Afghanistan in Retrograde September 2013 Eager Lion Counterinsurgency Sequestration’S Pain Journal of the Air Force Association

AIR FORCE MAGAZINE September 2013/$5

Afghanistan in Retrograde September 2013 Eager Lion Counterinsurgency Sequestration’s Pain Journal of the Air Force Association WWW.AIRFORCEMAG.COM

September 2013, Vol. 96, No. 9

FEATURES 6 Editorial: Sequestration’s Destructive Decay By Adam J. Hebert This is not over. The problems have just begun.

40 Afghanistan in Retrograde By Amy McCullough The massive drawdown effort is already underway.

50 NATO’s New Eyes in the Sky By Michael C. Sirak The Alliance has long had a shortage of non-US ISR capability. Here’s the plan to address that.

56 Eager Lion By Marc V. Schanz As unrest ripples across the Middle East, Jordan strengthens its ties with the US.

68 Welcome to the Hollow Force By John A. Tirpak Grounded units, canceled exercises, and a deepening maintenance back- log make everything the Air Force 40 does more diffi cult. 74 Cope North Photography by Jim Haseltine Text by Brandon Conradis Pacifi c Air Forces drilled in February with airmen from Japan and Australia in this two-week exercise.

82 2013 Outstanding Airmen of the Year The Air Force Outstanding Airman program annually recognizes 12 enlisted members.

86 Old Lessons, “New” Domain By Rebecca Grant The Air Force can learn a lot from what it has already seen in cyber- space.

94 The Second Coming of Counterinsurgency By John T. Correll COIN rose and fell in Vietnam, then returned 40 years later as the main mission in Iraq and Afghanistan. About the cover: Soldiers load materiel into a C-17 at Kandahar Airfi eld, Afghani- stan. See “Afghanistan in Retrograde,” p. 40. 50 US Army photo by Sgt. Daniel Schroeder.

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Pub SAS_SpecialMission_BACN_8.125"x10.875 H.indd 1 13-08-22 1:19 PM FEATURES

100 Thailand’s Pivot By Richard Halloran Though a US treaty ally, Thailand has a long history of strategic expediency.

106 Photochart of USAF Leadership By Chequita Wood Air Force Magazine’s annual pictorial directory of Air Force leadership.

112 Piotrowski By John Lowery First generation American John 100 Piotrowski began as an enlisted radio repairman and became Air Force vice www.airforcemag.com chief of staff. He lived the American dream. 1501 Lee Highway Arlington, Va. 22209-1198 118 AFA Almanac Tel: 703/247-5800 By Frances McKenney Telefax: 703/247-5855 A compendium of facts and fi gures about the Air Force Association. [email protected]

Publisher: Craig R. McKinley 124 Arnold’s Evolution Editor in Chief: Adam J. Hebert By Dik A. Daso The legendary airman drew inspira- Editor: Suzann Chapman tion from many places. Executive Editors: Michael C. Sirak, John A. Tirpak Managing Editor: Juliette Kelsey Chagnon Assistant Managing Editor: Frances McKenney News Editor: Amy McCullough DEPARTMENTS Senior Editor: Marc V. Schanz 8 Letters Associate Editors: Aaron M. U. Church, 18 Chart Page: The Missing 83,000 June L. Kim, Merri M. Shaffer Senior Designer: Heather Lewis 20 Verbatim Designer: Darcy Lewis 22 Aperture Photo Editor: Zaur Eylanbekov Strategic miscalculations; Draconian Production Manager: Eric Chang Lee steps on the horizon; Benefi ts next?; Media Research Editor: Chequita Wood Competing for techies; Generic com- Intern: Brandon Conradis bat aircraft .... 26 Air Force World Contributors: Walter J. Boyne, John T. Correll, Dik A. Daso, Robert S. Dudney, Rebecca Grant, Richard Halloran, Jim Haseltine, John Lowery 38 Index to Advertisers 38 Senior Staff Changes Advertising: Andraea Davis, Mohanna Sales Representative 214/291-3660 66 Keeper File: Massive Retaliation [email protected] 92 Flashback: Into the Ring 117 AFA National Leaders AIR FORCE MAGAZINE (ISSN 0730-6784) September 2013 (Vol. 96, No. 9) is published monthly by the Air Force Association, 1501 Lee Highway, Arlington, VA 22209-1198. Phone 130 Field Contacts (703) 247-5800. Perodical postage paid at Arlington, Va., and additional mailing offi ces. Membership Rate: $45 per year; $110 for three-year membership. Life Membership 131 AFA National Report (nonrefundable): $600 single payment, $630 extended payments. Subscription Rate: $45 per year; $29 per year additional for postage to foreign addresses (except Canada and 135 Unit Reunions Mexico, which are $10 per year additional). Regular issues $5 each. USAF Almanac issue $8 each. Change of address requires four weeks’ notice. Please include mailing label. 136 Airpower Classics: F-117 Nighthawk POSTMASTER: Send changes of address to Air Force Association, 1501 Lee Highway, Arlington, VA 22209-1198. Publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material. Trademark registered by Air Force Association. Copyright 2013 by Air Force Association.

4 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Aviation KNOW-HOW

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Dyncorp_knowhow_series_8.125x10.875.indd 2 6/12/13 9:26 AM Editorial By Adam J. Hebert, Editor in Chief Sequestration’s Destructive Decay

n April, to meet congressionally man- moment’s notice. The Global Response Funding shortages prevent the Air Idated budget targets, the Air Force Force in particular offers packages that Force from fully implementing the train- stood down 17 squadrons’ worth of can quickly be deployed in the event of ing needed for the future. combat aircraft and shifted another 10 a crisis. For example, the service’s “Wild squadrons to a bare-bones readiness As 17 squadrons atrophied and others Weasel” F-16CJs charged with the level. The majority of those affected decayed to a “basic mission capable” suppression of enemy air defenses were frontline fighter and bomber units level not suitable for war, USAF’s ability have been heavily tasked with close belonging to Air Combat Command, to provide a Global Response Force died air support missions in Afghanistan. Pacific Air Forces, and US Air Forces off. By the time the flying hour funding High-intensity SEAD training fell by in Europe. was restored in mid-July, Air Combat the wayside, and under sequestra- In July, the Air Force received permis- Command had half a bomber squadron’s tion it will be extraordinarily difficult sion to reprogram funds from within its worth of GRF capability left. to build it back up. This capability will accounts and promptly lifted the ground- The grounded squadrons are flying be vital if the Air Force is called into ings, putting the affected squadrons back again, but the problem is not solved. action against a nation with advanced into the air again. Thirteen of the 17 mothballed units integrated air defenses, such as Syria. Problem solved, right? The new fiscal year will begin at Not even close. about the same time USAF’s grounded After three months on the ground, This is not over. The combat units get back up to speed. the affected airmen and their equipment problems have just begun. What will another year of sequestration were left completely ineffective. Pilots look like? More of the same, but with didn’t fly, crew chiefs were idled, fuels spent more than 90 days on the ground. compounding effects. airmen didn’t refuel aircraft. Training Officials say three months represents There will not be enough money events large and small—including Red a tipping point. Up to then, skills are for readiness accounts, nor will there Flag exercises and even a Weapons regained about as quickly as they are be enough to pay to design, develop, School course—were canceled. Aircraft lost, but when airmen and aircraft sur- test, and install new equipment needed weren’t maintained, spare parts weren’t pass 90 days on the ground, recovery to keep today’s aircraft relevant and available, and aircraft were barely moved becomes slower. survivable. around enough to prevent flat spots in At summertime readiness levels, even Sequestration’s mandatory budget their tires. the recent Libya operation would have shortfalls mean the Air Force will have This gave airmen an opportunity to been impossible unless USAF pulled to cannibalize its future to pay for the catch up on their course work, simulator units from other frontline locations di- present. Modernization and recapital- training, and perhaps even their sleep— rectly supporting combatant command ization will inevitably be gouged to pay but it’s no way to run a combat air force. missions. It will be early November be- today’s bills. The current combat fleet The grounded units slowly but surely lost fore the combat units are fully capable is already older than it has ever been, the ability to go to war. again. If the Air Force is soon called to and this summer’s cash flow problems On Day 1 there was no effect. By Day go into action over Syria, Iran, North threw a new wrench into readiness. 90, more than a dozen squadrons had no Korea, or elsewhere it will have to pull Big-ticket recapitalization programs, meaningful capability and others were at units from Afghanistan or the Pacific. such as the F-35 fighter, will be tempt- such a basic level they would not survive The nation is currently missing its air- ing targets under forced austerity. Even a war. This isn’t fixed overnight. power bench. This creates “risk,” but let’s small cuts in quantities will force leg- USAF is fully supporting its steady- be real here—risk can mean dead troops acy aircraft to remain in service even state requirements, as it did during the and needlessly destroyed equipment. longer. The Air Force faces years of stand-down. Units supporting the war in So what’s next? A slow climb back. sequestration-level funding to pay for Afghanistan, other “named” operations, The Air Force needs to be deliberate a force that is already too small for nuclear missions, high-risk combatant this fall. There will be temptations from its taskings. USAF is prohibited from command taskings, and air defense of the Pentagon down to the individual closing excess bases and is frequently the United States were essentially the airman to go too fast. B-1 or F-15E blocked from retiring aircraft. The situ- only units protected from sequestration’s operations, however, are not like riding ation is untenable. across-the-board budget ax. a bike. Skills must be rebuilt slowly and Sequestration is not over, and its The standing requirements essentially methodically so that rusty airmen and problems may have just begun. Un- sucked down all of USAF’s sequestra- unused aircraft don’t lead to crashes less Congress acts to end this budget tion-level operation and maintenance and deaths. nonsense, the nation will ultimately pay funding, leaving nothing in reserve. It is important to note USAF was more for an Air Force that is less safe, One thing the Air Force has learned not given additional money to resume less relevant, and less capable. In the repeatedly over the decades: Unknowns flying—it was only given permission meantime, let’s all hope that none of can literally kill you. That is why the to move funds among various seques- America’s adversaries get overly ad- service eschews tiered readiness and tration-ravaged accounts to meet an venturous while the combat air forces keeps units trained and ready to go at a immediate readiness need. are still rebuilding their capabilities. n

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301-66165_F35_AirForce_Unconventional_AFM.indd 1 7/9/13 5:06 PM Letters [email protected]

A Bigger Fix Needed I did something with the latest issue discipline another human, but that’s what As a retired marine who was a military of Air Force Magazine I don’t often do: commanders get paid to do. If command- lawyer in the Regular Marine Corps from I read the editorial by Adam J. Hebert. ers shirk this important responsibility, their 1981 to 1992 and in the Reserve Marine You bet there is something wrong with commanders should take the right action Corps from 1993 to 2009, I have the fol- the culture of USAF, and as Hebert points and discipline them. Accountability is key lowing comments about Adam Hebert’s out, “Sexual assault is a national issue, to proper discipline. “Do the Right Thing” editorial [July, p. 4]. and the Air Force draws its airmen from With respect to changing the UCMJ, He is of course correct that we should the general population.” again, I agree with Mr. Hebert. We ab- not have to tell military members not to Oh. Really? I am old enough to remem- solutely must not lessen the authority of mistreat each other, including by sexual ber World War II. I was a small child, but our commanders. The UCMJ was and or other harassment, just as we should I clearly recall some of the major events is well-written and has stood the test of not have to tell them not to point loaded back then. I grew up in a culture different time. There are provisions for everything weapons at each other. Human nature from the one that exists today; that culture needed to prosecute those who break being as it is, however, the message about is nearly dead as people like me come to the code; we just need to responsibly proper treatment among the ranks must the end of life. The culture had changed apply them. Those politicians who would be “transmitted in the clear” repeatedly somewhat during my 25 years in USAF, change the UCMJ to make themselves just as we constantly emphasize firearms but it was still recognizable. feel they did something about the problem and aviation safety. All of that has been replaced by the are extremely shortsighted. But having been both a prosecutor and politically correct culture that now per- And when an airman (read: officer or a defense counsel, I noted that the edito- vades American society. And everybody enlisted) is convicted of sexual assault, rial’s focus was almost exclusively on the wonders what went wrong. Well, a few that airman should be fined, jailed, and crime—sexual harassment—while minimiz- things went wrong. Adopting the notion dishonorably discharged and certainly ing discussion of fairness of process for that everybody could “have it all” is one not allowed to retire. There couldn’t those accused of such a crime. (Readers problem. The notion that there is no func- be a much better deterrent if everyone should understand that by advocating fair- tional differences between the sexes is knew this is the punishment for such a ness of process for an accused I am NOT another. Even the USMC has lost on that despicable crime. endorsing sexual harassment or any crime.) issue. Standards are relaxed all over the Another point I would make—after When we lose sight of and ignore place; the unfortunate series of events sitting through our SAPR training, which fairness in investigation and adjudication involving nuclear weapons is but one was presented by a male and in which processes, we have “show trials,” and we example. Creating a culture of managers a video of another male was shown—I all know various countries where those rather than leaders is yet another. think we have missed a critical point with were practiced, and some where they The problems the current generation our female colleagues. I spoke to one still are. In short, the mere accusation face were created by the deliberate de- afterwards and she pointed this out to of sexual harassment—or any crime—is struction of a culture that worked better me and also revealed there were three not proof that a crime was committed. (but not perfectly) than what exists now. women in our session who cried—and The other problem that must be ad- It will take more time to develop a viable nobody noticed!!! What does that tell us? dressed is command influence: a com- culture than it took to get where we are Perhaps we should be more considerate mander unlawfully influencing the finding today. with how this information is presented. or sentence of a judicial or nonjudicial Gerald P. Hanner How about some female speakers or at disciplinary proceeding. The Uniform Code Papillion, Neb. least female guidance for these training of Military Justice forbids command influ- sessions? ence; the highest military court referred to I submit the following: Mr. Hebert is right. command influence as the mortal enemy Airmen shouldn’t need to be told any of of military justice, or words to that effect. this, but it is a fact that people entering Do you have a comment about a In the end, we must judge our disciplin- our great Air Force come from all walks of current article in the magazine? ary system by fairness of process, not by life and bring with them what they learned Write to “Letters,” Air Force Mag­ result. How, given the same facts, can in their individual environments. Some a­­­­­zine, 1501 Lee Highway, Ar- we on the one hand rejoice if we like the of these environments allow behaviors lington, VA 22209-1198. (E-mail: finding, yet on the other hand, condemn that are unacceptable in the Air Force or [email protected].) Letters should if we do not like the finding? anywhere for that matter. Their cultural be concise and timely. We cannot We may not like a Red Sox win over change starts with basic (or OTS, etc.). acknowledge receipt of letters. the Yankees, but we are fairly certain that So we need to train them correctly. We reserve the right to condense the game was played with officials and Mr. Hebert is also correct that sexual letters. Letters without name and teams acting as fairly as humanly possible. assault is a despicable crime, but what city/base and state are not accept- Col. Charles A. Jones, is happening all too often is command- able. Photographs can­­not be used USMCR (Ret.) ers are not taking appropriate action. It’s or returned.—the editors Greensboro, N.C. not the easiest thing for one human to

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PSC6064-2_AirForce_Ad.indd 1 6/7/13 10:10 AM Letters

And fi nally, how about some leaders being that our robust air-to-air capabil- who actually do something about sexual ity has “saved” our ground forces from harassment and assault in the workplace? harm since then and we should not Col. Frank Alfter, waste that capability. However, one USAF (Ret.) could just as easily ask, “How many Beavercreek, Ohio times since 1953 has the US been in a confl ict where the enemy even had 1501 Lee Highway • Arlington, VA 22209-1198 Nuance Counts an air force that posed a threat to our Telephone: (703) 247-5800 In the interest of accuracy, I need to ground forces?” Toll-free: (800) 727-3337 correct a couple of inaccuracies in John Vietnam? Name an instance where Press 1 if you know your party’s extension. Tirpak’s article “Fighting for Access” the VC or North Vietnam attempted an air [July, p. 22]. attack on the marines or Army. Grenada? Press 2 for Membership. In referring to my Mitchell Institute Panama? The Balkans? Iraq? Afghani- Press 3 for Insurance and other Member Benefi t presentation on China’s air and space stan? With the sole exception of but fi ve programs. revolutions, Mr. Tirpak garbled two sys- to 10 days during the Gulf War of January Or stay on the line for an operator to direct your tems into one when he referred to “very 1991, I can’t think of any potential threats call. high frequency passive radars” (p. 24). to ground forces. Tragically, the real threat Fax: (703) 247-5853 What my presentation actually referred in that confl ict was from IRBMs—NOT Internet: http://www.afa.org/ to was passive systems the Chinese aircraft. And what weapon system did have acquired and a new generation we turn to in the face of that threat—the E-Mail Addresses of VHF radars they are developing. F-15? Hardly. It was the Army’s Patriot Field Services ...... fl [email protected] Also, I never said they are deploying a SAM system. nationwide network of such systems, I think it is about time USAF starts Government Relations ...... [email protected] although in the long term that’s a rea- to admit there are other systems that Industry Relations ...... [email protected] sonable conclusion. have protected our ground forces over Also, in quoting me regarding the the years—and not just the air-to-air Events ...... [email protected] US Navy’s reaction to the DF-21 (more dogfi ghter. As far as the offensive Membership ...... [email protected] precisely the DF-21D), “I think they’re counterair goes: Spend the effort on scared to death of it,” he removed the systems that will kill SAMs and take Insurance/Member Benefi ts...... nuance from my remark. I had actually out airfi elds. Now THAT would enhance ...... [email protected] said that was the case on a bad day, air dominance! Policy & Communications (news media) ...... and on a good day the Navy says it is Lt. Col. Tim Trusk, ...... [email protected] a complicated system and there are a USAF (Ret.) variety of potential counters to it. Kansas City, Mo. CyberPatriot ...... [email protected] The ultimate thrust of my presentation and the Mitchell paper from which it was Remembering Old Shakey derived was that China’s air and space Ahh, Old Shakey [“C-124 and the Magazine revolutions were only partially completed, Tragedy at Tachikawa,” p. 70]. I still vividly and there is ample opportunity for the remember my tour at McChord AFB, Advertising ...... [email protected] situation to get worse. That should be Wash., in the 7th MAS as a young copilot AFA National Report ...... [email protected] more than bad enough. from ’67 to ’69. One particular trip I recall Lt. Col. Thomas R. McCabe, was truly representative of life in that old Editorial Offi ces ...... [email protected] USAFR (Ret.) hauler. We had a full load of Hueys from Letters to Editor Column...... [email protected] Burke, Va. Travis AFB, Calif., to Hickam AFB, Hawaii. The winds were bad and lower was better, Get Real About Weapons so 6,000 feet was it, followed by losing I enjoyed reading the article in the July an engine shortly after ETP! The sun Air Force Memorial Foundation [email protected] edition [“Rethinking Air Dominance,” p. went down and the sun came up as we 36], but the subtitle, “... USAF rethinks churned our way west. The rescue C-130 For individual staff members its most basic mission,” caused me to came out from Hawaii to see if we were fi rst initial, last name, @afa.org read it with a critical eye. I always thought still there. 15.6 hours later, we kissed the (example: [email protected]) the “basic” mission of USAF was to use ground at Hickam—just another day in advances in aerospace technologies to Old Shakey! deter wars or help win them—NOT to Another memory of life on Old Shakey AFA’s Mission just shoot down enemy airplanes one at from the Pacifi c theater during Vietnam: a time. But USAF has for decades spent I was assigned to a trip through Mactan Our mission is to promote a dominant United (in my opinion) an inordinate amount of in the southern Philippines. The aircraft States Air Force and a strong national defense its resources to do just that. Why? While commander was a Hughes Air West DC-9 and to honor airmen and our Air Force heri- the threat was real during the Cold War, captain called to Active Duty because of tage. To accomplish this, we: when the Soviets had thousands of at- the Pueblo crisis. On takeoff, one engine Educate the public on the critical need for tack aircraft to threaten our forces on the coughed, on downwind for departure we unmatched aerospace power and a techni- ground across the globe, I am at a loss lost a different engine, and on fi nal for a cally superior workforce to ensure US national to see the threat in today’s world. quick return a third engine experienced security. Since the 1990s USAF has used the a generator overheat! Advocate for aerospace power and STEM tired old propaganda line (originally to The commander cooly told the fl ight education. justify the F-22) that “the last time US engineer that we were landing and to dis- ground forces were killed by enemy regard the overheat! We were extremely Support the Total Air Force family and pro- airplanes was in 1953,” the argument pleased to be on the ground so quickly. mote aerospace education.

10 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 STRENGTH THROUGH AGILITY

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Note: You studied the emergency [The incident described in] Walter fog moving in rapidly. First it was MATS procedures because you were going to Boyne’s article was not the only time Old minimums of 200 feet, half-mile about the get to do them! Shakey had engine fires on takeoff from time we were able to start our descent Lt. Col. Bob Estus, Tachi. It was a dozen years later when I followed closely with the call of USAF USAF (Ret.) had both outboard engines catch fire via mins of 100 feet, one-quarter. All I could Smithville, Tex. the alternators, causing us to come as reply was we were committed so keep close to crashing as we would ever care talking. Somewhere about a half-mile out To know what flying the C-124 Globe- to come. We had full fuel tanks for the a wx special observation was officially master II (“Old Shakey”) was really like, next planned 13-hour leg to Elmendorf, zero-zero. We barely saw a glow from one quote from my favorite Globemaster Alaska. Communist sympathizers had the strobes, and neither tower nor crash pilot Capt. Joe Bailey sums it all up. Every erected several bamboo poles 85 feet to rescue knew we had landed. Once I got time we lined up for takeoff, he would say, 100 feet tall right outside the fence at the the airplane stopped, fortunately on the “If this thing gets airborne, we will treat it end of the 5,000-foot runway, meaning runway, my adrenaline was suddenly as an emergency.” at our weight we would require cooler all used up and I was shaking so hard I We always laughed, but we knew that temperature than in daytime. I was fully could not taxi but had to set the parking disaster in the Globemaster was never far aware that “get home-itis” had killed many brake. I had just flown the most precise away. Take the Globemaster flying from MATS crews when I decided to take off precision approach of my entire career McChord AFB, Wash., down the Aleutian with Yokota as departure alternate. at zero-zero, and I found it unbelievable chain to Shemya on a supply run. It liter- We had just passed “go” speed when we had made it. We sat there several ally lost an engine. It didn’t just quit—it fell I lost my attitude indicator. I thought, “no minutes without any crew member saying from the wing, leaving a 15-foot-diameter problem,” since we practiced partial panel a word since we all knew how close we firewall. With drag like that disaster was flying in the simulator, but this was quickly had come to crashing. Ground control just minutes away. The crew jettisoned followed by the engineer reporting both finally located us and sent a follow-me everything. After all the movable items alternators overheating followed by fire to lead us to parking. were jettisoned, they began cutting up indicated on No. 1 engine and the scanner Post Flight Analysis: Attitude indica- the flooring with crash axes. The pilots reporting flames visible. All I could say tor was merely a blown fuse, cause brought it into Adak, and as one of them was to let it burn until we cleared those undetermined. With that being the only told me later, they sat there with tears bamboo poles and got the gear up, but the fuse I had blow in over 4,000 hours in running down their cheeks. They’d seen engineer reported fire indicated on No. 4, Old Shakey, perhaps I could be forgiven death and cheated it. followed quickly with scanner confirming for not knowing the exact fuse location, The copilot on that flight eventually went flames also on No. 4. and we were a bit busy to go searching on to be become an aircraft commander in With takeoff roll being somewhat less around in the dark. the C-141. He died in Cam Ranh Bay, Viet- than a minute, it meant all this was hap- Alternator fires had not been an ac- nam, when his spoilers deployed on takeoff. pening in the approximate 30 seconds cident. Knowing we were flying in to north “Old Shakey” had more tricks than you after we had passed safe abort speed. country on the next leg, we had written could learn in a long time as a crew mem- With my mind running faster than we were up windshield heat as inop. Maintenance ber. I spent four years in it as a navigator flying, I flipped a mental coin and told the had changed both alternator voltage regu- in the 50th ATS at Hickam AFB, Hawaii. engineer to feather No. 1 engine, as the lators but had wired them both hot and Many times we came out of Tachikawa, scanner called flames still showing on backwards, meaning they would always Japan, in winter weather when ice began No. 4. I could only say to the crew that we be on, and the approximate minute at to coat the plane. The aircraft commander were having trouble staying airborne on takeoff RPM meant fires were inevitable. I would tell the navigator and load master three engines so we darned sure couldn’t had feathered No.1 and the hot wire had to tap dance on the clamshell doors, fly on two, so just let it burn, at least until burned in two on No. 4 before anything which would accumulate a lot of ice. At we reached pattern altitude. After what else, such as magnesium, caught fire. first, I thought that was dumb but then I seemed like an eternity the scanner re- If my choice had been reversed would realized that the ice buildup could put us ported no more flame showing on No. 4 the No. 1 engine fire have gone out? in the ocean. At that point, I tap danced as we turned away from the city, and the We will never know. I was never made like James Cagney. engineer reported alternator temperature aware of what, if anything, happened to All Globemaster missions were not coming down. From my own experience the maintenance crew that changed the fraught with danger. Take the one from when my squadron from Dover AFB, Del., voltage regulators. McChord that flew north to supply a DEW had four airplanes at Tehran, Iran, at one Lt. Col. R. W. Hudson, Line station on an ice island. They carried time with blown engines from having to USAF (Ret.) a bulldozer so that the people on the ice hold high power so long over the hump, I Fresno, Calif. island could plow out a runway. The blade was concerned about blowing one of our of the dozer was detached and each unit remaining good engines and instructed I quite enjoyed your article on the old was fitted with a parachute. Unfortunately, the engineer to alternately reduce power “slab-sided” C-124. I had an experience the dozer got the lightweight chute while a bit on each engine to relieve stress. with “Old Shakey” I will never forget—nor the blade got the heavyweight chute. The About the only difference that made was the skilled pilot flying it at the time. I was dozer shot right through the ice island and to make it more difficult for me to trim the returning from emergency leave to Hahn into the Arctic ocean. The blade may still aircraft to hold a heading. AB, West Germany, and caught a ride be orbiting the North Pole. Yokota approach control took over and in the C-124 from Dover to Rhein-Main. To be a Globemaster II crew member was sent us way south to get around the city Things were fine until we passed the to belong to a very rare breed of flier. We of Tachikawa because we were unable to halfway point and were advised that all flew low and slow but we carried America’s reach pattern altitude, causing us to fly of Europe was fogged in and there was military strength all over the world. about 30 miles to get on final to Yokota. nowhere our fuel would take us. The pilot Maj. Vern. J. Pall, My erratic heading control had not been elected to head to Lajes, Azores, the clos- USAF (Ret.) critical in the pattern, but I had to ask for est base with a nice long runway. After an Tucson, Ariz. a “Gyro Out PAR” as approach reported hour’s worth of white-knuckle let down,

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&OLHQW)URQWOLQH-RE9HU$' /LYH &\DQ0DJHQWDCzechoslovakia were USAF (Ret.) with the front wheels! The follow-me truck still fighting; then he claims that Prague Victorville, Calif. could barely find its way to base ops. I had no military significance. Nonsense! never did learn that pilot’s name but if he Prague, like Berlin, had military impor- I found Rebecca Grant’s “Ascendent reads this, thank God for you, sir. tance, not least because the Germans Eagle” interesting, generally accurate, and Bob Goodwin were defending it. Yet Eisenhower sent timely for the Eagle’s 41st anniversary Council Bluffs, Iowa his troops away from the German forces of first flight this month. Having been in Czechoslovakia, advancing instead into assigned to ASD’s AX-FX SPO cadre in Yay! Boo! and Additions? the undefended Danube valley. This was July 1967 and remaining on the program John Correll is clearly one of the best again unjustifiable on “purely military” in various engineering and project man- writers to regularly appear in Air Force grounds. agement capacities through July 1975, Magazine. I eagerly wait to read his The decisions to halt rather than I’m quite familiar with the program’s early articles every month. take Berlin and Prague were primarily history and key players. In “The Halt on the Elbe,” July [p. 64], political, not military. They were the I find the absence of any mention of John takes the reader inside the decision- culmination of Roosevelt’s policy of John Boyd’s Energy-Maneuverability making process and makes World War II appeasing Stalin. Theory and the role it played in the defi- come alive in ways not often found in dry Incidentally, Montgomery’s “slow, plod- nition of the F-15 to be a most glaring historical accounts. I have come to rely ding” British Army advanced 40 miles omission. It was truly the key to refining on his meticulous research to produce per day when exploiting breakthroughs the fundamental F-15 requirements. little-known facts and set tones that will in Africa, France, and Germany—about Not to nitpick, but the first two produc- draw the reader into his stories. This was the same rate as the supposedly more tion F-15s were delivered to TAC at Luke no exception. bold and dashing Patton. AFB, Ariz., on Nov. 14 1974, and IOC I doubt many Air Force Magazine James Perry declared in June 1976. I think the Eagle’s readers had any idea how strained the Reston, Va. overall combat record now stands at 106 relationship was between our Allied lead- kills to zero combat losses, a testament to ers. Who knew the rationale for General One large omission to his story of the the many men and women contributing to Eisenhower passing up Berlin for Dresden concerns of US-Soviet forces meeting in the most successful fighter aircraft program or that Churchill regularly communicated Germany in a drive on Berlin is the high in history. Thanks for the great article. directly with Eisenhower? probability that US ground forces would Col. Fred DeGroot, No matter how badly it was received, have been deprived of close air support USAF (Ret.) it appears Eisenhower’s decision was and certainly of any bombing support Monument, Colo. ultimately vindicated. “The Halt on the by B-17s and B-24s. The Soviets had by Elbe” was at once a history lesson, a this time shot down several US Army Air I was stationed in Thailand in 1966 fascinating peek at the rationale for shift- Forces planes in the Balkans and could with the 555th Triple Nickel Squadron of ing the military focus from Europe to the reasonably be expected to do the same in the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing. We were Pacific, and a strong character study of the Berlin area as their forces advanced equipped with F-4Cs. I agree with Ms. Eisenhower, Churchill, and Stalin. west. The thought of Soviet fighters going Grant’s description of the reasons our Lt. Col. Donald L. Gilleland, after US planes over Berlin or in the area air-to-air ratio was not that great. USAF (Ret.) is not fantastic. For example, the training requirements Melbourne, Fla. This is seldom addressed in writings from TAC did not include any air-to-air about this period, but must have figured fighter vs. fighter training in order to attain Why do you keep publishing John Cor- into Eisenhower’s and Bradley’s thinking mission ready status in the ’64 to ’65 time rell’s puerile anti-British diatribes? They about this subject. By this point, the role frame. It did include air defense training, have nothing to do with airpower history of close air support, interdiction, and which is of little value when you are fighting and discredit your magazine. His July strategic bombing in the success of their MiGs over Hanoi. Now, I must admit that article on the decision to halt at the Elbe, drive east from Normandy would have some of our pilots did have dogfighting like his January article on D-Day and last been very clear indeed. training as they went through the Tiger September’s article on Yalta, is biased, Robert Arnold program during their training in the ’50s. historically inaccurate, and illogical. Sonoma, Calif. The commander of TAC in this time Correll insists that Eisenhower was only frame was a SAC general, so he was very concerned with destroying the German Whither Weasels? interested in his safety record. One of the armed forces, but also contends that Just finished reading “Ascendent TAC commanders came down to MacDill Eisenhower did not want to take Berlin Eagle” in the July issue [p. 40] and was and at a dining-in he said, “Now that we and thus suffer heavy casualties. The disappointed that the F-4G Wild Weasel have two pilots in the F-4, we shouldn’t contradiction is obvious—he would have was not mentioned anywhere in the sec- have any more accidents.” Of course this taken casualties attacking Berlin because tion about Desert Storm. I watched as atmosphere cooled the ardor of anyone the German armed forces were defending fully loaded Weasels departed George with any thought pursuing max performance it. If Eisenhower wanted to destroy the AFB, Calif., for the long flight to Bahrain, fighter vs. fighter air-to-air training. German armed forces, he should have where they were joined by Weasels from Early on we trained with Navy F-4s gone straight for Berlin. Yet his troops Spangdahlem AB, Germany. until the production line at McDonnell veered away from this German force The night of Jan. 17, 1991, had the could start the Air Force version of the towards the bombed-out, ruined cities Weasels out in front of the strike pack- F-4 down the line. of Saxony that were militarily irrelevant ages, ready to take out Iraq’s radars and Of course the Air Force did not have and largely undefended. Clearly, “purely SAM systems. Desert Storm was pretty any procurement of AIM-7 missiles under

14 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 contract, so we were using Navy missiles We guard and pass on our ethical phasis on the staff function and decision- until Raytheon could start up the Air Force standards, the traditions and history of making at the midgrade officer and above production line. The Navy missiles they our profession, the unique requirements level. The professional associations and sent us were not the cream of the crop of the profession, leadership and man- relationships made at ACSC continue to and we had a lot of missile maintenance agement requirements that are special grow and benefit the officers and their problems to deal with early on. to the calling, and we ensure that the organizations for years to come. In closing, I would like to praise our shared social and moral aspects of the The idea that operational effec- maintenance personnel. They worked profession are clear and enduring. All tiveness is not improved by training/ night and day to keep those F-4s op- this is accomplished by the tiered PME educating our officers as they proceed erational and loaded with weapons. I experiences that build, remind, and through their careers is simply wrong. had not seen such devotion to duty as reinforce over the years. We break that We train them to be better leaders and those gentlemen demonstrated and with, chain at the risk to our professionalism decision-makers, the very essence unfortunately, not too much official praise. and our operational success because of operational effectiveness. We are Thanks, guys, I will never forget you. we build leaders the old-fashioned way: fortunate that Frazier’s views did not Col. Ross Peeler, one step at a time. If Frazier does not exist when the Air Corps Tactical School USAF (Ret.) believe that we are indeed members of (ACTS), the forerunner of Air University, Fort Myers, Fla. a profession, he should take a quick read helped develop not only the great Air of Huntington’s The Soldier and the State. Corps leaders of World War II, such as Just Teach ’Em To Salute Chapter One explains it all. Chennault, but also helped develop the Retired Lt. Col. Charles Frazier’s letter, Squadron Officer School, for example, war plans and doctrines that guided the [“Education, Shmeducation,” July, p. 9], is brings officers of all specialties together operational effectiveness of our great disturbing. It appears that he believes that to hone their skills and to participate in air forces that helped win that war. military service is an occupation, simply the leadership laboratory that SOS offers To carry Frazier’s views to their another job, rather than a profession. using a variety of situations that allow illogical conclusion, we could also Our enemies over the centuries have every student to lead and learn in ways eliminate the service academies and learned the folly of that perspective in not possible at their home stations and as- just commission college graduates, defeat after defeat. signments. One survey of commanders of teach them how to salute, and all Does Frazier really believe that we SOS graduates overwhelmingly reported would be fine. While we are at it, toss can take a college graduate, give him/ that those graduates’ performance after out ROTC and OTS as well. Naturally, her some excellent technical training, attending SOS was significantly improved. we would also have to wipe out one of and magically he/she develops leader- Not to mention the lifelong acquaintances our finest programs: NCO PME. Never ship and management skills? Or officers and common core of experience that are mind that former Air Force NCOs are are somehow infused without effort with developed in all PME courses. widely considered a great catch by a thorough understanding of why we ACSC does many of the same things, civilian industry because they are so serve, who we serve, and how we serve? albeit at a higher level and with more em- professional in all respects. Just giving

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AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 15 a young airman a tool or specialty is only the start. We then begin a tiered professional training sequence similar to officer PME. What we get for that investment in time and money is the best NCO corps in history, a direct result of NCO PME. Col. David L. Peebles, USAF (Ret.) Madison, Ala. and Lt. Col. Frank Howe, USAF (Ret.) Denver

Professional military education is integral to the development of well- rounded airmen. If only technical training was provided, we would have nerds with no communications and manage- ment skills. Having taken both correspondence and in-residence PME, I know resident training is better because it is more intensive and personal. Of course many people are in remote locations, so correspondence is Identify and neutralize threats. the alternative. As for duplication (some people do Control the airspace. both), I always understand better after a second reading. It is not redundant to do it again but rather reinforces the Fulfill the mission. original training. There are many ways to economize, Rapidly evolving battlespace conditions but elimination of PME is a false saving. and scenarios demand a flexible and James A. Bailey Schenectady, N.Y. innovative approach to electronic warfare. Exelis is an EW industry leader, leveraging Firsts!—and Firsts? Excellent approach to the history of our unrivaled electromagnetic spectrum flight [“Firsts in Flight,” July, p. 56]. A experience for fixed-wing aircraft to bring follow-on in the spirit of “first controlled, missile warning to the F-16 Fighting Falcon. sustained, powered, human heavier-than- air” might add level surface, wheeled The Exelis/Cassidian AN/AAR-60(V)2 MWS machine, launched by another machine, detects the anti-aircraft threat, tracks or other features taken for granted today. Any history of early flight should bring the threat, alerts the aircrewmen and Santos-Dumont and Langley into the initiates the countermeasure to increase discussion. survivability and enhance mission William Larson Universal City, Tex. effectiveness. Look to Exelis for the expertise and agility to complete your The F-100 Beat It Just wanted to inform you of an error on mission affordably. Learn more at p. 80 of the July 2013 issue regarding the www.exelisinc.com/electronicwarfare. MiG-19 and your reference to the F-100 in the article as well [“Airpower Classics”]. According to the overview the MiG-19 was the Soviets first operational supersonic jet that first flew in 1954. It was powered by two turbojet engines with afterburners. This may be true but it was not the first operational supersonic jet in the world www.exelisinc.com as so stated in the opening paragraph. Clearly by official USAF records, the F-100 was the first operational fighter to Photo courtesy of the rotate wheels up and achieve supersonic Exelis is a registered trademark and U.S. Air Force. Taken by “The Power of Ingenuity” is a trademark, speeds. I kindly ask for a correction to Tech. Sgt. Michael Holzworth. both of Exelis Inc. Copyright © 2013 include so stated facts above in the [NYSE: XLS] Exelis Inc. All rights reserved. August 2013 issue. Mike Dean Coatesville, Pa.

16 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Budget restraints are the new normal. so why keep Buying access to space the same old way?

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In mid-2013, some 83,000 US service affiliation are: Army 43,786; Navy and personnel were missing or unaccounted Coast Guard 33,279; Marine Corps 3,941; for from World War II, the Korean War, Air Force 1,485. (Army Air Forces’ World the Vietnam War, the Cold War, and six War II losses are included in the Army Persian Gulf conflicts. That’s the word from tally.) In a recent study, the Government the Pentagon, which is charged with trying Accountability Office said DOD has to resolve the cases. As can be seen, made some progress in coordinating its most of the missing (73,000, or about 88 recovery efforts but noted that the effort percent) are casualties of World War II. is undermined by “leadership weaknesses Sixty-nine percent (57,307) were lost in and a fragmented organizational the Pacific region. The missing by service structure.”

Unaccounted-for US Troops—Where and How Many? 21,148 EUCOM 1,444 77 Cold War NORTHCOM 21,071 World War II All World War II

997 AFRICOM All World War II 603 31 SOUTHCOM CENTCOM 57,307 PACOM All World War II 6 Gulf Conflicts 25 World War II 49 Cold War 1,648 Vietnam War Source: “DOD’s POW/MIA Mission; Top-Level Leadership Attention Needed to 7,918 Korean War Resolve Longstanding Challenges in Accounting for Missing Persons From Past Conflicts,” Government Accountability Office, Washington, D.C., July 2013. 47,692 World War II

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Some Commander in Chief They’re on the Run, Though make ends meet on budgets. ... To the “Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel on “The problem we face today is there end of the fiscal year here, I know I’m Wednesday released a sobering report are probably more al Qaeda cells and probably about $4 or $5 million short, on the deep funding problems looming affiliates across the Arab world in 2013 just getting to the end of the year. So at the Pentagon, which is on track to fall than there have ever been before be- how we’re going to scrape up $4 or $5 tens of billions short of what it needs to cause of the chaos that’s followed the million to make it to the end of the year, fulfill the strategic mission that President Arab Spring.”—Bruce O. Riedel, CIA much less make it through another Obama has articulated for the national veteran and now director of Brookings In- year of sequestration in ’14—Yeah, defense. The same day, Mr. Obama told stitution Intelligence Project, Wall Street no impact. No impact. Let me assure congressional Democrats that the Pen- Journal, Aug. 5. you, there is plenty of impact.”—Gen. tagon should get no more attention than William L. Shelton, Air Force Space Com- many other areas of the budget. ... That Kerry’s Keystone Komment ... mand, remarks to a forum on Capitol can’t be the final answer from the Com- “The [Egyptian] military was asked Hill, July 16. mander in Chief. ... Mr. Obama ultimately to intervene by millions and millions can’t act as though the Defense Depart- of people, all of whom were afraid of a Meet the New Boss ... ment’s sequester cuts are equivalent in descendance into chaos, into violence. “In our region, a sore has been sit- consequence to every other item in the And the military did not take over, to the ting on the body of the Islamic world budget. The country’s defense is a core best of our judgment so far. To run the for many years, in the shadow of the responsibility of the federal government, country, there’s a civilian government. In occupation of the holy land of Palestine and its armed forces are critical to the effect, they were restoring democracy.”— and the dear Quds [i.e., Jerusalem]. nation’s ability to exert leadership, main- Secretary of State John F. Kerry, on the This day is in fact a reminder of the fact tain alliances, defend human rights and Egyptian military’s armed overthrow of that Muslim people will not forget their preserve the nation’s safety.”—House President Muhammad Morsi, Aug. 1. historic right and will continue to stand editorial in the Washington Post, Aug. 3. against aggression and tyranny.”—Iranian ... And a Good Question President-elect Hassan Rouhani, remarks Raising the Bar “Does Secretary Kerry expect De- about Israel, Aug. 2. “Prior to 9/11, a soldier could lose his fense Secretary Hagel to step in and or her clearance over a minor infraction, remove [President] Obama if large pro- ... Same as the Old Boss and access to Special Compartmental- tests take place in America?”—Gehad “Rouhani’s true face has been re- ized Information was granted on a strict El-Haddad, spokesman for Egypt’s Muslim vealed earlier than expected. ... This is ‘need to know’ basis. To lose access to- Brotherhood, denouncing Kerry’s remark what the man thinks and this is the plan day, you have to hand over 700,000 clas- about the Egyptian coup, AP dispatch, of the Iranian regime. These remarks by sified documents to WikiLeaks or give Aug. 2. President Rouhani must rouse the world the Chinese and Russians the NSA’s from the illusion that part of it has been gravest secrets. Back when I served in A Light Finally Dawns caught up in since the Iranian elections. Military Intelligence, [Pfc. Bradley] Man- “What we’re seeing is a Russian presi- The President there has changed, but ning never would’ve gotten a clearance dent who has increasingly committed to the goal of the regime has not: to achieve in the first place—warning flags were a foreign policy that is based largely on nuclear weapons in order to threaten everywhere. Same thing with [former zero-sum calculations, ... which is the Israel, the Middle East, and the peace National Security Agency contractor] exact opposite of the US-Russian rela- and security of the entire world.”—Israeli Edward Snowden: He never should tionship in the decade after the Cold War. President Benjamin Netanyahu, New York have gotten a clearance of any kind. But Win-win on the Russian side seems to Times, Aug. 3. serious vetting ended with 9/11: Today, be now an inoperative concept.”—Former it’s just a meat market.”—Ret. Army Col. Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, Invest for the Long Haul Ralph Peters, a former Army intelligence a noted dove on Russia, commenting on “I think in a downturn like this, it’s even officer, op-ed in theNew York Post, July 31. Vladmir Putin’s move to give asylum to more important to spend on R&D. We’re NSA renegade Edward J. Snowden, Po- in this game for the long haul. We need No Apologies litico.com, Aug. 2. industry to be in it for the long haul with “I state without apology that we are a us. And when I was running an R&D Pacific power. America is a Pacific resi- Shelton’s Justified Rant program for industry, we understood dent power and we will remain so. The “I’m ... extremely tired of reading ar- that. We continued to make investments truth of the matter is our resident power ticles in various publications that there in the early ’90s, despite the downturn status is the reason why this area of the is no impact to sequestration. Let me in defense. Companies that want to be world is able to grow and be stable. Our assure you, there are plenty of impacts in this business for the long term, and mere presence in the Pacific is in and to sequestration. And those who are want to provide us with the products of itself the basis upon which stability writing those articles, those who are that we need, need to be invested in of the region is built.”—Vice President saying that there is no impact, and the R&D.”—Frank Kendall, undersecretary Joseph Biden, remarks aboard USS Free- sky has not fallen, and so on and so of defense for acquisition, technology, dom in Singapore, Agence France-Presse forth, I would like for them to come live and logistics, interview on “This Week in dispatch, July 27. with me for a couple of days and try to Defense News,” Aug. 5.

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STOP ME BEFORE I CUT AGAIN “There are going to be things we can’t do any longer,” Carter said. “We know the world’s watching. It’s embarrassing and unsafe Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel offered an exasperated and to be in the situation we are in.” urgent warning to the nation this summer: If Congress doesn’t get Hagel insisted the Defense Department is “not crying wolf or its act together and reverse the budget sequester for Fiscal 2014 … trying to overstate or overhype” the situation, and he’s given and beyond, it will “bend” or “break” national military strategy and strict orders that any of his people communicating with Congress profoundly weaken the nation’s armed forces. or the press “don’t put a word anywhere that’s exaggerated.” The Reporting on the results of the Strategic Choices and Manage- President, he said, has to “know what he’s got and what he doesn’t ment Review (SCMR), which he ordered up in April, Hagel said have,” and Congress has to understand the real consequences incredibly steep, destructive spending cuts will be needed to live of continuing inaction. with the austerity plan, if it continues for the 10 years mandated by Hagel stopped just short of demanding that Congress relax its the 2011 Budget Control Act. The US military would have to shrink refusal to allow DOD to close facilities and ask service members to a pre-World War II size and would be forced to abandon some to pay modestly more for their own health care, among other steps missions, he said at a Pentagon press conference. he thinks must be taken to pay the bills. The choice amounts to trading “size for high-end capability,” or Because he can’t quickly—or legally—close bases, eliminate vice versa, Hagel said. In either case, if the US becomes involved in organizations, discharge thousands of service members, reduce a new armed conflict, there won’t be enough capacity or capability benefits, or take other major steps to reduce overhead, the spend- to deal with a second one erupting at the same time. The US military ing cuts demanded by sequester can’t be achieved in the first few would be able to go “fewer places and do fewer things,” he said. years, Hagel observed. Even if Hagel cuts everything he’s allowed to, it still wouldn’t be “Every scenario of the review … showed shortfalls in the early enough: He’d still have to come up with tens of billions of dollars years of $30 billion to $35 billion. These shortfalls will be even more, every year. That would mean radical, sustained reductions larger if Congress is unwilling to enact changes to compensation in readiness and “a decade-long modernization holiday,” during or adopt other management reforms and infrastructure cuts we’ve which the US military wouldn’t be able to replace worn-out or proposed” in the Fiscal 2014 budget. obsolete gear and would lose its edge against world competitors. “Opposition to these proposals must be engaged and overcome, The situation, he said, would be a continuous replay of this or we will be forced to take even more draconian steps in the future,” summer’s readiness debacle, which saw Air Force squadrons Hagel warned. grounded, Army units not training, and Navy ships tied up dockside Rep. Buck McKeon (R-Calif.), HASC chairman, said, “Further instead of deploying to hot spots. cuts will cause catastrophic readiness shortfalls.” The US will “lose “Letting sequester-level cuts persist would be a huge strategic our workforce and ability to recruit and retain the all-volunteer force, miscalculation,” Hagel said at the July 31 press conference. “If and our influence around the world will continue to diminish.” these abrupt cuts remain, we risk fielding a force that over the next He added that “there’s agreement on both sides of the aisle and few years is unprepared due to a lack of training, maintenance, both sides of the Potomac that these cuts embolden our enemies and the latest equipment.” and jeopardize US national security.” Potential cuts identified under the SCMR include elimination of as many as five more squadrons of Air Force fighters, early retire- ment of “older Air Force bombers,” chopping up to three carrier BENT OR BROKEN battle groups, and the early discharge of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and marines, Hagel said. The force structure scenarios laid out by Hagel posited three Deputy Defense Secretary Ashton B. Carter, explaining the spending levels: the Fiscal 2014 defense budget proposed by SCMR findings the next day to the House Armed Services Com- President Obama; the full sequester, which cuts a further $52 billion mittee, warned of rising risk and danger due to sequester. from the 2014 proposed budget; and a third “in-between scenario” in which the Pentagon cuts about $250 billion over 10 years. That would cut half as much as sequester, but the notional plan would achieve most of those savings toward the end of the period be- cause of the time it takes to reduce people, force structure, and infrastructure, Hagel reported. At the budget level proposed by Obama in Fiscal 2014, “we

DOD photo Glennby Fawcett can sustain our current defense strategy,” Hagel insisted. The in-between level, “would bend our defense strategy in important ways, and sequester-level cuts would break some parts of the strategy.” Carter told HASC legislators, “We simply cannot downsize the force prudently in a few years. Ten, yes; in a few, no.” Consequently, Hagel pleaded with Congress to give DOD time to ramp its spending down more slowly so that the deepest cuts Up to five fighter squadrons could go. could be “back-loaded” into later years.

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Options eyed in the review include bringing the Army down by The study found that everything in “Technology Horizons,” the 70,000-100,000 soldiers from its current end strength of 490,000 previous technology report conducted by Werner J. A. Dahm, Active Duty and 15,000-60,000 from its 555,000 reserve compo- remains valid. Specifically, it states that USAF has to invest in nent. Navy carrier battle groups would potentially be reduced “from faster and more resilient networks, find ways to get the gear it 11 to eight or nine,” Hagel said, and “the Air Force could reduce needs at lower cost, and improve its people over the long-term tactical aircraft squadrons—potentially as many as five—and cut to be able to keep up with the ever-accelerating pace of military the size of the C-130 fleet with minimal risk.” The service could also operations and information. “retire older … bombers.” Marine end strength could be reduced Broadly, Maybury’s study found that the Air Force is going to from 182,000 to between 150,000 and 175,000. have to lead in ways to get faster: faster at computing, faster Hagel stressed that none of these cuts is a “proposal,” but at traveling through the domains of air, space, and cyber, and rather a series of options developed to give Washington a “clear- faster at comprehending rapidly changing conditions and making eyed assessment of what our military can and cannot do in the the right choices about what to do. event of a major confrontation or a crisis after several years of At the same time, USAF will be competing for a shrinking sequester-level cuts.” pool of people who are experts in science, technology, engi- The goal was “to be able to give the President informed rec- neering, and math. The Air Force also will have to do more to ommendations, not to prejudge outcomes,” Hagel pointed out. recruit—earlier than ever—cultivate, and retain them against The SCMR will also serve as a springboard for the upcoming higher bidders. Quadrennial Defense Review and assist planners in developing It will be tougher to perform USAF’s core missions because the Fiscal 2015 budget, he noted. Programmers will actually have all “domains will be increasingly contested, congested, and com- to build two budgets going forward: one for sequester and one petitive,” Maybury said in the executive summary of the report. for the President’s proposal, he added. He recommends a more comprehensive and dedicated pro- While the review was respectful of the sacrifices of the troops, gram to keep an eye on technologies being developed overseas the Pentagon can’t bear big military pay and benefits increases— and a faster, more focused effort to identify and counter new as it has for the last 12 years—now already claiming half the technology threats. Pentagon’s budget, said Hagel. Key technologies with the greatest potential to be “game Part of the financial solutions ahead include a slower growth changers” for the Air Force include “trusted and resilient cy- in pay, changes to the way housing allowances are calculated, berspace” and assured positioning, navigation, and timing, and the probable end of commissary subsidies. as well as hypersonic propulsion, directed-energy weapons, “If left unchecked, pay and benefits will continue to eat into “bio-inspired computation,” advanced materials and the means our readiness and modernization. That could result in a far less to produce them, and enhanced ways to extract the highest capable force that is well-compensated but poorly trained and physical and mental performance from individuals. poorly equipped,” Hagel pointed out. In “fast follower” mode, USAF will adopt technologies devel- That could also mean shifting retirees to private-sector insur- oped by other agencies or allies that it can use to further its ance, “reducing the overseas cost-of-living adjustments, [and] strength in core functions. continuing to limit military and civilian pay increases,” he added. As a “technology watcher,” it will keep tabs on technologies The sequester cuts are in addition to $487 billion of reductions not directly pertaining to its core functions but where those over the next decade the Defense Department has already had technologies can help with its enabling capabilities. to accommodate, Hagel pointed out. Besides that, he and his Along with these key thrusts there will have to be new, agile predecessors have been moving to slash DOD overhead: Robert acquisition methods that can dramatically accelerate the current M. Gates proposed $150 billion in efficiencies; Leon E. Panetta process, which is too long and cumbersome to keep up with $60 billion; and Hagel himself $34 billion. technology change, Maybury said. Consequently, Hagel said, there’s “not much” efficiency left to This will involve more widespread partnerships among the find, and even all those projections aren’t likely to bear full fruit. various government agencies that foster and nurture technology Even so, he announced plans to cut 20 percent from headquar- breakthroughs and seeking more international partnerships on ters budgets for the Pentagon, combatant commands, defense common technology efforts. Maybury noted ongoing collabora- agencies, and field activities and flattening out the organizational tion with Australia on hypersonics as an example. chart. He also said there would be consolidation of intelligence In aircraft, Maybury said the drive is on to make remotely analysis functions that have bloomed since 2001 and which Hagel piloted systems more autonomous while humans retain control said are duplicative. over the weapons release. Stealth will still be important, and Adm. James A. Winnefeld Jr., vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs, stealth aircraft coupled with directed energy systems will likely who helped head up the review, said it was about “teeing up be a game changer. There will need to be more teaming between choices. We haven’t made those choices yet. We now understand manned and unmanned aircraft, though. them very, very well.” Maybury foresees combat aircraft becoming more generic, outfitted for specific missions with modular payloads and mission systems. This will extend their service lives, by making them LEAD, FOLLOW, OR … WATCH adaptable to new missions as they arise. Because almost all countries have the ability to get to space A new Air Force study of the service’s technological future fo- on their own or by buying launch and payload services, Maybury cuses on areas where USAF must lead, where it must follow the sees space becoming rapidly more congested, with greater commercial market, and where it should simply keep an eye on “cyber and physical threats” that must be guarded against. what its allies and competitors are doing. He anticipates greater use of smallsats, “fractionated satel- “Global Horizons,” directed by Chief Scientist Mark T. Maybury, lites,” and “disaggregated constellations.” These are mix-and- who has since moved on to a new position outside the service, fol- match constellations that collectively perform certain tasks and, lows the last big Air Force technology forecast by just three years. in other configurations, can do other things without putting an Global Horizons forecasts the broad demands on the Air Force entire capability on a single big satellite. and its core missions out to 2050, conditions such as population Also, he suggests USAF begin migrating to higher frequency growth, climate change, competition for resources, and the rapidly electromagnetic communications, because lower bands are shifting capabilities of US military competitors. getting too crowded. n

24 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 ©2013 Anheuser-Busch, Budweiser® Beer, St. Louis, MO

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F-16s Collide Midair Two Air Combat Command F-16Cs assigned to the Dis- trict of Columbia Air National Guard’s 113th Wing collided in midair during an Aug. 1 routine training mission off the coast of Chincoteague, Va., about 70 miles southeast of screenshot Washington, D.C. The Coast Guard recovered one pilot who ejected from his aircraft following the collision, according to a unit release. The second aircraft was able to return home to JB Andrews, Md. Medical personnel evaluated both pilots at Andrews; they released one and transferred the second to Walter Reed ANG photo by MSgt. ScottThompson National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Md., for further treatment of minor injuries. The cause of the mishap remains under investigation.

T-38 Incidents A T-38 with two aircrew on board landed with its landing gear retracted at JBSA-Randolph, Tex., announced base offi cials late July. The incident happened on Randolph’s east runway, according to the base’s news report. Neither pilot was injured and the incident was still under investigation as of early August. The aircraft was assigned to the 12th Flying Training Wing. This mishap came less than two weeks after a student pilot and his instructor safely ejected from a T-38 that crashed south of Sheppard AFB, Tex., according to a release from

A Truly Historic Mission Kandahar Airfi eld, Afghanistan—Andrew Billman is one of three Air Force historians in Afghanistan tasked with documenting the service’s role in the United States’ longest war for future generations to study. From his offi ce in Kandahar, Billman collects between 5,000 and 10,000 documents a month on all the mis- sions conducted by Kandahar’s 451st Air Expeditionary Wing. For particularly signifi cant missions, he also interviews the wing commander, vice commander, and mission participants. Transcripts from those interviews are included with the rest of the documents he collects and then attaches to a roughly 75-page monthly clas- sifi ed report that is passed on to 9th Air Force and the Air Force Historical Research Agency, Billman told Air Force Magazine during a July 13 interview in his offi ce. The Air Force will eventually declassify the reports and then use them to write the offi cial book on the service’s role in Operation Enduring Freedom. “Thirty years from now, we’ll have information detail- ing exactly how we retrograded out of Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan,” said Billman. The other two Air Force historians are working from Kabul and Bagram Airfi eld. —Amy McCullough

[Read the full story in www.airforcemag.com’s “In More Depth” section.]

26 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 the base’s 80th Flying Training Wing. Military and civilian fi rst senior commanders must review actions taken on such cases, responders rushed to the scene. announced service offi cials. These requirements took effect By Merri M. Shaffer, Associate Editor The student pilot, German air force 1st Lt. Julius Dressbach, on July 2 and June 27, respectively, aiming to help eliminate suffered “minor, non-life threatening injuries” and was treated sexual assault from within the service’s ranks, stated an Air at a local hospital, stated the release, which identifi ed the Force news release. instructor pilot as Maj. Christopher Thompson. Both Thomp- Under the changes, once a commander has information son and Dressbach are assigned to the wing. The cause of alleging a sexual assault, the commander must promptly refer that accident was still under investigation in early August. the case to the Air Force Offi ce of Special Investigations. If an airman is found to have committed a sexual assault, the Mandatory Discharge commander—after the airman completes any disciplinary Under newly adopted policies the Air Force will discharge action—must initiate administrative discharge processing any airman found to have committed a sexual assault, and for that airman.

08.05.2013

TSgt. Anthony Nickell (l) and SrA. Jeremy Shaver watch a Black Hawk perform maneuvers at Observation Post Charlie, Grayling Air Gunnery Range, Mich., during Northern Strike, a joint multi- national combined arms training exercise.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 27 Air Force World United Launch Alliance photo

Further, any commander who makes a disciplinary decision Half-A-Dozen Up There: USAF’s sixth Wideband Global regarding an airman for a sexual assault must report that decision SATCOM was launched on a United Launch Alliance Delta to his servicing general court-martial convening authority who IV from Cape Canaveral AFS, Fla., Aug. 7. The satellite will has attained the rank of brigadier general or higher. The general provide coverage for US defense forces and international court-martial convening authority will then review the intended partners including Australia, which supported the cost of the sixth SATCOM. disposition and take any further action deemed appropriate.

Pacifi c Posture The Air Force does not plan to build any more bases in the Pacifi c, but will maintain a signifi cant presence in the region. Dur- ing the Cold War era “almost every CONUS unit” would operate from Europe, rotating in and out every 18 months to two years, said Gen. Hebert J. Carlisle, commander of Pacifi c Air Forces. AEI Foreign Policy @AEIfdp “The Air Force is turning to that in the Pacifi c,” he told reporters Why doesnʼt #Congress understand that #military in Washington, D.C., in late July. entitlements are killing readiness? ow.ly/nIE7S @ Carlisle said the United States already is beefi ng up its Pacifi c MEaglen @AEIfdp presence with 12 rotating F-22s at Kadena AB, Japan, and 24 F-16s in South Korea “on top” of what was there before. Rodney J McKinley @cmsaf15McKinley The fi rst overseas F-35 squadron also will be based in the We used to be admired by countries because of Pacifi c, likely in Alaska, Japan, or South Korea, he said. In addi- our inventions, what we build, what we made. Must tion, the Air Force will “maintain [its] capability in northeast Asia” get back to being productive country. while “increasingly [moving] south and west with the rotational

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BUDDY SAMS | +1 703 276 9500 | GULFSTREAM.com/specialmissions presence” in places such as India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the BY THE NUMBERS Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, he said. Back to Flying 690,834 While the Air Force has put money back into its fl ying hour accounts for the remainder of the fi scal year, time will be the Tons of cargo moved by the 451st Expeditionary critical factor in getting the units that stopped fl ying in April Logistics Readi ness Squadron aerial port since its combat-capable once again, said Adm. James A. Winnefeld Jr., vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. June 29, 2009, activation at Kandahar Airfi eld, “What I can tell you [is] that if you take one of these squadrons Afghanistan. that hasn’t been fl ying at all, it’s gonna take anywhere from one to three months for them to bring their profi ciency back up just in basic airmanship skills,” Winnefeld told the Senate Armed Services Committee on July 18 in response to questioning from Ranking Member Sen. Jim Inhofe (R-Okla.). It will take another three months beyond that for the units to get their combat skills up to standard, said Winnefeld. He said he would provide Inhofe with the monetary costs associated with the retraining of these units, for the record.

Soldier Earns Medal of Honor President Obama will award Army SSgt. Ty M. Carter of An- tioch, Calif., the Medal of Honor for his conspicuous gallantry during combat operations in Afghanistan, announced the White House. The President was expected to present Carter with the MOH at the White House on Aug. 26, making him the fi fth living MOH recipient for actions in Iraq or Afghanistan, according to the White House’s July 26 release. Carter was a cavalry scout with the 4th Infantry Division’s 4th Brigade Combat Team serving at Combat Outpost Keating in Nuristan province on Oct. 3, 2009, when a force of more than 400 insurgents attempted to overrun the outpost. During the intense six-hour-plus battle, Carter resupplied ammunition to fi ghting = 20,000 tons positions, provided fi rst aid to a battle colleague, killed enemy troops, and “valiantly risked his own life to save a fellow soldier,” stated the Army’s narrative of his action. That’s the same as moving Of the 54 Keating defenders that day, eight were killed and more than 25 were injured, according to the Army. more than 3,500 blue whales!

[To read more about the battle, go to www.airforcemag. com and search “Keating.”]

Pararescueman Honored SSgt. Zachary Kline, a pararescueman with Air Force Reserve Source: Created by the 451st Command’s 306th Rescue Squadron at Davis-Monthan AFB, Expeditionary Wing Public Affairs Offi ce Ariz., received the Silver Star during a July 14 ceremony for his

Dempsey Details Airpower Options in Syria The US military is prepared to conduct either “limited Dempsey. He estimated the costs of the NFZ as $500 standoff strikes” or establish a no-fl y zone over Syria, said million “initially” and as much as $1 billion per month over Joint Chiefs Chairman Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey. the course of a year. Risks would entail the possible loss They are among the military options for dealing with of US aircraft, requiring personnel recovery missions. Syria available to the White House and Congress, wrote Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.), who voted against approv- Dempsey in a letter dated July 19 to Sen. Carl M. Levin ing Dempsey’s nomination for a second term, released (D-Mich.), Senate Armed Services Committee chairman. a statement in early August calling Dempsey’s proposal Levin asked Dempsey to provide an unclassifi ed assess- both “disingenuous” and “exaggerated.” According to the ment of the options. statement, McCain supports the option of limited standoff For limited strikes, requirements would dictate “hundreds strikes to degrade Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s of aircraft, ships, submarines, and other enablers” to strike airpower and ballistic missile capability, an approach Syrian air defenses, missile sites, and other targets, wrote that McCain said was deemed “eminently feasible” by a Dempsey. Depending on the time frame, the costs would report from the Institute for the Study of War. be in the “billions” of dollars, and there is the possibility of “Without sound professional military judgment guid- collateral damage, the Syrian regime’s dispersal of assets, ing our top decision-makers, Syria will become a failed and retaliatory attacks on US forces, he stated. state in the heart of the Middle East and a safe haven To establish an NFZ, the United States would need for al Qaeda and its allies and degrade into a regional hundreds of aircraft ranging from strike to electronic war- conflict that threatens the national security interests of fare assets to carry out air superiority operations, wrote the United States and its allies,” McCain said.

30 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Technology

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Beating the Heat: A C-130 releases fi re retardant over the mountains near Palm Springs, Calif., on July 19. Members The Readiness Avalanche of the California Air National Guard’s 146th Airlift Wing were activated to help fi ght massive wildfi res that raged in the San Thus far, budget sequestration has not affected the Bernadino National Forest. day-to-day readiness of the units operating the nation’s nuclear triad or executing other critical US Strategic Command activities in space and cyberspace, said role in a daring mountainside rescue of the crew of a downed STRATCOM Commander Gen. C. Robert Kehler in July. Army helicopter in Afghanistan in 2011. On April 23, 2011, Kline That’s because the services have given “preferential deployed from Bagram Airfi eld aboard one of two HH-60 rescue treatment” to supporting those missions. helicopters tasked with retrieving the two-member crew of an However, the services will not be able to sustain Army OH-58D helicopter that crashed in a hostile area of an this practice if sequester lingers long-term, leaving the Afghan valley. specter of a readiness crisis on the horizon, he said. Kline endured approximately six hours on the ground under “I am worried about readiness. It is like watching intense enemy fi re, defending the crash site and coordinating an avalanche where you see it start small and if you aerial counterattacks, according to Air Force accounts. His actions continue to ignore readiness accounts, the momen- helped enable the rescue force to save the injured pilot, recover tum builds and eventually you have a big readiness the body of the second pilot, and also retrieve a wounded soldier. avalanche,” he said. The human dimension of this, such as the furlough of Defense Department civilian Combat Controllers Awarded Silver Stars personnel due to the sequester, “has gotten lost” in TSgt. Ismael Villegas and SSgt. Dale Young each received a the budget debates, he added. Silver Star during a July 22 ceremony at JBSA-Lackland, Tex., for “I am very worried that those [civilians] who are near gallantry in combat on separate occasions near Helmand province, retirement age will not hang on with us because they Afghanistan. Villegas, the Air Force’s only two-time Silver Star will not be confi dent in us,” he said. Similarly, some recipient currently on Active Duty, was recognized for his heroics civilian new hires already have come to their supervi- “during nonstop enemy engagements” from Feb. 6 to 24, 2011, sors and said: “I don’t think I am going to stay because according to Air Force accounts. He controlled numerous strike I don’t see the future here,” said Kehler. aircraft that took out eight enemy fi ghting positions and killed —Michael C. Sirak more than 20 insurgents. Young was honored for his actions from May 19 to 23, 2009. Despite being under continuous enemy fi re for 94 hours, he controlled coalition aircraft and ensured effective fi res on enemy a host of areas from defense and security to trade, science, positions, resulting in the destruction of “more than $1 billion in and technology. black tar opium,” stated the news release. News of the partnership came in a joint statement following a July meeting of President Obama and Vietnamese Presi- US, Vietnam Partnership dent Truong Tan Sang in the White House. The agreement The United States and Vietnam announced the formation is meant to “contribute to peace, stability, cooperation, and of a “comprehensive partnership” to deepen bilateral ties in prosperity in each country, in the region, and in the world,”

32 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Photo courtesy of U.S. Air Force

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©2012 Parker Hannifin Corporation F16-1-3 The War on Terrorism Operation Enduring Freedom Casualties In fact, about 220,000 airmen in all—about 43 percent As of Aug. 19, 2013, a total of 2,258 Americans had of the uniformed force—are committed to supporting died in Operation Enduring Freedom. The total includes combatant command activities every day from their home 2,255 troops and three Department of Defense civilians. station, said Welsh. “It’s a different mode than the other Of these deaths, 1,775 were killed in action, while 483 services have, and as a result, most people don’t really died in noncombat incidents. understand it,” he said. There have been 19,141 troops wounded in OEF. No Ragtag Ops US-Afghan Agreement Maj. Gen. Kenneth S. Wilsbach, commander of the 9th Joint Chiefs Chairman Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force-Afghanistan, said told reporters in Kabul he would not recommend the “zero he was surprised to learn the Afghan Air Force was not option” of pulling out all US troops from Afghanistan after a “ragtag operation.” the completion of NATO’s combat mission there at the In the three months since he assumed his role as the end of 2014. top Air Force general in Afghanistan, Wilsbach discovered Dempsey, who was in Afghanistan for meetings with the AAF actually is “a small and capable force [that is] Afghan President Hamid Karzai and senior offi cials, said improving all the time,” he told Air Force Magazine. he had a “signifi cant level of confi dence” in the Afghan se- In the second quarter of 2013, Wilsbach said the AAF curity forces, but the Afghans’ progress is “not irreversible,” conducted 795 missions—an improvement of 35 percent should US and NATO advising and training support stop. over the fi rst quarter. That included 460 medical evacua- “An interruption in that progress could be a setback for tion missions—an increase of 139 percent over the fi rst the country,” he added. A follow-on US-Afghan security quarter. In addition, Afghan-run and -organized cargo agreement is critical to continuing the development of runs were up 52 percent and troop transport missions the country’s security forces. The signing of that agree- were up 51 percent. ment might be possible by October, putting in place the Flying Time framework for the post-2014 training, assisting, and advising mission, he said. Aircrews assigned to the 451st Air Expeditionary Wing at Kandahar Airfi eld, Afghanistan, fl ew 133,415 sorties Behind the Curtain between the unit’s standup on Jan. 26, 2009, and the The demands on the Air Force will not let up even after end of May, according to offi cials. Those sorties resulted the US military’s drawdown in Afghanistan, said Chief of in 877,007 hours in the air over that span. To match that Staff Gen. Mark A. Welsh III. operational tempo, an aircraft would need to take off once “We are not going to get less busy,” he said during a every 15 minutes for four consecutive years or fl y nonstop July talk at the annual Aspen Institute’s Security Forum for 100 years, 41 days, and 23 hours, a wing spokesman in Aspen, Colo. “Our Air Force does an awful lot of stuff told Air Force Magazine in July. behind the curtain that people don’t really see.” During that same period ending in May, the base’s 451st There still will be the need for intelligence, surveil- Expeditionary Logistics Readiness Squadron passenger lance, and reconnaissance missions all over the world, terminal processed 884,925 passengers, and the aerial and the Air Force will continue performing an airlift mis- port moved 690,834 tons of cargo in support of operations sion every 90 seconds, every hour of every day, said in Afghanistan. Using C-130s and, at one time, C-27Js, the Welsh. Plus, many thousands of airmen will operate wing also dropped 24,992 tons of cargo to ground forces. satellites, protect cyber networks, and maintain the The fi nal rotation of C-27Js left Afghanistan in May readiness of the nation’s ICBMs and nuclear-capable 2012, and the Air Force is now divesting the mini-airlifters bombers, he said. as it looks to shave costs from its tightening budget.

read the statement. With regard to defense and security, the two leaders “agreed to expand mutually beneficial cooperation to enhance capabilities such as search and rescue and disaster response.”

WWII Airman’s Remains Identified Defense Department forensic scientists identified the remains of Sgt. Jerome E. Kiger, 22, of Mannington, W.Va.,

USAF photo by A1C PeterThompson an airman missing in action since World War II. Kiger’s re- mains were laid to rest with full military honors on July 21 at the Mannington Memorial Park in Mannington. Kiger was one of nine crew members of a B-24 Liberator that enemy fire brought down southwest of Munich on July

Blade Runner: A1C John Aguilar Porrata-Doria inspects the propeller blades on a C-130J on the fl ight line at the Lockheed Martin facility in Marietta, Ga. Gen. Paul Selva, Air Mobility Command commander, piloted the 28th—and fi nal—J model to the 317th Airlift Group at Dyess AFB, Tex. The 317th now has the largest C-130J fl eet.

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Readiness_ICBM_AFMag.indd 1 8/7/2013 4:14:19 PM George “Bud” Day: 1925-2013

George E. “Bud” Day, who served in three wars, created the famed “Misty FAC” unit in Vietnam, and was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism during fi ve-and-a-half years as a prisoner of war, died in July at age 88. Day, who rose to the rank of colonel in the Air Force, also was an attor- ney who, after retiring from the service, was instrumental in getting the US government to make the Tricare program available to veterans of World War II and Korea. He also joined the two presidential campaigns of his one-time cellmate in North Vietnam, Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.). He was one of the most decorated US military men since Douglas MacArthur, with some 70 medals. In August 1967, Day’s F-100 was hit by an anti-aircraft missile over North Vietnam, and he ejected. Captured, badly injured—his right arm was broken in three places—and strung upside down by his captors, the shoeless and bleed- ing Day managed to escape and evade recapture for 10 days, surviving an artillery barrage as he moved toward US lines. Within sight of a Marine encampment, he was shot in the hand and leg and recaptured by the Viet Cong. Despite open wounds and relentless tor- ture—which left him permanently impaired in the use of his arms—Day offered “maximum resistance” to interrogation, refusing to give up any useful information. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his gallantry and intrepidity during that time. He received the Air Force Cross for his continued gallantry as a POW in 1969, surviving continued torture, starvation, and threats of execution; serving as the inspirational leader of other POWs; and re- fusing to provide information on how the POWs communicated with each other or about USAF escape and evasion tactics. After McCain was shot down in 1967, Day helped nurse the naval aviator back from near-death, in spite of being close to death himself. In Faith of My Fathers, McCain’s autobiography, he wrote that Day had “an indomitable will to survive with his reputation intact” and was “a fi erce resister, whose example was an inspiration to every man who served with him.” McCain eulogized Day on the fl oor of the Senate in July, saying Day saved his life and was “a hard man to kill” who expected the same resiliency from the men under his command. Born in Sioux City, Iowa, Day dropped out of high school to join the Marine Corps in 1942, serving in the Pacifi c during the war. After the war, he graduated college and law school, but joined the Iowa Army Reserve in 1950. He soon transferred to the Air National Guard and earned his wings. During the Korean War, Day fl ew F-84s intercepting Soviet aircraft off the Korean coast. He stuck with the service and became Regular Air Force, or a full-time, career airman, but wanted to stay in past an anticipated 1968 retirement, so he volunteered for Vietnam duty in 1967. As a major, he was given the job of creating a unit of fast forward air control (Fast FAC) aircraft, to help coordinate bombing attacks and strikes on enemy air defenses. Though Detachment 1 of the 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron was offi cially named “Commando Sabre,” he nicknamed the unit and the mission “Misty” for his favorite song. There were 16 pilots and four F-100F two-seaters in the unit. Day’s call sign was “Misty 01.” He was shot down on his 65th mission over North Vietnam. In 2011, the Air Force Association honored the Misty FACs with its prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award. After being repatriated, Day, promoted to colonel in captivity, remained in the Air Force. After heavy rehabilitation and multiple waivers, he was allowed to resume fl ying duties as vice com- mander of the 33rd Tactical Fighter Wing, fl ying F-4s. In 1976, he served on the Defense Department’s Code of Conduct review board, which set new guidelines for those US service members taken prisoner. He retired in 1976, having amassed nearly 8,000 fl ying hours. Day re-entered the public spotlight in 1996, fi ling a petition on behalf of military retirees who lost their Defense-provided health care at age 65. Arguing that these veterans had been promised lifetime health care for their service, he won the case in the US district court in 2001, but it was overturned by the US Court of Appeals in 2002. Attention to the case, however, spurred Congress to establish the Tricare for Life program, which restored medical benefi ts not paid by Medicare to vets over 65. Day wrote his autobiography, Return With Honor, in 1989 and updated it with the title Duty, Honor, Country in 2002. The Survival School building at Fairchild AFB, Wash., is named for him, as is the Sioux City airport. —John A. Tirpak

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Lightning Strikes Twice

An Air Force proposal to lift restrictions on F-35 flight Shortly thereafter, Valparaiso city officials filed a lawsuit traffic from Eglin AFB, Fla., over the adjoining city of Val- against the Air Force. At the time, Arnold claimed noise levels paraiso has sparked criticism from the city’s mayor and from the F-35s would affect more than 90 percent of the rekindled a debate that began some five years ago when city’s residents. The case ended in a settlement in 2010. the Air Force first considered bringing F-35s to the north- F-35 flight operations formally commenced at Eglin in west Florida installation. 2012, with temporary restrictions placed on air traffic over The proposal comes as the Air Force is preparing to the city. ramp up F-35 operations at Eglin, which has hosted the Now, USAF is considering lifting the restrictions, and Defense Department’s joint F-35 schoolhouse since 2009. Arnold is once again speaking out. He said he’s frustrated The document, released in May, outlines several alterna- with the Air Force’s apparent unwillingness to sit down and tive proposals for how the schoolhouse could accommodate discuss its plans with city leaders. more students and aircraft. The preferred alternative would Conversely, Mike Spaits, Eglin’s environmental spokes- lift the flight restrictions over Valparaiso. man, said the Air Force has always been open with city While the Air Force is not expected to make a decision officials. “We’ve never stopped talking to Mayor Arnold, until early 2014, Bruce Arnold, Valparaiso’s mayor, is already from our top leadership down,” he said. criticizing the preferred proposal, saying noise levels from In July, Spaits said Air Force officials have invited Arnold the aircraft would harm the city and its residents. to various events at Eglin, including community leader “The city’s not encroaching on Eglin,” he told Air Force breakfasts. He also said for several years, Eglin held a Magazine in a July telephone interview. “Eglin is encroach- noise committee, in which residents from surrounding com- ing on the city.” munities, including Valparaiso, could voice their concerns. Arnold is concerned that lifting the restrictions would Ultimately, said Spaits, Eglin officials decided to discontinue result in lower property values and in a significant portion the committee meetings, because both base leadership of the town’s population leaving. and community residents agreed that there weren’t enough Local resistance to the F-35 presence at Eglin is not new. serious issues being discussed. In 2008, some Valparaiso residents expressed concern over “We are well aware of concerns from several leaders projected F-35 noise levels over the city as the Air Force was from Valparaiso and we are including all of their comments making a decision whether to bring the schoolhouse to Eglin. and concerns as we move forward,” said Andy Bourland, In 2009, the Air Force announced it would go forward with spokesman for Eglin’s 96th Test Wing. Despite Arnold’s plans for the schoolhouse, but would temporarily restrict criticisms, the communities around Eglin have gener- flight operations over Valparaiso and would limit the number ally been “very supportive” of the F-35’s presence, said of F-35s that it would beddown at the base pending comple- Bourland. tion of a supplemental environmental impact statement. —Brandon Conradis

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Visit our booth at AFA National Booth #1211 and learn more at: www.brimstonemissile.com 40 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Airfi eld, Afghanistan, in June. June. in AirfiAfghanistan, eld, Kandahar near detonation controlled a for prepare nel person- disposal ordnance explosive Slovak and USAF AIR FORCE Magazine Magazine FORCE AIR Posters Posters hanging on bulletin boards along rink. roller Canadian-built a fi and eld, area wraps around a jogging track, soccer for the truly brave. The unique recreation glass enclosed camel spider paperweights even and scarves, rugs, Afghan sell that TGI Friday’s restaurant to souvenir shops a from everything has boardwalk famed Kandahar’s desert. the of middle the in plopped home of piece little a are bases main Afghanistan’s attacks, rocket ing intended to protect personnel from incom- easy task after more than a decade of war. in half. its essentially footprint That’s no cut to year one roughly military US the from Afghanistan by Jan. 31, 2014, giving troops to 34,000 plans withdraw address of his State the Union during announced theater. from forces combat US December 2014 deadline for withdrawing in Retrograde in AFGHANISTAN The massivedrawdowneffortisalreadyunderway. T If If you look past the bunkers and T-walls As a means of meeting that goal, Obama HE o et rsdn Obama’s President meet to need the and Afghanistan in between the ongoing mission fi a walking year next line ne

US US military will spend the / September 2013 September / Kandahar will not close. The Afghans Afghans The close. not will Kandahar bases forward (FOBs), austere operating 2013.” in back came I 2009, and I didn’t even recognize it when it was big in 2006. I couldn’t believe it in in dahar] 2006, 2009, and now. I thought “I [Kan- for visited support. commander Capt. Jamie Johnston, Kandahar’s deputy been an amazing story,” said British Group the to Afghans. back handed be can base the before of dispose to pond” burn pit, and the infamous Kandahar “poo months. Afghanistan’s summer hot brutally during hydrated safely stays everyone ensures Germany, from facility, which is by controlled computer bottling water state-of-the-art A home. tractors who call the sprawling NATO 26,000 base military personnel and civilian con- Kandahar Staying Put leagues and weekly salsa dancing nights. the boardwalk advertise recreational sports Unlike most of the smaller, more more smaller, the of most Unlike “From 2001, when we fi rst arrived, it’s a dormitories, are there addition, In roughly the feed facilities dining Six Reapers are assigned to Kandahar and and Kandahar to assigned are Reapers Magazine. told Wilsbach in Afghanistan, operate to continue forces coalition as long as important remain will naissance capability. operational full to be up will cases, in some and, capability foundational a least at have to expected is 2017, Force Air Afghan the through point which at theater in remain will advisors air coalition 500 roughly said Space Force-Afghanistan, Task and Expeditionary Air 9th the of commander S. Wilsbach, Kenneth July. Gen. in Maj. out worked being still were force the of makeup and numbers exact the though have a presence in Afghanistan post-2014, Johnston. said base, Force Air Afghan future a as Kandahar sees fense De- of Ministry the Afghan addition, In their economy after coalition forces leave. boosting of means a as base, the of side fl the from visible NATO the on line ight is which Airport, Kandahar existing the expanding in interest an expressed have Intelligence, surveillance, and recon- and surveillance, Intelligence, will also forces coalition and US The By Amy McCullough, News Editor MQ-1 Predators and MQ-9 MQ-9 and Predators MQ-1 Air Force Air 41

USAF photo by SrA. Scott Saldukas Dozens of mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles sit in the Army’s redistribution property assistance team lot at Kandahar. The vehicles are stripped of all weapons, radios, and other military equipment, then cleaned and prepared for shipment back to the US.

likely will remain in some capacity after That enduring presence means coali- “We just have to be very mindful that the 2014 deadline expires, said officials. tion forces still will need access to some they may not be able to maintain some Wilsbach said there also will be “some of the facilities at Kandahar after 2014. of the buildings and it may not be safe in sort of rescue capability,” in addition Of the remaining buildings, some will be other cases,” said Johnston. to air refueling, and airlift support in transferred to the Afghans, but most will Despite the two looming withdrawal Afghanistan. be torn down, said Johnston. The operation deadlines, brand-new buildings continue “The big question will be what, if and maintenance cost of maintaining the to pop up across the base, including a anything, we will have for close air sup- buildings here is more than Afghanistan’s roughly 37,000-square-foot warehouse port,” he noted. entire budget, he added. for the 451st Expeditionary Logistics Readiness Squadron. The building, slated to open in late July, will house its Transportation Management Office (TMO) and special handling personnel. Its location next to the aerial port’s cargo yard is expected to speed up the massive retrograde and redeployment efforts, said officials.

USAF photo by SSgt. Krystie Martinez In some respects, Kandahar will have to get bigger so everyone else can get smaller, Johnston said. The base population is expected to grow to 30,000 personnel to accommodate the extra work—up 4,000 from the numbers in mid-July. Kandahar also is one of three hubs—in addition to Bagram Airfield in the Parwan province and Camp Bastion in Helmand— for US equipment to flow through as it leaves the country via a spoke-and-hub system. Although the numbers could TSgt. Dequan Barthell, a loadmaster evaluator, counts passengers boarding a C-17 change, about 40 percent of US materiel in July. The aircraft carried 137 service members out of Afghanistan. is expected to move through Kandahar, 42 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 40 percent through Bagram, and the re- The vast majority of that cargo was maining 20 percent through Bastion, said dedicated to supporting troops still Capt. Christopher Kaighen, aerial port engaged in combat, but with the largest flight commander at Kandahar. logistical drawdown in US history just As a result, the 451st ELRS is among getting underway, that workload will those that will be growing. The squadron only increase. is expected to double in size, adding As of July, the Army was pretty much

USAF photo by Capt. Joshua Daniels 110 personnel by the end of August, on schedule with the drawdown of its said 451st ELRS Commander Lt. Col. forward operating bases, but just like in Paul Cornwell. Iraq, soldiers were having a hard time parting with their gear before combat Bringing Home Materiel operations officially end. That’s creat- “They understand the surge require- ing a “little bit of a bow wave of actual ment that’s going to arrive,” said Corn- versus projected retrograde,” Cornwell well. In fact, the squadron is scheduled said, although it’s “nothing that’s causing to remain at Kandahar through 2015 to a great amount of alarm.” get all the retrograde materiel out. After To get ahead of the problem, US 2015, Cornwell said, the Air Force will Central Command is sending small downsize the squadron to a flight. teams to the FOBs to help with the The aerial port already is one of the drawdown. The CENTCOM Materiel busiest in the world. Last year, it moved Recovery Element, or CMRE, is tasked 168,000 short tons of cargo—nearly with determining what materiel should equal to short tons airmen handled at be sent home, what equipment can be Ramstein AB, Germany; Travis AFB, transferred or sold, and what is better Calif.; and Dover AFB, Del., combined off just being destroyed. over the same time period, said Kaighen. “We’re reducing the overall amount of In addition, 243,000 passengers moved materiel required to be retrograded and through its passenger terminal last year. redeployed by making commonsense

Below: US soldiers dismantle a tent at Kandahar in July as part of the footprint reduction already going on in Afghanistan.

USAF photo by Capt. Brian Maguire

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 43 decisions in the fi eld and disposing of it in the fi eld. That’s “We really do balance that out pennies to the pound,” he said. where you get into [mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles] Afghanistan is a mountainous, landlocked country with ex- being cut up,” said Cornwell. “While that makes for good shock tremely poor road conditions and this terrain poses a complicated media, nobody has asked the question, ‘OK, they are worth set of logistical challenges. The drawdown from Iraq was much $5 billion, how much is it going to cost for me to move them simpler logistically, thanks to the road network and access to back to the States?’ It’s more than $5 billion.” the port in Kuwait. Still, there are lessons that can be gleaned Cornwell said military planners really are paying attention from the 2011 withdrawal. to the minutia as they attempt to balance cost against the need “Iraq was very elementary. Here, you almost have to have to quickly get materiel elsewhere, but while cost is certainly a master’s [degree] in logistics,” said Army Capt. Michael P. important, especially in the era of sequestration, it’s not the Zinnecker, commander of the 831st Transportation Company only thing to consider. Items that must be reset back in the Detachment at Kandahar. US can be moved more slowly via ship—a signifi cant savings Zinnecker’s job is to manage transportation for all Army rede- over the cost of airlift. However, assets that must quickly be ployment, retrograde, and sustainment operations. Ninety-fi ve transported home are more likely to move by air. percent of cargo that moves through the Kandahar aerial port. For example, maintenance readiness spares package kits— “As far as [USAF’s] footprint here, if Afghanistan is a basically an aircraft parts store—is something a unit back beach, we are a speck of sand … compared to the Army,” home will need fairly quickly in order to maintain its combat said Kaighen. readiness status. However, the Army has signifi cantly more From December through mid-July, Zinnecker’s detachment vehicles, such as Strykers and MRAPs, in Afghanistan than it assisted in the movement of 3,500 pieces of Army redeployment needs in the US to remain effective. and retrograde cargo. Of that, more than 1,000 pieces moved

Continued on p. 46 Rocket Attacks at Kandahar

Kandahar Airfi eld, Afghanistan—Security has improved comfortable with where you’re at. You’re in a war zone and dramatically in Afghanistan since the war’s bloodiest days, but hostile acts are routine. It only takes one time.” hostile acts are still a regular part of life here. As such, force About an hour after the siren fi rst sounded, the female protection will remain a top priority as US and coalition forces voice came back over the loudspeaker declaring, “All clear. look to wrap up the current combat mission, offi cials said. All clear. All clear.” Take Kandahar, for example, where insurgents launched The next morning, on July 15, a second rocket attack back-to-back rocket attacks during Air Force Magazine’s occurred—a rare occurrence in daylight. The Luxembourg, visit in July. one of six dining facilities on base, was packed as coalition The fi rst attack occurred around 9:40 p.m. local time on troops, civilians, and contractors tried to catch the tail end of Sunday, July 14. The second rocket struck roughly 10 hours breakfast. I had just fi nished my scrambled eggs and bacon later. when the same trusty British voice came over the loudspeaker Sunday evening, I was sitting in my bunk working on once again declaring an attack. a story when I heard a whoosh followed by a loud bang. Immediately, everyone dropped their forks, set down their Seconds later, a British female voice over the loudspeaker trays, and hit the deck. Some troops posed for pictures confirmed what I had feared: I had just experienced my under the dining tables; others patiently waited for the first rocket attack. two minutes to pass before getting up and resuming their As instructed on my arrival, I hit the deck and started count- breakfast. Since the dining facility is a hardened shelter, a ing to 200. Then I grabbed my boots, notebook, pen, and bunker run was not necessary. Twenty minutes later, the “all fl ashlight—which thankfully I had laid out right beside the bed clear” sounded and the DFAC emptied as everyone went in the event of an attack. A minute or so later, I headed to the off to start their day. bunker, a heavily fortifi ed cave of thick, reinforced concrete. The back-to-back rocket attacks took place less than a week Rocket attacks here remain sporadic, said my bunker mates. after an Afghan National Security Forces member opened fi re Sometimes, there will be weeks without an attack and then on Slovak troops, killing one and wounding several others. there may be some that happen back-to-back. Fortunately, At the time, there were confl icting reports as to whether the the insurgents have notoriously bad aim and rarely does incident was a “green-on-blue” attack, where Afghan forces anyone get hurt. intentionally turn their guns on coalition troops, or a negligent Army Maj. Brooks Little, commander of the 102nd Mobile weapon discharge. Public Affairs Detachment—one of my bunker mates—said Either way, offi cials have said the Afghan was standing the insurgents can have different objectives.They may carry watch in a guard tower on the Afghan side of the base when out an attack in the evening for no other reason than to ha- he shot his 240B machine gun at the Slovaks who were on rass coalition troops, many of whom are preparing to go to the coalition side of the base. sleep around that time. Afghan troops secured the scene and took the suspect As the loudspeaker came back on declaring that “the into custody immediately following the July 9 incident, ac- situation is ongoing”—an update given roughly every 20 cording to an ISAF release. However, a sign hanging on the minutes—the other members of the Media Support Center, famed boardwalk here warned passersby that the suspect, where I was based, made themselves comfortable in dusty whose name is Lambar, escaped from Camp Hero where the old offi ce chairs stashed inside the bunker. Some fi red up Afghans were holding him pending his transfer to Kabul for their iPads and passed the time with games of Monopoly. further investigation. Others cracked open a book while the rest just chatted. “It was reported that Lambar, with the assistance of co- Clearly they’d been through this before. conspirators utilizing forged documents, walked out the “We’re all concerned. It’s just something we have to deal Camp Hero jail,” states the wanted sign. “Lambar and his with here,” said Little. “It’s easy to get relaxed about events co-conspirators have not been seen since exiting Camp like this, but you have to be mindful about it. You can’t get Hero,” it states.

44 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Air Force Magazine News Editor Amy McCullough (c) walks through the aerial port at Kandahar with Capt. Christopher Kaighen (l), Lt. Col. Paul Corn- well (foreground), and other members of the 451st Expeditionary Logistics Readiness Squadron. Be- low right: The “wanted” poster for an alleged gun- man in a “green-on-blue” shooting. The prisoner, Continued on p. 46 Lambar, escaped from custody with the help of an Afghan military member. USAF photo by Capt. Joshua Daniels

In an emailed response to questions, an International Se- curity Assistance Force offi cial confi rmed that this detainee escaped the detention facility “aided by an Afghan military member in southern Afghanistan.” The incident, said the ISAF offi cial, remained under inves- tigation by Afghan National Security Forces and ISAF as of late July. Immediately following the attack, the Air Force suspended all advise-and-assist missions with the Afghans for at least a week, as Air Force offi cials continued to assess the situ- ation. The base also increased its force protection posture, said Capt. Brian Maguire, a spokesman with the 451st Air Expeditionary Wing here. “We do what we can to make sure our people are safe,” he said. Curbing the green-on-blue attacks has become a top priority for coalition forces. Although the number of insider attacks has dropped signifi cantly, Maguire said it’s “always a concern be- cause you never know what someone is going to decide to do.” There were 48 green-on-blue attacks in 2012, said the ISAF offi cial. However, as of July there have been just six confi rmed insider attacks since January 2013. Nine ISAF personnel were killed in those attacks and 28 wounded. By comparison, during the same time last year, there were 20 confi rmed insider attacks resulting in 27 ISAF deaths and 57 wounded, according to ISAF fi gures. Maj. Gen. Kenneth S. Wilsbach, commander of the expe- ditionary task force, acknowledged that air advisors are at a higher risk of insider attacks because they work with the Afghans every day. “We do take precautions to vet the Afghans and we do many other measures to make sure that we don’t interact with folks that potentially could bring harm,” he said via a telephone outside the wire, including both ground patrols with Afghan interview from his offi ce in Kabul. partners and escorts of US aircraft. Wilsbach said it’s the coalition’s responsibility to train the Although the frequency of trips outside the wire has tem- fl edgling Afghan Air Force and immerse them in the airmen porarily come down, that has more to do with Ramadan than culture, but that “means spending a great deal of time with them.” the July 9 attack, said Zeigler. Maj. Rich Zeigler, commander of the 451st Expeditionary Some members of the 451st ESFS also served as a quick Security Forces Squadron here, said despite the recent at- reaction force during the July 9 incident, he noted. Although tacks, the security situation is actually “stronger than I fi gured he couldn’t offer many details on the incident, he attributed the it might be coming in.” overall decline in insider attacks to the “awareness of our folks.” Zeigler’s unit has a diverse mission; its members are tasked He added, “We are able to pick up on things that just don’t with protecting US assets on base, which requires regular trips feel right and stop something or intervene before that point.”

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 45 SrA. Nate Hall conducts a postflight inspection of an F-16. It makes sense to bring home equipment such as maintainer readiness spares kits, which USAF will likely use in the near future. Other equipment, not so much.

USAF photo by SrA. Scott Saldukas through the Pakistan ground lines of com- air strike. It reopened several months shipping containers leaving the country. munication route straight to the Karachi later allowing goods once again to flow According to various media reports, the port. Seven hundred pieces were multi- through, but not before the US racked Afghans claimed the United States owed modal (meaning more than one means of up a hefty bill moving materiel via air or $70 million in exit taxes—a point which transportation was used), and more than through the massive Northern Distribution US officials disputed. 500 pieces moved solely through the Air Network (NDN). Wilsbach said equipment had begun to Force, he said. Ground cargo stagnated once again this freely flow across the border by late July There are several options for shipping summer following escalating tensions after a series of “high-level” discussions. materiel home, but none of them are great. between the US and Afghan customs of- The delay, however, forced the United In Iraq, convoys could literally just drive ficials. The dispute centered on the Afghan States to temporarily increase the amount across the border and park in Kuwait for government’s insistence on taxing US of cargo airlifted out of theater. Though several months until the military figured out what to do with them. Though Kuwait is still used somewhat to move equipment out of Afghanistan, it certainly is not a primary hub. Moving equipment through Pakistan directly to Karachi is the most cost- efficient means of transporting goods out of Afghanistan. It costs about $10,000 USAF photo by Capt. Joshua Daniels per 20-foot equivalent unit (TEU) to move through Pakistan. A TEU can be anything from a single container to a larger vehicle—typically any cargo exiting the country. However, that cost doubles to an estimated $20,000 per TEU for multimodal shipments, said Zinnecker. It climbs even higher if airlift is the sole means of transportation. But the ground lines communica- tion route is also vulnerable to political instability. Pakistan closed the route in November 2011 after the US mistakenly A contractor washes an MRAP vehicle after it arrives at Kandahar. All vehicles killed 24 Pakistani border troops in an must be thoroughly cleaned to pass through customs. 46 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 The future of Light Attack is here. AT-6. The Beechcraft AT-6 is the world’s fi nest Light Attack and Armed Reconnaissance aircraft. Purpose-built to leverage prior investment in the U.S. Air Force’s T-6, A-10C, and MC-12W platforms. The AT-6 is available at a fraction of the acquisition, sustainment and training costs of other combat aircraft. The AT-6 provides a full suite of synchronized, ground-based training capabilities and an established global logistics infrastructure. The AT-6 is designed to meet the needs of a world where unpredictability is commonplace and fl exibility is crucial.

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BAILEY LAUERMAN Beechcraft AT-6 Trainer Beech132036 Pub: AFA Sea Air Space Color: 4-color Size: Live 7" x 10", Trim 8.125" x 10.875", Bleed 8.375" x 11.125" potentially costly if implemented over an extended period of time, Wilsbach said it was “a slight amount in the big scheme of things.” The NDN is another option, though it too poses challenges. Activated in 2009 as an alternative to moving goods through Pakistan into Staff photo by Amy McCullough Afghanistan, the route winds through ports in the Baltic nations of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia and then over land through the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. It is one of the longest military supply lines ever created. “The Northern Distribution Network is not used as much because it’s such a long and complex network,” said Cornwell. “This stuff literally goes over the road, [by] the rail, twice the Kandahar’s storied “boardwalk” wraps around a jogging track, roller rink, and soc- distance of the US, to Riga, Latvia, to cer field. It boasts familiar US restaurants and local shopping opportunities. a ship, [where] it flows somewhere. It’s slow and there are a lot of issues with deadline, only to find a bunch of brand- out how to best build up their pallets,” that. It doesn’t have the throughput that new AK-47s sitting in the cargo yard. he said. “I have to be in their chili way Karachi has.” Extended exposure to the sun faded the before they want me there so I can set The vast majority of troops exiting paperwork, making it extremely difficult them up for success.” the country will go through the Transit to figure out where the weapons came Cornwell said Iraq also taught him Center at Manas in Kyrgyzstan. In late from or where they were supposed to go. it’s OK to accept some risks—a lesson June, however, the Kyrgyzstan parlia- “That was a research game and when he tries to impart to his customers. He ment voted to close the base when its you’re up against that time frame it’s just said it’s critical that units start getting contract expires in 2014. As of July, the one of those ankle biters that’s going to light as quickly as possible, rather than decision did not seem to be affecting make you bleed,” Cornwell said. hording all their equipment to the very the withdrawal efforts, but Cornwell end. Otherwise, they are just setting acknowledged it could. A Work in Progress logisticians up for failure. He said he doesn’t expect passenger That’s exactly what he is trying to He already has pushed all of his unit’s movement levels to top off at Kandahar prevent from happening in Afghanistan, vehicle maintenance parts out of theater, until November or December. Cargo which is why accountability has become saying he would just call them back in movement, on the other hand, is expected Cornwell’s No. 1 priority. Once he figures as needed. to spike between April and June 2014. out exactly what the “Air Force wedge” “That enabled me to completely reduce “The difference between here and Iraq is in the retrograde and redeployment my footprint,” Cornwell said. is we have time to do it right versus hav- puzzle, he will know what he has to As the drawdown efforts continue, the ing to run out the door,” said Cornwell, move, when he has to move it, and where expeditionary standard is going to have who closed down Combat Outpost Adder it is going. to be adjusted. in Iraq, once the largest US base in the “You have equipment we came into “Truly, you are supposed to go out southern part of the country and the last Afghanistan with to fight the war, then of the war the way you came into the to close in 2011. you have the 12 years of, ‘I need this, war,” said Cornwell. “When we came Although the timeline will make I need this,’ ” said Cornwell. “As things into the war you didn’t have an aircraft withdrawal easier in Afghanistan, just have changed, as the combat ops have parts store or all this excess. You had like in Iraq there is still the challenge worn various pieces of equipment out, the bare necessities to make it happen. of accounting for millions of pieces of we’ve adjusted fire to continue to be Getting people [out of] that comfort zone equipment accumulated over the years— able to drop bombs and launch aircraft. of having all these excess items is just a much of it piecemeal. After 12 years of The accountability is a huge issue I’m culture shock to them.” continual six-month deployments, the Air pushing right now.” Despite the emphasis on drawing down Force is suffering from a case of what Once he has a better grasp of exactly US forces, Wilsbach said it’s important Cornwell called “rotational amnesia.” what the Air Force has in theater, he’ll to remember that 2014 really isn’t the He said over the years commanders were have a better idea of what needs to move end of operations in Afghanistan. forced to rely on the “little turnover” of out. That’s when the 451st ELRS will go “We’re still kind of in the middle. information received as crews rotate in on the offensive. For us, it’s 2017. We’ve got at least that and out. The repeated handoffs resulted “I’m not going to wait for the customer much time ... to work with the Afghans in “a lot of data loss,” he said. to come to me. I’m going to go out to to build their air force,” he said. “When In Iraq, it was not uncommon to open the customer with my [traffic manage- I come to work every day, I don’t think, a long-forgotten container for the first ment order], my supply accountability, ‘We’re almost at the end.’ I kind of feel time, just months before the withdrawal my aerial porters, to help them figure like we have a work in progress.” n 48 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013

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301-66603_T50_AFM.indd 1 8/23/13 4:31 PM NATO’s

By Michael C. Sirak, Executive Editor

The Alliance has long had a shortage of non-US ISR capability. Here’s the plan to address that.

n 2017, NATO is scheduled to have in place its fi rst-ever Alliance asset for collecting strategic intelligence: the Alliance Ground Surveillance system. The fl eet of fi ve Global Hawk remotely piloted aircraft will carry a sophisticated radar capable of monitoring the situation on the ground from high overhead, including the movement of objects of Iinterest such as military vehicles. The Global Hawks will transmit synthetic aperture radar images—which look like photographs—and tracking data on the moving objects down to NATO intelligence analysts. These specially trained personnel will then create intelli- gence products for the Alliance’s political leadership and military commanders, down to the tactical level, quickly enough to be relevant. This information will provide insight into topics such as the position of combat forces, battle damage sustained by a target, or devastation caused by a natural disaster. Alliance offi cials have said NATO’s operation to protect civilians in Libya in 2011 demonstrated the importance of this situational awareness. To date, NATO has had to rely on the national assets of its members, especially the United States, for this type of capability, making the AGS acquisition truly groundbreaking. “AGS is indeed a kind of game changer,” said a NATO offi cial during an interview at Alliance headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, in late June. “It changes the dynamic within the Alliance to have access to that kind of information.” Half of NATO’s 28 members are procuring AGS: the United States, Bul- garia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Poland is poised to join this group, expected to formally become the 15th procuring nation before year’s end.

50 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 All Alliance members will contribute to AGS operations and support costs—or provide some “assistance in kind” in the case of Britain and France. Over its life cycle, AGS is expected to cost Alliance members some 2.2 billion euros in base year 2011 calculations.

Rules to Respect Every member state will also have the opportunity to contribute its nationals to the force of some 600 military and civilian per- sonnel who will operate and maintain AGS out of Sigonella air base on Sicily in Italy and run the training schoolhouse there. NATO has collectively procured and operated military systems before. For decades, it has operated a fl eet of E-3 Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft to watch Alliance airspace and direct defending aircraft. However, AGS represents a new degree of capability that will require deeper integration and interoper- ability among Alliance members, bringing with it opportunities as well as challenges. “The system feeds into the political-strategic level, military-strategic level, operational level, tactical level,” making connectivity between members’ militaries all the more important, said the NATO offi cial. Accordingly, “if you want to be part of the network, there are some rules to be respected here, both in terms of security, but also in terms of interoperability.” The Alliance leadership wants the AGS architecture to build upon the gains NATO has made in information sharing in recent years, such as the Afghanistan Mission Network that allows members’ deployed forces “to share information and intelligence up to a level that we have never done before in terms of consulting each other’s databases,” said the offi cial. (NATO policy doesn’t allow identifi cation of offi cials.) “That, we believe, should become a permanent capability for the Alliance,” said the offi cial. “This requires an important change of mentality, mindset, but also needs for us to put into place the procedures to do that, the technology to do that, and so on. ... The challenge will be to bring as many nations up to that level. We are not there today yet.” The fi ve Northrop Grumman-built Global Hawk Block 40 air vehicles will house the Mul- tiplatform Radar Technology Insertion Program (MP-RTIP) radar sensor that will survey the ground over a wide area. While similar to the US Air Force’s Global Hawk Block 40 confi guration, the AGS aircraft will have some modifi cations based on the US Navy’s Broad Area Maritime Surveillance model. “The difference in confi gurations is due to the fact that we have different communication requirements for the NATO Global Hawks,” said the offi cial. Sigonella, the AGS fl eet’s beddown site, is already home to US Global Hawk operations. The Italian base will also host AGS’ main ground control element, imagery exploitation center, and the training

An artist’s concept of a NATO Global Hawk—one of five NATO will operate with

Northrop Grumman illustration the MP-RTIP.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 51 schoolhouse for the Global Hawk pilots, sensor operators, and the imagery analysts. “We [will operate differently] from the US in the sense that everything is concentrated in a main operating base, so both launch and recovery and analytical capabilities are all concentrated, whereas in the US, there is a more decentralized system,” said the NATO official. The Global Hawks will be capable of flying for extended periods at considerable standoff distances and in any weather or light condition. They will feed their SAR imagery and data on the moving targets via line-of-sight data links or satellite con- nectivity into the processing, exploitation, and dissemination element at Sigonella. The analysts will then exploit the SAR imagery and ground moving target indicator (GMTI) data and channel it in near-real time through the NATO command chain. There will also be mobile and transportable AGS elements to support the NATO Response Force or other Alliance troop packages with data-link connectivity, data processing, and Northrop Grumman illustration exploitation capabilities.

Bringing In All 28 Nations Those stations will “capture directly the images from “Now these systems operate at 60,000 feet—well above the Global Hawks and do a local analysis in direct support civilian or commercial airliners—so if you manage to get it of the deployed commander,” said the official. through a segregated airspace up to a certain altitude, then NATO’s Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, will task you deconfl ict with civilian traffi c,” said the offi cial. the AGS assets and NATO Allied Air Command at Ramstein NATO expects there will be “a permanent rotation, on an AB, Germany, will oversee their operations. annual basis, of about 90 students” who go through AGS- Northrop Grumman is expected to deliver the first AGS specifi c training for imagery analysis at Sigonella, “do their Global Hawks in 2016. The company is also providing the three- or four-year rotation at Sigonella, and then go back to Global Hawk command and control equipment at Sigonella. a national position,” said the offi cial. AGS is scheduled to be fully operational in 2017. “Not many nations have the required skill sets to be able European industry will supply the mobile and transport- to train to synthetic aperture radar and GMTI,” said a second able ground elements and provide the mission operations NATO offi cial. “So what we are trying to do is understand the support at Sigonella. Continental contractors include com- training need ... and then establish in the fairly short term a panies such as Germany’s EADS Cassidian, Italy’s Selex training package which will be for image analysts which will Galileo, and Norway’s Kongsberg. bring them then to a standard which the AGS force requires.” “This is mainly a US system we are buying, but there The desire is for personnel from the member nations with is also [European] industrial cooperation which may also more experience in this realm to train their Alliance partners, have spin-offs in Europe later on,” said the official. “so those nations which don’t have those analysts can still be The 600-member AGS force will comprise 522 military part of the AGS force,” said the offi cial. members and 78 civilians. Since only a few member coun- AGS had its genesis in the early 1990s when Alliance tries have experience in such operations, the learning curve members expressed the desire to acquire an overhead for some members’ militaries will be steep. capability for joint intelligence, surveillance, and “We are organizing a training program to bring those reconnaissance. In 2001, the Alliance defi ned a nations that don’t have that experience up to speed so that cooperative AGS program that included a mutu- they also will be in a position to provide military personnel,” ally developed sensor called the Trans-Atlantic said the official. “We want this to be an Alliance capability Cooperative AGS Radar (TCAR). to which all 28 nations can contribute.” In 2004, NATO adopted a mixed-fl eet approach Since NATO is adopting a Global Hawk version closely for AGS, with Airbus A321 manned aircraft and related to an already-tested US configuration, and since the Global Hawk Block 40s identifi ed to carry Global Hawks already operate from Sigonella, NATO TCAR. However, due to declining European believes the process of certifying the AGS aircraft for defense budgets, the Alliance axed the mixed- airworthiness will be manageable. fl eet idea three years later and opted to go forward “We are not saying there is no challenge out there. There with only the Global Hawks. Alliance members certainly is,” said the official. To mitigate it, “we will rely as much as possible on existing procedures.” NATO intends to operate the Global Hawks in “segre- An artist’s concept of the fl eet of AGS Global Hawks at gated airspace,” meaning separated from civil air traffic. Sigonella, Italy. 52 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 NATO image

Left: An artist’s concept of the AGS. At least 14 nations will help procure it, while others will give “in kind” support to the program. Above: An il- lustration of the AGS wide-area standoff ground surveillance capability.

also decided then to acquire the already-in- will be a full member of the group of nations procuring development Northrop Grumman-Raytheon the system.” MP-RTIP in place of TCAR. The AGS procurement contract covers what NATO calls In 2009, AGS program members signed the pro- the AGS “core”: the fi ve Global Hawks; the Sigonella-based gram memorandum of understanding that outlined the ground segment to operate them, capture their data, and ana- system’s procurement. At its Lisbon summit in Portugal in lyze that information; the deployable processing stations; a 2010, NATO reaffi rmed the need for AGS. In February 2012, logistical element; and the training. Alliance members approved the approach to collectively cover The contract does not cover the AGS infrastructure—the the costs for operating AGS, paving the way for the signing buildings, hangars, and warehouses at Sigonella—the satellite of the AGS procurement contract that May on the margins bandwidth that AGS will require, or the costs of AGS opera- of NATO’s summit in Chicago. The contract is valued at 1.2 tions and support over the system’s life cycle—spare parts, billion euros (base year 2007). fuel, and civilian manpower, for example. Denmark, which withdrew from the AGS program in 2010, All 28 Alliance members will collectively fund the in- rejoined following the contract signing, bringing the group frastructure, all but France will contribute to the satellite of procuring nations back up to 14. Poland, in April of this bandwidth costs, and all but Britain and France will provide year, announced its intent to join the AGS program and is money for operations and sustainment. now in the fi nal stages of negotiating its role. In place of funding AGS operations and sustainment, “This is a process, not just an event, because it involves Britain and France intend to provide overhead SAR/GMTI discussions on industrial participation,” said the fi rst NATO contributions-in-kind to support NATO operations. The Brit- offi cial. “We believe that by October-November, Poland ish have said they would make their Sentinel R.1 airborne standoff radar aircraft available, while the French have yet to commit to a platform. France does not plan to contribute to the satellite communications costs because it wants to use its own bandwidth when it contributes in kind, said the offi cial. The British government has yet to resolve the fate of its Sentinel fl eet. Identifi ed for retirement in Britain’s 2010 defense white paper, the government is re- examining those plans after Sentinels demonstrated their worth in support of NATO operations in Libya in 2011 and, more recently, in the French military intervention in Mali. If the British and French contributions-in- kind do not materialize, then both nations are ex- pected to provide their share of the funds to cover AGS opera- Northrop Grumman illustration tions and sustainment. AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 53 that you make the best use of that capability if there are no ongoing operations,” said the offi cial. “The debate has been brought to the table.” As such decisions play out, Northrop Grumman continues development of the AGS Global Hawks to meet the schedule for fi rst delivery in 2016. The company will pro- duce the fi ve air vehicles in consecutive order on its assembly line. Northrop Grumman offi - cials are also working with Denmark and Poland—the new- est AGS member and aspirant, respectively—to identify opportuni- ties for their industries to participate in the program. I US Southern Command photo

Above: Imagery of the National Cathedral in Haiti, destroyed in a 2010 earthquake, taken by a USAF Global Hawk. NATO planners hope AGS Global Hawks will send back imagery Questions remain for AGS, including when the Alliance like this to provide situational awareness. Below: An artist’s will have enough AGS hardware in place and sufficient concept of the new system. personnel trained to declare the system initially operational.

To the Table “We know what the end state is going to be. But the question is: At what point in time can SACEUR declare an initial operational capability and make that available to the Alliance? That is being worked on right now,” said the offi cial. There is also the issue of whether AGS should be available to member states to support national requirements—a scenario like the French military involvement in Mali, for example—if the system is not engaged in a NATO activity. “I think we are moving towards such ... an arrangement that will allow that,” said the offi cial. “We have something already for AWACS where if there is a need to reinforce national air surveillance capabilities, that na- tion can request NATO to provide AWACS to support that event. There is a mechanism to do that.” Use of AGS for a member’s particular national need would bring up issues, such as how to handle the imagery and data. “Would that information also be made available to NATO as a whole or not? How would it be managed in terms of the operators, the analysts? Because you have a multinational capability doing the analytical part,” said the offi cial. “I think it makes sense certainly in the current economic environment Illustration by Northrop Grumman and Zaur Eylanbekov 54 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 transport whatever, whenever, wherever.

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56 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 As unrest ripples across the Middle East, Jordan strengthens its ties with the US.

t the “go” signal, the pilot and ground crew of an F-16 sprinted toward their aircraft on the ramp of a desert air base. Word came down from the Air Defense Opera- tions Center that unidentified aircraft had appeared on radar, heading for a large populated area. Main- tainers ran down preflight checks, as the pilot got theA engine turning. Minutes later, checks complete, the jet taxied to the flight line, and the pilot punched the throttle and streaked off to intercept the intruder. The drill was a basic run-through of an air defense scramble—a mission many members of the Colorado Air National Guard’s 120th Fighter Squadron watching the launch had flown countless times back at Buckley AFB, Colo. But this particular day in June, the “Mile High Militia” was drilling far from Colorado, on the home turf of one of their closest partners. Eager The F-16 that had just scrambled belonged to No. 6 Squadron of the Royal Jordanian Air Force, flying from Muwaffaq Salti Air Base in Azraq, Jordan, a desert hamlet some 60 miles east of the capital, Amman. The sortie was one of many simulated air defense scrambles that would take place in the coming days, as Colorado ANG and Jordanian pilots spent nearly two weeks this past June Lion flying daily aerial exercises.

A Royal Jordanian Air Force F-16 leads another Jordanian F-16, a USAF F-16, and two US Marine Corps F/A-18s on a sortie during Eager Lion.

ANG photo by SMSgt. John P. Rohrer

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 57 ANG photos by SMSgt. John P. Rohrer

SrA. Kristen Lee and TSgt. Joshua Syria was going from bad to worse, fol- deployed for exercise support would re- Matthews (beneath wing) from the lowing the arrival of Hezbollah fighters. main in the country after the conclusion Colorado Air National Guard ready an A Patriot air defense battery deployed of Eager Lion, to reassure allies and F-16 for takeoff as part of a scramble to Jordan at the request of the Jordanian partners and show the US commitment competition during Eager Lion. government just prior to the start of the ex- to regional stability. ercise. After the first week of the exercise, USAF and RJAF have longstanding ties The pilots and crews at Azraq were not the Department of Defense announced in that have grown closer in recent years. alone. US, Jordanian, and allied forces a statement the Patriot battery and F-16s Their pilots have trained together in the undertook a vast and complex series of air, ground, and sea exercises across Jordan during Exercise Eager Lion 2013, geared specifically to reinforce joint operations.

Making the Grade The exercises at Salti Air Base marked the seventh iteration of an annual aerial event known as Falcon Air Meet. The FAM effort, conceived with the help of Jordan’s Prince Feisal Bin Al Hussein, a lieutenant general and former Chief of Staff of the RJAF, is meant to improve cooperation and interoperability between the US, Jordan, and regional allies. Tasks range from air combat, maintenance, and munitions handling to close air support. Several friendly “graded” competitions are part of the event as well, such as the air defense scramble, weapons loading, and a bombing competition. This year, however, FAM was folded under the um- brella of Eager Lion—a more sprawling and complex exercise. A keystone exercise of military coop- eration in the region, the 2013 iteration of Eager Lion played out as regional tensions ratcheted up. At the time, the civil war in 58 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 US, in Jordan, and in exercises and opera- the F-16s, the air meet featured F/A-18 US marines prepare to load bombs tions around the world. RJAF pilots and Super Hornets from Marine Fighter Attack on an F/A-18 in Jordan. Other crews flew missions in NATO’s Operation Squadron VMFA-115 and a deployment of marines worked with joint terminal Unified Protector over Libya. ANG F-16s from the Ohio Guard’s 112th attack controllers to perform close air support during Eager Lion. This year, F-16s from the 120th FS de- Expeditionary Fighter Squadron. Aircraft ployed to fly alongside their counterparts from both the 120th FS and the 112th EFS in the RJAF’s No. 1 and No. 6 Squadrons remained in Jordan after the completion of as judges and organizers. For pilots familiar over the Jordanian desert. In addition to Eager Lion activities, at the request of the with air defense drills, the setting allowed Jordanians, to continue training activities. some opportunities not normally afforded Since 2006, the US has flown alongside back home. the RJAF in each Falcon Air Meet. Allies “It’s a great opportunity. They have such as Belgium, Pakistan, Turkey, and the great airspace, with few restrictions,” United Arab Emirates also participated. said Capt. Carson Brusch, with the 120th The Colorado Air Guard, the State FS and one of the competitors in the Partnership Program affiliate of the RJAF air defense scramble. Pilots could take since 2004, has been instrumental in off and leave their jet in afterburner to setting up, coordinating, and officiating simulate a real-life intercept, a rarity for the series, RJAF officials noted. “It has home station sorties. In Jordan, a pilot benefited both sides, as this relationship can climb as high as he wants and go has built up,” Prince Feisal said in a brief as fast as he wants, within the specified June interview at the start of the exercise. airspace, he noted. “Many [Colorado Air Guardsmen] are “The intent is the simulation of a here for the fourth or fifth time—it has standard alert for homeland defense, just been a fantastic partnership,” he said. like we do in Colorado, [the Jordanians] “It is not just a rotation; we have built want to [practice] it here,” said Maj. Chris up relationships over time as friends and Southard, the chief of safety for the Colo- colleagues.” rado ANG’s 140th Wing. Still, for the Colorado Air Guard, this Southard served as the chief judge for year’s deployment was a new experi- the “white force”—the organizers for ence—its first opportunity to fly in the the competitive events of the FAM. But FAM competition rather than serve solely the competition made up only a small portion of the estimated 88 sorties the TSgt. Sarah McCaan (l) and other 120th FS pilots flew. Lt. Col. Patrick troops install a defensive perimeter Hanlon, the 120th’s commander, noted fence during Eager Lion. the bulk of the exercise was spent flying continuation training, a daily battery of AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 59 ANG photo by SMSgt. John P. Rohrer sorties and scenarios that build tactics and Harriers, Sea Cobra attack helicopters, and Jordanian F-16s take off during capabilities of both US and RJAF pilots. other assets. Lt. Col. Michael Kerkhove, a scramble competition between “The first week out here is primarily the executive officer of Marine Aircraft Colorado ANG units and the RJAF units. Jordan has a fleet air-to-air and counterair missions with Group 50, said the meet is “a great chance with some 70 F-16s. the Jordanians,” Hanlon said, while the to do interservice dissimilar training.” second half of the exercise refined close Many younger marine pilots, in particular, air support tactics, with progressively don’t get a chance to fly against F-16s a major non-NATO ally (MNNA) in 1996. more difficult mission profiles. back home. This designation has allowed Jordan to The events are fun, “but the real gem is receive a wider range of military support the CT, the continuation training. ... That’s Major Non-NATO Ally from the US—from increased training the true interaction with the Jordanians,” The exposure to the RJAF’s opera- rotations to loan guarantees to finance Southard said. tions, tactics, and capabilities adds value, modernization efforts. This year’s installment was much greater Kerkhove said, as his squadron works The 120th FS has a unique perspective in scale than before due to FAM’s align- often with air forces in the region as part as the RJAF’s state partner since 2004. ment with Eager Lion. Many sorties flew of theater security cooperation efforts. The two organizations have participated in support of Eager Lion activities, and “Getting to train [with the Jordanians] is extensively in exchanges, upgrade train- USAF and RJAF aircraft flying from Azraq a great opportunity. … You never know ing, and exercises. were key to the success of what has become who you’re going to run into again in the “This partnership has progressed US Central Command’s largest in-theater future,” he added. well,” and this was a great opportunity multilateral military exercise. Begun as It is easy to see why security cooperation to deploy to Jordan, to operate in a dif- a bilateral “proof of concept” exercise efforts with the Jordanians have expanded. ferent environment, said USAF Maj. between the US and Jordan in 2011, it Jordan’s military capability is one of the Gen. H. Michael Edwards, the adjutant has grown quickly in just three iterations. more mature of US allies in CENTCOM’s general of the Colorado National Guard, According to US and Jordanian officials, region—and officials on both sides have who visited Jordan during the exercises. this year involved some 8,000 personnel, sought to deepen cooperation. Also, the The Colorado ANG even sent three of of which approximately 3,000 belonged US commitment in the Middle East has its own to serve as liaison officers in to the Jordanian armed forces. already shifted considerably from one the RJAF’s Aviano AB, Italy, operations In addition to tactical air exercises built primarily to support manpower- center for NATO’s Unified Protector staged from Azraq, US and Jordanian intensive wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, mission over Libya. forces spread across the country for Ea- giving more flexibility for CENTCOM The partnership is closely aligned with ger Lion drills, participating in specific to engage partners. Jordan’s improved air capabilities. The scenarios from tabletop exercises aimed Training exchanges of pilots, soldiers, RJAF currently operates a modest-size at the execution of humanitarian relief and other Jordanian officials have ex- fleet of approximately 70 F-16s, both older contingencies and crisis management to panded in the past few years. Since 2009, A/B models and newer variants obtained insertion of airborne forces and combined by Defense Security Cooperation Agency through surplus sales from European na- field exercises with air support. estimates, Jordan has received excess US tions. Foreign military financing obtained The Navy and Marine Corps, operating defense equipment to the tune of some $81 via US aid has allowed the country to in the Red Sea off the coast of Jordan’s million—from small arms to vehicles to upgrade these aircraft steadily over the last sole port of Aqaba, exercised amphibious aircraft improvements. decade, with features such as electronic landings, rescue operations, and insertion One of two Arab nations with a formal countermeasure pods, AIM-120 Advanced operations with MV-22 Ospreys, A/V-8B peace treaty with Israel, Jordan was dubbed Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missiles, and 60 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 SrA. Cinde Yoho aligns the suspension lugs on a Mk 82 bomb used in a bomb- ing demonstration during Eager Lion. the capability to carry precision guided munitions. Jordanian officials note one of the goals of Eager Lion is to aid in the expansion of joint terminal attack controller capabilities in their military, as the country has a small cadre of certified JTACs. Earlier this year, Colorado Air Guards- men deployed to Jordan to certify some 10 RJAF pilots in night vision goggle operations in the F-16, said Maj. Jeremiah Tucker, an instructor pilot with the 120th FS. Members of the Colorado ANG and other Guard units trained four Jordanian instructor pilots, four flight leads, and two ANG photos by SMSgt. John P. Rohrer wingmen in NVG operations. Those four instructors now have the certification to upgrade their own pilots

Mk 82 bombs explode during the bomb- ing demonstration at a range near Salti AB, Jordan. Below: A C-5M Super Galaxy lands at the northern Jordanian air base during a mission for Eager Lion. based on what they want to fly, Tucker said. In April, he said, another Colorado ANG pilot visited Jordan to help teach tactics and use of the ALQ-131 electronic countermeasure pod, which has added capability for the country’s F-16s. It is not difficult to see why these exchanges have grown and flourished recently. Nearly landlocked, without large reserves of oil or natural gas, and with an economy largely dependent on services and tourism, Jordan needs peace and stability

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 61 ANG photo by SMSgt. John P. Rohrer to prosper. Its military ties with the US and Jordanian and USAF F-16s and USMC F/A-18s fly over Jordan’s capital city, Am- regional allies, such as the Arab gulf states, man, during an Eager Lion sortie. Many of the Eager Lion sorties were staged are key to keeping the kingdom’s territory from Salti, 60 miles east of Amman. secure from myriad threats—particularly the raging civil war in Syria, whose border and US officials noted that many observers challenging,” Shabana said. There are city of Daraa lies just 50 miles north of of the exercise have indicated their coun- more spaces; there are more aircraft, Jordan’s capital. tries are interested in future participation. but it stretches the pilots and gives them President Obama paid a high-profile confidence, he said. visit in March, praising Jordan as an “in- An Eye on Syria US and Jordanian officials repeatedly valuable ally” in a joint appearance with The 2013 installment emphasized “un- emphasized they were practicing the King Abdullah II. In late April, Secretary conventional warfare,” to include air and nuts and bolts of air-to-air engagement of Defense Chuck Hagel visited, meeting missile defense, disaster relief, special in the first week of sorties, particularly with both Prince Feisal and Gen. Mashal operations, counterterror response, and “defensive counterair”—or DCA to pilots. Al-Zaben, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of integration with nongovernment organiza- Jordan’s air defenses are of paramount Staff of the Jordanian armed forces. The tions, Army Maj. Gen. Awni Al-Adwan, concern to the country’s leadership, and leaders discussed a decision to sustain a chief of staff for operations of the Jordanian as they have improved, RJAF and USAF small contingent of US military personnel armed forces, said in June. For Jordanian pilots wanted to push their tactics and in Jordan to build on planning, improve participants, especially those who have skills. joint readiness, and prepare for a “range seen the growth of Falcon Air Meet, Eager While Washington strenuously of scenarios,” according to a spokesman. Lion has added a whole new dimension. delinked Eager Lion activities from In April, Hagel confirmed the US had In other years, Jordan had its own train- events in neighboring Syria, the scenarios delivered more than $70 million in aid ing areas for F-16s and other fighters, said flown by many pilots reflected the very to the Jordanian military for equipment RJAF Maj. Ali Shabana, a flight commander real worries of Jordanian and US officials. and training to detect and mitigate any in Jordan’s No. 1 Squadron. “Now, [with Air Guard, Marine Corps, and RJAF “chemical weapons transfers” along its Eager Lion this year] the whole country pilots repeatedly flew tactical intercepts border with Syria and aid the ability to of Jordan is our training area. ... We have against a range of targets during the air secure chemical weapons. more ranges, bigger areas. It stretched our combat portion of the exercise against The Jordanian and US effort to expand exercise and scenario more ... on the air representative threats. For example, pilots multilateral Middle East regional security and on the ground.” simulated responding to MiG-29 incur- cooperation is reflected in the rapid expan- RJAF pilots flew air-to-air exercises sions—the Fulcrum being one of the more sion of Eager Lion. Nineteen countries with Marine F/A-18s, then close air sup- capable airframes currently operated by either participated or sent observers this port with Air Guard F-16s. US and RJAF the Syrian Air Force. year, including regional allies Bahrain, assets participated in a full scale combat Given the short distances between Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi search and rescue exercise with US tactical population centers such as Amman and Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, fighters alongside Jordanian AS 332 Super the Syrian border, a prime focus was and Yemen. While only 500 non-Jordanian Puma and AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters defense of Jordanian airspace. Practicing troops participated in drills, both Jordanian at the close of Eager Lion. “It’s more counterair fundamentals was key to the 62 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 ELECTRONIC

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d73 f115 AF_mag_Final.indd 1 8/26/2013 1:43:59 PM first week, Hanlon said of the exercises. remain a concern for Jordanian officials marked the first time the country’s tactical “We want to drill on procedures for in- in light of developments in Syria. fighters had deployed in a multinational tercepts, defending air space, timing, and “There are signals you need to know, air campaign. “It was an eye opener for how to work with recognizing threats.” how to decelerate, look for lowered us,” said Shabana, who flew Unified The Jordanians are also practicing landing gears, ... hand signals to let pi- Protector sorties. “It was surprisingly responses to “defector profiles”—the lots know where to go and what to do,” easy for us in many ways. We had been ability to determine if an aircraft is Shabana said. Getting a defector safely to a lot of exercises. ... Our lieutenants entering your airspace with the intent on the ground lies in practicing a range said, ‘Hey, we have done that before.’ ... to defect, not attack. It’s a particularly of nonverbal communications and being They had more confidence.” difficult part of air combat, Southard able to recognize and respond accord- USAF Lt. Col. William E. Orton, the noted. “[It’s]what we call ‘combat ID,’ ... ingly, he added. 140th Operations Support Squadron com- figuring out who is good and who is bad,” “We don’t know what their intent is, mander, was one of the Colorado Guard’s and quickly. The inclusion of defector and until we do we have to be careful and liaison officers during OUP and said the scenarios in the exercise is a reflection treat that aircraft as hostile until proven experience was a key part of the growing of real-world concerns. “We change the otherwise,” Southard said of defector bond between the Colorado Air Guard scenarios according to the situations profiles. and the RJAF. “We got to know how we around the world, and this year we have For both Jordanian and US pilots, the worked, how we each flew,” he said. “We a defector scenario” to practice, based lessons from Libya are still fresh. Flying have relationships built over time. ... There on what was learned in recent conflicts, out of Aviano from March to October is a good deal of trust between us.” Shabana said. He noted RJAF pilots flew 2011, six RJAF F-16s escorted humani- There is a great value in training events sorties in Libya during OUP, a conflict tarian aid flights and carried out combat like Falcon Air Meet and Eager Lion, Or- that saw several aerial defectors. These air patrols during NATO operations. This ton said, as Operation Unified Protector

Col. Floyd Dunstan (center) greets Lt. Col. Patrick Hanlon as Hanlon arrives at Salti, in northern Jordan, to take part in Eager Lion.

demonstrated. The Jordanians supported operations with NATO, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and others. They learned a lot in the operation, such as air refueling in combat, Orton stated. “If you are working alone, you know you’re the bad guy,” Shabana said with

ANG photos by RohrerSMSgt. John P. a laugh. “Events like these help all of us work together, it makes our crews, our pilots, more prepared to fly. Not just here, but around the world.” Jordanian officials expect that other countries will participate in the future. Several sent representatives to both

Capt. James Edwards readies for takeoff prior to a scramble. US and Jordanian aircrews flew many air de- fense drills during the nearly two-week exercise.

Azraq and other locations in Jordan to observe activities. Shabana noted Jordan was hosting observers from the Moroc- can military for the first time. Their air force has recently acquired F-16s, and they expressed interest in participating in future air meets and Eager Lion. “When you look at the world and the changes that are happening, we are finding we are serving side by side more often,” Prince Feisal commented. “We will be better prepared as partners. ... It is important we learn how to work together at this phase, instead of when the bullets start flying.” n 64 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013

Keeper File [email protected] Massive Retaliation

President Eisenhower entered office convinced the USSR was seeking to bankrupt the US by fanning local wars against US allies. After a year, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles announced a major shift of policy. It was un- wise, he said, to “permanently commit US land forces” in The Evolution of Foreign Policy Korea, Europe, and elsewhere and “become permanently committed to military expenditures so vast that they lead Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to ‘practical bankruptcy.’ ” Instead, the US would use a “de- Council on Foreign Relations terrent of massive retaliatory power” to protect allies. He New York never directly mentioned nuclear weapons, but his point Jan. 12, 1954 was made. Thus was born one of the most famous of Cold War terms—massive retaliation. Find the full text on the Air Force Magazine website www.airforcemag.com he Soviet communists are planning for what they call “an “Keeper File” Tentire historical era,” and we should do the same. They seek, through many types of maneuvers, gradually to divide and weaken the free nations by overextending them in efforts which, as [Vladimir] Lenin put it, are “beyond their strength, so that they come to practical bankruptcy.” Then, said Lenin, “our victory is assured.” Then, said [Joseph] Stalin, will be “the moment for the decisive blow.” Otherwise, for example, a potential aggressor, who is glutted In the face of this strategy, measures cannot be judged with manpower, might be tempted to attack in confidence adequate merely because they ward off an immediate danger. that resistance would be confined to manpower. He might be It is essential to do this, but it is also essential to do so without tempted to attack in places where his superiority was decisive. exhausting ourselves. When the Eisenhower Administration The way to deter aggression is for the free community to applied this test, we felt that be willing and able to respond some transformations were vigorously at places and with needed. means of its own choosing. It is not sound military strat- So long as our basic policy egy permanently to commit US concepts were unclear, our land forces to Asia to a degree Photo via Wikipedia military leaders could not be that leaves us no strategic selective in building our military reserves. It is not sound eco- power. If an enemy could pick nomics, or good foreign policy, his time and place and method to support permanently other of warfare—and if our policy was countries; for in the long run, to remain the traditional one of that creates as much ill will as meeting aggression by direct good will. Also, it is not sound to and local opposition—then we become permanently commit- needed to be ready to fight in ted to military expenditures so the Arctic and in the tropics; vast that they lead to “practical in Asia, the Near East, and in bankruptcy.” Europe; by sea, by land, and by Change was imperative to air; with old weapons and with assure the stamina needed for new weapons. ... Before military permanent security. ... We need planning could be changed, the allies and collective security. President and his advisors, as Our purpose is to make these Eisenhower and Dulles in the Oval Office. represented by the National relations more effective, less costly. This can be done by plac- Security Council, had to take some basic policy decisions. This ing more reliance on deterrent power and less dependence has been done. The basic decision was to depend primarily on local defensive power. ... We want, for ourselves and the upon a great capacity to retaliate, instantly, by means and at other free nations, a maximum deterrent at a bearable cost. places of our choosing. Local defense will always be important. But there is no local Now the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff defense which alone will contain the mighty landpower of the can shape our military establishment to fit what is our policy, communist world. instead of having to try to be ready to meet the enemy’s many Local defenses must be reinforced by the further deterrent choices. That permits of a selection of military means instead of massive retaliatory power. A potential aggressor must know of a multiplication of means. As a result, it is now possible to that he cannot always prescribe battle conditions that suit him. get, and share, more basic security at less cost. ... n

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Air Force Magazine_0413_CMYK.indd 1 3/14/13 8:29 AM Welcome to the Hollow Force By John A. Tirpak, Executive Editor Grounded units, canceled exercises, and a deepening maintenance backlog make everything the Air Force does more diffi cult.

he March deployment of stealthy observed that “having a problem in the leaders say their options are limited if a F-22s and B-2s to South Korea middle of the Pacifi c Ocean, in the middle new war breaks out. If Congress won’t was an effective use of airpower— of the night, in the middle of weather, is reverse the budget sequester before the North Korea’s belligerent tone not something you want untrained crews end of this month, the situation will likely softened suddenly and consider- to be doing.” get much, much worse. ablyT in the following days and weeks— Unfortunately, because of the govern- The sequester has been “everything but it also highlighted how complex air ment’s budget sequestration, many Air we’ve been telling everybody it was go- operations can be and why readiness is Force crews are falling out of profi ciency, ing to be,” Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. so critical. and fewer units are ready and available for Mark A. Welsh III said in June. Speaking “Think about putting together a mission short-notice operations. This is the new at a seminar in Arlington, Va., Welsh said, that starts in the United States and goes hollow force, and it’s going to be with “We have 33 squadrons not fl ying. There literally halfway around the world,” said us for a while. are … 12 combat-coded squadrons that Lt. Gen. Burton M. Field of the 37-hour The Air Force’s readiness hit rock bot- are not turning a wheel.” B-2 roundtrip to South Korea. “Do it in tom early this summer, due to the seques- Among the canceled and grounded: a a couple of days, ... do it at night, and ter’s effect on fl ying hours. More than 30 weapons school class, a Red Flag exercise, do it so nobody knows about it until you squadrons had been grounded since April, international exercises, Aggressor units want them to know about it. That’s not while some others fl ew only enough to that train other pilots in air-to-air combat, an easy thing.” maintain the most basic profi ciency. Pilot, and even the Thunderbirds aerial demon- Field, USAF’s deputy chief of staff aircrew, and maintainer skills decayed, stration team. Civilian Air Force employ- for operations, plans, and requirements, and remain precarious: The service’s top ees—everyone from analysts to grounds- 68 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 AIR FORCE Magazine Magazine FORCE AIR the readiness cliff.” readiness the created the sequester—“has driven us over The Budget Control Act of 2011—which modernization for the past several years.” And we’ve also been trading readiness for fi current the support to ght. burner back forced to put full-spectrum training on the a late May press conference. “We’ve been clined steadily since 2003,” Welsh said in before halted a new is fi sequester the scal if year even beginsrecover, next month. to months many take will it which from crisis” readiness “a than less nothing is situation the as said Secretary, retirement Force Air June his before shortly now,”“It’s ugly, right Welshsaid. busywork, as their fi ghting skills atrophy. the activities arranged for them amount to of some offithat admit service but cials gainful use of the downtime, unexpected not so lucky. were Aircrews are trying to units make grounded most funds, its of permission for USAF to reprogram some granted Congress when 15 July after air wascanceled. service the of much and needed facilities maintenance across indefi been had aircraft postponed, nitely 24 and engines 84 of maintenance depot mid-June, By furloughs. unpaid endured parts—have repair who those to keepers “Air Force readiness levels have de- have levels readiness Force “Air interview an in Donley, B. Michael While some units were put back in the / September 2013 September / budget sequester has sharply degraded the readiness of many Air Force fl Force units. Air many ying of readiness the degraded sharply has sequester budget Okla. The AFB, at Tinker hangar closed a across AWACS stretches E-3 an of shadow The enough airmen to populate units to 100 100 to units populate to airmen enough been haven’t Field there time, some sequester,” For said. the into going great see what requirements they can overlook. to COCOMs the with negotiation” stant their regions,” he noted, adding, it’s in a order to “con- provide stabilizing presence in ceiving all the forces they think they need levels. ties—were operating at desired readiness units, and command and control capabili- intelligence-surveillance-reconnaissance fi mary forces”—fi ghting bomber, ghter, “pri- Force’s Air the of percent 50 than in less said mid-June, by Instead, interview. Field an percent,” 80 … of level bigger risks in their theaters of operation. been asked to accept fewer assets and take combatant commanders, all of whom have and reduce the support it can give regional service to slash other expenses operating the obliged also It flfunding. hour ying of the Air Force’s2013 Fiscal remaining Everything Short now.” we’rethere, “hollow force,” Welsh answered, “I think the of days the to back fallen has Force “Our readiness posture was not that that not was posture readiness “Our re- not are commanders “Combatant readiness a at be to like would “We percent 30 away took Sequestration Asked, in a June interview, if the Air Air the if interview, June a in Asked, tingency operations, Hostage explained. explained. Hostage operations, tingency GFMAP,” the admitted. he beyond anything have don’t really I “but money, the found Planners Plan. the Global Force Management Allocation meet” so I money at least can more little a us give to ‘You’vegot say, and Staff Air the to back go to had we and short, Japan. and Korea in deployed units as well as US, the in alert control aerospace mission, nuclear the Afghanistan, in Freedom Enduring Operation as such operations” “named included requirements” These COCOMs. regional operational of the of all meet to takes it Manage- what see and Plan Force ment Global … the at look mand chief Gen. G. Michael Hostage III. Com- Combat to Air according priority, or several other key areas overseas got top combat or slated to deploy to Afghanistan in either forces those that ensure to was squadrons.” the in instructors or and instructor pilots, aircraft commanders, don’t have the right amount of fl ight leads to handle, marshal, and repair “I aircraft. levels” skills required the have that line fl the on airmen of ight number the required have don’t I “so manning, percent ACC has taken on risk in possible con- were “we said, Hostage out, turned It first to … was took we strategy “The priority the hit, sequester the When 69

Photo via NATO Multimedia Library USAF photo by SrA. Benjamin Stratton

“If Syria blows up, or Iran blows up, or Ground crews fi x a B-1B’s blown tire at a forward location in July. Crews either in or North Korea blows up, I don’t have a preparing to go to combat were spared readiness cuts; others fl ew minimally or not at all. bunch of excess forces I can immediately shift to that confl ict. I’m going to have ramifi cations that may make it hard to “To try to fl y the whole force on the to pull them from other places.” continue that.” Nevertheless, “we’re going limited dollars that we had left meant I The Air National Guard and the Air to give that a try because I fundamentally would be fl ying somewhere well below Force Reserve are fl ying nearly their full don’t have enough Active Duty operational [basic mission currency] across the fl eet. planned fl ying hour program because forces to meet the requirement.” That’s … a completely unsafe way to do Congress allowed them the fl exibility Operational testing has also stopped business.” to reprogram funds within the overall on everything except the F-22 and F-35. Consequently, Hostage decided the budget reduction. The Total Force units “You can’t sacrifi ce the future completely,” right thing to do was to keep some took money out of base operating sup- Hostage said, and part of his job is ensuring fraction of his force ready and stand port and depot maintenance in order to “there’s a future out there” for American down the rest. The Air Force has never keep fl ying, according to a Guard Bureau airpower. In the meantime, certification before used this approach, commonly spokeswoman. of new weapons and software for the referred to as “tiered readiness,” but The Active Duty USAF, however, had legacy fleet will languish. Hostage believed it was the only ac- no such fl exibility at the outset and was Welsh said the reprogramming authority ceptable option. compelled by Congress to lop at least could get seven squadrons fl ying at bare mini- 10 percent off almost every account. mum rates back up to combat-ready status. But sequestration demanded a full year’s “If you’re going to do a no-fl y zone spending cuts after half the fi scal year had anywhere, you’re probably going to want already passed, and USAF had already your Air Force suppression of enemy air been shorted $1.8 billion in funds to pay defenses aircraft ready to go,” Welsh for its Afghanistan operations—money said. “But we have some of them that it had already been forced to rob from have been parked since April. So if you

other accounts. The 10 percent cut to want options, you better bring some of USAF photo by MSgt. KevinWallace fl ying operations thus quickly ballooned the readiness back up on line.” Hostage to a 30 percent reduction. concurred that SEAD capability, in the USAF was later allowed to reprogram form of F-16 Block 50s, must be one some of the base budget funds. It put of the fi rst capabilities fi shed out of the $413 million toward fl ying hours, but sequester barrel. heavy damage had already been done. “There was a lot of pressure to not Hostage said he’s not relying on the stand down any units,” Hostage said. “I Air Guard for his contingency capability. was told, ‘Hey, just fl y them a little bit, “What we are doing is looking at using fl y them once or twice a month. That’ll mobilization authority to have greater ac- be OK.’ I said, ‘No. That’s not safe.’ ” cess to Guard and Reserve forces,” he said. There are only three categories of readi- That is “very expensive,” though, and “if ness, he insisted: Air Force combat squad- sustained over a long period of time, we’ll rons are either “combat mission ready, likely have some political and economic basic mission capable [or] …grounded.” 70 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 USAF photo by A1C AubreyWhite

This creates a whole new set of prob- F-15E Strike Eagles from the 4th Wing at Seymour Johnson AFB, N.C., on static display lems. “In some scenarios, the entirety of in April. Grounded crews found other ways besides fl ying to stay sharp. the Air Force is needed in the fi rst 30 to 40 days,” Field explained. “That leaves you went to one of our bases today and sequestration cuts, Selva noted. One is you no time to spin up to anything and talked to a tanker crew you’d fi nd they’re any movement of the President, with the everyone has to be ready to go immedi- fl ying the airplane about once every 30 small armada of aircraft needed to move ately. ... We don’t have excess capacity. days,” Selva told defense reporters at a his vehicles, security, and command and We’re not ready to do everything. That’s roundtable discussion. control. A second must-do category is the not tiered readiness. That’s being ‘not movement of special operations forces, ready.’ ” Three Protected Mobility Missions both with cargo aircraft and tankers to The sequester-induced readiness crisis In the tanker mission, AMC has ruled extend their range. Finally, AMC must isn’t just affecting fi ghters and bombers. out any cross-country air refueling, Selva support nuclear operations—supporting Air Mobility Command is hard hit, as well. reported. “If you need to move an airplane bombers with tankers or transporting Gen. Paul J. Selva, AMC commander, from the West Coast to the East Coast, nuclear materials. said in April that tanker operations would and it’s not on its way to Southwest Asia, That leaves a wide variety of other likely take a 40 percent fl ying hour hit we’ve already said no to those operations.” missions AMC must say no to, Selva through the end of the fi scal year. “If Stateside tankers—along with C-130 reported. Among these are some airborne operations not supporting wartime activi- troop practice drops and other forms of ties—are funded by operation and mainte- training with the Army. nance accounts, subject to sequestration. In concurrence with the Guard and Afghanistan operations and several other Reserve, AMC paid for the annual spin- kinds of activity, though, are insulated up training for crews in the domestic from cuts. fi refi ghting mission, Selva said, with the AMC has a secondary revenue stream proviso that the “Department of Interior known as the “transportation working and Forestry agreed” to pay for the actual capital fund,” Selva explained. It involves fi refi ghting missions themselves. users—US Central Command or the Inter- In the area of training, there was discus- national Security Assistance Force (ISAF), sion of slowing or canceling undergraduate for example—“buying our services. ... pilot training or some of the “B” courses That’s the resupply of Afghanistan, which airmen take right after basic training, but cannot stop. So that is a secondary stream Field said, “We made a decision that we of revenue that allows us to keep our crews had to keep that training pipeline fully current and qualifi ed in that mission set.” funded and fl owing.” He added, “This Besides the war effort, three other year.” mobility missions are protected from So what are the idled airmen doing with their time? ACC chief Gen. Michael Hostage greets Field explained that pilots are fl ying airmen at Mountain Home AFB, Idaho, last year. He accepted “tiered readi- simulators “to the max extent possible. ness” as a last resort to preserve some They’re doing a lot of academics and of USAF’s combat power. mission planning, they’re doing profes- AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 71 a blow. “I’ll never recover that class,” Hostage said. If he gets to hold Weapons School classes next year, those “bumped” from Class 13 Bravo might compete to attend, but “more than likely, … they will never get to go.” Field said the effect is multiplied because the chosen few who go to USAF photo by A1C Brittain Crolley Weapons School are then expected to return to their units and be the teachers of their peers. The cancellation starves units of that passed-along expertise. “It costs somewhere around two-and- a-half times as much money to retrain a squadron as it does to keep it trained,” Welsh said. It would take six months, at least, to restore a squadron that’s lost its currency, according to Hostage, who added that it’s urgent for Congress to—at a minimum—give the Air Force a budget total it can plan for. “I can’t even use good, commonsense Marking the end of a 100-day grounding, Lt. Col. James Howard (l) and Maj. Christo- pher Troyer of the 336th FS at Seymour Johnson head for the fl ight line. business practices to deal with the is- sues, because politics won’t let me live sional military education.” Many bases sounds, sights, sensations, and forces within my means,” he asserted. are putting together “broadening” pro- encountered on a mission and are insuf- When asked what happens if the grams for pilots to see parts of the mis- fi cient to maintain profi ciency. sequester is not reversed and continues sion they wouldn’t normally, he noted. on into Fiscal 2014 and beyond, senior At JB Langley-Eustis, Va., for example, A Different Air Force USAF leaders all said the same thing: pilots in the Active Duty F-22 squadrons One F-16 pilot said a simulator The Air Force will probably shrink. aren’t fl ying, but the associated Guard provides no sense of the danger and “The Air Force will look different,” unit at the base is. reality of a fl ying mission, and “if I Welsh said in the interview. “I think all “That means the maintenance on the could talk to [the senior leadership], I’d the services will look different.” Using flight line and in the back shops have to hope they understand this is in no way a the 10 percent sequester as a baseline, produce airplanes for the Guard to fly,” substitute” for actual sorties. Moreover, Welsh said simple math would suggest a Field explained. The Active Duty pilots “we practice [dangerous situations] in cut of some 33,000 airmen and some 700 can observe these enabling activities and the sim that you generally don’t do in aircraft would be a likely starting point. “get into very good detail of what it takes the aircraft, because you know you can He couldn’t say specifi cally where the to produce a sortie. … And it makes walk away from it.” While certainly cuts would come from, but acknowledged them better airmen and prepares them useful, these exotic emergencies don’t that a whole fl eet of aircraft could well for future leadership positions better.” really build day-to-day competence. disappear. Hostage agreed that it saves But maintainers at totally grounded Offi cers and enlisted affected by the more money to take out whole fl eets units are also quickly losing their skills. sequester have also been “strongly en- because “not only do I save the money Engines on grounded jets are run about couraged” to take advantage of the down- of those squadrons and the parts and every month and they get moved from time to complete professional military the pieces, but the whole logistics train time to time to prevent flat spots from education and graduate courses. that supports it. That’s where the big forming on the tires. Taxiing is permitted “Get your schools, reconnect with savings are.” every two months or so, but that’s it. your family, go to Disney World. … This would have cascading effects Welsh said he’s well aware that main- That’s what we’ve been told,” said one throughout the force as the service would tenance crews have run through all the airman. However, the extended time then have to retrain thousands of airmen, short-term maintenance, probably have at home station is a temporary benefit reduce the number in uniform—or both. done all the long-term maintenance on with many possible long-term costs, The worldwide demands for airpower their jets, and now have little to do. including competitiveness for future are not declining just because budgets “You can’t just accelerate training and promotions. “I don’t think there’s going are. Welsh noted that “our readiness catch up.” to be a sticky note on my file that says, continues to decline, even while calls Pilots are getting intensive academics … ‘Promote without required experi- for potential no-fly zones or air policing programs discussing the threats they’ll ence,’ ” he said. operations in response to Syrian violence encounter in future combat. Field also Hostage acknowledged that gaps in are reaching a new crescendo.” said aggressor squadrons are building fl ying and leadership experience are the While USAF is still the best air force “road shows” of air combat academics unavoidable by-product of sequestration in the world, Welsh said, “atrophied skills to teach at grounded units. and could affect retention before long. elevate risk, and stagnant profi ciency will Privately, pilots sidelined by the se- He noted that the second Fiscal 2013 only grow over time if we can’t restore quester said that even the highest fi del- Weapons School class at Nellis AFB, some sense of budget normalcy. And so ity simulators do not reproduce all the Nev., had to be canceled, and it was that’s what we’re hoping for.” I 72 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Bridge the Training Gap T-X

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Pacifi c Air Forces drilled in February with airmen from Japan and Australia in this two-week exercise.

74 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Cope North

During a Red Air mission at Cope North, Lt. Col. Doug Kline of the 18th Aggressor Squadron maneuvers an F-16. It carries a range instru mentation pod, an ALQ-188, an inert AIM-9M, and two 370-gallon fuel tanks.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 75 n February, members of the US Air IForce, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, and the Royal Australian Air Force convened on the Pacific island of Guam for Exercise Cope North. The two-week exercise, staged out of Andersen Air Force Base, focused on air combat operations, humanitarian aid, and disaster relief. Since 1978, Cope North has served to strengthen ties between the US and its primary Pacific allies, Japan and Australia. For the first time, South Korea sent observers. More than 1,700 airmen participated in the exercise, hosted by Pacific Air Forces. |1| Japanese F-15Js acquire fuel from the JASD’s KC-767A tanker. This was the first time Japan supplied air refueling aircraft to Cope North.

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|2| SSgt. Justin Phillips, SrA. Casey Darnell, A1C Derek Cabrera, and SrA. Luis Sanchez (l-r) prepare to install a laser guided seeker on an inert bomb. |3| 96th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron B-52 pilots—Capt. Robert Jeffrey (left) and 1st Lt. Kyle Fluker—return to Andersen after a sortie. |4| Maj. David Graham, an 18th AGRS F-16 pilot, scans the horizon for his 3 adversary in an air-to-air engagement.

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|1| A B-52H from the 96th EBS patrols the Pacific Ocean. The squadron de- ployed to Andersen in October 2012 as part of US Pacific Command’s continuous bomber presence. The unit returned to Barksdale AFB, La., two months after Cope North. |2| Two 96th EBS crew chiefs, A1C Dylan Drake (left) and A1C Jeremy Gorman, monitor an engine start-up. |3| Capt. Michael Hansen, a radar navigator from the 96th EBS, searches for tar- gets using the Litening targeting pod. |4| SSgt. Alexander Wheeler, A1C An- thony Rodriguez, SrA. Daniel Babis, and A1C Zachary Christy (l-r) begin loading an AGM-158 JASSM missile onto a B-52. |5| JASDF crew members get ready to refuel an F-2 fighter after 5 a mission.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 77 |1| A Japanese E-2C Hawkeye patrols near Guam. The turboprop airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft was one of three types used to provide the air picture of the area during Cope North. |2| Hansen (left) and Capt. Daniel Dukes helped the B-52s get to the target and acquire it. Here, they are at work in the navigators’ sta- tion during the mission phase of an exercise. |3| The RAAF KC-30 tanker refueled Australian F-18A+ aircraft in the exercise. |4| An RAAF E-9 AEW&C aircraft awaits its next sor- tie. |5| In preparation for the day’s mission, SrA. Ian McMilan (left) and SSgt. Kristopher Woodhull, both from Eielson AFB, Alaska, review paperwork for an F-16.

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78 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 |1| Fluker of the 96th EBS in a B-52 cockpit. |2| Radar navigator Hansen checks over a Litening target- ing pod. Manufactured by Northrop Grumman, the Litening system uses laser imaging sensors, supe- rior image processing, and digital video output to provide aircrews with an effective way to spot targets at long ranges during any time of the day. |3| Several 18th AGRS F-16s line up on the ramp, the first two preparing for takeoff. The F-16 has proved itself as a powerful and effective weapon in multiple roles: air-to-air combat, suppression of enemy air defenses, and air-to-ground attack.

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AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 79 |1| A JASDF F-2 and F-15J steer away from each other. The product of a joint Japan-US development program, the single-engine F-2 carries bombs and missiles among its arma- ment. Barely visible on the F-15J’s left wing: an air-to-air missile. The JASDF debuted its F-15J in 1981. |2| Capt. Jake Whitlock, an electronic warfare officer from the 96th EBS, prepares for another sortie while working with one of the B-52’s onboard comput- ers. |3| A US Navy EA-18G Growler breaks away from a 44th Fighter Squadron F-15C based at Kadena AB, Japan. The F-15C carries an inert AMRAAM. |4| During his preflight walk around, Maj. David Graham from the 18th AGRS installs the puck into his range instrumentation pod.

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|1| An Air National Guard C-5 from Martinsburg, W.Va. (left), and a C-17 from JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, are prepped on the ramp at Andersen for their next flights. |2| Jeffrey, the B-52 pilot from the 96th EBS, goes down the preflight checklist for his mission. |3| A1C Robert Knife, A1C Charles Ezeike, and SSgt. Billy Camp- bell (l-r) load a drag chute into a B-52. |4| Awaiting its next mission, an E-3 AWACS from Kadena sits next to an E-3 from JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska. As the US refocuses and bolsters its military efforts in the Pacific, the importance of Exercise Cope North continues to grow. n 4

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 81 OutstandingAIRMEN OF THE YEAR

SMSGT. ERNESTO J. RENDON JR. Air Freight Superintendent, 62nd Aerial Port Squadron 62nd Airlift Wing (Air Mobility Command) JB Lewis-McChord, Wash. Home of Record: Weslaco, Tex. As a First Sergeant, Rendon encouraged excellence throughout his unit, and his commander considered his advice in disciplinary actions to be “spot-on.” Rendon led a squadron inspection, earning zero safety failures and an overall “outstanding.” He also oversaw four separate nuclear asset movements that enabled the wing to receive the highest inspection rating. He led the unit’s Hurricane Sandy relief efforts, directing movement of 74 utility vehicles and some 474 tons of supplies in less than 96 hours. He helped advance airdrop train- ing, helping qualify 50 aircrews. Teamed with AMC’s joint movement center, he helped develop cargo movement guidance, maximizing training missions to save transportation costs. He has completed a bachelor’s degree in management studies.

MSGT. ANDRE S. DAVIS Unit Education Training Manager, 203rd RED HORSE (Air National Guard) Camp Pendleton, Va. Home of Record: Newport News, Va. His attention to detail and dedication to improving the performance of the Power Production Shop while serving as its supervisor led to his selection as unit education training manager in 2010. In that role, Davis established a new upgrade training process that signifi cantly increased the number of upgrades; corrected computer and software problems that had negatively affected career development courses and profes- sional military education exams; and identifi ed training program issues, reducing discrepancies in Air Force training records. He also mentored dozens of junior enlisted members and acted as unit career advisor. He has associate degrees in mechanical and electrical technology, educa- tion and training management, and electrical engineering.

MSGT. TESSA M. FONTAINE Superintendent, Counterintelligence and Cyber Inquiries, National Reconnaissance Offi ce’s Counterintelligence Division (Air Force Space Command) Chantilly, Va. Home of Record: Holyoke, Mass. Fontaine is a security forces craftsman who has served with the NRO since 2006 in a variety of positions, including personnel security special investigator and anti-terrorism/force protection offi cer. Her career has included deployments to Kuwait in 1998 and Iraq in 2005. She received the NRO Bronze Medal for her work on a joint espionage investigation. She also managed 14 investigators, closing 133 of 279 counterintelligence inquiries—an NRO record. Additionally, she created a spy brief for the US Attorney General; captured long-running Cuban spy activity and prepared the Director of National Intelligence brief; and led a national counterintelligence executive inquiry study, analyzing seven years of data. She also served as the president of the NRO’s Joint Enlisted Top 3.

82 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 The Air Force Outstanding Airman program annually recognizes 12 enlisted members for superior leadership, job performance, community involvement, and personal achievements. The program was initiated at the Air Force Asso ciation’s 10th annual National Convention, held in New Orleans in 1956. The selection board comprises the Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force and the command chief master sergeants from each USAF major command. The selections are reviewed by the Air Force Chief of Staff. The 12 selectees are awarded the Outstanding Airman of the Year Ribbon with the bronze service star device and wear the Outstanding Airman badge for one year.

MSGT. SHAWN J. JONES Public Affairs Specialist 514th Air Mobility Wing (Air Force Reserve Command) JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. Home of Record: Galloway, N.J. Jones is the fi rst Air Force Reservist to win the DOD print journalist of the year award. He spent some nine years on Active Duty before transferring to the 514th Air Mobility Wing as a traditional Reservist. He is the editor of the wing’s Freedom Flyer magazine, which has been named AFRC’s best news publication. Jones has cultivated public media to gain regular coverage of Reserve activities. He also manages the wing’s public website and has signifi cantly increased viewer traffi c. His increase of morale-boosting coverage in the wing magazine has contributed to the wing earning AFRC-best retention rate honors. He garnered AFRC’s “best news feature” award for his reporting on a high-visibility airlift mission to France. Additionally, he has completed a master’s degree in business administration.

MSGT. CELESTE C. OKOKON Flight Chief, Dental Services, 7th Aeromedical Dental Squadron 7th Bomb Wing (Air Combat Command) Dyess AFB, Tex. Home of Record: Colorado Springs, Colo. Okokon pursued National Hygienist Certifi cation, becoming one of only 46 certifi ed military hygienists in the Air Force. Among her ac- complishments, she developed schedules for 15 providers, increas- ing dental visits by 11 percent and beating the Air Force readiness goal by fi ve percent, a fi rst for Dyess. Her work also directly helped achieve a 50 percent reduction in dental disease among the base population, and her efforts for more than 800 airmen slated to deploy led to less than one percent needing dental care while overseas. She resurrected a failing self-inspection program, guiding 34 staff mem- bers and correcting 64 critical items. She also served as the moulage team chief for exercises, aligning emergency medical training with the Air Force standard.

TSGT. ADAM L. GOMEZ Cyber Transport Craftsman, 3rd Combat Camera Squadron Air Force Public Affairs Agency (Air Force District of Washington) JBSA-Lackland, Tex. Home of Record: Rochester, N.Y. On 12-month deployment to Afghanistan, Gomez led cyber mainte- nance support, including managing installation for a new supply da- tabase. He received the Air Force Combat Action Medal for success- fully leading his team through fi ve hostile-fi re engagements. He fi lled a senior master sergeant role as theater planner for American Forces Network-Afghanistan, managing equipment and system maintenance to cover 620 forward operating bases. He operated for 127 days outside the wire, helping establish new AFN services at 137 sites, and installed a satellite receiver for an outpost during 39 indirect fi re attacks. Gomez also directed an AFN satellite upgrade, completing the system transfer and maintenance fi ve weeks early.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 83 OutstandingAIRMEN OF THE YEAR

TSGT. JASON D. PAYNE Combat Control Craftsman, Red Troop, 24th Special Tactics Squadron 24th Special Operations Wing (Air Force Special Operations Command) Pope Field, N.C. Home of Record: Pensacola, Fla. Payne deployed most recently as the sole combat controller with a 50-man US Navy SEAL team in Afghanistan, directing close air support during 31 high-risk missions with zero losses. He helped conduct operations that led to the killing or capturing of 44 enemy fi ghters. He participated in a successful rescue of a US hostage that required quietly infi ltrating an insurgent stronghold after a grueling six-mile journey and then guiding shooters onto enemy positions and personally killing seven enemy fi ghters. During one mission, he stood exposed in open terrain to survey and secure a hot landing zone to quickly evacuate a wounded SEAL. Payne also served with a national crisis response force where he was the lead CCT with an elite Spe- cial Operations Forces team.

SSGT. LAUREN A. EVERETT Aerospace Medical Service Journeyman, 48th Inpatient Squadron 48th Fighter Wing (US Air Forces in Europe-Air Forces Africa) RAF Lakenheath, United Kingdom Home of Record: Jackson, Mo. On a Provincial Reconstruction Team in Afghanistan, Everett conducted lifesaving medical procedures while under enemy at- tack, gathered intelligence, and augmented forward operating base security forces. She received both the Army Commendation Medal and Army Combat Medic Badge. She was the lead combat lifesaver instructor, illustrating tactics to multinational personnel. As one of the few trained to detect traumatic brain injury, she made early identifi ca- tion in 51 cases, securing treatment and ensuring their successful re- turn to duty. Additionally, she coordinated medical care for more than 100 civilians and contractors, assessed numerous trauma patients, and supported nearly 100 outside-the-wire missions.

SSGT. JOSHUA L. HANNA Explosive Ordnance Disposal Journeyman, 36th Civil Engineer Squadron 36th Wing (Pacifi c Air Forces) Andersen AFB, Guam Home of Record: Bellwood, Pa. On his most recent deployment to Afghanistan, Hanna executed 151 joint combat missions and received the Air Force Combat Ac- tion Medal. He trained 347 coalition troops on improvised explosive device search techniques and mentored 10 Afghan IED technicians, preparing for the coalition drawdown. He cleared a 15-square-mile area of IEDs and supported 23 Army dismount operations, working with Quick Reaction Forces during enemy contact. He helped sani- tize a remotely piloted vehicle crash site. He mitigated an imminent explosive threat, removing munitions from a burning facility after an attack. He also certifi ed personnel on range clearance equipment and led robotic operations during 65 IED responses.

84 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 SSGT. JOSEPH C. SENTENO Financial Analysis Technician, 2nd Comptroller Squadron 2nd Bomb Wing (Air Force Global Strike Command) Barksdale AFB, La. Home of Record: Carlsbad, Calif. Senteno excelled in managing the wing’s second largest account, one previously maintained by a seasoned NCO, and continued to thrive when asked to handle a second high-profi le account during a co-worker’s deployment. He received a below-the-zone promo- tion to senior airman and was selected to present a distinguished visitor briefi ng to the Secretary of Defense, who “coined” him for his excellent presentation. Senteno’s efforts included recapturing some $13 million in overestimated procurement costs and streamlining processes, such as developing an obligation balance tracker that is considered a commandwide benchmark. He also was able to accelerate fund certifi cation, obligating $2.3 million within hours of receipt and averting possible mission stoppage. Senteno has completed a bachelor’s degree in economics and accounting.

SRA. CASEY L. ANDERSON Mental Health Technician, 59th Mental Health Squadron 59th Medical Wing (Air Education and Training Command) JBSA-Lackland, Tex. Home of Record: New Brighton, Pa. Before enlisting in the Air Force, Anderson received a bachelor’s degree in sociology and worked four years as a civilian with Air Force Services in Hawaii. At her fi rst Active Duty assignment, she has con- sistently performed above her pay grade. The Air Force Medical Op- erations Agency picked Anderson as a site offi cer to help determine suitability for a new brain study. She trained 30 psychology residents and numerous other staff members and served as wing predeploy- ment stress instructor and squadron instructor for bystander interven- tion, basic lifesaving support, and physical fi tness training. She also conducted nearly 1,000 post-traumatic stress disorder assessments, saving hundreds of provider hours.

SRA. STEVEN C. HEDGEPETH Contracting Specialist, 772nd Enterprise Sourcing Squadron Enterprise Sourcing Group (Air Force Materiel Command) JBSA-Lackland, Tex. Home of Record: Sioux Falls, S.D. Hedgepeth was selected below-the-zone for senior airman for cumulative actions that included providing upgrade training and direct contracting support to the Air Force Civil Engineering Center for construction requirements to support operations in Afghanistan. Over one year, he executed 278 contract actions covering three contingencies and touching six countries. He also cleared $5.7 million in contractor claims. He supported a $2 million electrical systems upgrade contract for Kabul International Airport in Afghanistan. He also revamped the Afghan Air Force headquarters project, rectifying a four-week delay and recouping $5 million. During a volunteer 83- day temporary duty at Offutt AFB, Neb., he completed 264 contract actions for DOD and other federal agency customers.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 85 The Air Force can learn a lot from what it has already seen in cyberspace. Old Lessons,

“New”By Rebecca Grant Domain

Cape Cod radar tower in Massachusetts was a prototype for the SAGE air defense system. SAGE needed computers with memory, digital relays linking radar sites, and systems engineering to bring them together.

86 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 ashington is once again strategic challenges, such as continental wrestling with how to tack- air defense in the 1950s and real-time le the military challenges command and control in the 1980s, of cyberspace. “The rise of fueled progress in the exploitation of

Photos via MITRE Corp. cyber is the most striking cyberspace. development in the post-9/11 national In its infancy, the domain of cyber- securityW landscape,” Chairman of the space did not look much like the clouds Joint Chiefs of Staff Army Gen. Martin and commons known around the globe E. Dempsey said in a June 27 speech at today. The special qualities of cyberspace the Brookings Institution. Dempsey said emerged only when computers gained about 4,000 new military cyber positions more memory and power and networks could be created. Perhaps 1,000 of those linked them together. may be within the Air Force. Responding to new growth in the In the (Cyber) Beginning cyber mission poses a challenge to the Back before social media, the World Air Force. Over the past decade, the Wide Web, the fi rst emails, and even USAF position has swung from taking before ARPAnet, the fi rst closed cy- a vigorous lead in the mission area to berspace system was the Air Force’s going slow on cyber—to avoid a po- Semi-automatic Ground Environment, tential “black hole” as Air Force Chief or SAGE. of Staff Gen. Mark A. Welsh III termed The Air Force bought and paid for it in late 2012. SAGE, which was arguably the fi rst true As the debate continues, it is important cyberspace environment. to recall that cyberspace is not new ter- SAGE’s intent was to direct continen- ritory for airmen. The Air Force made tal air defenses to intercept attacking its fi rst deliberate move to create a cyber Soviet bombers. From 1949 on, the entire force structure almost 20 years ago. United States was vulnerable to nuclear “The longer we think cyber confl ict is attack from Soviet bombers refueled near new, the more we will repeat the same the Arctic Circle. mistakes and relearn old lessons,” wrote The defensive problem had grown too Jason Healey, director of the Cyber State- complex and immense for the grease craft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, pencil and telephone line methods of in Air University’s Strategic Studies World War II to remain effective. Quarterly in fall 2012. MIT professor George E. Valley Jr. Cyber lessons mark out a heritage dove into the problem as a member of every bit as interesting as biplanes and the Air Force Scientifi c Advisory Board. bridge bombing. In fact, USAF can look Valley visited an air defense site in Mas- back at six decades of involvement in the sachusetts and was horrifi ed by the old domain now called cyberspace. Air Force equipment and procedures.

An early “cyber warrior” in 1959 uses a light gun to target potential intercept coordinates.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 87 Austin Mills photo via National Cryptologic Museum Museum of Science photo viaWikipedia

Above: The disk containing the 99 lines of code comprising the Morris worm. Right: Frostburg, a supercomputer programmed to perform higher-level mathematical calculations for the National Security Agency, operated from 1991 to 1997.

Valley briefed Air Force Chief Sci- receive radar data and entist Louis N. Ridenour, who then per- respond with an inter- suaded MIT President James R. Killian cept path in real-time, Jr. to establish a new laboratory at MIT thanks to its nascent and use Air Force money on air defense electrostatic random research. They also hoped to stimulate access memory and the information electronics industry. programmable read- SAGE was a unique step toward only memory. The Air Force took over line. This was one of the earliest work- cyberspace because the system was funding of the computer from the Offi ce able modems. conceived from the beginning as an in- of Naval Research. Airmen also got their fi rst taste of formation architecture. “SAGE was one Digital computer maturation in the working in a computer-driven, interactive of the fi rst systems to include immediate, SAGE project “laid the foundation for environment linking sites all over the interactive man-machine communication a revolution in digital computing, which country. This was an important early step via displays, light guns, and switches,” subsequently had a profound impact on in building up the cyberspace domain. noted a 1974 RAND report on future the modern world,” summed up MIT’s “The primary responsibility for humans USAF command and control software offi cial history. To boost performance, in the SAGE system would be their in- requirements. researchers developed magnetic core teraction with computers through the use To work, SAGE needed computers memory and bolted it on to Whirlwind. of keyboards and other devices in order with memory, digital relays linking radar Magnetic core memory became the to specify which of the airplanes picked sites to command and control nodes, industry standard for the next 20 years. up and followed by radar and shown and systems engineering to bring them SAGE also utilized primitive mo- on the computer cathode-ray monitors together. dems—the skeletal structure of cy- should be targeted,” summarized Thomas Air Force requisites for SAGE carved berspace. Scientists at the Air Force P. Hughes in Rescuing Prometheus, his out many of the tools for cyberspace. Cambridge Research Lab in Cambridge, landmark book on innovation. First was a fast computer with program- Mass., also fi gured out how to convert SAGE also stressed systems engineer- mable memory. The MIT campus had a analog radar into digital code and ing skills because of the diffi culty of computer known as Whirlwind that could transmit over a dedicated telephone developing and exploiting new computer 88 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 and communications technology. Instead, Baran envisioned a series of The National Security Agency went off In retrospect, “the military require- backup centers with commanders. As and built its own version of the ARPAnet ments for SAGE sytem placed it long as they all had good information, called Platform. beyond the leading edge of soft- nearly any one of the senior military For the Air Force, this had two cyber ware technology,” noted a 1974 offi cers in charge of the set of centers implications. Cyberspace would grow in RAND report. could make a good decision on how deep secrecy at NSA as signals and intel- It took until 1958 for SAGE to to cope with incoming attacks. Baran ligence analysis became closer entwined become fully operational. By then, described potential non-hierarchical with the cyber world. Airmen would be it was also obsolete. Still, SAGE network formats starting with a simple closely involved in that work, too. marked the fi rst major commitment “round robin” network. The key was However, cyberspace would also grow of USAF dollars and expertise and “distributed computation, or totally from the worlds of education and business. provided components of the future independent apparatus at each node” With commercial companies producing cyberspace domain. providing such routing “without reliance faster, more capable computers, USAF One of SAGE’s fl aws was its upon a vulnerable central computer.” turned its focus to tactical applications hierarchical communications de- In Baran’s concept, the message would for information technology. sign. What if a Soviet attack wiped travel over the shortest path, carry a Air Force Systems Command com- out communications links and security tag, and have its geographical missioned a study in March 1971 titled blinded SAGE and its successor point of origin authenticated. The system “Information Processing/Data Automa- air defense systems? Survivability as a whole would be set up to identify tion Implications of Air Force Command of command and control in time malfunctions right away. Baran’s work and Control Requirements in the 1980s.” of nuclear attack was a big preoc- on Strategic Air Command’s nuclear Its purpose was to scope the information cupation in the 1960s as the Soviet command and control problem laid out processing technology anticipated for Union increased its bomber and a crucial turn in the roots of networking command and control of Air Force combat missile forces. and the Internet to come. units in the next decade. A RAND Project Air Force Software was becoming the problem of researcher named Paul Baran took Platform via ARPAnet the 1970s; USAF was already spending on the problem and ended up with By the 1970s, much of the ground- almost $1.25 billion per year on soft- another big push in the develop- breaking work in cyberspace was tucked ware—three times more than hardware ment of cyberspace—a theory of under the Pentagon’s Advanced Research spending for automatic data processing. distributed communications. Projects Agency. ARPAnet was not con- And software progress was already at- Baran saw right away that ac- ceived as a military communications tracting complaints. “Software has yet curate Soviet intercontinental bal- project. Instead, the main motivation to live up to its potential in [command listic missiles spelled big trouble was to facilitate time-sharing by linking and control] systems,” noted the 1974 for the current system. together powerful computers that were RAND report. “The proven development of geographically separated. Computers at However, heavy investment in soft- the small [circular error probable] major USAF research centers such as ware spread online systems throughout ICBM must evoke a major change RAND and Lincoln Labs were on the Air Force major commands. Systems of concepts of air defense,” he net by April 1971. such as the Strategic Air Command Au- wrote in a December 1960 report ARPAnet connected only big comput- tomated Total Information (SATIN IV), that was classifi ed for decades. ers hosted at universities and companies. the Military Airlift Command Informa- “Our communications systems are for the most part conceived upon the model of hierarchical networks. An entire network may be made inoperable at the cost of a few missiles cleverly directed against a few switching center targets.” What did a superbly hardened com-

mand center matter if the links to the air USAF photo TSgt.by CohenYoung defense sectors and missile fi elds were destroyed? The SAGE network was a case in point, according to Baran. Each hierarchical node fed a central control point. The cen- tral control points then retransmitted to a central station. Wiping out the key links would shut down command and control.

Then-Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne announced in 2006 that USAF would create a cyberspace major com- mand. USAF pulled back and made 24th Air Force the cyber component, under Air Force Space Command authority.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 89 a trail that led ultimately to Hess, who was conducting computer espionage for the KGB. “The intruder was impressively per- sistent and patient,” observed Stoll in his 1988 article, “The Wily Hacker,” Hess attempted to hack 450 different systems. To enter the computers, he exploited USAF photo by SSgt. Patrick Dixon weaknesses such as a program called GNU Emacs that allowed mail users system administrator privileges under certain conditions. Hess then searched root directories for fi les with words like nuclear, SDI, NORAD, or KH- 11, one of a family of high-resolution clandestine satellites. Stoll started a log of the hacker’s activity and kept online to trace him. Soon he was sure the hacker was spying. “With thousands of military com- puters attached, the MILNet [an early network] might seem inviting,” Stoll conjectured. No classifi ed computers Airmen set up a satellite dish in 2009 at Aviano AB, Italy. were connected to the net, but there were treasures to be had, such as ac- tion Management System (MACIMS) access to computers and networked cess to abstracts of nuclear, biological, scheduler, and others were “online to systems. The 1980s brought desktop and chemical warfare plans pertaining dozens or hundreds of interactive users, applications to Air Force offi ces and to Europe. processing several jobs or transactions command posts. Military nodes on the Now Stoll had to get someone to take simultaneously.” ARPAnet expanded, as did local area seriously his report of a wily intruder on By the 1970s, USAF was also rou- networks. the loose. One of the fi rst to encourage tinely exploiting the online environment Tactics and exploitation of the infor- him was Christy. for data management and display. In mation domain were about to become The offi ce was already handling com- the future, the Air Force planned to big challenges. The late 1980s demon- puter crime, and Christy immediately extend real-time scenarios and online strated to all the inherent vulnerability understood the need to let the hacker command decision aids. Based on the in the medium. keep operating as he electronically use of ARPAnet, Air Force leadership In 1986 a hacker from West Germany waltzed from Army computers to the also concluded that real-time digital named Markus Hess carried out a much White Sands Missile Range, N.M., to communications processing would more cautious and deliberate program Ramstein AB, West Germany. Track- be fully available to the Air Force of of espionage. The Air Force was also ing Hess was one of the earliest efforts the 1980s. involved, via agent Jim Christy of the at data forensics—soon to become an With the advent of the 1980s, USAF Offi ce of Special Investigations. essential tool of operations in cyber- completed the shift from technology The case began when a systems ad- space. In fact, Air Force OSI was later innovator to customer. In early 1982, ministrator in California named Clifford designated executive agent for Pentagon the Air Staff looked at the growth of Stoll was asked to investigate a tiny cyber crime and forensics. information technology and concluded unpaid bill of 75 cents—an anomaly The Hess case crystallized with a that the Air Force was no longer a leader in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory telephone trace. It turned out Hess in this area, per a study prepared for system. For Stoll, that anomaly began was accessing US sites through a West Chief of Staff Gen. Charles A. Gabriel. Nor was USAF footing the develop- ment bill. Commercial hardware and software dominated—and would lead to new problems. For the moment, it was the fastest path to changing the information environ- ment for airmen. The 1980s marked a period when the user became a com- USAF photo by A1C KateThornton municator, as one Air Force history put it. Gone were the days of limited

A1C Corey Frey disassembles a com- puter tower at Ellsworth AFB, S.D. Client systems technicians such as Frey pro- vide account support and troubleshoot computer problems for on-base clients.

90 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 German telecom provider. Stoll and the FBI created dummy fi les to entice Hess to linger long enough for a defi nitive phone trace. It worked. Hess spent an hour perusing one set of fi les and was traced to the University of Bremen in West Germany. He was later convicted of spying for the KGB USAF photo Williamby Belcher by the German authorities, who put Hess and his accomplices on trial in 1990. They received sentences of up to two years and, later, probation. Then, on Nov. 2, 1988, 23-year-old Robert T. Morris placed a self-replicat- ing worm on the Internet designed to multiply and seek out other hosts. The Morris worm overtasked computers, by one estimate crashing 6,000 of the 60,000 Internet hosts. DARPA formed its fi rst computer emergency response team (CERT) during the Morris incident. By the 1990s, the targets for cyber war were changing. Desktop machines, email, online connections, and Internet Cyber airmen work at the 624th Operations Center at Joint Base San Antonio-Lack- browsers surpassed the architecture of land in Texas. The 624th is part of 24th Air Force, USAF’s cyber component. the 1980s and brought unprecedented access to data. Linked systems with operations. The other 30 percent was still suffi cient in the 21st century? Not many portals presented fruitful targets defending networks by blocking hostile quite, senior leaders concluded. With for attack. IP addresses and taking other actions. a solid foundation already in place, the Eventually, the mission of the 609th Air Force moved to embrace the cyber Hack Attacks extended to defending networks in the domain as a formal part of its mission. For the Air Force, computer net- US Central Command area of responsi- In 2005, Secretary of the Air Force work defense became an essential for bility. The initial split of offensive and Michael W. Wynne listed cyberspace theater warfare. In the lead was the defensive operations was mirrored at operations as one of the “sovereign op- 609th Information Warfare Squadron the national level with the task forces tions” provided by USAF for the nation. established by Lt. Gen. John P. Jumper of the Defense Information Systems Wynne followed up in November at 9th Air Force in 1995. This was the Agency or DISA. 2006 by designating 8th Air Force as fi rst effort to “conceive, develop, and The 609th IWS faced a major test the command responsible for cyber fi eld IW [information warfare] combat in February 1998. Hackers launched operations. But USAF pulled back, capabilities in support of a numbered air a month-long offensive against DOD canceling the proposed stand-up of a force,” noted the unit’s history. networks and Air Force and Navy bases, service cyber command in 2008. Later, The Air Force in the 1990s opted but no breaches occurred at installations the Air Force created 24th Air Force as for the term “information warfare” to defended by the 609th. its cyber component and placed it under signify a greater mission than the op- By 1999, the information warfare Air Force Space Command’s authority. erations of computers, networks, and mission had grown so big that USAF For the Air Force, now the question routers. Information warfare carried the moved the 609th mission into the larger remains how much the service should full set of cyber missions and activities, Air Intelligence Agency. Detachments invest in creating cyber capabilities for to include reconnaissance, defensive from the 609th would help defend use in the joint environment, especially operations, offense, and exploitation. numbered air forces. as sequestration pressures mount. The 609th was “the fi rst of its kind de- At the turn of the century, cyberspace “The US Air Force has a longer, signed to counter the increasing threat gained national prominence during the more distinguished heritage in the cyber to Air Force information systems,” read Y2K drama. The White House announced domain than any other military in the its initial tasking. a new national cyber security strategy world,” wrote Healey. “It was a combination of past in February 2003, as well, and by the Airmen will be expected to deliver warfi ghters, J-3 types, a lot of com- mid-2000s, US Strategic Command had their best in the cyber realm, and history munications people, and a smattering of gained a wider global role, which included suggests requirements will change—and intelligence and planning people,” said responsibility for computer network de- change fast. Cyberspace is a domain now-retired Col. Walter Rhoads, the fi rst fense and offense under its mission set. that rewards the proactive. commander of the unit. The 609th made But was USAF’s late 1990s decision Perhaps the old motto of the 609th its mark during a Blue Flag exercise in to tie cyber to the air operations centers Information Warfare Squadron says it 1996. “We had control of the Blue Force and to the larger intelligence apparatus best—Anticipate or Perish. I air tasking order,” he recalled. Rhoads estimated the 609th spent Rebecca Grant is president of IRIS In dependent Research. Her most recent article 70 percent of its time on offensive for Air Force Magazine was “The Rover” in the August issue. AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 91 Flashback [email protected]

Into the Ring National Archives photo via wikimedia.org

Sugar Ray Robinson Photo via boxrec.com

In 1943, a military photographer snapped this photo of Sgt. George Dudley Wilson (l) and Pvt. Walker Smith Jr. These two airmen served in the same aviation squadron (according to the National Archives) at the US Army Air Forces’ Mitchel Field on Long Island. They were famous—not in the military, but in the world of professional boxing, and under different names. Wilson, a silver medalist in the 1936 Berlin Olym- pics, was a welterweight who used the ring name “California Jackie Wilson.” Smith was the one and only “Sugar Ray Robinson,” thought by some (including Muham- mad Ali) to be the best pound-for-pound boxer who ever lived. When the picture was taken, California Jackie was 25; Sugar Ray was 22. They knew each other well, hav- ing just fought a brutal 10-rounder in Madison Square Garden. Coming into that fight, Wilson—who had already enlisted and took furlough for the match—had a 47-4-2 record. Sugar Ray was 40-1-0. Sugar Ray won the bout in a majority decision, with one judge scoring it as a tie. Soon, they both were wearing the uniform of a nation at war. California Jackie Wilson

92 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 AIR FORCE ASSOCIATION Professional Development

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For additional information visit us at www.afa.org COIN rose and fell in Vietnam, then returned 40 years later as the main mission in Iraq and Afghanistan.

The Second Coming of Counterinsurgency By John T. Correll

n 1961, the new gospel of counterin- The venue for testing the new doctrine 1930s: “The enemy advances, we retreat; surgency swept like wildfi re through would be Vietnam, where communist the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy the US armed forces, ignited by the insurgents had ousted the French colonial tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we personal enthusiasm of President powers and were attempting to overthrow pursue.” John F. Kennedy. His long-standing the pro-Western regime of Ngo Dinh Diem In the 1960s and later, the model cited interestI in what he called “limited brushfi re in Saigon. most often for successful counterinsur- wars” took on additional urgency when In October 1961, Army Special Forces gency was the British suppression of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev pledged at Fort Bragg put on a demonstration of communist guerrillas in Malaya between support for socialist “wars of national capabilities for the White House press 1948 and 1954. But most of the Malayan liberation” in the Third World. corps. Among those attending was Francis rebels were ethnic Chinese—a minority Two weeks after Kennedy’s inaugura- Lara of Agence France-Presse, who had group in the country—which made it easier tion, the White House sent a National covered the French war in Indochina. “All to isolate and target them. Security Action Memorandum to the of this looks very impressive, doesn’t it?” In a phrase that would resonate for the Pentagon directing more emphasis be put Lara said to Tom Wicker of the New York rest of the century, Gen. Gerald Templer, on the development of counter-guerrilla Times. “Funny, none of it worked for us the British high commissioner in Malaya, forces. It was the fi rst of 23 Kennedy when we tried it in 1951.” said, “The answer lies not in pouring more NSAMs on the subject. troops into the jungle, but in the hearts and The President lavished particular at- The Call to COIN minds of the people.” The basic strategy, tention on the Army Special Forces. On The United States had some historical developed by Robert Thompson, an of- a visit to the Special Warfare Center at precedent for commando and expedition- fi cer on Templer’s operations staff, was Fort Bragg, N.C., he took conspicuous ary operations, dating back to Robert “Clear and Hold”—clearing an area of pleasure in authorizing wear of the green Rogers and his Rangers in the French insurgents and then keeping it clear. It went beret, banned previously by Army leaders and Indian War. However, these actions considerably beyond the winning of hearts as elitist. were peripheral and could scarcely be and minds. More than 400,000 Chinese All of the services jumped on the coun- categorized as counterinsurgency. villagers were forcibly resettled to separate terinsurgency bandwagon. The Air Force The European colonial powers dealt them from the guerrillas, who could not organized a “Jungle Jim” squadron with with insurgency in Africa, the Middle sustain themselves in the jungle without vintage aircraft that could operate from East, and Asia, but the United States had help. Substantial numbers of insurgents remote, primitive bases and established limited experience. There was some re- were killed by direct military action. the Special Air Warfare Center at Eglin semblance to counterinsurgency in fi ghting Thompson led a British advisory team AFB, Fla., with the 1st Air Commando the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, to South Vietnam from 1960 to 1965. At Group as its primary mission element. but a closer fi t was US suppression of the his suggestion, Ngo Dinh Diem relocated Kennedy recalled former Army Chief Moro insurrection in the Philippines in rural villagers into more than 3,000 forti- of Staff Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor to Ac- the early 1900s. fi ed “Strategic Hamlets” between 1961 tive Duty and made him Chairman of the The term “counterinsurgency”—in- and 1963. The idea was to separate the Joint Chiefs. Taylor, who had argued for stantly abbreviated to COIN—did not come peasants from the insurgents, but the main “fl exible response” and less reliance on into widespread use until the 1960s, and effect was to alienate the villagers. The strategic airpower, had retired in protest there are various opinions on how to defi ne experiment was dropped after the death and vented his disgruntlement in The it. In general, it refers to countering armed of Diem in 1963. Afterward, Thompson Uncertain Trumpet. Kennedy read it with revolution by irregular forces employing wrote a book, Defeating Communist approval. Mao Zedong’s hit-and-run tactics from the Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and 94 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Counterinsurgency The SecondComingof AIR FORCE Magazine Magazine FORCE AIR gency played well in news reports back back reports news in well played gency in Counterinsur- Vietnam. camps Forces gathering. engaged in covert actions and intelligence 1950s, the since Asia Southeast in been the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), of had its tradition World War II predecessor, swashbuckling the continuing Agency, pation in combat. The Central Intelligence capacity but gradually evolving to partici- advisory and training a in initially nam, Viet- to deployed squadrons commando Berets. Green the reinstating in pleasure took Kennedy 1961. in N.C., Bragg, Fort at Yarborough Gen. William Brig. Army with speaks Kennedy John President The Experiment Falls Short counterinsurgency. on text classic Vietnam, By 1965, the Army had 60 Special Special 60 had Army the 1965, By Army Special Forces and Air Force air which is still regarded as the the as regarded still is which / September 2013 September / President Lyndon B. Johnson took over, took Johnson B. Lyndon President them,”when but for it win can’t war,we dissent. of the causes root correcting in interest little had that government corrupt and balky a by cut progress in counterinsurgency was under- In Vietnam, policymaking. domestic and authority, in full control of both the In Malaya, fi the British were the sovereign ghting rected, and sustained from North Vietnam. di- South in war Vietnam instigated, was The signifioutside. no from support cant with homegrown insurgency indigenous, an was Malaya respects. key several in minimal. was Vietnam in effectiveness its but home, Kennedy said more than once, “It’s their Malaya from different was Vietnam Photo by Cecil W. Stoughton via the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum and Library F. Presidential John Kennedy the via W.Cecil Stoughton by Photo 95

AP photo/Terry Ashe USAF photo

An A-1E “Sandy” from the 1st Air Com- mando Squadron escorts an HH-3C res- cue helicopter on a mission to recover a downed pilot in Vietnam in 1966.

he introduced US forces in large numbers that the final outcome would be decided quadrupled. The Joint Special Operations and made it his war—and America’s. by the regular army. In the end, Giap was Command—pulling together the Army’s Army Gen. William C. Westmoreland, right. When Saigon fell in 1975, it was Delta Force, the Navy’s SEAL Team commander of Military Assistance Com- to 18 main force divisions of the North 6, the Air Force’s 24th Special Tactics mand Vietnam (MACV), dispensed with Vietnamese Army, not to insurgents. Squadron, and other units with “unique and the “Enclave Strategy”—which was sup- specialized skills”—was created in 1980 posed to keep Viet Cong insurgents out of COIN in Disrepute to conduct secretive, high-risk operations. secure populated areas—and replaced it The prevailing opinion among US mili- Congress was still not satisfied, and with “Search and Destroy.” tary leaders was that counterinsurgency despite the objection of the Joint Chiefs of “By late 1966, the war in Vietnam had been discredited in Vietnam. In the Staff, the powerful US Special Operations clearly had escalated to a conventional years that followed, the word almost dis- Command (SOCOM) was established in level with US forces heavily committed appeared from joint usage and doctrine. 1987. A proposal in the House of Repre- to combat,” said Lt. Col. David J. Dean The preferred term was “Foreign Internal sentatives to make SOCOM the equivalent in an article for Air University Review. Defense,” which covered a range of un- of a fifth armed service did not pass. “The air commandos were not involved conventional warfare activities. in counterguerrilla operations but mostly US special operations forces shifted flew close air support missions.” their focus to raids, rescues, and com- Counterinsurgency continued in such mando missions. Some special operations endeavors as Operation Phoenix, conduct- capabilities, such as the firepower of Air ed by Army Special Forces and the CIA to Force gunships, were prized for their value identify and aggressively “neutralize” what at all levels of conflict. was called the “Viet Cong infrastructure” The new threat of the 1970s was left- in villages. The winning hearts and minds wing terrorism in Europe, the Middle East, phrase—sometimes reduced to the cynical and Latin America. In the most notorious acronym “WHAM”—was heard mostly incident, 11 Israeli athletes were taken in jokes until it was brought back in the hostage and killed by the Palestinian group COIN revival of the 2000s. Black September at the 1972 Olympics in Not everyone agreed that counterin- Munich, Germany. However, terrorism surgency had failed in Vietnam. Gen. seldom presented a military target or a Creighton W. Abrams Jr., who followed military solution, so counterterrorism Westmoreland at MACV, switched from was generally treated as a matter for law “Search and Destroy” back to “Clear enforcement. and Hold” with emphasis on protecting The spectacular failure of “Desert One,” the population. Military historian Lewis the April 1980 military mission to rescue Sorely, who admires Abrams, said the Americans held hostage in Iran, raised war was essentially won by 1970, when big questions about the structure and ca- some 90 percent of the population had pabilities of US special operations forces. been brought under government control. When the hastily planned mission went Anti-American Iraqi insurgents pose Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, commander of wrong, several aircraft were lost and eight with their weapons. After the coalition the North Vietnamese Army, had never US servicemen were killed in a swirling deposed dictator Saddam Hussein, a fundamentally regarded the conflict as sandstorm at a covert refueling site inside sectarian civil war flared. an insurgency. He believed that guerilla Iran. At congressional insistence, the operations were useful in the beginning but budget for special operations forces was 96 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 After additional congressional pres- in the West Point Department of Social should not be used for nation building. In sure, the Army-Air Force Center for Sciences—widely known as “Sosh.” February 2003, he committed the United Low-Intensity Conflict was established. States to “rebuilding Iraq” and said we Doctrine writers divided military opera- Nation Building would stay there “as long as necessary.” tions up into war and Military Operations The debate abruptly changed Sept. 11, In 2005, Secretary of State Condoleezza Other Than War, or MOOTW—pro- 2001, when airliners hijacked by terrorists Rice announced in testimony to the Senate nounced “Mootwah” by its detractors. crashed into the World Trade Center, the that the US strategy in Iraq was “Clear, A further division made a distinction Pentagon, and a field in rural Pennsylva- Hold, and Build,” which combined Robert between combat and noncombat Moot- nia. The initial response concentrated on Thompson’s “Clear and Hold” concept wah. The ridicule proved too much to Afghanistan, which had served as a training from Malaya with Bush’s recent conversion withstand. Army Gen. John M. Sha- base and headquarters for al Qaeda terror- to nation building. Secretary of Defense likashvili, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ists. Over the next three months, Afghan Donald H. Rumsfeld declared his surprise of Staff, said that “real men don’t do irregulars, supported by US airpower and and disagreement, but Bush confirmed Mootwah.” MOOTW fell by the way- other forces, seized control of the country what Rice had said. The new policy was side and the Center for Low-Intensity and drove al Qaeda into retreat and hiding. drawn from the flourishing counterinsur- Conflict was shut down. In the aftermath, the United States made gency movement in the Army, imported to The Gulf War and other regional con- radical revisions to its defense plans and the White House through National Security flicts of the 1990s were showcases for strategies. President George W. Bush was Council and State Department channels. airpower, which threatened the prestige and convinced that the terrorists in Afghanistan The catch was that the problem in Iraq budgets of the ground forces. Any notion were only part of a broader “Axis of Evil” was not an insurgency in any classic sense that the relative roles of the services had in Asia and the Middle East. He persuaded of the word. It was a sectarian civil war changed was shouted down by advocates Congress and a coalition of allies to take between the Shiite majority and the Sunni of “boots on the ground” in the Pentagon. pre-emptive action against Iraq, which and Kurdish minorities. It broke loose in The Marine Corps expounded on “the intelligence reports said, erroneously, pos- 2003 after a fateful decision by the Coali- Three-Block War,” and there was renewed sessed weapons of mass destruction and tion Provisional Authority to disband the interest in counterinsurgency, especially was likely to use them. Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi military, which left a power vacuum regime in Iraq was promptly ousted by and no indigenous infrastructure to help conventional military operations. maintain order. The coalition then turned to what it The new US National Defense Strategy perceived as an insurgency in Iraq by in March 2005 said irregular warfare— terrorists and others. In what critics de- terrorism, insurgency, and other forms scribed as “mission creep,” the operation of nonconventional conflict—was the morphed into nation building, reminiscent dominant form of war facing the United of the early Army Special Forces efforts in States and its allies. Secretary of Defense Vietnam. This was all the more amazing Robert M. Gates talked constantly of the because in the 2000 election campaign, importance of fighting irregular wars Bush had been adamant that US troops and said that “the Army will not repeat the mistakes of the past, where irregular warfare was shunted to the side after Vietnam.” The main job of the Air Force was explained as supporting the ground forces in these endeavors. Despite its concentration on Iraq, the US was committed to establishing a stable government in Afghanistan as well. “Af- ghanistan was the ultimate nation build- ing mission,” Bush said in his memoir, Decision Points.

The Age of Petraeus The most influential figure in the second coming of counterinsurgency was David H. Petraeus, an Army infantry officer whose Ph.D. dissertation at Princeton—“The American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam”—called for a renewal of Army interest in counterinsurgency and low- intensity conflict. As an assistant professor of international relations in the West Point Social Sciences department in the 1980s, Major Petraeus developed lasting contacts with others of similar persuasion. As commander of the 101st Airborne

Photo viaWikipedia Division in Iraq in 2003, Major General AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 97 counterinsurgents per 1,000 citizens in the population. For Iraq in 2006, that meant a combined coalition-Iraqi force of 614,000. Photo via Newsweek Petraeus was awarded his fourth star and went back to Iraq, this time as Multina- tional Force-Iraq commander, in 2007. His deputy was Lt. Gen. Raymond T. Odierno, the officer who two years previously had furnished Condoleezza Rice the “Clear, Hold, and Build” concept and suggested language for her testimony. A surge of 30,000 additional US troops, ordered by Bush over objections from the Pentagon, enabled Petraeus to establish protection for more parts of the country. The level of violence dropped sharply. Argument continues about how much of this was due to the surge and COIN and how much to other factors, such as a rift between the Sunni tribal chiefs and al Qaeda. For a while, the Sunnis joined in the effort to eject the al Qaeda terrorists. In October 2008, Petraeus became com- mander of US Central Command, the most famous and influential general of his generation. COIN was on a roll, but at some cost to the orientation and alignment of the force. “Nation building, rather than fighting, has become the core function of the US Army,” said Army Col. Gian P. Gentile, director of the military history program at West Point and a veteran of the war in Iraq.

The Last Stand President Barack Obama, taking office in 2009, shifted the emphasis of US military power from Iraq to Afghanistan, declaring David Petraeus graced the cover of Newsweek magazine as the head of the Multina- tional Security Transition Command, which aimed to win Iraqi hearts and minds. that “the focus over the past seven years, I think, has been lost.” He proceeded with Petraeus achieved remarkable success with He made it his top priority to rewrite the reducing the force in Iraq but approved classic counterinsurgency and protection field manual on counterinsurgency and to the full Pentagon recommendation for an of neighborhoods around Mosul. Posters help him do it he called upon a diverse increase of 22,000 troops in Afghanistan, encouraged the troops to “Win Iraqi Hearts group of military and civilian advisors and in addition to the 38,000 already there. and Minds.” On his second tour in Iraq in contributors, including colleagues from The strategy was “Clear, Hold, Build, and 2004, Petraeus—now a lieutenant general Iraq and “Sosh” department alumni. He Transfer,” meaning that the job would be and head of the Multinational Security gathered in academicians and journalists, turned over to Afghan authorities as soon Transition Command—appeared on the many of them favorably disposed toward as possible. cover of Newsweek with large type asking, COIN as an alternative to lethality in Army Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal, the “Can This Man Save Iraq?” military operations. Sarah Sewall, direc- new commander of coalition forces in Army Col. H. R. McMaster got com- tor of Harvard’s Carr Center for Human Afghanistan, immediately upped the ante. parable results with COIN in Tal Afar in Rights Policy, co-sponsored a workshop He wanted 40,000 more troops in addition northwest Iraq, where he protected the on COIN with Petraeus at Leavenworth. to those Obama had already approved, but citizens from insurgents, restored basic Field Manual 3-24, Counterinsurgency, said that force level would enable only a services, and kept his soldiers circulating came out to great acclaim in December partial counterinsurgency. It would leave among the population. Unfortunately, the 2006, issued concurrently as Marine gaps between the protected areas and it effects in Mosul and Tal Afar were local Corps Warfighting Publication 3-33.5. would not close off access routes from and temporary. They did not last when It was written in an informal, sometimes al Qaeda sanctuaries in Pakistan. Obama Petraeus and McMaster left. breezy style (“Remember, small is beauti- finally agreed to an addition of 30,000 Petraeus returned to the United States ful”), stating that “soldiers and marines but stipulated that transfer of forces out in 2005 as commander of the Combined are expected to be nation builders as well of Afghanistan would begin in 2011. Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., as warriors.” FM 3-24 set the standard “Don’t clear and hold what you cannot where the Army composed its doctrines. for “effective counterinsurgency” at 20 transfer,” he said. 98 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 article for AOL Defense. “This led to committing resources to what had then become contingencies of choice rather than necessity.” The last US troops withdrew from Iraq in 2011 and today the plan is to leave only a small contingent—mostly advisors and Army Special Forces—in Afghanistan after 2014. As in Vietnam, the effectiveness of COIN was limited to

USN photo by Petty Officer 1st Class Mark O’Donald regional and temporary results. The Army is rewriting the FM 3-24 counterinsurgency manual. Last year, the Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth revised its estimate of forces required for a successful COIN campaign, recommending 40 counterin- surgents for every 1,000 citizens in the population. That is double the Petraeus rule of thumb of 20 and would, for ex- ample, size a force for Afghanistan at a knee-bending 1.4 million. The new FM 3-24 is due out in December 2013, but Army Gen. Stanley McChrystal is briefed by Lt. Col. Calvert Worth, the commanding the latest draft has dropped the force- officer of the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, in Afghanistan. McChrystal’s ouster sizing ratio altogether. as allied commander paved the way for Petraeus to attempt his brand of COIN. Belief in the COIN concept persists. Odierno, deputy to Petraeus in Iraq and McChrystal was second to none in his a Navy SEAL team, working with the his successor in command there, is now zeal to employ COIN. He put primary CIA and other special operations forces, the Army Chief of Staff. In an article in importance on avoiding civilian casualties, killed Osama bin Laden at his secret Foreign Affairs in 2012, he said that the even if it meant less security for his own base in Pakistan. The consensus was that Army must “preserve the intellectual and forces. He tightened restrictions on the counterinsurgency failed in Afghanistan. organizational knowledge it has gained use of airpower and firefights by ground Petraeus did not become Chairman of about counterinsurgency, stability op- forces. “I recognize that the carefully the Joint Chiefs of Staff, as his admirers erations, and advise-and-assist missions. controlled and disciplined employment of had hoped. Instead, he retired and was This expertise has come at a very high force entails risk to our troops,” he said, appointed director of the CIA. price that is etched into the hearts and “but excessive use of force resulting in In revised defense guidance in Janu- minds of all of us who have worn the an alienated population will produce far ary 2012, Obama proclaimed “the end Army uniform over the last 10 years, and greater risks.” of long-term nation building with large we will not dishonor our fallen comrades He did not gain much from his policy military footprints.” Secretary of Defense by allowing it to atrophy.” of restraint. In April 2010, McChrystal Leon E. Panetta said that “US forces will Col. Michael J. Meese, head of the acknowledged that not even one Afghan no longer be sized to conduct large-scale, Social Sciences department at West army company was yet ready to accept prolonged stability operations.” This ef- Point and a former advisor to Petraeus transfer of responsibility. His troubled fectively put an end to the decade-long in Baghdad and Kabul, said COIN “was tour came to a sudden end with a Rolling resurgence of counterinsurgency. “Hearts largely successful in being able to have Stone interview in which McChrystal and and minds have been replaced by drones the Iraqis govern themselves.” his aides ridiculed Obama and the White and SEALs,” observed Michael Crowley Gentile, whose affiliation at West Point House staff for their conduct of the war. in Time magazine. “Afghanistan was is through the History Department rather Obama fired McChrystal in June and COIN’s Waterloo,” said Fred M. Kaplan, than “Sosh,” takes the opposite view. He sent Petraeus to take over personally in who had presented a sympathetic inter- has emerged as the foremost critic of Afghanistan. pretation of Petraeus and his objectives counterinsurgency within the Army. He Petraeus moderated the rigid use-of- in his book, The Insurgents. said the Army had become “so tactically force rules, but counterinsurgency would oriented toward population-centric coun- not take root in Afghanistan. As in Vietnam, Reappraisal and Rebound terinsurgency that it [could not] think of a major problem was that the host nation “After the early deployment of force doing anything else.” government was not sufficiently committed in both Iraq and Afghanistan to achieve Counterinsurgency, Gentile said, is to or capable of making it work. critical national security objectives, mis- “not worth the effort.” It might ultimately The most effective results against al sion creep—and the ‘group think’ of have worked in Afghanistan but only if Qaeda terrorists were from attacks by CIA counterinsurgency doctrine—captured the United States had been willing to drones against sanctuaries in Pakistan and Pentagon leadership,” said retired Air stay there for generations. “I’m talking by the Joint Special Operations Command, Force Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula in an 70, 80, 90 years,” he said. n operating under an executive order from Bush that authorized covert strikes and John T. Correll was editor in chief of Air Force Magazine for 18 years and is now a con- raids whenever necessary. In May 2011, tributor. His most recent article, “The Decade of Detente,” appeared in the August issue. AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 99 Though a US treaty ally, Thailand has a long history of strategic expediency. Thailand’s Pivot By Richard Halloran

Saab photo Today, Thailand is a prime target for the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as it seeks to gain influence in Southeast Asia—and Bangkok has the annual Cobra Gold and Cope Tiger been visibly receptive. In late June, the exercises that bring US air, ground, and commander of the Royal Thai Armed naval forces together in Thailand with Forces, General Thanasak Patimapra- he US Air Force and their counterparts from all over Asia. korn, was welcomed in Beijing where Thailand have had a long Thailand is also one of two treaty allies he conferred with General Fan Chan- and sometimes troubled of the US in Southeast Asia—the other glong, a vice chairman of the Central history. On the upside, being the Philippines—and sits at the Military Commission (CMC), which Thailand opened many geographic and political center of a re- is chaired by President Xi Jinping and Tof its air bases to American combat gion of increasing strategic importance. governs China’s armed forces. aircraft during the war in Vietnam, and At the same time, the Thais are evi- The Thai leader also met with the seven of them remain available to the dently living up to their reputation for chief of the general staff of the People’s US today. Moreover, Bangkok is host to playing off one side against another. Liberation Army and member of the 100 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Royal Thai Air Force Gripen fi ghters fl y in a three-ship forma- tion. Part of Thailand’s appeal to the US military is geographic. It sits at the nexus of many US and Chinese interests. Staff map by Zaur Eylanbekov

CMC, General Fang Fen- ghui. Cutting through the diplomatic rhetoric, Xinhua, China’s official news agency, reported that the Thais and Chinese discussed “a com- prehensive strategic coop- erative partnership.” Xinhua said that included “strategic communication, personnel exchanges and training, joint military exercises and train- ing, maritime security, and multilateral security.” A senior USAF officer notes that while “every na- tion in Asia has relations with both China and the US,” Thailand is perhaps the most active in seeking to expand AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 101 USAF photo Associated Press photo

its military, political, and economic Malaysia, and Vietnam. But notably sent combat troops to join the United engagement with China, particularly absent from that lineup was anyone Nations Command in Korea. In a con- with the People’s Liberation Army. from Thailand. tinuing campaign to stem the spread A June 2012 report from the nonpar- of communism in Asia, Thailand was tisan Congressional Research Service JUSMAGTHAI among the founding nations of the in Washington concluded, “Thailand’s In joint training besides Cobra Gold Southeast Asia Treaty Organization reliability as a partner, and its ability and Cope Tiger, Thailand is host to 40 (SEATO). to be a regional leader, are uncertain.” other military drills with the United President Kennedy deployed troops Moreover, the report said that when States. Those exercises are arranged to Thailand in 1962 to prevent com- the Obama Administration published and supervised by the Joint US Military munist forces in Laos from spilling its plans to “rebalance” US foreign Advisory Group Thailand, or JUS- over into northeast Thailand. That same policy priorities in late 2011, “new MAGTHAI, that is separate from the US year, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and moves in the US-Thailand alliance Embassy in Bangkok. JUSMAGTHAI is, Thai Foreign Minister Thanat Khoman were notably lacking.” in effect, the US Embassy to the Royal issued a communiqué in which the US More recently, Secretary of Defense Thai Armed Forces. committed itself to “the preservation Chuck Hagel indicated US displeasure A key tenet of the AirSea Battle of the independence and integrity of with Thailand during the Shangri-La concept being developed by USAF Thailand as vital to the national interest Dialogue, the annual summit meet- and the US Navy is a greater reliance of the United States.” That statement ing of defense officials and civilian on allies for forces, support, and fi- has been the basis of US-Thai military specialists sponsored by the Interna- nancial backing as well as for access relations ever since. tional Institute of Security Studies in to air bases, naval ports, and training During the Vietnam War, Thailand Singapore. On the sidelines, Hagel met sites. Thus, Thailand fills the bill on sent troops to Vietnam but, more im- with senior officials from allies Japan, many counts. portantly, permitted the US to use its South Korea, the Philippines, and Contemporary US-Thai security bases to launch B-52s, F-105s, and Australia, plus partners and potential relations began during the Korean other aircraft on bombing and attack partners from Singapore, Indonesia, War of 1950 to 1953, when Bangkok missions over North and South Vietnam. The B-52s were based at U Tapao Royal Thai Air Base, and their operations included the Linebacker II campaign in December 1972. Elsewhere in Thailand, USAF fi ght- ers were based at Korat, Takhli, and Ubon; reconnaissance aircraft were at Udorn; special operations units oper- USAF photo TSgt.by Keith Brown ated from Nakhon Phanom; and combat support was based at Don Muang, near Bangkok. Part of the appeal of a US relationship with Thailand is geographic. Thailand is perched alongside the South China Sea, the most heavily traveled waterway in the modern world as it connects the Pacifi c and Indian Oceans. US Navy vessels use the sea to transit between the two oceans, and the South China A1C Victor Reynosa waits for an engine start up on a C-130 before a 2006 Cope Sea carries more commercial traffi c than Tiger mission at Korat RTAB, Thailand. the Suez and Panama Canals combined. 102 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Left: French Premier Georges Pompidou (r) addresses the 1963 opening session of the USAF photo Southeast Asia Treaty Orga- nization, an international al- liance for collective defense of Southeast Asia, as US Secretary of State Dean Rusk (l), British Foreign Secretary Alexander Douglas-Home, Thai Foreign Minister Thanat Khoman listen. Center: An F-105 with the 561st Tactical Fighter Squadron at Korat. Right: A B-52 lands at U Tapao RTAB, Thailand, in 1972, after a combat mission over Vietnam.

That military spending dropped off after the Asian financial crisis hit in the late 1990s and has not picked

DOD cerphoto 2nd by ClassPetty Offi Gloria Barry J. up since. Trade and invest- ment, however, have gone up sharply, much of it car- ried on by ethnic Chinese in Thailand. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, Thailand al- lowed the US access to U Tapao and other airfields as stopovers for flights into Iraq and Afghanistan. Thai- land also sent 130 soldier- engineers to construct a RTAF Sgt. Suttiphan Jankeeree (l) and Sgt. Khvunchi Pinij show USAF Maj. Jean Trakinat (second from left) and MSgt. Joe Sitterly (r) the edible part of a plant dur- runway at Bagram Air Base, situated ing a search and rescue training mission in a 1996 Cobra Gold exercise. The 32nd some 25 miles northeast of Kabul. To Cobra Gold was this year. help with reconstruction in Iraq, Thai- land sent 450 medics and engineers As a treaty ally, Thailand offers a After the end of the war in Vietnam, after the US invasion. U Tapao was critical advantage for the US over other Thailand began to expand its military especially useful in the US disaster nations on the shores of the South China relations with China. According to relief efforts in the region after the Sea. Thailand is also not engaged in the CRS study, “Bangkok pursued 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and in territorial disputes with China over a strategic realignment with Beijing subsequent calamities. islands, shoals, or the sea itself. in order to contain Vietnamese influ- Relations have not always been rosy. China has claimed much of the South ence in neighboring Cambodia.” The In 2006, the Thai Army staged a China Sea as territorial waters. Beijing Thais established diplomatic ties with bloodless coup—the 18th since a con- is keenly aware of its vulnerability in the Beijing in 1975, well before other stitutional monarchy was proclaimed in South China Sea, seeing it as a choke Southeast Asian nations did the same. 1932—to oust Prime Minister Thaksin point that could strangle the fl ow of The Stockholm International Peace Shinawatra and declare martial law. most of its imported oil. China also has Research Institute (SIPRI) reports The US expressed its disapproval by long historical ties to Southeast Asia, that Bangkok went on an arms buy- suspending several foreign assistance having at times occupied large parts ing spree in China in the 1980s and programs worth $29 million, including of Vietnam and holding other states, ’90s. Thailand acquired ship-to-ship those providing for defense procurement, including Thailand, as vassals. Large and surface-to-air missiles, frigates, professional military education, and train- numbers of Chinese have emigrated radar for fire control, and 500 tanks ing for peacekeeping operations. Those to Thailand and continue to maintain and 1,260 armored personnel car- funds were restored in 2008, as an uneasy personal and political ties with China. riers. political stability returned to Bangkok. AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 103 His opponents—the “yellow shirts”—are determined to prevent his return or to put him in prison. Violence between them has erupted before and could break out again.

Long History

USAF photo TSgt.by CohenYoung A. In the 1930s, with Japanese milita- rism on the rise, Siam came under the control of military dictators, threw in with Tokyo, and changed its name from Siam to Thailand. Though it is largely ignored today, Thailand declared war on the US after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. This was a Thai attempt to regain territories lost earlier to Britain and France. Then, toward the end of the war, Bangkok abandoned its Japanese ally to make a deal with the US and its allies. Above: MSgt. John Gaona watches from a door as members of the Royal Thai Air Force get ready for a static- line jump from a C-17 during Cope Tiger 2010. Right: US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel speaks with ministers of defense from Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Sweden, New Zealand, Photo by Erin KirkA. Cuomo and Malaysia at the 2013 Shangri-la Dialogue meeting in Singapore.

The banner joint military exercise for Thailand and, indeed, for all of US Pacific Command’s operating area, is Cobra Gold, the 32nd version of which was run in February with 13,000 par- ticipants. Though originally a bilateral event, Cobra Gold has evolved—over Thai objections—into a multilateral exercise. First Singapore, and then others, joined in; this year’s event included units from Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia. leaders, Bangkok’s politics are what Americans seeking clues as to the Observers have come from 20 more a senior American officer delicately future relationship of US relations with nations, including (for the first time) termed “fragile,” and that affects the Thailand might look to the historian Burma this year. China sent its first nation’s relations with the US. Nicholas Tarling, an authority on observers in 2008. The drills included King Bhumibol Adulyadej is not Southeast Asia. Tarling has pointed to extensive field exercises, a command well, and there is concern over the the Thai tendency to seek some sort post exercise, and humanitarian train- line of succession. Crown Prince Maha of compromise, “to go with the tide ing. Vajiralongkorn is said to be unpopular when they had to, a policy that had a Exercise Cope Tiger 13, in March, because of his reputation as a playboy. long history behind it.” reflected Pacific Air Forces’ stated Former Prime Minister Thaksin In the first half of the 21st century, desire to nurture military relations Shinawatra, whose sister, Yingluck there are signs this tendency to ma- with the Thai air force. About 365 Shinawatra, is the current prime min- neuver between competing powers is airmen from Kadena Air Base in ister, is in self-imposed exile after continuing. Today, the Thais may once Okinawa, Japan, and from Osan AB, having been ousted in a coup and then again be seeking a beneficial middle South Korea, joined with 1,500 Thai convicted of alleged abuse of power. ground by playing the United States and Singaporean airmen at the Korat But he still has a sizeable band of off against the People’s Republic of and Udon Thani air bases for a 10- followers, the so-called “red shirts.” China. I day exercise. They practiced fighter maneuvers, air combat tactics, close Richard Halloran, formerly a New York Times foreign correspondent in Asia and air support, and airdrops. military correspondent in Washington, D.C., is a freelance writer based in Honolulu. Besides the concern over the worri- His most recent article for Air Force Magazine, “Hawk’s World,” appeared in the some influence of the Chinese on Thai July issue. 104 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Joining AFA is fi lled with opportunity!

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An Air Force Magazine Directory By Chequita Wood, Media Research Editor

Office of the Secretary of the Air Force

Assistant Secretary of the Assistant Secretary of the Assistant Secretary of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) Air Force (Financial Man- Air Force (Installations, Air Force (Manpower & Vacant agement & Comptroller) Environment, & Logistics) Reserve Affairs) Jamie M. Morin Kathleen I. Ferguson (acting) Daniel B. Ginsberg

Secretary of the Air Force Eric Fanning (acting)

Undersecretary of the Air Force

Deputy Undersecretary of the Air Deputy Undersecretary of the Auditor General General Counsel Force (International Affairs) Air Force (Space Programs) Theodore J. Williams Charles A. Blanchard Heidi H. Grant Richard W. McKinney

Inspector General Chief, Information Dominance & Director, Legislative Liaison Director, Public Affairs Lt. Gen. Stephen P. Mueller Chief Information Officer Maj. Gen. Tod D. Wolters Brig. Gen. Les A. Kodlick Lt. Gen. Michael J. Basla

Director, Small Business Administrative Assistant to the Programs Secretary of the Air Force Joseph M. McDade Jr. Timothy A. Beyland

106 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 The United States Air Force Air Staff

Assistant Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant Air Force Historian Judge Advocate General Lt. Gen. Stephen L. Hoog of the Air Force Walt Grudzinskas (acting) Lt. Gen. Richard C. Harding CMSAF James A. Cody

Chief of Staff Gen. Mark A. Welsh III

Surgeon General Chairman, Scientific Chief of Chaplains Chief of Safety Lt. Gen. Thomas W. Travis Advisory Board Maj. Gen. Howard D. Stendahl Maj. Gen. Kurt F. Neubauer Eliahu H. Niewood

Vice Chief of Staff Gen. Larry O. Spencer

Chief Scientist Chief of Air Force Reserve Director, Air National Guard Director, Test & Evaluation Mica R. Endsley Lt. Gen. James F. Jackson Lt. Gen. Stanely E. Clarke III Randall G. Walden

A1 Manpower, Personnel, & Services

Director, Force Director, Force Director, Manpower, Director, Plans & Integration Director, Air Force Development Management Policy Organization, & Resources Michelle S. LoweSolis Services Russell J. Frasz Brig. Gen. Gina M. Grosso Brig. Gen. Richard M. Murphy Brig. Gen. (sel.) Patrick Doherty Deputy Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Darrell D. Jones

A2 Intelligence, Surveillance, & Reconnaissance

Director, ISR Capabilities Director, ISR Interoperability Director, ISR Resources Director, Special Director, ISR Strategy, Maj. Gen. Eugene Haase James G. Clark Kenneth Dumm Programs Plans, Doctrine, & Force Joseph D. Yount Development Brig. Gen. Donald J. Bacon

Deputy Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Robert P. Otto

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 107 A3/5 Operations, Plans, & Requirements

Director, Operations Director, Space Director, Operational Director, Operational Director, Joint Integration Maj. Gen. James J. Operations Capability Requirements Planning, Policy, & Strategy Brig. Gen. (sel.) Thomas L. Gibson Jones Brig. Gen. Burke E. Wilson Maj. Gen. Paul T. Johnson Maj. Gen. Timothy M. Ray

Deputy Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Burton M. Field

A4/7 Logistics, Installations, & Mission Support

Director, Logistics Director, Resource Director, System Integration Director, Security Forces Civil Engineer Maj. Gen. John B. Cooper Integration Brig. Gen. Kathryn J. Johnson Brig. Gen. Allen J. Jamerson Maj. Gen. Theresa C. Jeffrey R. Shelton Carter

Deputy Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Judith A. Fedder

A6 Office of Information Dominance & Chief Information Officer

Director, Cyberspace Director, Policy & Director, Warfighter Operations Resources Systems Integration Maj. Gen. Earl D. Matthews Col. Mitchel Buitkofer Brig. Gen. Brian M. Killough (acting) Chief, Information Dominance & Chief Information Officer Lt. Gen. Michael J. Basla

A8 Strategic Plans & Programs A9 Studies & Analyses, Assessments, & Lessons Learned

Director, Programs Director, Strategic Planning Deputy Director Maj. Gen. Michael R. Boera Maj. Gen. David W. Allvin Kevin E. Williams

Deputy Chief of Staff Director Lt. Gen. Michael R. Moeller Jacqueline R. Henningsen

A10 Strategic Deterrence & Nuclear Integration

Deputy Assistant Associate Assistant Chief of Staff Chief of Staff Vacant Billy W. Mullins

Assistant Chief of Staff Maj. Gen. Garrett Harencak

108 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Major Commands Air Combat Command Hq. JB Langley-Eustis, Va. 1st Air Force/Air Forces Northern Air Forces Central Lt. Gen. William H. Etter Lt. Gen. John W. Hesterman III Tyndall AFB, Fla. Southwest Asia

9th Air Force US Air Force Warfare Center Maj. Gen. Harry D. Polumbo Jr. Maj. Gen. Jeffrey G. Lofgren Shaw AFB, S.C. Nellis AFB, Nev.

12th Air Force/Air Forces Southern Vice Commander Command Chief Lt. Gen. Robin Rand Lt. Gen. Lori J. Robinson Master Sergeant Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz. CMSgt. Richard A. Parsons

Commander Gen. G. Michael Hostage III

Air Education and Training Command Hq. JBSA-Randolph, Tex. 2nd Air Force Air University Maj. Gen. Leonard A. Patrick Lt. Gen. David S. Fadok Keesler AFB, Miss. Maxwell AFB, Ala.

59th Medical Wing Maj. Gen. Byron C. Hepburn JBSA-Lackland, Tex.

Air Force Recruiting Service Brig. Gen. John P. Horner Vice Commander Command Chief JBSA-Randolph, Tex. Lt. Gen. James M. Master Sergeant Holmes CMSgt. Gerardo Tapia Jr.

Commander Gen. Edward A. Rice Jr.

Air Force Global Strike Command Hq. Barksdale AFB, La. 8th Air Force/Air Forces Strategic Maj. Gen. Stephen W. Wilson Barksdale AFB, La.

20th Air Force Maj. Gen. Michael J. Carey F. E. Warren AFB, Wyo.

Vice Commander Command Chief Maj. Gen. Jack Weinstein Master Sergeant CMSgt. Brian S. Hornback

Commander Lt. Gen. James M. Kowalski A9 Studies & Analyses, Assessments, & Lessons Learned Air Force Materiel Command Hq. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Air Force Life Cycle Management Center Air Force Sustainment Center Lt. Gen. C. D. Moore II Lt. Gen. Bruce A. Litchfield Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Tinker AFB, Okla.

Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center Air Force Test Center Maj. Gen. Sandra E. Finan Maj. Gen. Arnold W. Bunch Jr. Kirtland AFB, N.M. Edwards AFB, Calif.

Air Force Research Laboratory National Museum of the US Air Force Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Masiello John L. Hudson Vice Commander Command Chief Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio Lt. Gen. Andrew E. Master Sergeant Busch CMSgt. Michael J. Warner

Commander Gen. Janet C. Wolfenbarger

Air Force Reserve Command Hq. Robins AFB, Ga. 4th Air Force Maj. Gen. Mark A. Kyle March ARB, Calif.

10th Air Force Maj. Gen. William B. Binger NAS Fort Worth JRB, Tex.

22nd Air Force Vice Commander Command Chief Maj. Gen. Wallace W. Farris Jr. Maj. Gen. Craig N. Master Sergeant Dobbins ARB, Ga. Gourley CMSgt. Cameron B. Kirksey

Commander Lt. Gen. James F. Jackson

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 109 Major Commands (cont.) Air Force Space Command Hq. Peterson AFB, Colo. 14th Air Force/Air Forces Strategic Space Innovation & Development Center Lt. Gen. Susan J. Helms Col. Roger M. Vincent Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Schriever AFB, Colo.

24th Air Force Space & Missile Systems Center Maj. Gen. James K. McLaughlin Lt. Gen. Ellen M. Pawlikowski JBSA-Lackland, Tex. Los Angeles AFB, Calif.

Air Force Network Integration Center Col. Amy Vannortwick Arwood Vice Commander Command Chief Scott AFB, Ill. Lt. Gen. John E. Hyten Master Sergeant CMSgt. Douglas I. McIntyre Commander Gen. William L. Shelton

Air Force Special Operations Command Hq. Hurlburt Field, Fla. 1st Special Operations Wing 27th Special Operations Wing Col. William P. West Col. Tony D. Bauernfeind Hurlburt Field, Fla. Cannon AFB, N.M.

24th Special Operations Wing Air Force Special Operations Air Warfare Col. Robert G. Armfield Center Hurlburt Field, Fla. Brig. Gen. Jon A. Weeks Hurlburt Field, Fla.

Vice Commander Command Chief Maj. Gen. Norman J. Master Sergeant Brozenick Jr. CMSgt. William W. Turner

Commander Lt. Gen. Eric E. Fiel

Air Mobility Command Hq. Scott AFB, Ill. 18th Air Force Lt. Gen. Darren W. McDew Scott AFB, Ill.

US Air Force Expeditionary Center Brig. Gen. Randall C. Guthrie JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J.

Vice Commander Command Chief Lt. Gen. Brooks Bash Master Sergeant CMSgt. Richard A. Kaiser

Commander Gen. Paul J. Selva

Pacific Air Forces Hq. JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii 5th Air Force Lt. Gen. Salvatore A. Angelella Yokota AB, Japan

7th Air Force Lt. Gen. Jan-Marc Jouas Osan AB, South Korea

11th Air Force Vice Commander Command Chief Lt. Gen. Russell J. Handy Lt. Gen. Stanley T. Kresge Master Sergeant JB Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska CMSgt. Steve K. McDonald

Commander Gen. Herbert J. Carlisle

United States Air Forces in Europe-Air Forces Africa Hq. Ramstein AB, Germany 3rd Air Force Lt. Gen. Craig A. Franklin Ramstein AB, Germany

Vice Commander Command Chief Lt. Gen. Noel T. Jones Master Sergeant CMSgt. Craig A. Adams

Commander Gen. Frank Gorenc

110 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Direct Reporting Units Auxiliary Air Force District Air Force Operational United States Air Civil Air of Washington Test & Evaluation Center Force Academy Patrol-USAF Civil Air Patrol JB Andrews, Md. Kirtland AFB, N.M. Colorado Springs, Colo. Maxwell AFB, Ala. Maxwell AFB, Ala.

Commander Commander Superintendent Commander National Commander Maj. Gen. Sharon K. G. Dunbar Lt. Gen. Scott D. West Lt. Gen. Michelle D. Johnson Col. Paul D. Gloyd II CAP Maj. Gen. Charles L. Carr Air Force Generals Serving in Joint and International Assignments

Joint Chiefs of Staff US Strategic Command Gen. Mark A. Welsh III Gen. C. Robert Kehler Chief of Staff, United States Air Force Commander Pentagon Offutt AFB, Neb.

US European Command/NATO US Transportation Command Gen. Philip M. Breedlove Commander, and NATO Supreme Allied Gen. William M. Fraser III Commander, Europe Commander SHAPE, Belgium Scott AFB, Ill.

Gen. Frank Gorenc Commander, Allied Air Command Ramstein AB, Germany

US Pacific Command Gen. Herbert J. Carlisle Air Component Commander JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 111 PiotrowskiBy John Lowery

t dusk, two heavily armed napalm and raked the target area with The son of Polish immigrants, Pi- AT-28s scrambled from the machine gunfire. otrowski graduated as class valedic- 3,300-foot runway at the The pilots later learned they had torian from Henry Ford Trade School Bien Hoa, South Vietnam, saved both the fort and village. in Dearborn, Mich. This unique high Amilitary encampment. It was January It was the first taste of combat school not only taught teenage students 1962. The Air Force “air commando” for Capt. John L. Piotrowski and his marketable toolmaker skills, its aca- pilots launched to support US Army fellow air commandos, with much demic curriculum prepared them for Special Forces embedded with an Army more to come. He and the other airmen admission to a university. of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) learned quickly that counterinsurgency With the Korean War raging, on his company under attack. warfare was a different kind of war, 18th birthday, Feb. 17, 1952, Piotrowski On reaching the target area, the air- as it was conducted largely in secret registered for the draft. On Sept. 2, men found the Viet Cong had started and involved major political as well 1952, he enlisted in the United States grass fires, creating dense gray smoke. as military considerations. Air Force, scoring 100 percent on In the fading light this significantly Their operations were covert, so the mental and aptitude tests. reduced visibility, making the mission pilots could not receive credit for com- After boot camp, he was assigned especially difficult. The ARVN soldiers bat missions nor coveted combat flight to Keesler AFB, Miss., to a basic were located in a triangular-shaped fort time. Instead, each flight was logged as electronics course, followed by radar designed to protect an adjoining village. “combat support” or a training sortie. repair school. Then, while checking To point out the enemy’s location, one For Piotrowski the successful mis- the weekend duty roster he noticed of the soldiers marked the attackers’ sion from Bien Hoa was the a letter requesting volunteers for location with a white phosphorous beginning of a long, clan- flight training as a pilot or navigator. rocket. Then, in a series of passes, destine presence in The applicant had to take a college the two AT-28s delivered four cans of Southeast Asia. equivalency test and a Stanine psy- chomotor test to qualify. Piotrowski immediately volunteered. After easily passing the tests, he told the interview- er he wanted pilot training. First generation DOD photo American John Piotrowski began as an enlisted radio repairman and became Air Force vice chief of staff. He lived the American dream.

Right: Lt. Gen. John Piotrowski in the cockpit of an F-16 during his time as commander of 9th Air Force.

112 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 But he was told of a two-year delay for Jungle Jim he responded he was. Was he willing a pilot training class; a navigator class Promoted to first lieutenant and to fly combat missions? As he was a was available in just a couple of weeks. contemplating his return to the US, he military pilot, again the obvious an- Piotrowski responded, “Sir, you just requested and was accepted for pilot swer was yes. The final question was got yourself a navigator.” training. As a member of Pilot Training more unusual: “If sent into combat Previous electronics and radar train- Class 58-M, he excelled—graduat- and captured are you willing to be ing provided an ideal background for ing as top student pilot and awarded disowned by the government?” This this navigation cadet. On Aug. 11, 1954, the Commander’s Trophy. He chose required more thought: Eventually, as one of five distinguished graduates, combat crew training in the F-86F Piotrowski answered, “Yes, sir!” 20-year-old Piotrowski received the Sabre at Williams AFB, Ariz., an as- He shortly thereafter received secret silver wings of an Air Force naviga- signment that led to a very beneficial orders to Project Jungle Jim, which tor and was commissioned a second career redirection. later became the 1st Air Commando lieutenant. On graduating from F-86F crew Wing. The clandestine organization He was assigned to Japan and the training, his entire class received began gestating in the spring of 1961, 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing orders to Strategic Air Command to with President Kennedy’s authoriza- and began flying RB-26s on eight-hour become copilots on B-47 bombers. tion on Oct. 11, 1961, “for the ini- weather reconnaissance sorties, fore- As a newly minted fighter pilot, Pi- tial purpose of training Vietnamese casting the Korean peninsula’s weather otrowski appealed the assignment to forces,” per the President’s national patterns. This, along with night college the wing commander. Because of his security memorandum. courses, kept him occupied through the electronics and radar background, he Piotrowski was to report May 7, two-year assignment. was offered an opening at Williams 1961, to Eglin Air Force Auxiliary as an electronics maintenance officer. Field No. 9—Hurlburt Field, Fla. The He quickly agreed and the job new unit would be equipped with the proved a good fit, as he excelled at Navy T-28B trainers and A-26 light improving the fighters’ fire-control attack bombers (later redesignated and radar systems. Concurrently he B-26). Despite experience flying both averaged 90 hours a month flying aircraft, he was assigned as an arma- both jet fighters and the base’s C-47 ment and munitions officer. Still, he felt and C-45 transports. Soon he was certain there would be flying involved. promoted to captain. A couple years later he re- ceived an unusual interview for a special assignment. A gen- eral asked him three ques- tions: “Are you willing to fly obsolete airplanes?” Since Piotrowski was already doing just that, DOD photo

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 113 USAF photos

He expressed concern that his muni- tions experience was limited to training ammunition. His boss, a World War II veteran, just happened to have copies of two important Army Air Corps field manuals, “Bombs for Aircraft” and “Ammunition for Aircraft.” He gave both to Piotrowski. On the long overland trip to Hurl- burt Field, Piotrowski memorized the contents of both manuals. Arriving at his new assignment, he proved to be unique—a jet-age pilot and munitions officer with in-depth knowledge of World War II weapons. The combi- nation made him an indispensable asset for the budding air commando operation. He quickly became the go-to man in his unit for getting tasks accomplished, a tag that would follow him the rest of his career. In early September 1961, Piotrowski proposed marriage to Sheila Fredrick- son, and they decided on early December nuptials. Their plans were dashed later that month by a sudden clandestine as- signment to Southeast Asia—so secret he couldn’t tell his betrothed where he was going or whether he would be able to write or call. Subsequently, with their pastor’s indulgence, they managed a late December wedding via telephone from Taiwan and Fort Walton Beach, Fla. The honeymoon would come later. Piotrowski’s assignment was to take six B-26s from storage at the CIA’s Air 114 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 USAF photo

Above left: USAF airmen train South Vietnamese pilots at Bien Hoa AB, South at Nellis AFB, Nev., for more educa- Vietnam, in 1961. Piotrowski was based there as an air commando. Left: Piotrowski tion, studying the F-100 fire-control got his fourth star in 1985. Assignments as vice chief of staff, NORAD commander, and head of US Space Command would follow. Above: Airmen load bombs on a system, radar, and its M39 20 mm B-26 in South Korea in December 1952. Piotrowski came up with the idea of adding cannon. He was soon permanently wing-mounted pylons on the aircraft to increase the munitions load. assigned as part of a weapons school team conducting one-week training programs in conventional weapons, Asia facility at Tainan, Taiwan, and Once the six bombers were deliv- tactics, and employment for Air Force get them combat ready and in place ered to Bien Hoa, he was in and out general officers on their way to Viet- for the budding air commando de- of combat over the next three years nam. The assignment also put him in tachment at the then-primitive South while also involved with new weapons the F-4C Phantom II. Vietnamese base at Bien Hoa. The development. Once qualified in the Phantom, aircraft had been loaned to the French Piotrowski was asked to testify Piotrowski had a full plate of du- in their fight with the Viet Minh. before the US Army’s Howze Board, ties—with responsibility for the senior Following the French defeat at Dien which was evaluating Air Force close officers’ course, classroom instruction Bien Phu, they had been in storage air support of engaged ground forces. on weapon systems for FWS students, for more than seven years—since He later testified before the Senate and flying as instructor pilot in the the spring of 1954. Armed Services subcommittee on pre- aircraft. It was during this assignment paredness, regarding the reliability and that he fathered night interdiction and Working on Weapons utility of counterinsurgency aircraft. close air support by jet fighters, using Piotrowski’s idea of wing-mount- Thanks to the Air Force’s Opera- flares suspended by parachute. The ed weapons pylons for the B-26 came tion Bootstrap program, he enjoyed a technique was perfected by the air to be during this refurbishing and six-month sabbatical in 1965 to finish commandos in their AT-28s and B-26s. overhaul process. As configured, the his college degree at the University In June 1966, Piotrowski helped B-26 could carry only bombs of vari- of Nebraska’s Omaha campus. He devise techniques for employing the ous sizes in the internal bomb bay. The graduated with honors and a perfect Navy-developed AGM-62 Walleye, thin-skinned napalm tanks couldn’t be 4.0 grade point average. He went back an electro-optical guided glide bomb. safely dropped from a bomb bay, nor to the 1st Air Commando Wing, this Piotrowski and the major assisting could rocket pods be mounted on the time as an instructor pilot rather than him completed their development wing. With the wing pylon stations the armament and munitions officer. work and were sent to the 8th Tactical aircraft could carry rockets, bombs, Later that year, Piotrowski was Fighter Wing at Ubon RTAB, Thailand, and napalm. sent to the Fighter Weapons School to introduce the Walleye into combat. AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 115 DOD photo

A KC-10 refuels an E-3 aircraft. The AWACS’ future was being debated in Using newer avionics in the F-4D, the Congress until Piotrowski recognized the potential of the concept to direct and control friendly aircraft and pushed hard to keep the airplane in the fleet. weapon proved very effective. Piotrowski had a series of staff and educational assignments and, as a colonel, was named commander of to check on the Air Force detachment This involved a salute, handshake, an the 40th Tactical Group at Aviano AB, maintaining pre-positioned US mili- embrace, and then an entrance into the Italy. After two years of his leader- tary equipment and war reserve assets palace. Following 30 minutes of con- ship, the group was rated “Best in the stored in warehouses leased from the versation indoors, the departure rou- Air Force” by the Air Force Inspector Sudanese government. During the tine outside would be a repeat of the General. visit he was once again called on for arrival scenario for the TV cameras. Piotrowski assumed command of the a unique mission. On the country’s only TV chan- newly redesignated 552nd Airborne nel, that night the English subtitles Warning and Control Wing at Tinker Winning a War, Singlehandedly announced, “American general with AFB, Okla., in 1976. The wing was He was approached, about mid-day responsibility for the defense of Sudan equipped with the E-3A Sentry, a spe- the first day of his visit, by the Sudanese visits the area to look over the situation cially modified Boeing 707 airliner, Army’s regional defense commander and take necessary action.” conceptualized for the continental US who informed Piotrowski he was to The “one-day war” was over later air defense early warning system. Yet, depart immediately for Khartoum to that night, as Ethiopian forces with- because of cost overruns, Congress was meet with the Sudanese First Vice drew behind their own border. debating the efficacy of the aircraft. President Omar Muhammad al Tayib. Piotrowski was promoted to general Piotrowski—now a brigadier gen- The US Embassy sanctioned the re- in August 1985 and became Air Force eral—recognized the E-3A concept as quest, and Piotrowski departed in his vice chief of staff. In February 1987 having greater mission potential and T-39 Sabreliner. he assumed command of the North wanted it deployed to control the air After landing, and dressed in a busi- American Aerospace Defense Com- assets in tactical warfare situations. He ness suit, he entered the open door of mand and US Space Command. He made his point by taking key officials one of several waiting black limos. held these critical posts for three years on worldwide deployments, while Now seated beside the US Chief of as the Cold War unexpectedly ended, demonstrating the aircraft’s useful- Mission, he was informed Ethiopia before retiring in 1990. ness in both tactical and air defense had attacked Sudan that morning and Piotrowski’s life story represents a missions. Subsequently the airborne was overwhelming Sudanese forces classic example of the American expe- command and control concept became near the border. The embassy staff, in rience. The son of Polish immigrants a part of USAF doctrine and has been concert with the Sudanese leadership, progressed from airman basic to the repeatedly proved in combat. wanted Piotrowski to meet publicly peak of rank and authority in the US Lieutenant General Piotrowski as- with Sudan’s first vice president, for military with intelligence, drive, and sumed command of 9th Air Force TV cameras. courage. n at Shaw AFB, S.C., in 1982. While visiting his new units in Europe and John Lowery is a veteran Air Force fighter pilot and freelance writer. He is author the Middle East, he stopped at Port of five books on aircraft performance and aviation safety. His most recent article for Sudan on the Red Sea coast of Sudan Air Force Magazine, “Lt. No,” appeared in the July 2012 issue. 116 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 AFA National Leaders

NATIONAL OFFICERS

BOARD CHAIRMAN VICE CHAIRMAN, VICE CHAIRMAN, SECRETARY TREASURER FIELD OPERATIONS AEROSPACE EDUCATION George K. Muellner Scott P. Van Cleef Jerry E. White Edward W. Garland Leonard R. Vernamonti Huntington Beach, Calif. Fincastle, Va. Colorado Springs, Colo. San Antonio Clinton, Miss.

NATIONAL DIRECTORS

Bernise F. Belcer Rick Hartle F. Whitten Peters Donald Taylor Columbia, S.C. Layton, Utah Washington, D.C. San Antonio John T. Brock Rodney J. McKinley Gilbert E. Petrina Jr. Marvin L. Tooman Oviedo, Fla. Edmond, Okla. Williamsburg, Va. West Des Moines, Iowa Angela Dupont Donald R. Michels Nora Ruebrook Haverhill, Mass. Lawrenceville, Ga. Honolulu William R. Grider Linda A. Mills Norton A. Schwartz Indianapolis McLean, Va. Arlington, Va.

DIRECTORS EMERITUS EX OFFICIO

L. Boyd Anderson George M. Douglas Dan Hendrickson Thomas J. McKee Jack H. Steed S. Sanford Schlitt Ogden, Utah Colorado Springs, Colo. Port Angeles, Wash. Fairfax Station, Va. Warner Robins, Ga. Former Board Chairman Sarasota, Fla. R. Donald Anderson Michael J. Dugan Harold F. Henneke Charles A. Nelson Robert G. Stein Poquoson, Va. Dillon, Colo. Greenwood, Ind. Sioux Falls, S.D. Colorado Springs, Colo. Craig R. McKinley President David L. Blankenship Michael M. Dunn* Victoria W. Hunnicutt Ellis T. Nottingham Joseph Sutter Air Force Association Tulsa, Okla. Arlington, Va. Gray, Ga. Arlington, Va. Knoxville, Tenn. Arlington, Va.

Bonnie B. Callahan Charles G. Durazo Leonard W. Isabelle Donald L. Peterson* Mary Anne Thompson William J. Dendinger Winter Garden, Fla. Yuma, Ariz. Lakeport, Calif. Fairfax Station, Va. South Yarmouth, Mass. National Chaplain Grand Island, Neb. Walter G. Vartan Dan Callahan Samuel M. Gardner James M. Keck John J. Politi Teller Junak Chicago Centerville, Ga. Garden City, Kan. San Antonio Fair Oaks Ranch, Tex. National Commander Arnold Air Society Mark J. Worrick George H. Chabbott Don C. Garrison Thomas J. Kemp Jack C. Price Boulder, Colo. Dover, Del. Easley, S.C. Crowley, Tex. Pleasant View, Utah Denver

Stephen P. “Pat” Condon Richard B. Goetze Jr. Robert E. Largent Victor Seavers Charles P. Zimkas Jr. Ogden, Utah Arlington, Va. Harrison, Ark. Eagan, Minn. Colorado Springs, Colo.

O. R. “Ollie” Crawford Emlyn I. Griffith Hans Mark Mary Ann Seibel-Porto San Antonio Rome, N.Y. Austin, Tex. Las Vegas

William D. Croom Jr. Donald J. Harlin Robert T. Marsh John A. Shaud* San Antonio LaGrange, Ga. Falls Church, Va. McLean, Va.

Julie Curlin Martin H. Harris William V. McBride James E. “Red” Smith Tampa, Fla. Longwood, Fla. San Antonio Princeton, N.C.

Jon R. Donnelly Monroe W. Hatch Jr.* James M. McCoy R. E. “Gene” Smith Richmond, Va. Clifton, Va. Bellevue, Neb. West Point, Miss.

*Executive Director (President-CEO) Emeritus AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 117 AFA Almanac

By Frances McKenney, Assistant Managing Editor

Chapters of the Year

Year Recipient(s) Year Recipient(s) Year Recipient(s) 1953 San Francisco Chapter 1975 Alamo Chapter (Tex.) and San 1993 Green Valley Chapter (Ariz.) 1954 Santa Monica Area Chapter (Calif.) Bernardino Area Chapter (Calif.) 1994 Langley Chapter (Va.) 1955 San Fernando Valley Chapter (Calif.) 1976 Scott Memorial Chapter (Ill.) 1995 Baton Rouge Chapter (La.) 1956 Utah State AFA 1977 Thomas B. McGuire Jr. Chapter (N.J.) 1996 Montgomery Chapter (Ala.) 1957 H. H. Arnold Chapter (N.Y.) 1978 Thomas B. McGuire Jr. Chapter (N.J.) 1997 Central Florida Chapter 1958 San Diego Chapter 1979 Brig. Gen. Robert F. Travis Chapter 1998 Ark-La-Tex Chapter (La.) 1959 Cleveland Chapter (Calif.) 1999 Hurlburt Chapter (Fla.) 1960 San Diego Chapter 1980 Central Oklahoma (Gerrity) Chapter 2000 Wright Memorial Chapter (Ohio) 1961 Chico Chapter (Calif.) 1981 Alamo Chapter (Tex.) 2001 Lance P. Sijan Chapter (Colo.) 1962 Fort Worth Chapter (Tex.) 1982 Chicagoland-O’Hare Chapter (Ill.) 2002 Eglin Chapter (Fla.) 1963 Colin P. Kelly Chapter (N.Y.) 1983 Charles A. Lindbergh Chapter (Conn.) 2003 Hurlburt Chapter (Fla.) 1964 Utah State AFA 1984 Scott Memorial Chapter (Ill.) and Colo­­rado 2004 Carl Vinson Memorial Chapter (Ga.) 1965 Idaho State AFA Springs/Lance Sijan Chapter (Colo.) 2005 Central Florida Chapter 1966 New York State AFA 1985 Cape Canaveral Chapter (Fla.) 2006 Enid Chapter (Okla.) 1967 Utah State AFA 1986 Charles A. Lindbergh Chapter (Conn.) 2007 Central Oklahoma (Gerrity) Chapter 1968 Utah State AFA 1987 Carl Vinson Memorial Chapter (Ga.) 2008 Lance P. Sijan Chapter (Colo.) 1969 (no presentation) 1988 Gen. David C. Jones Chapter (N.D.) 2009 Paul Revere Chapter (Mass.) 1970 Georgia State AFA 1989 Thomas B. McGuire Jr. Chapter (N.J.) 2010 C. Farinha Gold Rush Chapter (Calif.) 1971 Middle Georgia Chapter 1990 Gen. E. W. Rawlings Chapter (Minn.) 2011 Lance P. Sijan Chapter (Colo.) 1972 Utah State AFA 1991 Paul Revere Chapter (Mass.) 2012 Hurlburt Chapter (Fla.) 1973 Langley Chapter (Va.) 1992 Central Florida Chapter and Langley 2013 Paul Revere Chapter (Mass.) 1974 Texas State AFA Chapter (Va.)

Profiles of AFA Membership AFA Membership As of June 2013 (Total 102,540) 40% One-year members Year Total Life Members Year Total Life Members 18% Three-year members 43% Life members 1946 51,243 32 1980 156,394 2,477 15% Active duty military 1947 104,750 55 1981 170,240 3,515 52% Retired military 1948 56,464 68 1982 179,149 7,381 14% Former service 1949 43,801 70 1983 198,563 13,763 1950 38,948 79 1984 218,512 18,012 5% Guard and Reserve 1951 34,393 81 1985 228,621 23,234 9% No military service 1952 30,716 356 1986 232,722 27,985 4% Cadet 1953 30,392 431 1987 237,279 30,099 2% Spouse/widow(er) 1954 34,486 435 1988 219,195 32,234 1955 40,812 442 1989 204,309 34,182 1956 46,250 446 1990 199,851 35,952 Of AFA’s service members who list their rank: 1957 51,328 453 1991 194,312 37,561 1958 48,026 456 1992 191,588 37,869 65% are officers 1959 50,538 458 1993 181,624 38,604 29% are enlisted 1960 54,923 464 1994 175,122 39,593 Of AFA’s retired military members who list 1961 60,506 466 1995 170,881 39,286 their rank: 1962 64,336 485 1996 161,384 39,896 1963 78,034 488 1997 157,862 41,179 53% are officers 1964 80,295 504 1998 152,330 41,673 1965 82,464 514 1999 148,534 42,237 26% are enlisted 1966 85,013 523 2000 147,336 42,434 1967 88,995 548 2001 143,407 42,865 1968 97,959 583 2002 141,117 43,389 1969 104,886 604 2003 137,035 42,730 AFA Chairman’s Aerospace 1970 104,878 636 2004 133,812 42,767 1971 97,639 674 2005 131,481 43,094 Education Award 1972 109,776 765 2006 127,749 43,266 2009 ExxonMobil Foundation 1973 114,894 804 2007 125,076 43,256 1974 128,995 837 2008 123,304 43,557 2010 USA Today 1975 139,168 898 2009 120,507 43,782 2011 The National Science Foundation 1976 148,202 975 2010 117,480 43,954 2012 The Military Channel 1977 155,850 1,218 2011 111,479 44,182 1978 148,711 1,541 2012 106,780 43,686 2013 The Civil Air Patrol Aerospace Education 1979 147,136 1,869 2013 102,540 43,851 Program

118 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 H. H. Arnold Award Recipients Named for the World War II leader of the Army Air Forces, the H. H. Arnold Award has been presented annually in recognition of the most outstanding contri- butions in the field of aerospace activity. Since 1986, the Arnold Award has been AFA’s highest honor to a member of the armed forces in the field of national security.

1948 W. Stuart Symington, Secretary of the Air Force 1980 Gen. Richard H. Ellis, USAF, CINC, SAC 1949 Maj. Gen. William H. Tunner and the men of the Berlin Airlift 1981 Gen. David C. Jones, USAF, Chm., Joint Chiefs of Staff 1950 Airmen of the United Nations in the Far East 1982 Gen. Lew Allen Jr. (Ret.), former Chief of Staff, USAF 1951 Gen. Curtis E. LeMay and the personnel of Strategic Air Command 1983 Ronald W. Reagan, President of the United States 1952 Sens. Lyndon B. Johnson and Joseph C. O’Mahoney 1984 The President’s Commission on Strategic Forces 1953 Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg, former Chief of Staff, USAF (the Scowcroft Commission) 1954 John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State 1985 Gen. Bernard W. Rogers, USA, SACEUR 1955 Gen. Nathan F. Twining, Chief of Staff, USAF 1986 Gen. Charles A. Gabriel (Ret.), former Chief of Staff, USAF 1956 Sen. W. Stuart Symington 1987 Adm. William J. Crowe Jr., USN, Chm., Joint Chiefs of Staff 1957 Edward P. Curtis, special assistant to the President 1988 Men and women of the Ground-Launched Cruise Missile team 1958 Maj. Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, Cmdr., Ballistic Missile Div., ARDC 1989 Gen. Larry D. Welch, Chief of Staff, USAF 1959 Gen. Thomas S. Power, CINC, SAC 1990 Gen. John T. Chain, CINC, SAC 1960 Gen. Thomas D. White, Chief of Staff, USAF 1991 Lt. Gen. Charles A. Horner, Cmdr., CENTCOM Air Forces and 9th Air Force 1961 Lyle S. Garlock, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force 1992 Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA, Chm., Joint Chiefs of Staff 1962 A. C. Dickieson and John R. Pierce, Bell Telephone Laboratories 1993 Gen. Merrill A. McPeak, Chief of Staff, USAF 1963 The 363rd Tactical Recon. Wing and the 4080th Strategic Wing 1994 Gen. John Michael Loh, Cmdr., Air Combat Command 1964 Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, Chief of Staff, USAF 1995 World War II Army Air Forces veterans 1965 The 2nd Air Division, PACAF 1996 Gen. Ronald R. Fogleman, Chief of Staff, USAF 1966 The 8th, 12th, 355th, 366th, and 388th Tactical Fighter Wings and the 1997 Men and women of the United States Air Force 432nd and 460th TRWs 1998 Gen. Richard E. Hawley, Cmdr., ACC 1967 Gen. William W. Momyer, Cmdr., 7th Air Force, PACAF 1999 Lt. Gen. Michael C. Short, Cmdr., Allied Air Forces Southern Europe 1968 Col. Frank Borman, USAF; Capt. James Lovell, USN; and 2000 Gen. Michael E. Ryan, Chief of Staff, USAF Lt. Col. William Anders, USAF, Apollo 8 crew 2001 Gen. Joseph W. Ralston, CINC, EUCOM 1969 (No presentation) 2002 Gen. Richard B. Myers, USAF, Chm., Joint Chiefs of Staff 1970 Apollo 11 team (J. L. Atwood; Lt. Gen. S. C. Phillips, USAF; and astronauts 2003 Lt. Gen. T. Michael Moseley, Cmdr., air component, CENTCOM, and Neil Armstrong and USAF Cols. Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins) 9th Air Force 1971 John S. Foster Jr., Dir. of Defense Research and Engineering 2004 Gen. John P. Jumper, Chief of Staff, USAF 1972 Air units of the Allied Forces in Southeast Asia (Air Force, Navy, 2005 Gen. Gregory S. Martin, Cmdr., AFMC Army, Marine Corps, and the Vietnamese Air Force) 2006 Gen. Lance W. Lord, Cmdr., AFSPC 1973 Gen. John D. Ryan (Ret.), former Chief of Staff, USAF 2007 Gen. Ronald E. Keys, Cmdr., ACC 1974 Gen. George S. Brown, USAF, Chm., Joint Chiefs of Staff 2008 Gen. Bruce Carlson, Cmdr., AFMC 1975 James R. Schlesinger, Secretary of Defense 2009 Gen. John D. W. Corley, Cmdr., ACC 1976 Sen. Barry M. Goldwater 2010 Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula, USAF Deputy Chief of Staff, ISR 1977 Sen. Howard W. Cannon 2011 Gen. Duncan J. McNabb, Cmdr., TRANSCOM 1978 Gen. Alexander M. Haig Jr., USA, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe 2012 Gen. Norton A. Schwartz, Chief of Staff, USAF 1979 Sen. John C. Stennis 2013 Gen. Douglas M. Fraser (Ret.), former Cmdr., SOUTHCOM

John R. Alison Award Recipients W. Stuart Symington Award Recipients AFA’s highest honor for industrial leadership. AFA’s highest honor to a civilian in the field of national security, the award is named for the first Secretary of the Air Force. 1992 Norman R. Augustine, Chairman, Martin Marietta 1993 Daniel M. Tellep, Chm. and CEO, Lockheed 1986 Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense 1987 Edward C. Aldridge Jr., Secretary of the Air Force 1994 Kent Kresa, CEO, Northrop Grumman 1988 George P. Schultz, Secretary of State 1995 C. Michael Armstrong, Chm. and CEO, Hughes Aircraft 1989 Ronald W. Reagan, former President of the United States 1996 Harry Stonecipher, Pres. and CEO, McDonnell Douglas 1990 John J. Welch, Asst. SECAF (Acquisition) 1997 Dennis J. Picard, Chm. and CEO, Raytheon 1991 George Bush, President of the United States 1998 Philip M. Condit, Chm. and CEO, Boeing 1992 Donald B. Rice, Secretary of the Air Force 1999 Sam B. Williams, Chm. and CEO, Williams International 1993 Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) 1994 Rep. Ike Skelton (D-Mo.) 2000 Simon Ramo and Dean E. Wooldridge, missile pioneers 1995 Sheila E. Widnall, Secretary of the Air Force 2001 George David, Chm. and CEO, United Technologies 1996 Sen. Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) 2002 Sydney Gillibrand, Chm., AMEC; and Jerry Morgensen, 1997 William Perry, former Secretary of Defense Pres. and CEO, Hensel Phelps Construction 1998 Rep. Saxby Chambliss (R-Ga.) and Rep. Norman D. Dicks 2003 Joint Direct Attack Munition Industry Team, Boeing (D-Wash.) 2004 Thomas J. Cassidy Jr., Pres. and CEO, General Atomics 1999 F. Whitten Peters, Secretary of the Air Force Aeronautical Systems 2000 Rep. Floyd Spence (R-S.C.) 2005 Richard Branson, Chm., Virgin Atlantic Airways and 2001 Sen. Michael Enzi (R-Wyo.) and Rep. Cliff Stearns (R-Fla.) 2002 Rep. James V. Hansen (R-Utah) Virgin Galactic 2006 Ronald D. Sugar, Chm. and CEO, Northrop Grumman 2003 James G. Roche, Secretary of the Air Force 2004 Peter B. Teets, Undersecretary of the Air Force 2007 Boeing and Lockheed Martin 2005 Rep. Duncan Hunter (R-Calif.) 2008 Bell Boeing CV-22 Team, Bell Helicopter Textron, and Boeing 2007 Michael W. Wynne, Secretary of the Air Force 2009 General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. 2008 Gen. Barry R. McCaffrey, USA (Ret.) 2010 Raytheon 2009 Sen. Orrin G. Hatch (R-Utah) 2011 United Launch Alliance 2010 John J. Hamre, Center for Strategic & International Studies 2011 Rep. C. W. “Bill” Young (R-Fla.) 2012 Boeing 2012 Gen. James L. Jones, USMC (Ret.) 2013 X-51A WaveRider Program, Boeing, Aerojet Rocketdyne, 2013 Michael B. Donley, Secretary of the Air Force and Air Force Research Laboratory

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 119 AFA Lifetime Achievement Award Recipients

The award recognizes a lifetime of work in the advancement of aerospace.

2003 Maj. Gen. John R. Alison, USAF (Ret.); Sen. John H. Glenn 2009 Doolittle Raiders, Tuskegee Airmen, and James R. Schlesinger Jr.; Maj. Gen. Jeanne M. Holm, USAF (Ret.); Col. Charles E. 2010 Col. Walter J. Boyne, USAF (Ret.); Andrew W. Marshall; Gen. Law- McGee, USAF (Ret.); and Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, USAF rence A. Skantze, USAF (Ret.); and Women Airforce Service Pilots (Ret.) 2011 Natalie W. Crawford; Lt. Gen. Thomas P. Stafford, USAF (Ret.); Gen. 2004 Gen. Russell E. Dougherty, USAF (Ret.), and Florene Miller Larry D. Welch, USAF (Ret.); Heavy Bombardment Crews of WWII; Watson and Commando Sabre Operation-Call Sign Misty 2005 Sen. Daniel K. Inouye; William J. Perry; and Patty Wagstaff 2012 Gen. James P. McCarthy, USAF (Ret.); Vietnam War POWs; Berlin 2007 CMSAF Paul W. Airey, USAF (Ret.) Airlift Aircrews; Korean War Airmen; Fighter Pilots of World War II 2008 Col. George E. Day, USAF (Ret.); Gen. David C. Jones, USAF 2013 Maj. Gen. Joe H. Engle, USAF (Ret.); US Rep. Sam Johnson; The (Ret.); and Harold Brown Arlington Committee of the Air Force Officers’ Wives’ Club—“The Arlington Ladies”

Gold Life Member Card Recipients Dottie Flanagan Awarded to members whose AFA record, production, and accomplishment on a Staff Award of the Year national level have been outstanding over a period of years. A donation from the late Jack B. Gross, national director emeritus, enables AFA to honor staff members each quarter. Name Year Card No. Name Year Card No. Those members become eligible for the Gill Robb Wilson 1957 1 Martin H. Harris 1988 11 staff award of the year. Jimmy Doolittle Sam E. Keith Jr. 1990 12 1959 2 1992 Doreatha Major Arthur C. Storz Sr. Edward A. Stearn 1992 13 1961 3 1993 Jancy Bell Julian B. Rosenthal Dorothy L. Flanagan 1994 14 1962 4 1994 Gilbert Burgess Jack B. Gross John O. Gray 1996 15 1964 5 1995 David Huynh George D. Hardy Jack C. Price 1997 16 1965 6 1996 Sherry Coombs Jess Larson Nathan H. Mazer 2002 17 1967 7 1997 Katherine DuGarm Robert W. Smart John R. Alison 2004 18 1968 8 1998 Suzann Chapman Martin M. Ostrow Donald J. Harlin 2009 19 1973 9 1999 Frances McKenney James H. Straubel James M. McCoy 2013 20 1980 10 2000 Ed Cook 2001 Katie Doyle 2002 Jeneathia Wright 2003 Jim Brown The Twelve Founders 2004 Pearlie Draughn 2005 Ursula Smith 2006 Susan Rubel John S. Allard, Bronxville, N.Y. W. Deering Howe, New York James M. Stewart, Beverly Hills, Calif. 2007 Ed Cook Everett R. Cook, Memphis, Tenn. Rufus Rand, Sarasota, Fla. Lowell P. Weicker, New York 2008 Michael Davis 2009 Chris Saik Edward P. Curtis, Rochester, N.Y. Sol A. Rosenblatt, New York Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, New York 2010 Bridget Wagner 2011 Merri Shaffer Jimmy Doolittle, Los Angeles Julian B. Rosenthal, New York John Hay Whitney, New York 2012 Caitie Craumer

AFA Chairmen of the Board and National Presidents

Jimmy Doolittle Edward P. Curtis Thomas G. Lanphier Jr. C. R. Smith Robert S. Johnson Carl A. Spaatz Harold C. Stuart President, 1946-47 Chairman, 1946-47 President, 1947-48 President, 1948-49 President, 1949-51 Chairman, 1950-51 President, 1951-52 Chairman, 1947-49 Chairman, 1951-52 Chairman, 1949-50 Chairman, 1952-53

Arthur F. Kelly George C. Kenney John R. Alison Gill Robb Wilson John P. Henebry Peter J. Schenk James M. Trail President, 1952-53 President, 1953-54 President, 1954-55 President, 1955-56 President, 1956-57 President, 1957-59 Chairman, 1958-59 Chairman, 1953-54 Chairman, 1954-55 Chairman, 1955-56 Chairman, 1956-57 Chairman, 1957-58

120 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 AFA Chairmen of the Board and National Presidents (cont.)

Howard T. Markey Julian B. Rosenthal Thos. F. Stack Joe Foss John B. Montgomery W. Randolph Lovelace II Jack B. Gross President, 1959-60 Chairman, 1959-60 President, 1960-61 President, 1961-62 President, 1962-63 President, 1963-64 Chairman, 1963-64 Chairman, 1960-61 Chairman, 1961-62 Chairman, 1962-63 Chairman, 1964-65

Jess Larson Robert W. Smart George D. Hardy Martin M. Ostrow Joe L. Shosid George M. Douglas Gerald V. Hasler President, 1964-67 President, 1967-69 President, 1969-71 President, 1971-73 President, 1973-75 President, 1975-77 President, 1977-79 Chairman, 1967-71 Chairman, 1966-67 Chairman, 1973-75 Chairman, 1972-73 Chairman, 1977-79 Chairman, 1976-77 Chairman, 1971-72 Chairman, 1975-76

Victor R. Kregel Daniel F. Callahan John G. Brosky David L. Blankenship Edward A. Stearn Martin H. Harris Sam E. Keith Jr. President, 1979-81 Chairman, 1979-81 President, 1981-82 President, 1982-84 Chairman, 1985-86 President, 1984-86 President, 1986-88 Chairman, 1981-82 Chairman, 1982-84 Chairman, 1984-85 Chairman, 1986-88 Chairman, 1988-90

Jack C. Price Oliver R. Crawford James M. McCoy Gene Smith Doyle E. Larson Thomas J. McKee John J. Politi President, 1988-90 President, 1990-92 President, 1992-94 President, 1994-96 President, 1996-98 President, 1998-2000 President, 2000-02 Chairman, 1990-92 Chairman, 1992-94 Chairman, 1994-96 Chairman, 1996-98 Chairman, 1998-2000 Chairman, 2000-02 Chairman, 2002-04

Stephen P. Condon Robert E. Largent Joseph E. Sutter S. Sanford Schlitt George K. Muellner President, 2002-04 President, 2004-06a Chairman, 2008-10 Chairman, 2010-12 Chairman, 2012- Chairman, 2004-06 Chairman, 2006-08b

a The office of National President, an elected position, was disestablished in 2006. b AFA’s Chairman of the Board also serves as Chairman of both AFA affiliates, the AFA Veteran Benefits Association and the Air Force Memorial Foundation.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 121 Vice Chairmen Vice Chairmen AFA’s Regions, States, and Chapters for Field Operations for Aerospace Education These figures indicate the number of affiliated members as of June 30, 2013. Listed Joseph E. Sutter 2006-08 L. Boyd Anderson 2006-07 below the name of each region is the region president. James R. Lauducci 2008-10 S. Sanford Schlitt 2007-10 Justin M. Faiferlick 2010-12 George K. Muellner 2010-12 CENTRAL EAST REGION 10,895 GREAT LAKES REGION 7,177 Scott P. Van Cleef 2012- Jerry E. White 2012- Joseph L. Hardy Kent D. Owsley Delaware...... 459 Indiana...... 1,322 National Treasurers National Secretaries Brig. Gen. Bill Spruance...... 128 Central Indiana...... 376 W. Deering Howe 1946-47 Sol A. Rosenblatt 1946-47 Delaware Galaxy...... 331 Columbus-Bakalar...... 92 Julian B. Rosenthal 1947-59 Fort Wayne...... 204 G. Warfield Hobbs 1947-49 District of Columbia...... 505 Grissom Memorial...... 227 George D. Hardy 1959-66 Benjamin Brinton 1949-52 Nation’s Capital...... 505 Lawrence D. Bell Museum...... 185 Joseph L. Hodges 1966-68 Southern Indiana...... 238 George H. Haddock 1952-53 Glenn D. Mishler 1968-70 Maryland...... 2,078 Samuel M. Hecht 1953-57 Nathan H. Mazer 1970-72 Baltimore*...... 653 Kentucky...... 658 Martin H. Harris 1972-76 Central Maryland...... 357 Gen. Russell E. Dougherty...... 393 Jack B. Gross 1957-62 Thomas W. Anthony...... 1,068 Lexington...... 265 Jack C. Price 1976-79 Paul S. Zuckerman 1962-66 Earl D. Clark Jr. 1979-82 Virginia...... 7,598 Michigan...... 1,486 Jack B. Gross 1966-81 Sherman W. Wilkins 1982-85 Danville...... 41 Battle Creek...... 80 George H. Chabbott 1981-87 A. A. “Bud” West 1985-87 Donald W. Steele Sr. Lake Superior Northland...... 125 Thomas J. McKee 1987-90 Memorial...... 3,640 Lloyd R. Leavitt Jr...... 320 William N. Webb 1987-95 Mount Clemens...... 961 Thomas W. Henderson 1990-91 Gen. Charles A. Gabriel...... 1,137 Charles H. Church Jr. 1995-2000 Langley...... 1,287 Mary Ann Seibel 1991-94 Leigh Wade...... 158 Ohio...... 3,711 Charles A. Nelson 2000-05 Mary Anne Thompson 1994-97 Northern Shenandoah Valley...... 225 Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker Steven R. Lundgren 2005-10 William D. Croom Jr. 1997-2000 Richmond...... 525 Memorial*...... 533 Daniel C. Hendrickson 2000-03 Roanoke...... 290 Frank P. Lahm...... 435 Leonard R. Vernamonti 2010- Thomas J. Kemp 2003-06 Tidewater...... 295 Gen. Joseph W. Ralston...... 309 North Coast*...... 217 Judy K. Church 2006-09 West Virginia...... 255 Steel Valley...... 117 Joan Sell 2009-11 Chuck Yeager...... 255 Wright Memorial*...... 2,100 Edward W. Garland 2011- MIDWEST REGION 6,363 FAR WEST REGION 9,453 John D. Daly Richard C. Taubinger Illinois...... 2,436 AFA Executive Directors/ California...... 8,768 Chicagoland-O’Hare...... 948 President-CEOs Bob Hope...... 631 Heart of Illinois...... 191 Brig. Gen. Robert F. Travis...... 654 Land of Lincoln...... 261 C. Farinha Gold Rush...... 1,116 Scott Memorial...... 1,036 Charles Hudson...... 77 David J. Price/Beale...... 332 Iowa...... 561 Fresno*...... 280 Fort Dodge...... 48 Gen. B. A. Schriever Gen. Charles A. Horner...... 200 Los Angeles...... 449 Northeast Iowa...... 204 General Doolittle Richard D. Kisling...... 109 Los Angeles Area*...... 1,163 Golden Gate*...... 478 Kansas...... 593 High Desert...... 164 Lt. Erwin R. Bleckley...... 395 Willis S. Fitch James H. Straubel Russell E. Dougherty David L. Gray Maj. Gen. Charles I. Bennett Jr...... 235 Maj. Gen. Edward R. Fry...... 198 Executive Director Executive Director Executive Director Executive Director Orange County/Gen. Curtis 1946-47 1948-80 1980-86 1986-87 E. LeMay...... 580 Missouri...... 1,516 Palm Springs...... 343 Whiteman...... 435 Robert H. Goddard...... 532 Harry S. Truman...... 485 San Diego...... 679 Spirit of St. Louis...... 596 Stan Hryn Monterey Bay...... 172 Tennessee Ernie Ford...... 539 Nebraska...... 1,257 William J. “Pete” Knight...... 344 Ak-Sar-Ben...... 1,032 Lincoln...... 225 Hawaii...... 685 Hawaii*...... 685 NEW ENGLAND REGION 3,306 Robert Wilkinson John O. Gray Charles L. Donnelly Jr. Monroe W. Hatch Jr. John A. Shaud FLORIDA REGION 8,731 Executive Director Executive Director Executive Director Executive Director Dann D. Mattiza Connecticut...... 628 1987-88 1988-89 1990-95 1995-2002 Flying Yankees/Gen. George C. Ken- 1989-90 Florida...... 8,731 ney...... 392 Brig. Gen. James R. McCarthy...... 284 Lindbergh/Sikorsky...... 236 Cape Canaveral...... 942 Central Florida...... 1,123 Massachusetts...... 1,628 Col. H. M. “Bud” West...... 254 Minuteman...... 279 Col. Loren D. Evenson...... 379 Otis...... 227 Eglin...... 1,171 Paul Revere...... 819 Falcon...... 443 Pioneer Valley...... 303 Florida Highlands...... 276 Gold Coast...... 590 New Hampshire...... 660 Hurlburt...... 769 Brig. Gen. Harrison R. Thyng...... 660 Donald L. Peterson Michael M. Dunn Craig R. McKinley Miami-Homestead...... 446 Red Tail Memorial...... 532 Executive Director President-CEO President Rhode Island...... 202 Sarasota-Manatee...... 305 2002-06c 2007-12 2012- Metro Rhode Island...... 160 Waterman-Twining...... 1,217 President-CEO Newport Blue & Gold...... 42 2006-07 c The position of Executive Director was replaced in 2006 by Vermont...... 188 President-CEO. In 2012, the position was redesignated President. Green Mountain...... 188

122 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 NORTH CENTRAL REGION 3,089 ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION 5,411 New Mexico...... 1,426 Fort Worth...... 1,452 Albuquerque...... 936 Gen. Charles L. Donnelly Jr...... 238 James W. Simons Gayle C. White Fran Parker...... 316 Northeast Texas...... 412 Llano Estacado...... 174 San Jacinto...... 965 Minnesota...... 1,063 Colorado...... 3,872 Gen. Robert E. Huyser...... 119 Seidel-AFA Dallas...... 809 Gen. E. W. Rawlings...... 876 Lance P. Sijan...... 2,192 TEXOMA REGION 11,960 Richard I. Bong...... 187 Mel Harmon...... 160 Robert L. Slaughter Mile High...... 1,401 Montana...... 368 Oklahoma...... 1,899 Big Sky...... 271 Utah...... 1,194 Altus...... 193 Bozeman...... 97 Northern Utah...... 486 Central Oklahoma (Gerrity)...... 1,132 Salt Lake...... 342 Enid...... 243 North Dakota...... 368 Ute-Rocky Mountain...... 366 Tulsa...... 331 Gen. David C. Jones...... 161 Happy Hooligan...... 107 Wyoming...... 345 Texas...... 10,061 Red River Valley...... 100 Cheyenne Cowboy...... 345 Abilene...... 408 Aggieland...... 180 South Dakota...... 426 SOUTH CENTRAL REGION 7,017 Alamo...... 3,605 Dacotah...... 222 Thomas W. Gwaltney Austin...... 1,112 Rushmore...... 204 Concho...... 230 Alabama...... 2,323 Del Rio...... 179 Wisconsin...... 864 Birmingham...... 353 Denton...... 471 Billy Mitchell...... 864 Montgomery...... 1,212 South Alabama...... 280 NORTHEAST REGION 6,269 Tennessee Valley...... 478 AFA’s Overseas Chapters Eric P. Taylor Arkansas...... 913 CHAPTER LOCATION David D. Terry Jr...... 561 United States Air Forces in Europe-Air Forces Africa New Jersey...... 1,548 Lewis E. Lyle...... 352 Brig. Gen. Frederick W. Castle...... 285 Charlemagne...... Geilenkirchen, Germany Hangar One...... 149 Louisiana...... 1,025 Dolomiti...... Aviano AB, Italy Highpoint...... 79 Ark-La-Tex...... 583 Lufbery-Campbell...... Ramstein AB, Germany Mercer County...... 145 Maj. Gen. Oris B. Johnson...... 442 Spangdahlem...... Spangdahlem AB, Germany Sal Capriglione...... 264 United Kingdom...... Lakenheath, UK Shooting Star...... 202 Mississippi...... 1,156 Thomas B. McGuire Jr...... 424 Golden Triangle...... 292 Pacific Air Forces John C. Stennis...... 655 Keystone...... Kadena AB, Japan New York...... 2,302 Meridian...... 209 Albany-Hudson Valley*...... 756 MiG Alley...... Osan AB, South Korea Chautauqua...... 51 Tennessee...... 1,600 Tokyo...... Tokyo, Japan Gen. Carl A. “Tooey” Spaatz...... 175 Chattanooga...... 128 Genesee Valley...... 188 Everett R. Cook...... 357 Iron Gate...... 160 Gen. Bruce K. Holloway...... 574 L. D. Bell-Niagara Frontier...... 298 H. H. Arnold Memorial...... 129 AFA Member of the Year Award Recipients Long Island...... 674 Maj. Gen. Dan F. Callahan...... 412 Year Recipient(s) Year Recipient(s) Pennsylvania...... 2,419 SOUTHEAST REGION 7,118 1953 Julian B. Rosenthal (N.Y.) 1986 John P. E. Kruse (N.J.) Altoona...... 116 John R. Allen Jr. 1954 George A. Anderl (Ill.) 1987 Jack K. Westbrook (Tenn.) Joe Walker-Mon Valley...... 224 1955 Arthur C. Storz (Neb.) 1988 Charles G. Durazo (Va.) Lehigh Valley...... 179 Georgia...... 3,072 1956 Thos. F. Stack (Calif.) Liberty Bell...... 572 1989 Oliver R. Crawford (Tex.) Carl Vinson Memorial...... 1,079 1957 George D. Hardy (Md.) 1990 Cecil H. Hopper (Ohio) Lt. Col. B. D. “Buzz” Wagner...... 138 Dobbins...... 1,446 1958 Jack B. Gross (Pa.) 1991 George M. Douglas (Colo.) Mifflin County*...... 127 Savannah...... 315 1959 Carl J. Long (Pa.) Olmsted...... 296 South Georgia...... 232 1992 Jack C. Price (Utah) Pocono Northeast...... 198 1960 O. Donald Olson (Colo.) 1993 Lt. Col. James G. Clark (D.C.) Total Force...... 315 North Carolina...... 2,316 1961 Robert P. Stewart (Utah) 1994 William A. Lafferty (Ariz.) York-Lancaster...... 254 Blue Ridge...... 478 1962 (no presentation) 1995 William N. Webb (Okla.) Cape Fear...... 222 1963 N. W. DeBerardinis (La.) 1996 Tommy G. Harrison (Fla.) NORTHWEST REGION 4,628 Kitty Hawk...... 69 and Joe L. Shosid (Tex.) Mary J. Mayer 1997 James M. McCoy (Neb.) Pope...... 581 1964 Maxwell A. Kriendler (N.Y.) 1998 Ivan L. McKinney (La.) Scott Berkeley...... 346 1965 Milton Caniff (N.Y.) 1999 Jack H. Steed (Ga.) Alaska...... 656 Tarheel...... 620 Edward J. Monaghan...... 493 1966 William W. Spruance (Del.) 2000 Mary Anne Thompson (Va.) Fairbanks Midnight Sun...... 163 South Carolina...... 1,730 1967 Sam E. Keith Jr. (Tex.) 2001 Charles H. Church Jr. (Kan.) Charleston...... 506 1968 Marjorie O. Hunt (Mich.) 2002 Thomas J. Kemp (Tex.) Idaho...... 424 Columbia Palmetto...... 381 1969 (no presentation) 2003 W. Ron Goerges (Ohio) Snake River Valley...... 424 Strom Thurmond...... 376 1970 Lester C. Curl (Fla.) 2004 Doyle E. Larson (Minn.) Swamp Fox...... 467 1971 Paul W. Gaillard (Neb.) Oregon...... 953 2005 Charles A. Nelson (S.D.) 1972 J. Raymond Bell (N.Y.) 2006 Craig E. Allen (Utah) Bill Harris...... 232 SOUTHWEST REGION 6,393 and Martin H. Harris (Fla.) 2007 William D. Croom Jr. (Tex.) Columbia Gorge*...... 721 John A. Toohey 1973 Joe Higgins (Calif.) 2008 John J. Politi (Tex.) 1974 Howard T. Markey (D.C.) Washington...... 2,595 Arizona...... 3,454 2009 David R. Cummock (Fla.) Greater Seattle...... 815 Cochise...... 97 1975 Martin M. Ostrow (Calif.) 2010 L. Boyd Anderson (Utah) Inland Empire...... 684 Frank Luke...... 1,845 1976 Victor R. Kregel (Tex.) 2011 Steven R. Lundgren (Alaska) McChord Field...... 1,096 Prescott/Goldwater...... 366 1977 Edward A. Stearn (Calif.) 2012 S. Sanford Schlitt (Fla.) Tucson...... 1,146 1978 William J. Demas (N.J.) 2013 Tim Brock (Fla.) 1979 Alexander C. Field Jr. (Ill.) Nevada...... 1,513 1980 David C. Noerr (Calif.) Thunderbird...... 1,513 1981 Daniel F. Callahan (Fla.) 1982 Thomas W. Anthony (Md.) 1983 Richard H. Becker (Ill.) 1984 Earl D. Clark Jr. (Kan.) *These chapters were chartered prior to Dec. 31, 1948, and are considered original charter 1985 George H. Chabbott (Del.) State names refer to recipient’s home chapters; the North Coast Chapter of Ohio was formerly the Cleveland Chapter; and the and Hugh L. Enyart (Ill.) state at the time of the award. Columbia Gorge Chapter of Oregon was formerly the Portland Chapter.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 123 en. Henry H. “Hap” Lovett described Arnold as a man of “profound optimism, of GArnold is best absolute certainty of victory in the future, of dedication to known as the com- [the] effective use of airpower.” mander of the US Lovett, whose offi ce was adjacent to Arnold’s in the Army Air Forces Pentagon, recalled that Arnold could be a mercurial during World man who “would be up one minute and down in the War II, where depths the next. ... He had a great deal of imagina- he represented tion, in its proper sense, and he inspired others the AAF at the in the confi dence which he felt.” highest lev- Arnold’s never-say-die attitude was one he els of military learned at the Wright Flying School in Dayton, and political Ohio, in 1911, but what are the origins of command. His his optimism, dedication, and imagination? civilian coun- What events shaped Arnold’s creative terpart, Assistant drive and mercurial nature? Secretary of War Arnold never fl ew with Orville or for Air Robert A. Wilbur Wright. Arthur L. Welsh was Lovett, knew Arnold his fl ight instructor and was killed in as well as any of his 1912 in a Wright Flyer C accident. The associates. 1910-1911 Wright Flyer B did not have Lovett was not an dual controls. Once a student learned outspoken leader but a to fl y from one seat—Arnold learned political operator whose to fl y in the left seat—they fl ew only efforts smoothed the rough from that seat. In turn, new students edges between industry and gov- were taught to fl y from the other seat, ernment and facilitated Ar- a rather confusing arrangement. nold’s strongest Despite the addition of qualities. identical dual controls, in

124 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 1911 no fl ight was routine. There were The damage done was very slight.” One can get in a machine with safety for the no ground or fl ight checklists. Only com- pontoon was wrecked, the propeller next month or two.” mon sense, experience, judgment, and a was destroyed, and one wingtip was Arnold’s near-death experience oc- little luck prevented accidents. Military crumpled. curred at the end of the mission. He was pilot trainees wore civilian attire at the approaching the airfi eld for landing and Wright school and hats were simply No Contest had initiated a steep turn maneuver us- donned backward to keep them from Shortly after the incident at Plym- ing 45 degrees of bank with an elevator blowing off the pilots’ heads. During outh, Arnold won the inaugural Mackay controlling the turn. one fl ight Arnold took a bug square in Trophy for the most signifi cant fl ight Having plenty of speed in the over- the eye. After successful removal of the of the year. The challenge was to fl y a powered Wright C, Arnold’s natural bug’s wings from Arnold’s eye, goggles triangular route between Fort Meyer, tendency was to pull back on the eleva- became a standard piece of Army fl y- Va., College Park, Md., and Washington, tor control in an effort to control the ing gear. D.C., locating a “troop concentration” uncommanded dive that resulted from the Thomas D. Milling, Arnold’s class- hidden in some trees somewhere along induced stalled condition. The stall was mate at the Wright Flying School, re- the fl ight path. caused by control inputs that exceeded called that “when the plane was tuned The “contest” was really not a contest the physical performance capability of up ... [the airplane was] like a drum—if at all. Milling, the only other participant, the airplane, not by inadequate speed. you touched it with your fi ngers, you’d had aircraft problems that kept him By applying too much back pressure, see the cloth and everything had to be grounded. Perhaps because of these cir- Arnold generated what is commonly tight, and the wires had to be a certain cumstances Arnold did not take himself known today as an accelerated stall and tension, and you could test it by the or his accomplishment too seriously. not a spin. sound.” Plucking a support wire reso- “It [the trophy] certainly is handsome. The circular motion described by nated like the sound made by plucking I fi gure that it will hold about four gal- Arnold was a result of having begun the a thick grand piano wire. lons so I cannot see how you can fi ll it spiral pattern for landing. It was by luck, In July 1912, Arnold and Roy C. with anything but beer,” Arnold wrote rather than skill, that Arnold avoided Kirtland crashed just off the coast of afterward. becoming one of the many fatalities of Plymouth, Mass., in a new “tractor” On the heels of winning the Mackay early military fl ying. seaplane. Arnold lacerated his chin dur- Trophy, Arnold was nearly killed in a The stresses of early aviation, includ-

The legendary airman

Arnold’s EvolutionBy Dik A. Daso drew inspiration from many places.

ing the wreck, receiving the distinctive Wright Flyer C during live-fi re artillery ing the ever-present possibility of near- scar seen in most of his portraits. spotting exercises at Fort Riley, Kan. instant death, coupled with the “tough Tractors had a motor and propellers in Arnold and his observer were in- guy” culture of the early 20th century the front of the airplane. Initial assess- explicably thrown toward the ground. Army, often led to smoking as a form of ments of its performance were excellent. Arnold miraculously righted the craft relaxation and stress release. Arnold was Perhaps expecting more performance and missed a violent crash by only a not immune. He was a habitual tobacco than the machine could deliver, Arnold few seconds. “I am unable to account smoker until the mid-1920s. After suffer- attempted to take off carrying excessively for it,” he admitted to Capt. C. DeFor- ing from severe ulcers, his smoking habit heavy baggage onboard. The winds that rest Chandler, his commanding offi cer was curtailed but never fully eliminated. day were light and variable and although at the Signal Corps Aviation School. It is likely that smoking contributed to he was able to raise the craft out of the The onboard altitude measuring device, his deteriorating health, which included water by taking off facing into the wind, a barograph, clearly recorded a drop of a series of heart-related problems during as soon as he turned the craft he lost 300 feet in 10 seconds, ending up just World War II and eventually caused his the advantage of the headwind. “Then above the ground-zero line. Arnold was death in 1950, at age 63. I did not have anything to support me so shook up he walked back to the airfi eld Arnold’s War Department duties in- and,” Arnold recalled, “down I dropped. and immediately requested three weeks’ cluded oversight of a secret project Lt. Gen. Hap Arnold—note the scar just leave and temporarily removed himself offi cially known as the Liberty Eagle, beneath his lip, a souvenir of a 1912 from fl ying status. “From the way I feel an unpiloted bomb built into a small airplane crash near Plymouth, Mass. now,” he explained, “I do not see how I gyroscopically controlled biplane. AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 125 Unoffi cially named “The Bug” by Charles F. Kettering, a member of the development team, in secret correspondence the weapon was simply referred to as the FB—Flying Bomb. The unmanned biplane’s fuselage housed a four-cylinder, two-cycle engine and carried 180 pounds of explosives. The craft had no wheels and was launched from a contraption that rolled along a long section of portable rail track. The missile’s engine was cranked at one end of the track and aimed directly at the intended target area. When the engine was fully revved, the mechanical counter was engaged and the Bug was released. When it reached fl ying speed, it lifted off and fl ew straight ahead toward the target, climbing to a preset altitude that was controlled by a supersensitive aneroid barometer. When it reached a preset altitude, the Bug’s barometer sent signals to small fl ight controls that were moved by a system of cranks and a bellows taken from a player piano for altitude control. A gyroscope helped maintain the stability of the craft and the barometer helped maintain altitude, but only the design of the wings assured directional stability. Project members believed that thousands of these easily mass-produced weapons could annihilate a city or an industrial complex in a matter of moments if launched in a massive attack formation. Most of the Army’s high command remained unaware of the weapon’s devel- opment until offi - cial demonstrations were held in Octo- ber 1918. During the first official test held in Dayton, Ohio, near McCook Field, the minia- lifted into the air on cue. Then the slowly climbing aircraft ture craft deviated off course, swooped, and dove like a kite flying without enough wind, heading straight for the reviewing stands. The distinguished crowd dove haphazardly under the bleachers preparing for disaster. Arnold recalled, “At about six to eight hundred feet, as if possessed by the devil, it turned over, made Immelman turns, and seeming to spot the group of brass hats below, dived on them, scattering them in all directions,” much to the embarrassement of the Liberty Eagle development team. Fortunately, the craft crash-landed a few hundred feet from the invited guests. A small trophy fashioned from the main gyroscope and a fragment of the wing is preserved as part of the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum col- lections. Orville Wright, C. Harold Wills, Elmer A. Sperry, Rob- ert A. Millikan, and Ketter- ing were all members of the team—a collection of accomplished scientists and engineers. Wright re- mained active in aviation technology his entire life and was frequently con- sulted by Arnold when he faced any diffi cult prob- lem. But neither Arnold 126 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 Photo from the Robert & Kathleen Arnold Collection

Left: Arnold as commander of US than the machinery involved, since it tances than the capacity of gas and Army Air Forces. Above: The B-10 that consisted of nothing more than hoses, oil tanks will permit.” a member of Arnold’s team crashed ropes, and gas cans. Lt. Frank W. Seif- into Cook Inlet in Alaska during an expedition to photograph the Alaskan ert and Lt. Virgil S. Hine achieved two Personal Tragedies coastline. Arnold took full responsibil- successful contacts in a modifi ed DH-4 In his youth, Arnold’s mother Anna ity for the mishap. aircraft. A second, even more successful (“Gangy”) was attentive to the children, test occurred in August. while his father Herbert (“Daddy Doc”) nor the Liberty Eagle ever fl ew in combat Arnold had no doubt of the critical made his rounds as the town physician. and the top secret project went dormant importance of aerial refueling, still She was with Arnold at pivotal moments shortly after the end of World War I. As considered a stunt by most of the in his life—the most memorable being commander of USAAF during World War general public and many aviators. his unexpected commissioning into the II, Arnold resurrected the project as a small Arnold’s Rockwell Field “Holiday infantry in 1907. Gangy usually called craft resembling a Cessna. That unmanned Greetings” letter not only highlighted her son by a pet name—“Sunny.” project evolved into the clandestine Weary the tests but made a subtle political This name carried over into his mar- Willy-remotely piloted bomb project. In statement as well. “In performing the riage to Eleanor (“Bee”) who had af- 1944, Weary Willy bombers and television- two aforementioned flights Rockwell fectionately called him Sunny since controlled glide bombs were actually used Field presented to the world a new the days of their courtship. This was against Axis targets in France. mode of replenishing gasoline and oil not surprising since young Arnold had Arnold’s innovative alternate uses supply of an airplane while in flight,” taken Bee’s family nickname, “Beadle,” for aircraft continued while serving at Arnold stated. “While the great ben- as his pet name for her. Most of her Rockwell Field, San Diego, in 1923. That efits to be derived from refueling in private correspondence to him began, June, Arnold ordered four lieutenants to the air are probably unappreciated at “Dear Sunny” and his return letters were fl ight-test a basic air refueling method. this time by many people in aviation signed, “Your Own, Sunny.” In a search to increase the combat range circles, it can only be a matter of a In the midst of the remarkable accom- of pursuit airplanes and bombers, Arnold few years until the pioneer refueling plishments of the 1923 refueling trials, approved the dangerous and potentially work done at this station will be the tragedy struck the Arnold family as their revolutionary experiment in aviation basis for operating airplanes on long third child, William Bruce, contracted a operations: midair refueling. cross-country flights whenever it is nearly fatal case of scarlet fever. Then, Audacity and fearlessness played a needed to carry great loads or carry inexplicably, Arnold’s fourth child, two- larger role in the success of the trials materiel or personnel to greater dis- year-old John Linton, became ill and AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 127 cers in the potential of airpower. While serving at the Cavalry School at Riley, Arnold decided to commit to Army life despite becoming eligible to retire after 20 years of military service. The crumbling economy may have infl uenced his fi nal deci- sion, as the global depression precipitated a second personal tragedy in the Arnold family. Economic pressures on Arnold’s parents, Daddy Doc and Gangy, had become overwhelming. Their life savings were lost when banks collapsed in 1929. Sunday morning, Jan. 18, 1931, at 7 a.m., Gangy woke as

Photo from the Robert & Kathleen Arnold Collection usual but soon experienced severe chest pain. She alerted Daddy Doc to her deteriorating condition, but even his expertise as a physician could not save her. By 7:20 a.m., she lay dead, stricken by a massive heart attack. Arnold, feeling tremendous guilt that he had missed his parents’ golden wedding anniversary the previous spring, rushed to his father’s side. After the funeral, Daddy Doc fell into a deep depression and never recovered from his wife’s sudden death. Arnold’s mother’s death had a deep and lasting impact. In the months following her death, the letters to and from his wife changed. Beadle, recognizing that the nickname Sunny would be a constant reminder of his mother’s death, changed his nickname to “Hap”—an abbreviation of “Happy.” Only after Arnold’s mother died in January 1931 does “Hap” ap- pear in his daily correspondence, establishing the nickname he carried for the rest of his life. By May 1931, Arnold had altered his personal signature from Harley “Sunny” Arnold to “Hap” Arnold. As with other traumatic events in Arnold’s life, he never spoke of it openly. The year 1934 brought new highs in his military fl ight accomplishments. Arnold led a fl ight of new Martin B-10 bombers that fl ew round-trip from Washington, D.C., to Fairbanks, Alaska. The fi rst all-metal, low-wing, retractable

Above: Arnold wrote six Bill Bruce adventure stories. The series was named after his third son. Right: Arnold (r) fl ew his fi rst 28 sorties with Arthur Welsh (l), his instructor. Welsh was killed in a 1912 crash of a Wright Flyer C.

suddenly died. It was later determined that he had suffered a ruptured appendix. The death struck the Arnolds with tremendous force. Arnold had his work to occupy his time and mind, but Bee had the children and they were her life. Eventually, John Linton’s death was too much for Bee to handle on her own. By May 1924, she had retreated to the family home in Ardmore, Pa., to recover psychologically from the loss of her child. It took almost a full year before Arnold could face his own feeling of loss. On June 2, 1924, he wrote to his wife. “We all miss you very much [Beadle] and in addition I, somehow now more than for some time, miss the presence of John Linton’s sunny smile.” Arnold, with the expert help of a nursemaid, kept the other children out in California allowing Bee to recuperate in peace. Shortly thereafter, he wrote and published several boys adventure books about pilots and fl ying and named the hero after his middle son. In all, he wrote six “Bill Bruce” books, from 1926 to 1928, and earned about $200 for each one. He also wrote books for his other two living sons—Henry H. Jr. and David—that were never published. Arnold made important contributions to the ground forces during this time at Fort Riley by indoctrinating cavalry offi - 128 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 gear monoplane, the B-10 was the most a pilot from outside the mission team He lost friends to fl ying accidents and technologically advanced aircraft in the fl y the B-10 was one Arnold regretted aerial combat. He lost his toddler son to Air Corps inventory. and took responsibility for. Nowhere a medical condition that went undetected The expedition staged sporadic photo in Arnold’s correspondence did he lay by medical tools of the times. The same operations out of Fairbanks and Anchor- blame elsewhere for the accident, not was true when his mother suffered a heart age for two weeks. Arnold even found a even upon the inexperienced pilot. attack. His understanding and belief in few hours to lay over in Juneau to accept The working airplanes returned to the positive aspects of technological a totem pole from the mayor of the city. Fairbanks to complete their photo mis- change was far beyond the reach of Additionally, the aviators successfully sion, and Arnold left a mechanical crew most of his Army contemporaries. A photographed a sizeable portion of the in Anchorage to get the damaged airplane tremendous catalyst to this process Alaskan Territory, including the archi- in working order if possible. The ditched was his close personal association with pelago, despite clouds and low ceilings. B-10 rejoined the rest of the contingent America’s scientifi c, industrial, and The only glitch in the mission occurred at Fairbanks one week later. academic communities. on a fl ight out of Anchorage. At times, he placed too much faith in On the morning of Aug. 3, rain clouds DFC and Mackay No. 2 the possibilities of science and on more broke and an opportunity to photograph The mechanics had not only saved than one occasion hung his hopes on pipe- some terrain presented itself. Arnold Arnold’s reputation after he had made a dream technology, but more often than recounted the events of the day to Beadle. bad decision, but had also saved the Army not, his imaginative ideas were realized. “Everything went along well until Air Corps considerable public embarrass- Theodore von Kármán, the man Arnold Bobzien [a member of the photo team, ment. To Arnold, those young men were had personally selected to lead the AAF not one of the regular crew] took off. His heroes in more ways than one. With one into the technological future as head of engines both quit soon after takeoff and month’s preparation, Arnold had taken his the Scientifi c Advisory Board, wrote he landed in Cook Inlet. No damage to aircraft nearly 8,000 miles, in constant on the occasion of Arnold’s military the plane other than saltwater or injury radio contact with the ground, with only retirement: “You certainly know that I to personnel other than a good wetting. one major foul up, and no aircraft losses always admired your imagination and [However, Arnold later found out that along the way. The round-trip distance to judgment, and I believe that you are one Sergeant Bush had broken his leg in the Alaska was 7,360 miles, but aerial map- of the few men I have met who have the ditching.] We are salvaging the plane ping missions were fl own while deployed format to have at the same time your feet now. However, I doubt if the plane will there, in addition to a fl ight to March on the ground and your head over the ever be used again on account of the Field, Calif., and then back to New York clouds—even on days when the ceiling saltwater bath.” shortly after their return to Washington. is rather high.” The pilot had mishandled the fuel The total mileage fl own on the mission, Arnold’s dedication to scientific control switches and cut off the fuel according to Arnold’s trip diary, was knowledge and pursuit of technologi- to the engines. The decision to allow 18,010 fl ight miles at an average speed cal development was the product of a of 168 miles per hour. lifetime of operational fl ying experience. The success of the mission earned Yet he realized that making decisions re- Arnold the Distinguished Flying Cross garding science and technology required and a second Mackay Trophy, and careful thought and was a by-product of it proved long-range bombers could all of life’s experiences. Arnold made it threaten once impenetrable and isolated perfectly clear that even possessing the territorial boundaries. fi nest of mental or physical qualities Photo via Library of Congress President Roosevelt wanted to see could not guarantee success in opera- Arnold afterward, so Hap hurried to tions or command. the White House. During the 10-minute In 1947 he wrote, “When it comes meeting, FDR offered congratulations right down to ‘brass tacks,’ however, on the success of the Alaska mission in the military fi eld, as well as in other and asked a hundred questions about fi elds, it would seem to be a man’s native the Yukon. ability that spells the difference between The meeting was Arnold’s fi rst alone failure and mediocrity, between medi- with the President. Feeling proud and ocrity and success. Two men may work relieved, and with brand-new B-10s equally hard toward a common goal; one under his command, Arnold returned will have just that ‘something’ the other to March Field. lacks. That puts him at the top.” Arnold’s fl ight experience began al- Arnold realized that he, among a most as early as the very fi rst fl ying fortunate few, had one quality that could machine. His life spanned the evolu- not be learned or taught. Hap Arnold tion of American airpower through the described it as “the intangible—the development of the fi rst jet fi ghters. spirit of a man.” I

Dik A. Daso is a retired F-15, RF-4, and T-38 pilot and former curator of modern military aircraft at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum. This article is derived from his book, Hap Arnold and the Evolution of American Airpower. Daso’s most recent article for Air Force Magazine, “The Red Baron,” appeared in the March 2012 issue. AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 129 AFA Field Contacts

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130 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 AFA National Report [email protected]

By Frances McKenney, Assistant Managing Editor

“Low-Cost, High-Impact” The cause is dear to his heart. Robert E. Wiggins, New Jersey’s longtime Thomas B. McGuire Jr. Chapter member, has been regularly donating books on airpower topics to libraries and schools. His aim has always been to promote the professional development of airmen.

On one of his recent donation drop-offs to the library at USAF photo by Russ Meseroll JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J.—a two-hour drive from his home in Pennsylvania, by the way—he began chatting with a library staff member about the effects of sequestration. He learned that the staff worried about their ability to maintain their inventory of books on the Air Force Chief of Staff’s Reading List. According to SMSgt. William J. Horay Jr., chapter presi- dent, Wiggins then did something typical for him: He spoke up at a chapter meeting, describing with passion the library’s need for more funds. Horay immediately pegged Wiggins’ idea as a “low-cost, McGuire Chapter President SMSgt. Bill Horay gives Mimi Cirillo, library director, a donation for books. This donation was high-impact” project, quite doable. The chapter pulled together the idea of Bob Wiggins, second from left. some $250, including donations from individual members. The funds will cover one complete set of books on the 2013 Chief of Staff’s Reading List, Horay explained. It will help replace some of the books that have been on the list for several years and suffered wear and tear, and library of- ficials said they can now invest in e-book versions that the airmen have been requesting. Photo by Duncan Waldrop For his part, Wiggins has continued to telephone military and news organizations, spreading the word about the need for books for the base libraries.

For The Next Generation of Cadets When reveille sounded at 5 a.m., several cadets at Dela- ware’s AFJROTC Summer Leadership School could blame—or thank?—the Delaware Galaxy Chapter. Led by President William F. Oldham, the chapter donated funds to help eight students attend the annual school, held at the Delaware National Guard Bethany Beach Training Mike Peters and Don Steed (right) take a breather at the C. Farinha Gold Rush Chapter’s Wings of Hope Golf Classic Site. Six more chapter members stepped forward to donate fund-raiser in California. additional funds to sponsor more cadets. For the 10th year, retired Maj. John K. Murphy, Dover High School AFJROTC instructor and also the Galaxy Chapter’s treasurer, served as the leadership school’s commandant. The seven days of training involved 115 cadets from six AFJROTC programs. Delaware Air National Guardsmen taught them land and water survival. The students also worked on academics, physical fitness, drills, and dormitory and personal inspection topics—“hospital corners on the beds,” as Murphy explained it—and the proper wearing of their uniforms. Central East Region President Joseph L. Hardy was the reviewing official for the graduation pass in review. He pointed out that he has attended several JROTC events and has been impressed by the “number of graduates from these programs who return voluntarily, often at their own expense, to serve as cadre for the next generation of cadets.” For this session, in fact, four of the half-dozen second lieutenants and AFROTC cadets who volunteered as Cadet Training Advisors were themselves graduates of this leader- Retired Col. Mitch Berger (back row) of the Delaware Galaxy Chapter ship school. and Cadet Training Advisors at the AFJROTC leadership school.

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 131 AFA National Report

US Sen. Heidi Heitkamp (D-N.D.) held a roundtable discus- sion with (l-r) Ken Fox, president of the Gen. David C. Jones Chapter; North Central Region President and State President Jim Simons; former Region President Ron Garcia; and State Treasurer Bob Herrington. Topics covered: the suicide rate of veterans, claims processing at the Department of Veter- ans Affairs, and lengthy travel times to reach the nearest VA Medical Center.

Retired Gen. David C. Jones, for whom the North Dakota chapter is named, died Aug. 10 at age 92. More informa- tion will follow in Air Force Magazine’s October issue.

Lt. Gen. Ellen Pawlikowski accepts a space leadership award from Ed Peura, the Gen. B. A. Schriever Los Angeles Area Chap­ Supervised by retired Col. Mitch L. Berger of the Galaxy ter president (left), and Chapter Board Chairman Tav Taverney. Chapter, the advisors trained the senior-cadet cadre and even chaperoned the students in the barracks. “We couldn’t run the school without the CTAs,” Berger commented. The CTA volunteers (in the photo with Berger) were, left to right: 2nd Lt. Rebecca Haggerty, 2nd Lt. Steven Nardone,

and 2nd Lt. Alex Williams; AFROTC cadets Amy Maycut and Photo by Sarah Corrice Dennis Wilcutts II; and West Point cadet Natalia Drew.

Anxiety, Toil, Success Does this sound familiar? Writing about the Gen. B. A. Schriever Los Angeles Chapter’s annual Salute to Space and Missile Systems Center, Chapter President Edwin W. A. Peura described “the usual anxiety over slow table sales,” “the toil” of rounding up award nominations, and the “tough job” of evaluating them. Hopefully, the outcome sounds familiar, too: Everything fell into place for a successful awards banquet.

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132 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 AFA’s Airmen and Some 340 guests attended the 39th Family Programs Di- Salute to SMC, held at the LA Airport rector Paula Roy (left) presents Stefanie Marriott. Awards went to 13 personnel Howell with an AFA from Los Angeles Air Force Base, and Spouse Scholarship the Military Satellite Communications at a Donald W. Steele Systems Directorate was named Out- Photo by F. Gavin MacAloon Photo by F. Sr. Memorial Chapter standing Unit. event. At right: Kevin Lt. Gen. Ellen M. Pawlikowski received Lewis, chapter VP. the chapter’s Gen. Bernard A. Schriever Howell is working Space Leadership Award, recognition on a Ph.D. at George for her role as SMC commander for the Mason University in Virginia. AFA award- past two years. In addition, the chapter ed a dozen $2,500 named David W. Madden as a Gen. Spouse Scholarships Bernard A. Schriever Fellow. Madden for 2013. is SMC executive director and head of its Milsatcom Directorate. Earlier that day, the chapter hosted its annual Executive Forum, with some 30 industry representatives and 20 senior leaders from SMC. Discussion centered on two themes: opportunities and challenges with satellite ground INSPIRE. systems and how to lower indirect costs and overhead.

More Chapter News The Eglin Chapter (Fla.) led four other organizations in carrying out a luncheon featuring US Rep. Jeff Miller (R-Fla.) at the Bob Hope Village in Shalimar. Miller chairs the Veterans’ Affairs Committee and serves on the Armed Services Committee. At the Florida gathering, he devoted most of his time fielding audience questions, reported Chapter President Shannon M. Farrell. Chapter Treasurer Steve Czonstka arranged the event, catered by a Community Partner, Classic Catering. In Minot, N.D., the Gen. David C. Jones Chapter’s 32nd Annual Awards Banquet brought some 270 people to the Grand Hotel to celebrate outstand- ing performers from each group and HowHow many giftsgifts to to the the Annual Annual Fund Fund does does it take it take to make to make a difference? a difference? squadron at Minot Air Force Base, plus Just one—yours. When you combine your gift with thousands of others, the Civil Air Patrol, JROTC, and Air Justyou’ll one—yours. INSPIRE the When future you leaders combine of our your United gift withStates thousands Air Force. of others, Force recruiting office—40 awardees in all. AFA Executive Vice President you’ll INSPIRE the future leaders of our United States Air Force. Richard Y. Newton was guest speaker, The ANNUAL FUND provides needed resources for the Air Force and staff members from the offices of US Sen. Mary Kathryn “Heidi” Heitkamp TheAssociation ANNUAL to Promote FUND Air provides Force Airpower needed as resourceswe Educate for the the public Air Force about the critical role of aerospace power in the defense of our nation; (D-N.D.) and US Rep. Kevin Cramer AssociationAdvocate aerospace to Promote power Air and Force a strong Airpower national as defense; we Educate and Support the public (R-N.D.) read letters from their bosses. Paul J. Goldschmidt and Bonnie M. aboutthe United the critical States Airrole Force of aerospace and the Air power Force in Family. the defense of our nation; Goldschmidt, both members of the Gen. Advocate aerospace power and a strong national defense; and Support theEvery United Statesgift Air can Force make and the Aira difference.Force Family. AFA Conventions

Make yours today. Sept. 14-15 AFA National Convention, Every gift can make a difference. National Harbor, Md. FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Larry Dilworth, VP of Development & Marketing Sept. 16-18 AFA Air & Space Confer- 1.800.727.3337 • 703.247.5800 Make yours today. [email protected] ence, National Harbor, Md. for more information contact: OR VISIT US ONLINE AT: Promoting Air Force Airpower Oct. 17 Texas State Convention, Lois S. O’Connor,www.afa.org/donate Director of Development 1.800.727.3337 • 703.247.5800 Austin, Tex. [email protected] AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 133 or visit us online at: The Force Behind THE FORCE. www.afa.org/contributions AFA National Report

US Rep. Jeff Miller (R-Fla.) addresses the Eglin Green Mountain Chapter’s Jamie Navarro and President Ray Tan­guay (both far Professional Consortium, led by the Eglin Chapter. right) and Vermont’s Champlain Valley Union High School CyberPatriot team.

Lewis E. Lyle Chap- ter’s secretary, Morris Cash (left), and President Larry Louden (right) pres- ent Nicholas Seward with the Chapter High School Teacher of the Year award. Seward teaches computer sci- ence at the Arkansas School for Mathemat- ics, Sciences, and the Arts in Hot Springs.

Genesee Valley Chapter’s Kyle Mullen (r) names Mar- tha O’Duffy as New York State and Chapter Teacher of the Year. She teaches at School No. 39 in Rochester. Chapter President Alfred Smith is at left. w i l l i a m b e n d e r Client Testimonials “I am ecstatic with the products I’ve received and the care you have put into crafting them. I am con dent that I will not have a problem ge ing in the door for an interview with these.” Colonel, USAF “Your product is undeniably one of the  nest on the market. I thank you for taking so much material, condensing it and returning it to me so quickly. And your price is low! I will not hesitate to recommend your services to my friends. I am a very satis ed customer.” Major, USAF

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134 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 David C. Jones Chapter, headed the US Rep. Howard “Buck” awards banquet committee. McKeon receives the Distin- guished American Award at James E. Fultz, a longtime Great the Nation’s Capital Chapter’s Lakes Region, Indiana state, and South- dinner in July. With him are ern Indiana Chapter leader, died May (l-r): USAF Chief of Staff Gen. 12. He was 81 years old. He served in the Mark Welsh III, Chapter Presi- Air Force from 1954 to 1966, rising to the dent Kevin Jackson, and AFA rank of captain. According to biographical President Craig McKinley. information he provided to AFA, he con- sidered his assignment with the 1861st AACS in Japan as the most memorable time during his years of service. n

At Marquette University in Mil- waukee, AFROTC cadet James Fehrenbach received the AFA Sword Award from Billy Mitchell Chapter President Victor John- son (right). Fehrenbach is now in pilot training.

Also at Marquette’s All-Service Awards Ceremony, Johnson pre- sented Andrew Giaimo with an AFA Silver Medal. The award goes to the outstanding junior-year cadet in an AFROTC detachment.

-JOIN THE CONVERSATION- Connect with AFA and Air Force Magazine on social media by using #ASC13. We’ll A week later, Johnson traveled be engaging with attendees, speakers, and to the University of Wisconsin, exhibitors and sharing content throughout Madison, to present Megan the conference. Ritzert (center) with an AFA Sil- ver Medal and Certificate. At left is Det. 925 commander, Lt. Col. Todd Berge. @AIRFORCEASSOC @AIRFORCEMAG

Reunions [email protected] 12th Tactical Fighter Wg, Vietnam, 12th Plaza Hotel, Wilmington, DE. Contact: Pilot Tng Class 70-03, Reese AFB in Fighter Escort Wg/Strategic Fighter Tim Clifford (724-742-0180) (tjcliff@ November 2014. Contact: Johannes Wg, Korea, 12th TFW, Randolph AFB, consolidated.net). Korver ([email protected]). TX, 479th & 306th Flying Tng Gp, Pensacola, FL, & 306th FTG, US Air Aviation Cadet Pilot Tng Class 55-J. UPT Class 73-09, Williams AFB, AZ, in Force Academy. April 23-26, 2014, in Oct. 8-11 at Best Western Hondo Inn in Phoenix. Contact: Jim Evans (480-831- Pensacola. Contact: E. J. Sherwood Hondo, TX. Contacts: Tom Bailey (618- 1364) ([email protected]). n (480-396-4681) ([email protected]). 544-9599) ([email protected]) or Jim Gibler (806-771-5018) (jgibler@ 40th Fighter/40th Flight Test Sq nts-online-net). E-mail unit reunion notices four months (1939-present). Oct. 3-6 at Homewood Suites ahead of the event to [email protected], or mail in Fairborn, OH. Contact: Bill Highfield (770- USAF Pilot Tng Class 62-A. Nov. 5-11 at notices to “Unit Reunions,” Air Force Magazine, 229-4297) ([email protected]). the Alex Park Resort, Las Vegas. Contact: 1501 Lee Highway, Arlington, VA 22209-1198. David Tippett, 227 Forest Creek Dr., Boz- Please designate the unit holding the reunion, 377th Security Police Sq, Tan Son Nhut eman, MT 59718 (406-570-8290) (dave. time, location, and a contact for more informa- tion. We reserve the right to condense notices. AB, Vietnam. April 24-27, 2014, Crowne [email protected]).

AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013 135 Airpower Classics Artwork by Zaur Eylanbekov F-117 Nighthawk

The F-117A Nighthawk, the world’s first opera- flew only at night. F-117 designers relied heavily tional stealth combat aircraft, was one of history’s on stock parts, and its development phase was best-kept military secrets. Lockheed’s single-seat, especially short. The first YF-117A, serial #79- twin-engine ground-attack fighter was conceived 0780, made its maiden flight only 31 months after in 1975, first flew in 1981, and became operational the full-scale development decision. in 1983, but it was not made public until 1988. Developed to meet a USAF need to attack high- The F-117 was not “invisible” to radar, and could value targets without being detected by enemy be detected, but it was extremely difficult to track. radar, “the Black Jet” became world famous for In fact, some believe the Iraqis never successfully its work in the 1991 Gulf War. tracked it in 1991. The F-117 performed brilliantly in Desert Storm, flying unseen and untouched The F-117 was of conventional aluminum con- through the fire-hose shower of Iraqi anti-aircraft struction, with a specially designed canopy and fire in the war’s early days, although one was precisely serrated edges on doors and panels. It shot down during Operation Allied Force in 1999. achieved stealth principally by deflecting radar returns and using radar-absorbent material, but It was retired in 2008, not for loss of capability the design also suppressed infrared signals from but mostly because of cost. its engines and exhausts. It was painted black and —Walter J. Boyne

This aircraft: USAF F-117 Nighthawk—#85-0825—as it looked in 1991 when assigned to the 415th Tactical Fighter Squadron, based at Tonopah Test Range Arpt., Nev.

In Brief Designed, built by Lockheed e first flight June 18, 1981 e number built 64 [five demonstrators] e crew of one e two General Electric F404 engines. Specific to F-117A: armament none e load up to 5,000 lb of a variety of munitions (Mk 84, GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU- 27, GBU-31, BLU-109, WCMD, AGM-154 JSOW, AGM-158) e max speed 617 mph e cruise speed 550 mph e max range 930 mi e weight (loaded) 52,500 lb e span 43 ft 4 in e length 65 ft 11 in e height 12 ft 5 in. Famous Fliers Notables: James Allen, Bruce Carlson, Howell Estes III, Greg Feest, Ralph Getchell, Ward Juedeman, Bryan Knight, Bill Lake, Kenneth

Photo by SrA. Mitch Fuqua Levens, Chuck Link, Roger Locher, John Mills, Ross Mulhare, Lloyd Newton, Michael Short, Michael Stewart, A. J. Tolin, Alton Whitley, Dale Zelko. Test pilots: Harold Farley, Dave Ferguson, Skip Holm, Tom Morgenfeld.

Interesting Facts Exhibited radar cross section of only .269 sq ft e stemmed from faceted-panel stealth theory concept of Pyotr Ufimtsev, a Soviet mathematician e carried no radar of its own e given call sign “Bandit,” leading F-117 pilots to call themselves “Bandits” e flown by 558 pilots, each with his own “Bandit” number e saw first combat in 1989 in Operation Just Cause, Panama e in Gulf War, flew 1,271 sorties, dropped 2,000 tons of bombs, and struck 1,669 targets e shot down only once, over Yugoslavia on March 27, 1999 e nicknamed “Black Jet” by USAF pilots and “Shaba” (Arabic An F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter touches down at Aviano AB, Italy, for “ghost”) by Saudi airmen e featured in films “Interceptor” Feb. 21, 1999. (1993), “Executive Decision” (1996).

136 AIR FORCE Magazine / September 2013

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