laboratory reciprocal transplant experiments were conducted to determine whether coloration was due to genes or a result of phenotypic plasticity. Quantitative field surveys revealed a negative relationship between spider density and prey abundance, with lower prey counts in coastal habitats but prey yielded higher energy value. Spiders were found on a variety of habitats with diverse prey species. The split-brood design showed that a genetic origin of coloration is likely with strong maternal effects and distinct color differences among sites. The reciprocal transplant confirmed the lack of a plastic response to rearing habitats. -
Environmental Review 500 MW Geothermal Development
Environmental Review 500 MW Geothermal Development PRELIMINARY DRAFT Technical Description and Environmental Setting December 12, 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION A. OVERVIEW I-1 B. GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL I-1 C. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT I-2 D. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS I-4 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT A. OVERVIEW OF THE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY CONVERSION PROCESS II-1 B. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS II-2 C. DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT II-3 D. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF GEOTHERMAL WELLS II-5 E. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS II-14 F. POWER TRANSMISSION II-24 G. CONVERTER STATION II-27 H. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES II-27 III. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING A. GEOLOGY AND SOILS III-a1 B. METEOROLOGY, AIR QUALITY AND NOISE III-b1 C. HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY III-c1 D. CULTURAL RESOURCES III-d1 E. FLORA AND FAUNA III-e1 IV. ECONOMICS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING A. ASSUMPTIONS IV-1 B. ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS IV-2 C. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING IV-6 PART I: INTRODUCTION A. OVERVIEW Hawaii presently relies upon petroleum fuel to supply 90 percent of its total energy needs, making the State vulnerable to sudden shortages in supply or escalations in the price of this diminishing source of energy. A major goal for the state in the State Energy Functional Plan (OPED, 1984), is to reduce Hawaii's dependency on oil through the use of alternate forms of energy. As stated in the Functional Plan, it is a priority objective for the State to "Accelerate the transition to an indigenous renewable energy economy by facilitating private sector activities to explore supply options and achieve local commercialization and application of appropriate energy technologies." Geothermal heat as an alternative energy source was first explored for commercial use in Hawaii in 1961, when four test holes were drilled in the Kilauea East Rift Zone by a private company. -
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Multi-tissue transcriptomics of the black widow spider reveals expansions, co-options, and functional processes of the silk gland gene toolkit. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95h4x800 Journal BMC genomics, 15(1) ISSN 1471-2164 Authors Clarke, Thomas H Garb, Jessica E Hayashi, Cheryl Y et al. Publication Date 2014-05-23 DOI 10.1186/1471-2164-15-365 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Clarke et al. BMC Genomics 2014, 15:365 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/15/365 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Multi-tissue transcriptomics of the black widow spider reveals expansions, co-options, and functional processes of the silk gland gene toolkit Thomas H Clarke1, Jessica E Garb2, Cheryl Y Hayashi3, Robert A Haney2, Alexander K Lancaster4,5, Susan Corbett2 and Nadia A Ayoub1* Abstract Background: Spiders (Order Araneae) are essential predators in every terrestrial ecosystem largely because they have evolved potent arsenals of silk and venom. Spider silks are high performance materials made almost entirely of proteins, and thus represent an ideal system for investigating genome level evolution of novel protein functions. However, genomic level resources remain limited for spiders. Results: We de novo assembled a transcriptome for the Western black widow (Latrodectus hesperus) from deeply sequenced cDNAs of three tissue types. Our multi-tissue assembly contained ~100,000 unique transcripts, of which > 27,000 were annotated by homology. Comparing transcript abundance among the different tissues, we identified 647 silk gland-specific transcripts, including the few known silk fiber components (e.g. -
Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration
P1: SKH/ary P2: MBL/vks QC: MBL/agr T1: MBL October 27, 1997 17:44 Annual Reviews AR048-27 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1998. 43:619–43 Copyright c 1998 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY OF SPIDER COLORATION G. S. Oxford Department of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York YO1 5YW, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] R. G. Gillespie Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 409, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; e-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: color, crypsis, genetics, guanine, melanism, mimicry, natural selection, pigments, polymorphism, sexual dimorphism ABSTRACT Genetic color variation provides a tangible link between the external phenotype of an organism and its underlying genetic determination and thus furnishes a tractable system with which to explore fundamental evolutionary phenomena. Here we examine the basis of color variation in spiders and its evolutionary and ecological implications. Reversible color changes, resulting from several mechanisms, are surprisingly widespread in the group and must be distinguished from true genetic variation for color to be used as an evolutionary tool. Genetic polymorphism occurs in a large number of families and is frequently sex limited: Sex linkage has not yet been demonstrated, nor have the forces promoting sex limitation been elucidated. It is argued that the production of color is metabolically costly and is principally maintained by the action of sight-hunting predators. Key avenues for future research are suggested. INTRODUCTION Differences in color and pattern among individuals have long been recognized as providing a tractable system with which to address fundamental evolutionary questions (57). -
E:\WEB Work\Spiders Backup\Indian Journal Of
© Indian Society of Arachnology ISSN 2278 - 1587 A NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS HYGROPODA (ARANEAE: PISAURIDAE) FROM INDIA Ganesh Vankhede; Seema Keswani and Anuradha Rajoria Arachnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602 [email protected] ABSTRACT A new species of the genus Hygropoda belonging to the family Pisauridae is being reported for the first time from Mahendri forest, Maharashtra, India. Both male and female of Hygropoda are illustrated from specimens collected from riparian ecosystem of Mahendri. The species described in this paper is new to Indian fauna. Keywords: Pisauridae, Hygropoda, new record, Mahendri (India), Taxonomy INTRODUCTION In the winter of 2012, a team of Indian Society of Arachnology discovered an interesting female spider from family Pisauridae which was sitting on a longitudinally folded leaf. Males were seen overhanging with their flexible tarsi. Mature spiders of both sexes were collected. Hygropoda is a wide spread genus, including 27 species, from Africa through south-east Asia, New Guinea to China (Platnick, 2013). Three species of the genus are known from India up to the present (Keswani et al., 2012). H. chandrakantii (Reddy & Patel, 1993); H.gracilis (Thorell, 1891) and H. sikkimus (Tikader, 1970). Initially they were identified as Tinus chandrakantii and Tinus sikkimus, recently they are transferred to Hygropoda (Jäger, 2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS Spiders both males and females were collected by hand during September, 2012 from Mahendri Reserve Forest Maharashtra, India during night at about 11pm. Photographs of live specimens were taken with Fugi camera. The material was preserved in 70% alcohol with all legs and pedipalp spread properly by following a method as described earlier (Vankhede, 2012). -
Environmental Assessment
Final Environmental Assessment Kohala Mountain Watershed Management Project Districts of Hāmākua, North Kohala, and South Kohala County of Hawai‘i Island of Hawai‘i In accordance with Chapter 343, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes Proposed by: Kohala Watershed Partnership P.O. Box 437182 Kamuela, HI 96743 October 15, 2008 Table of Contents I. Summary................................................................................................................ .... 3 II. Overall Project Description ................................................................................... .... 6 III. Description of Actions............................................................................................ .. 10 IV. Description of Affected Environments .................................................................. .. 18 V. Summary of Major Impacts and Mitigation Measures........................................... .. 28 VI. Alternatives Considered......................................................................................... .. 35 VII. Anticipated Determination, Reasons Supporting the Anticipated Determination.. .. 36 VIII. List of Permits Required for Project...................................................................... .. 39 IX. Environmental Assessment Preparation Information ............................................ .. 40 X. References ............................................................................................................. .. 40 XI. Appendices ........................................................................................................... -
Tarsal Scopula Significance in Ischnocolinae Phylogenetics (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)
2005. The Journal of Arachnology 33:456±467 TARSAL SCOPULA SIGNIFICANCE IN ISCHNOCOLINAE PHYLOGENETICS (ARANEAE, MYGALOMORPHAE, THERAPHOSIDAE) Jose Paulo Leite Guadanucci: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, Instituto de BiocieÃncias da Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, Av. NazareÂ, 481, Ipiranga, CEP: 04263±000 SaÄo Paulo, SPÐBrazil. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Tarsal scopula condition and carapace length were studied for eighteen Ischnocolinae species. For cladistic analysis a matrix of 20 terminals and 30 characters of representatives of Ischnocol- inae, Theraphosinae, Aviculariinae, Harpactirinae and Trichopelmatinae were analyzed using Nona 2.0 computer software. The matrix was analyzed in four different ways: 1. each tarsal scopula (legs I±IV) coded as separate characters; 2. one character with six ordered states; 3. one character with six independent states; 4. without tarsal scopula character. The ®rst two matrices result in one tree with the same indices (L 5 72; CI 5 0.54; RI 5 0.74) and topology: Part of Ischnocolinae is monophyletic (H. rondoni(S. longibulbi(I. algericus1Catumiri))) and the other representatives (Oligoxystre and Genus 1) form a distinct monophyletic group with Theraphosinae, Harpactirinae and Aviculariinae. There are no homoplasies in tarsal scopula evolution in the second cladogram. The other two cladograms show less resolution for the Ischnocolinae than the two ®rst cladorams. The tarsal scopula condition appears to have no relation to spider size (t 520.80433; P 5 0.438247) and should be used in phylogenetic analysis of Ischnocolinae because it provides information on the character variability within the subfamily. Keywords: Phylogeny, South America, cladistics The condition of the tarsal scopula has had subfamily based on a plesiomorphic character an important role in the systematics of the Is- state (divided tarsal scopula), the situation of chnocolinae Simon 1892. -
Multiple Co-Evolution of Web Loss and Sticky Hairs in Spiders
The Great Silk Alternative: Multiple Co-Evolution of Web Loss and Sticky Hairs in Spiders Jonas O. Wolff1*, Wolfgang Nentwig2, Stanislav N. Gorb1 1 Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 2 Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse, Bern, Switzerland Abstract Spiders are the most important terrestrial predators among arthropods. Their ecological success is reflected by a high biodiversity and the conquest of nearly every terrestrial habitat. Spiders are closely associated with silk, a material, often seen to be responsible for their great ecological success and gaining high attention in life sciences. However, it is often overlooked that more than half of all Recent spider species have abandoned web building or never developed such an adaptation. These species must have found other, more economic solutions for prey capture and retention, compensating the higher energy costs of increased locomotion activity. Here we show that hairy adhesive pads (scopulae) are closely associated with the convergent evolution of a vagrant life style, resulting in highly diversified lineages of at least, equal importance as the derived web building taxa. Previous studies often highlighted the idea that scopulae have the primary function of assisting locomotion, neglecting the fact that only the distal most pads (claw tufts) are suitable for those purposes. The former observations, that scopulae are used in prey capture, are largely overlooked. Our results suggest the scopulae evolved as a substitute for silk in controlling prey and that the claw tufts are, in most cases, a secondary development. Evolutionary trends towards specialized claw tufts and their composition from a low number of enlarged setae to a dense array of slender ones, as well as the secondary loss of those pads are discussed further.