Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. LII Excavations at Portchester Castle Volume V: Post Medieval 1609-1819 By Barry Cunliffe, M.A., Ph.D., Liu.n., F.B.A., F.s.A. and Beverley Garratt, B.Sc. with contributions by W. Cocroft and M.T. Thornhill Published by The Society of Antiquaries of London 1 994 This volume is published with the aid of a grant from English Heritage. ©The Society of Antiquaries of London, 1994 ISBN 0 85431 264 I PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY ALDEN PRESS LIMITED, OXFORD CONTENTS PAGE List of Figures Vll List of Plates Vlll PREFACE x I INTRODUCTORY SECTIONS General introduction Historical outline . II CARTOGRAPHIC AND TOPOGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE 7 Introduction 7 Catalogue of plans 8 Catalogue of drawings, paintings and engravings 10 III THE STRUCTURAL SEQUENCE: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE . 20 Introduction 20 The Outer Bailey. 21 The area south of the Land Gate (1961, 1962 and 1969) . 22 The main area excavation ( 1964-1972) 25 The Water Gate 31 Trial trenches by the churchyard gate 32 The wall of the outer bailey 32 The Inner Bailey . 32 The North West range 33 The West range 33 The South Western inner chamber 34 The Hall of Richard II 35 The kitchen of the Richard II palace 36 The South East range 38 The East range 39 Assheton's Tower 40 The North range 40 The keep and the forebuildings 41 The courtyard . 43 Summary of the development of the inner bailey 47 Barrack Field 51 Details of individual structures 52 IV CONTENTS IV DOCUMENTARY SOURCES 60 Introduction 60 Sources in the Public Record Office by Michael T. Thornhill 60 Other documentary sources 63 Selected documents . 63 v EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES 68 Introduction 68 Distribution of the principal inscriptions 68 VI THE POST MEDIEVAL POTTERY 70 Introduction 70 Fabrics 70 Description of the stratified groups 71 VII THE GLASS by Wayne Cocroft 84 Introduction 84 Wine bottles 84 Other bottles 86 Phials 86 Glass stoppers 86 Drinking glasses 88 Miscellaneous 88 Window glass . 88 VIII CLAY PIPES by Beverley Garratt. 89 Introduction 89 The manufacturers 89 Decorated examples . gr Bowl types 95 Grades of finish 97 Distribution 97 IX THE SMALL FINDS by Beverley Garratt 98 Introduction 98 Coins 99 Tokens IOO Buckles IOO CONTENTS v Buttons 104 Objects of bone I 10 Objects of copper alloy . 119 Objects of iron 122 Objects of lead alloy 128 X SYNTHESIS: THE MILITARY AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF PORTCHESTER CASTLE, 1609-1819 130 Introduction 130 Search for a use: the castle in the seventeenth century 130 The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1713. 1 33 The middle years of the eighteenth century, 1740-1763 1 34 The first phase of the prisoner of war camp, 1740-1748 1 34 The interlude, 1749-1755 . 142 The second phase: The Seven Years War, 1756-1763 142 The interlude, 1763-1794 146 The prison camp during the Revolutionary War, 1794-1802 146 Portchester as an ordnance depot, 1802-181 o 152 The prison camp, 1810-1815 . 153 The aftermath of war, 1814-1819 162 BIBLIOGRAPHY 164 INDEX. 168 CONTENTS OF MICROFICHE Calendar of documentary sources relating to the history of Portchester Castle, 1609-1819 l:A3-D7 Data on structures and contexts l:E1-F4 Details of structures in the Outer Bailey l :E1-13 Details of structures in the Inner Bailey l :F1-4 Major contexts giving lists of finds l :G1-7 Summary lists of small finds 2:A3-D13 Glass concordance . 2:A4-5 Clay pipes: context details 2:A6 List of tokens . 2:A7-8 List of bone objects . 2:A9-B2 List of buckles 2:B3-ro List of buttons 2:B1 l-C12 List of copper alloy objects 2:D1-5 List of iron objects . 2:D6-1 l List of lead alloy objects . 2:D12-13 LIST OF FIGURES General plan of the fort . 2I 2 The outer bailey excavation, I96I 23 3 The outer bailey excavation, I964-78 25 4 The outer bailey excavation, phase plans. 26 5 The Water Gate 3I 6 The inner bailey excavation, western area 33 7 The keep: plan 4I 8 The keep: sections . 42 9 The inner bailey excavation, eastern area 43 IO The inner bailey excavation, I 702-I 763 48 I I The inner bailey excavation, I 794-I8I 7 50 I2 Excavations in Barrack Field, I965. 52 I3 Post medieval pottery 72 14 Post medieval pottery 74 I5 Post medieval pottery 76 I6 Post medieval pottery 77 I7 Post medieval pottery 79 I8 Post medieval pottery 8I I9 Glass bottles . 85 20 Glass phials and drinking glasses 87 2I-26 Clay pipes 90--6 27 Buckles IOI 28 Buttons I06 29-33 Objects of bone .III-I8 34-36 Objects of copper alloy . I 20--23 37-39 Objects of iron . I24-27 40 Objects of lead alloy I28 4I Plan of the prison camp in I 8 I 5 I33 42 The outer bailey: location of trenches and sections I66 43 The inner bailey: location of trenches and sections I67 LIST OF PLATES (at end) I Plan of the castle in l 756 II Sketch plan of the castle in l 802 III Ou dine plan of the castle in l 8 l 5 IV Detailed plan of the castle in l 8 l 5 v Sketch of the entrance to the castle in l 8 l 5 Via Portchester in 1723 by W. Stukeley b Portchester in l 733 by S. and N. Buck VII a Portchester from the sea in l 760 by F. Grose b Portchester from the north in l 760 by F. Grose VIII Portchester from the north in l 760 by F. Grose IX a The inner bailey in l 76 l by F. Grose b The inner bailey in l 76 l by F. Grose Xa Portchester from the north in l 76 l by F. Grose b Portchester from the north engraved in l 772 after F. Grose XI Portchester from the west engraved c. 1770 after F. Grose(?) XII a The church in Portchester in 1761 by F. Grose b The church in Portchester engraved in 1785 after F. Grose XIII a The church from the south in 1761 by F. Grose b The church from the south-west in l 76 l by F. Grose XIV The inner bailey c. 1770; artist unknown, possibly F. Grose XV a The inner bailey engraved in l 781 after F. Grose(?) b The gate to the inner bailey engraved in l 785 after F. Grose(?) XVI The barracks outside Portchester engraved in 1784 after J. Orme XVII a The inner bailey engraved in l 799 after W. Orme b Portchester from the north engraved in 1791; artist unknown, possibly W. Orme XVIII a Entrance to the inner bailey c. l 790 by E. Dayes b Entrance to the inner bailey engraved in 181 l after E. Dayes XIX a Portchester from the north engraved in l 797 after E. Dayes b Portchester from the west engraved in 181 l after E. Dayes XXa Portchester from the east by Captain Durrant, 1813 b Assheton's Tower and the keep by Captain Durrant, 1813 XXIa Portchester from outside the north wall by Captain Durrant, 1813 b The Land gate from outside by Captain Durrant, 1813 XXII a The Land gate from inside by Captain Durrant, 1813 b The 'prison market' by Captain Durrant, 1813 XXIIla Inside the inner bailey by Captain Durrant, l 8 l 3 b Inside the inner bailey by Captain Durrant, l 8 l 3 XXIV The inner bailey engraved in 1817: artist unknown xxv Bird's eye view of Portchester, November l 8 l 7: artist unknown XXVla Brick cesspit, P9 b Robber-trench for building 2 and drain F83 XXVII a Brick sewer (F3) and cesspit (F7) b Brick sewer (F3) XXVIII a Fence slot (F2) and cultivation trenches b Pits 2 l 3 and 2 l 2 with the adjacent fence slot LIST OF PLATES lX XXIX a Burial in grave F12 cut by pit 212 b Rosary accompanying burial in grave F12 XXX a Culvert (FI o 1) in west range b Culvert (FJ01) in west range XXXI a Culvert (F JO 1) in the courtyard b Culvert (F JO r) and pit 302 in the courtyard XXXII a Culvert (Fr r8) in the east range b Culvert (Fr r8) in the east range XXXIII Structures in the kitchen XXXIV Western part of the courtyard XXXV Western part of the courtyard XXXVI a Well (P252) b Cistern (P25 r) XXXVII a Roofline against south wall of keep b Stairs against the forebuilding: 1932 XXXVIII a Paintings in the keep: general layout b Painting in the keep: detail XXXIX a Floor joists in the keep b Roof structure on the keep c. r930 XL a Land gate with early nineteenth-century guardhouse b North wall of fort XLI a East wall of fort b West wall of fort XLII a Scar of south-east corner bastion b Bastion on south wall XLIII a Excavation in Barrack Field, r965 b The Powder House XLIV-LI Graffiti LII Glass LIII-L V Buckles LVI-LVII Buttons L VIII Bone waste LIX Crucifixes PREFACE he production of this fifth volume of the Portchester Castle excavation reports has taken T longer than it should. After the publication of Volume IV in 1985 the material for the final volume began to be assembled. On the face of it the task was comparatively simple for the various military uses to which the castle had been put in the period from 1609 to 1819 had left little structural mark on the fabric and the below-ground archaeological traces were uncomplicated.