DOCSLIB.ORG

Tarsal Scopula Significance in Ischnocolinae Phylogenetics (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tarsal Scopula Significance in Ischnocolinae Phylogenetics (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) 2005. The Journal of Arachnology 33:456±467 TARSAL SCOPULA SIGNIFICANCE IN ISCHNOCOLINAE PHYLOGENETICS (ARANEAE, MYGALOMORPHAE, THERAPHOSIDAE) Jose Paulo Leite Guadanucci: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, Instituto de BiocieÃncias da Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, Av. NazareÂ, 481, Ipiranga, CEP: 04263±000 SaÄo Paulo, SPÐBrazil. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Tarsal scopula condition and carapace length were studied for eighteen Ischnocolinae species. For cladistic analysis a matrix of 20 terminals and 30 characters of representatives of Ischnocol- inae, Theraphosinae, Aviculariinae, Harpactirinae and Trichopelmatinae were analyzed using Nona 2.0 computer software. The matrix was analyzed in four different ways: 1. each tarsal scopula (legs I±IV) coded as separate characters; 2. one character with six ordered states; 3. one character with six independent states; 4. without tarsal scopula character. The ®rst two matrices result in one tree with the same indices (L 5 72; CI 5 0.54; RI 5 0.74) and topology: Part of Ischnocolinae is monophyletic (H. rondoni(S. longibulbi(I. algericus1Catumiri))) and the other representatives (Oligoxystre and Genus 1) form a distinct monophyletic group with Theraphosinae, Harpactirinae and Aviculariinae. There are no homoplasies in tarsal scopula evolution in the second cladogram. The other two cladograms show less resolution for the Ischnocolinae than the two ®rst cladorams. The tarsal scopula condition appears to have no relation to spider size (t 520.80433; P 5 0.438247) and should be used in phylogenetic analysis of Ischnocolinae because it provides information on the character variability within the subfamily. Keywords: Phylogeny, South America, cladistics The condition of the tarsal scopula has had subfamily based on a plesiomorphic character an important role in the systematics of the Is- state (divided tarsal scopula), the situation of chnocolinae Simon 1892. The scopula shows the group's systematics is very confusing. Ra- ontogenetic differentiation, being divided in ven (1985) considered Ischnocolinae a para- all juvenile Theraphosidae and becoming en- phyletic group that should have been revised tire in adults of some groups (Pocock 1897; at the generic level and grouped into mono- Gerschman de Pikelin & Schiapelli 1973; phyletic units. However, since the description PeÂrez-Miles, 1994). The condition of the tar- of the type-genus Ischnocolus Ausserer 1871, sal scopula has been considered a good taxo- only a few genera have been revised. Gersch- nomic tool and has already been used to di- man de Pikelin & Schiapelli (1973) revised agnose genera and species groups in the subfamily as a whole but of the 42 genera Theraphosidae. Its use in phylogenetics is included in this study, only 10 are in fact Is- questionable since, within the Theraphosinae, chnocolinae representatives. The remaining 12 the presence of a divided scopula is related to were subsequently synonymyzed or trans- small sized species (PeÂrez-Miles 1994). Char- ferred to other families and subfamilies. Rud- acterized as theraphosids with a divided tarsal loff (1997) revised the genus Holothele scopula (plesiomorphic state), Ischnocolinae Karsch 1879 but did not present a diagnosis is considered a paraphyletic group. Ischnocol- of the genus and its species; the identi®cation inae is the subfamily of Theraphosidae Tho- key does not include all the species and the rell 1869 that shows the broadest geographic structures are poorly illustrated. Smith (1990) distribution, with species occurring in north- published a taxonomic revision of European ern, central and eastern Africa, Seychelles, the and African Ischnocolinae and presented de- Middle-East, the Mediterranean region, cen- scriptions and diagnoses for all genera. tral and south Americas and the Antilles For over a century, the tarsal scopula state (Smith 1990; Rudloff 1997; Vol 2001). Con- ``divided by a longitudinal band of setae'' was sidering that Ischnocolinae was proposed as a used in Theraphosidae taxonomy (PeÂrez-Miles 456 GUADANUCCIÐTARSAL SCOPULA SIGNIFICANCE 457 1994). Gerschman de Pikelin & Schiapelli species used for tarsal scopulae condition and (1973), following Ausserer (1871), considered carapace length: the tarsal scopula condition an important tax- ? onomic character and stated that the divided Holothele rondoni (Lucas & BuÈcherl 1972): 1 , ApiaÂcas, Mato Grosso, Brazil (MZSP 18046); 1 tarsal scopula is present in all juvenile thera- ?, ApiaÂcas, Mato Grosso, Brazil (MZSP 18038); phosids. Juvenile Theraphosinae Thorell 1870 1 ?, ManicoreÂ, Amazonas, Brazil (MZSP 18990). have divided tarsal scopulae that become en- Sickius longibulbi Soares & Camargo 1948: 4 ?, tire in the adult stage, in Ischnocolinae the Itirapina, SaÄo Paulo, Brazil (MZSP 22756). scopulae remain divided into adulthood (Po- Genus 1: 3 ?, Colinas do Sul, Serra da Mesa, cock 1897; Gerschman de Pikelin & Schia- GoiaÂs, Brazil (MZSP 18992). pelli 1973; PeÂrez-Miles 1994). Although this Catumiri petropolium Guadanucci 2004: 1 ?, Pe- ontogenetic differentiation was detected, the troÂpolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IBSP 8596). ? divided condition continued to be used caus- Catumiri chicaoi Guadanucci 2004: 1 , Una, Ba- hia, Brazil (IBSP 9514). ing the inclusion of juvenile Theraphosinae Catumiri uruguayense Guadanucci 2004: 1 ?, Lav- within Ischnocolinae. This problem remained alleja, A guas Blancas, Uruguay (IBSP 9491). unresolved until Raven (1985) considered Is- Catumiri argentinenese (Mello-LeitaÄo 1941): 1 ?, chnocolinae a paraphyletic group that presents Jujuy, Yuto, El Pantanoso, Argentina (MACN poorly developed tarsal scopulae. The tarsal 6424). scopula as a phylogenetic character was used Genus 2, sp. 1: 3 ?, JaraguaÂ, GoiaÂs, Brazil (MPEG for the ®rst time by PeÂrez-Miles (1992) in a 1677) ? preliminary cladistic analysis of the subfamily Genus 2, sp. 2: 1 , Serra Norte, ParaÂ, Brazil Theraphosinae. In this paper he shows that the (MPEG 1678). Genus 2, sp. 3: 1 ?, Ilha Marajo Breves, ParaÂ, Bra- entire tarsal scopula is synapomorphic for zil (MPEG 1679). some genera of this subfamily. Later, PeÂrez- Genus 2, sp. 4: 1 ? (IBSP 11083), 1 ? (IBSP Miles (1994) discussed the value of the tarsal 11086), 1 ? (IBSP 11087), Pimenta Bueno, Ron- scopula in Theraphosinae systematics and doÃnia, Brazil; 1 ?, Mineiros, GoiaÂs, Brazil (IBSP concluded that the scopula condition is related 8070). to spider size, although some exceptions exist. Genus 2, sp. 5: 1 ?, Linhares, EspõÂrito Santo, Brazil Considering that the role of the tarsal scopula (IBSP 8654); 1 ?, Linhares, EspõÂrito Santo, Bra- ? in Theraphosidae systematic remains obscure, zil (IBSP 7987); 1 , Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil (IBSP 11084); 1 ?, IlheÂus, Bahia, Brazil (IBSP the goal of this study is to vary the use of the 11085). character ``tarsal scopula'' in a phylogenetic Oligoxystre new species 1: 1 ? (IBSP 9488), 1 ? analysis for Ischnocolinae and discuss the re- (IBSP 9489), 1 ? (IBSP 9486), 1 ? (IBSP 9484), sults. Central, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS Cladistic analysis.ÐThe cladistic analysis was carried out using Nona version 2.0 (Go- The material examined belongs to the fol- loboff 1993). Search strategy was mult* with lowing institutions: Instituto Butantan, SaÄo 100 replications. The data matrix included 20 Paulo (IBSP); American Museum of Natural terminal taxa and 30 characters and was con- History, New York (AMNH); Museo Argen- structed with NDE (Nexus Data Editor) ver- tino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Riva- sion 0.5.0 (Page 2001). The out-group was davia, Buenos Aires (MACN); Museo de la chosen based on the phylogenetic relation- Plata, La Plata (MLP); Museu de Zoologia, ships of Mygalomorphae presented by Golo- Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, SaÄo Paulo boff (1993). In order to avoid an excess of (MZSP); Zoological Museum University of missing entries, we preferred used a Bary- Copenhagen (ZMUC); Museu Paraense Emi- chelidae Simon 1889 rather than a Paratropi- lio Goeldi, BeleÂm (MPEG). didae Simon 1889 as the out group, since the Tarsal scopula condition was observed un- last family presents some incomparable char- der a stereomicroscope. Following PeÂrez- acters with Theraphosidae. Character polarity Miles (1994), a few isolated long and thin was read straight from the preferred clado- hairs in the tarsal scopula were not considered gram following Nixon & Carpenter (1993). divided. Carapace length was used to estimate Below is a list of species used in the cla- spider size. Below is a list of Ischnocolinae distic analysis: 458 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY Figures 1±2.ÐRelationship hypothesis between Ischnocolinae and other Theraphosidae groups. 1. (L 5 72; CI 5 0.54; RI 5 0.74). Tarsal scopula coded in four characters (22±25), one for each leg. 2. (L 5 72; CI 5 0.54; RI 5 0.74). Tarsal scopula coded as one character with six ordered states. GUADANUCCIÐTARSAL SCOPULA SIGNIFICANCE Table 1.ÐMatrix composed of 20 terminals and 31 characters. Characters 0 1 2 3 4 56789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 Barychelinae 0 0 0 0 0 000000 0 0 0000Ð0000000000000 Reichlingia annae 0 1 0 1 0 000000 0 0 0210Ð1000000000010 Holothele rondoni 0 1 0 0 0 000010 0 0 0212 0 0010000000110 Sickius longibulbi 0 1 0 1 0 000010ÐÐ0210Ð0010000010110 Ischnothele algericus 1ÐÐ0Ð100011 1 0 0101 0 0010000010110 Catumiri petropo- lium 0 1 1 0 0 000010 0 0 1103 0 0000000010110 Catumiri chicaoi 1ÐÐ0Ð000010 ? ? 1103 1 0100120010113 Catumiri uruguay- ense 0 1 0 0 0 000010 0 0 1003 1 0100000010110 Catumiri argenti- nense 0 0 1 0
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spider Field Guide North America
    Spider Field Guide North America Worldly and oldish Mitch cauterising commensally and suberizes his trovers amok and puissantly. Kirby is tricuspidate and overplays hourly while horror-struck French slummings and motorised. Unpraising Juanita backcomb avoidably. Clean up arm in garages, Bugwood. Nice photos of a decent size that make the bugs and spiders very visible. The posterior eye row is either straight or slightly recurved, Bugwood. Presence of skeleton signals that request is progressively loaded. Other, based on the features you use or your age. Is currently providing a north america and organic matter how you are opportunistic ambush predators of. Cellar spiders in north america re looking at them. Spider is found in the family Dysderidae or the Dysderid spiders. Look like spiders commonly seen wandering, spider a north america except occasionally been shared among north. As a field guides and there are cryptically colored to a video of america, in this platform clean orderly web type indicate species. Also note when fine hairs on the legs, details, or under bark. National Audubon Society Field Guides Audubon. The Funnel web weavers. The range of the brown recluse spider does not extend into Canada. Bites or stings from a variety of arthropods can result in an itching wound. For write more advanced view of spiders currently covered by Spider ID you create also. These animals with their posterior to north america, field guide selection for? These from some explain the biggest spiders in eastern North America; not including their legs, and other buildings. Audubon Insects and Spiders receives the Parent Tested Parent Approved Award.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Indian Mygalomorph Spiders, Ii
    NOTES ON INDIAN MYGALOMORPH SPIDERS, II. By F. H. GRAVELY, D. Se., Superintendent, Government Museum, Madras. The first series of these notes appeared in 1915 in Vol. XI of these­ "Records." Two new species and some additional information were added in 1921 (Vol. XXII) in an account of the Spiders of Barkuda Island in the Chilka Lake. I have to thank Mr. H. Chennappaiya, Zoological Assistant in the Madras Government Museum, for assistance in working out the additional material, mostly sent by the Indian Museum, Calcutta, whj.ch is dealt with in this paper. Mygalomorph spiders are popularly regarded as poisonous, but authentic records of their bites seem to be rare. The effects of bites of t.wo species, Macrothele vidua and Haploclastus' nilgirinus, are described below (pp. 73 & 81). Family OTENIZIDAE. Genus Heligmomerus Simon. The specimen recorded in the first series of ' these notes, and stated therein as possibly introduced into the Botanical Gardens at Sibpur near Calcutta, was probably indigenous, as a well-grown female of the genus has since been found on the ground floor of the Museum House, Calcutta, and a number of smaller ones have been sent from Serampore by Mrs. Drake. In the absence of'males the species cannot be adequately defined. The species described as Acanthodon barkudensis in the second paper mentioned above, proves on further examination to have the tibiae of the third pair of legs of the female excavate above and must, therefore, be transferred to this genus. In the male this excavation is, however, obsolete-which suggests that Idiops bikaricus, described from a male only in the first paper, may perhaps also belong to th~ genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Basis of the Remarkable Species Selectivity of an Insecticidal
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Molecular basis of the remarkable species selectivity of an insecticidal sodium channel toxin from the Received: 03 February 2016 Accepted: 20 June 2016 African spider Augacephalus Published: 07 July 2016 ezendami Volker Herzig1,*, Maria Ikonomopoulou1,*,†, Jennifer J. Smith1,*, Sławomir Dziemborowicz2, John Gilchrist3, Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig4, Fernanda Oliveira Rezende5, Luciano Andrade Moreira5, Graham M. Nicholson2, Frank Bosmans3 & Glenn F. King1 The inexorable decline in the armament of registered chemical insecticides has stimulated research into environmentally-friendly alternatives. Insecticidal spider-venom peptides are promising candidates for bioinsecticide development but it is challenging to find peptides that are specific for targeted pests. In the present study, we isolated an insecticidal peptide (Ae1a) from venom of the African spider Augacephalus ezendami (family Theraphosidae). Injection of Ae1a into sheep blowflies (Lucilia cuprina) induced rapid but reversible paralysis. In striking contrast, Ae1a was lethal to closely related fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) but induced no adverse effects in the recalcitrant lepidopteran pest Helicoverpa armigera. Electrophysiological experiments revealed that Ae1a potently inhibits the voltage-gated sodium channel BgNaV1 from the German cockroach Blattella germanica by shifting the threshold for channel activation to more depolarized potentials. In contrast, Ae1a failed to significantly affect sodium currents in dorsal unpaired median neurons from the American cockroachPeriplaneta americana. We show that Ae1a interacts with the domain II voltage sensor and that sensitivity to the toxin is conferred by natural sequence variations in the S1–S2 loop of domain II. The phyletic specificity of Ae1a provides crucial information for development of sodium channel insecticides that target key insect pests without harming beneficial species.
    [Show full text]
  • Tarantulas and Social Spiders
    Tarantulas and Social Spiders: A Tale of Sex and Silk by Jonathan Bull BSc (Hons) MSc ICL Thesis Presented to the Institute of Biology of The University of Nottingham in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Nottingham May 2012 DEDICATION To my parents… …because they both said to dedicate it to the other… I dedicate it to both ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Sara Goodacre for her guidance and support. I am also hugely endebted to Dr Keith Spriggs who became my mentor in the field of RNA and without whom my understanding of the field would have been but a fraction of what it is now. Particular thanks go to Professor John Brookfield, an expert in the field of biological statistics and data retrieval. Likewise with Dr Susan Liddell for her proteomics assistance, a truly remarkable individual on par with Professor Brookfield in being able to simplify even the most complex techniques and analyses. Finally, I would really like to thank Janet Beccaloni for her time and resources at the Natural History Museum, London, permitting me access to the collections therein; ten years on and still a delight. Finally, amongst the greats, Alexander ‘Sasha’ Kondrashov… a true inspiration. I would also like to express my gratitude to those who, although may not have directly contributed, should not be forgotten due to their continued assistance and considerate nature: Dr Chris Wade (five straight hours of help was not uncommon!), Sue Buxton (direct to my bench creepy crawlies), Sheila Keeble (ventures and cleans where others dare not), Alice Young (read/checked my thesis and overcame her arachnophobia!) and all those in the Centre for Biomolecular Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Spider Biology Unit
    Spider Biology Unit RET I 2000 and RET II 2002 Sally Horak Cortland Junior Senior High School Grade 7 Science Support for Cornell Center for Materials Research is provided through NSF Grant DMR-0079992 Copyright 2004 CCMR Educational Programs. All rights reserved. Spider Biology Unit Overview Grade level- 7th grade life science- heterogeneous classes Theme- The theme of this unit is to understand the connection between form and function in living things and to investigate what humans can learn from other living things. Schedule- projected time for this unit is 3 weeks Outline- *Activity- Unique spider facts *PowerPoint presentation giving a general overview of the biology of spiders with specific examples of interest *Lab- Spider observations *Cross-discipline activity #1- Spider short story *Activity- Web Spiders and Wandering spiders *Project- create a 3-D model of a spider that is anatomically correct *Project- research a specific spider and create a mini-book of information. *Activity- Spider defense pantomime *PowerPoint presentation on Spider Silk *Lab- Fiber Strength and Elasticity *Lab- Polymer Lab *Project- Spider silk challenge Support for Cornell Center for Materials Research is provided through NSF Grant DMR-0079992 Copyright 2004 CCMR Educational Programs. All rights reserved. Correlation to the NYS Intermediate Level Science Standards (Core Curriculum, Grades 5-8): General Skills- #1. Follow safety procedures in the classroom and laboratory. #2. Safely and accurately use the following measurement tools- Metric ruler, triple beam balance #3. Use appropriate units for measured or calculated values #4. Recognize and analyze patterns and trends #5. Classify objects according to an established scheme and a student-generated scheme.
    [Show full text]
  • TARANTULA Araneae Family: Theraphosidae Genus: 113 Genera
    TARANTULA Araneae Family: Theraphosidae Genus: 113 genera Range: World wide Habitat tropical and desert regions; greatest concentration S America Niche: Terrestrial or arboreal, carnivorous, mainly nocturnal predators Wild diet: as grasshoppers, crickets and beetles but some of the larger species may also eat mice, lizards and frogs or even small birds Zoo diet: Life Span: (Wild) varies with species and sexes, females tend to live long lives (Captivity) Sexual dimorphism: Location in SF Zoo: Children’s Zoo - Insect Zoo APPEARANCE & PHYSICAL ADAPTATIONS: Tarantulas are large, long-legged, long-living spiders, whose entire body is covered with short hairs, which are sensitive to vibration. They have eight simple eyes arranged in two distinct rows but rely on their hairs to send messages of local movement. These spiders do not spin a web but catch their prey by pursuit, killing them by injecting venom through their fangs. The injected venom liquefies their prey, allowing them to suck out the innards and leave the empty exoskeleton. The chelicerae are vertical and point downward making it necessary to raise its front end to strike forward and down onto its prey. Tarantulas have two pair of book lungs, which are situated on the underside of the abdomen. (Most spiders have only one pair). All tarantulas produce silk through the two or four spinnerets at the end of their abdomen (A typical spiders averages six). New World Tarantulas vs. Old World Tarantulas: New World species have urticating hairs that causes the potential predator to itch and be distracted so the tarantula can get away. They are less aggressive than Old World Tarantulas who lack urticating hairs and their venom is less potent.
    [Show full text]
  • Tese Doutorado Andre Mori
    UNIVERSIDADE*DE*SÃO*PAULO* MUSEU*DE*ZOOLOGIA* * * * * Andre*Mori*Di*Stasi* * * * * Revisão*Taxonômica*e*Análise*Cladística*de*Psalistops)Simon,*1889*e* Trichopelma)Simon,*1888*(Araneae,*Barychelidae)* * * * * ! ! ! ! * São*Paulo* 2018* Andre!Mori!Di!Stasi! ! ! ! Taxonomic!Revision!and!Cladistic!Analysis!of!Psalistops)Simon,!1889! and!Trichopelma)Simon,!1888!(Araneae,!Barychelidae)! ! ! Revisão!Taxonômica!e!Análise!Cladística!de!Psalistops)Simon,!1889!e! Trichopelma)Simon,!1888!(Araneae,!Barychelidae)! ! ! Original!version! ! ! ! ! Thesis! Presented! to! the! PostHGraduate! ! Program! of! the! Museu! de! Zoologia! da! ! Universidade!!!de!! !São! ! Paulo! ! to! obtain!!!! ! the! degree! of! Doctor! of! Science!!in!! ! Systematics,! Animal! Taxonomy! and!! ! Biodiversity! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Advisor:!Rogerio!Bertani,!PhD.! ! São!Paulo! 2018! ! ! ! ! ! i! “I!do!not!authorize!the!!reproduction!!and!!dissemination!!of!this!work!in! !!part!or!!!entirely!by!any!eletronic!or!conventional!means.”! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Serviço de Bibloteca e Documentação Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo ! ! Cataloging!in!Publication! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!Di Stasi, Andre Mori ! Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of Psalistops Simon 1889 and ! Trichopelma Simon, 1888 (Aranae Barychelidae) /Andre Mori Di Stasi; ! orientador Rogerio Bertani. São Paulo, 2018. ! 165p. ! Tese de Doutorado – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática, ! Taxonomia e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, ! 2018. ! Versão Original ! ! 1.! Aranae
    [Show full text]
  • To Map Baboon Spider (Araneae: Theraphosidae) Distributions and Diversity in Southern Africa
    The Baboon Spider Atlas – using citizen science and the ‘fear factor’ to map baboon spider (Araneae: Theraphosidae) distributions and diversity in Southern Africa Heather Campbell & Ian Engelbrecht Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa. Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract 1. Charismatic invertebrates are popular subjects for citizen science but it is harder to engage the public in research on animals that are perceived as dangerous. Many successful citizen science projects exist in North America and Europe, but with the increased use of new technologies and social media there is a greater capacity to expand citizen science to less developed regions. 2. Baboon spiders are African members of the tarantula family. They are threatened by habitat loss and illegal harvesting for the pet trade, but conservation efforts are hampered by a lack of knowledge on their ecology. 3. Here we describe the Baboon Spider Atlas, a project combining traditional research with citizen science to map the diversity and distributions of baboon spiders (Araneae: Theraphosidae) in Southern Africa. Our project embraces the ‘fear factor’ associated with spiders to obtain photographic records from the public. 4. The Baboon Spider Atlas has assembled the largest database of information on baboon spiders in Southern Africa and is providing novel insights into their biology. Distribution ranges have been extended and potential new species discovered. Preliminary results suggest that their distribution may be limited more by cold, wet climatic conditions than hot, dry conditions. Records for wandering adult females and immatures highlight a previously undocumented behaviour and challenges the notion that baboon spiders are sedentary 1 animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae (Spider) Photos
    Araneae (Spider) Photos Araneae (Spiders) About Information on: Spider Photos of Links to WWW Spiders Spiders of North America Relationships Spider Groups Spider Resources -- An Identification Manual About Spiders As in the other arachnid orders, appendage specialization is very important in the evolution of spiders. In spiders the five pairs of appendages of the prosoma (one of the two main body sections) that follow the chelicerae are the pedipalps followed by four pairs of walking legs. The pedipalps are modified to serve as mating organs by mature male spiders. These modifications are often very complicated and differences in their structure are important characteristics used by araneologists in the classification of spiders. Pedipalps in female spiders are structurally much simpler and are used for sensing, manipulating food and sometimes in locomotion. It is relatively easy to tell mature or nearly mature males from female spiders (at least in most groups) by looking at the pedipalps -- in females they look like functional but small legs while in males the ends tend to be enlarged, often greatly so. In young spiders these differences are not evident. There are also appendages on the opisthosoma (the rear body section, the one with no walking legs) the best known being the spinnerets. In the first spiders there were four pairs of spinnerets. Living spiders may have four e.g., (liphistiomorph spiders) or three pairs (e.g., mygalomorph and ecribellate araneomorphs) or three paris of spinnerets and a silk spinning plate called a cribellum (the earliest and many extant araneomorph spiders). Spinnerets' history as appendages is suggested in part by their being projections away from the opisthosoma and the fact that they may retain muscles for movement Much of the success of spiders traces directly to their extensive use of silk and poison.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reconsideration of the Classification of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) Based on Three Nuclear Genes and Morphology
    A Reconsideration of the Classification of the Spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Arachnida: Araneae) Based on Three Nuclear Genes and Morphology Jason E. Bond1*, Brent E. Hendrixson2, Chris A. Hamilton1, Marshal Hedin3 1 Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America, 2 Department of Biology, Millsaps College, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America, 3 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America Abstract Background: The infraorder Mygalomorphae (i.e., trapdoor spiders, tarantulas, funnel web spiders, etc.) is one of three main lineages of spiders. Comprising 15 families, 325 genera, and over 2,600 species, the group is a diverse assemblage that has retained a number of features considered primitive for spiders. Despite an evolutionary history dating back to the lower Triassic, the group has received comparatively little attention with respect to its phylogeny and higher classification. The few phylogenies published all share the common thread that a stable classification scheme for the group remains unresolved. Methods and Findings: We report here a reevaluation of mygalomorph phylogeny using the rRNA genes 18S and 28S, the nuclear protein-coding gene EF-1c, and a morphological character matrix. Taxon sampling includes members of all 15 families representing 58 genera. The following results are supported in our phylogenetic analyses of the data: (1) the Atypoidea (i.e., antrodiaetids, atypids, and mecicobothriids) is a monophyletic group sister to all other mygalomorphs; and (2) the families Mecicobothriidae, Hexathelidae, Cyrtaucheniidae, Nemesiidae, Ctenizidae, and Dipluridae are not monophyletic. The Microstigmatidae is likely to be subsumed into Nemesiidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Arachne 4/2004
    9. Jahrgang Heft 4 Juli 2004 in dieser Ausgabe: • Geschlechtsspezifische Variationen im Gift der brasili anischen Kammspinne Phoneutria nigri- venter (KEYSER LING, 1891) • Lasiodorides striatus (SCHMIDT & ANTO NELLI, 1996) in der Artvorstellung • Die »Australian Red Back Spider« – Latrodectus hasselti in der Artvorstellung • Praxistipp: Herstellung einer Versandröhre für Deutsche Arachnologische Gesellschaft e.V. Deutsche Arachnologische Vogel spinnen ISSN 1613-2688 ARACHNE 9(4), 2004 Impressum Inhalt ARACHNE 9(4), 2004 Redaktion Text Format oder *.txt) per E-Mail, 3,5" Diskette oder Seite: Volker von Wirth Martin Huber CD-R. Gattungs- und Artnamen sind kursiv zu schrei- Lilienstr. 1 Dorfstr. 5 ben, Überschriften sollen hervorgehoben werden, wei- 71723 Großbottwar 82395 Obersöchering tere Formatierungen sind zu unterlassen. [email protected] [email protected] Mit der Abgabe des Manuskripts versichern die Auto- Geschlechtsspezifische Variationen im Gift der brasiliani- ren, dass sie allein befugt sind, über die urheberrechtli- schen Kammspinne Phoneutria nigriventer (KEYSER LING, 1891) . 4 - 9 Tobias Dörr Marcus Löffler chen Nutzungsrechte an ihren Beiträgen, einschließlich von Volker Herzig Falkenstr. 24 A. d. Ronnenheide 6a eventueller Bild- und anderer Reproduktionsvorlagen 30449 Hannover 45731 Waltrop zu verfügen und dass der Beitrag keine Rechte Dritter Lasiodorides striatus (SCHMIDT & ANTO NELLI, 1996) in der [email protected] [email protected] verletzt. Eingereichte Manuskripte werden ggf. an die Formatie- Artvorstellung . 10 - 15 Kleinanzeigen, Kontakte & Leserbriefe rung und den Stil des Journals angepasst. Rechtsschrei- von Tristan Meschede Kleinanzeigen können von Mitgliedern in beliebiger bung und Grammatik werden überprüft und gegebe- Anzahl an die Anzeigenannahme geschickt werden. An - nenfalls geändert. Die »Australian Red Back Spider« – Latrodectus hasselti nahmeschluss ist der 10.
    [Show full text]
  • E:\WEB Work\Spiders Backup\Indian Journal Of
    © Indian Society of Arachnology ISSN 2278 - 1587 A NEW SPECIES OF THE SPIDER GENUS HYGROPODA (ARANEAE: PISAURIDAE) FROM INDIA Ganesh Vankhede; Seema Keswani and Anuradha Rajoria Arachnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati-444602 [email protected] ABSTRACT A new species of the genus Hygropoda belonging to the family Pisauridae is being reported for the first time from Mahendri forest, Maharashtra, India. Both male and female of Hygropoda are illustrated from specimens collected from riparian ecosystem of Mahendri. The species described in this paper is new to Indian fauna. Keywords: Pisauridae, Hygropoda, new record, Mahendri (India), Taxonomy INTRODUCTION In the winter of 2012, a team of Indian Society of Arachnology discovered an interesting female spider from family Pisauridae which was sitting on a longitudinally folded leaf. Males were seen overhanging with their flexible tarsi. Mature spiders of both sexes were collected. Hygropoda is a wide spread genus, including 27 species, from Africa through south-east Asia, New Guinea to China (Platnick, 2013). Three species of the genus are known from India up to the present (Keswani et al., 2012). H. chandrakantii (Reddy & Patel, 1993); H.gracilis (Thorell, 1891) and H. sikkimus (Tikader, 1970). Initially they were identified as Tinus chandrakantii and Tinus sikkimus, recently they are transferred to Hygropoda (Jäger, 2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS Spiders both males and females were collected by hand during September, 2012 from Mahendri Reserve Forest Maharashtra, India during night at about 11pm. Photographs of live specimens were taken with Fugi camera. The material was preserved in 70% alcohol with all legs and pedipalp spread properly by following a method as described earlier (Vankhede, 2012).
    [Show full text]