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Distrito De Changuinola, Provincia De Bocas Del Toro, Re

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Distrito De Changuinola, Provincia De Bocas Del Toro, Re PONTÍFICIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO (PUC-SP) GISELA ARACELY BARAHONA DE GRACIA PROGRAMA REDE DE OPORTUNIDADES: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AS MUDANÇAS OCORRIDAS NA VIDA COTIDIANA DE USUÁRIAS – DISTRITO DE CHANGUINOLA – PROVINCÍA DE BOCAS DEL TORO – PANAMÁ – 2006/2010 DOUTORADO EM SERVIÇO SOCIAL SÃO PAULO 2011 1 PONTÍFICIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO (PUC-SP) GISELA ARACELY BARAHONA DE GRACIA PROGRAMA REDE DE OPORTUNIDADES: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AS MUDANÇAS OCORRIDAS NA VIDA COTIDIANA DE USUÁRIAS – DISTRITO DE CHANGUINOLA – PROVINCÍA DE BOCAS DEL TORO – PANAMÁ – 2006/2010 Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora em Serviço Social, sob a orientação da Profa Dra Maria Lucia Carvalho da Silva. SÃO PAULO 2011 2 Banca Examinadora _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ São Paulo, de de 2011. 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Estado panamenho, pela valiosa oportunidade de realizar estudos de doutorado em Serviço Social, que me permitirá compartilhar os conhecimentos adquiridos e servir ao desenvolvimento social e econômico de nosso país. À equipe de trabalho da Secretaria Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (Senacyt) e do Instituto para a Formação e Aproveitamento dos Recursos Humanos (Ifarhu), gerentes do Programa de Bolsas Internacionais, pelo compromisso e apoio oferecidos ao longo desses quatro anos. À Universidade Tecnológica de Panamá, pelo respaldo propiciado à realização deste projeto acadêmico e profissional. A meus amigos Humberto e Ivet, por sua amizade e por se arriscarem economicamente a fim de que eu realizasse este projeto acadêmico e pessoal, muito obrigada. À Profa Dra Maria Lucia Carvalho da Silva, por sua orientação e atenção oferecidas durante este processo, o qual foi marcado por mudanças e alguns momentos muito difíceis. Ao pessoal do Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social (MIDES), no distrito de Changuinola, pela colaboração recebida durante o período de estudos preliminares e no desenvolvimento do trabalho de campo. Às usuárias da Rede de Oportunidades do distrito de Changuinola que participaram deste estudo, por permitir-nos entrar em seu mundo e compartilhar de parte de sua história e vida cotidiana. 4 RESUMO Esta tese tem como objeto a análise do Programa Rede de Oportunidades: um estudo sobre as mudanças ocorridas na vida cotidiana de usuárias - Distrito de Changuinola - Província de Bocas del Toro - Panamá - 2006/2010. O estudo possui como objetivo analisar os significados expressos pelos sujeitos de pesquisa, quanto: ao entendimento da proposta do Programa Rede de Oportunidades, as mudanças na vida cotidiana das usuárias em Changuinola e em suas famílias a partir de sua participação neste programa de transferência de renda e quanto a seus sonhos e projetos de futuro. Sob o ponto de vista metodológico, a pesquisa é de natureza quanti-qualitativa, que permite conhecer as mudanças na vida cotidiana de 25 usuárias que participam no Programa Rede de Oportunidades em Changuinola, compreendendo três etapas inter-relacionadas: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, incluindo observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas, fotos e vídeo. Selecionamos autores clássicos e contemporâneos, especialmente de origem latino-americana e brasileiros, nas referências conceituais centrais: pobreza; vida cotidiana e participação; inclusão/exclusão social e cidadania, bem como alguns como conceitos complementares, tais como: família, política social e transferência de renda e globalização. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram que quatro anos de existência do Programa Rede de Oportunidades no distrito de Changuinola contribuíram para melhorias iniciais nas condições de vida das famílias usuárias nas áreas de alimentação, saúde, educação, transporte e, em menor medida, nas condições materiais das moradias e aquisição de alguns artigos para a comodidade e recreação dos membros de famílias. Essas melhorias são geralmente entendidas como ajuda, encaminhadas primeiramente até a compreensão da assistência social como direito na perspectiva de construção de cidadania. Nesse sentido, também foi iniciado um processo de relação intercultural entre algumas usuárias de diferentes grupos étnicos (Ngöbe e Kuna), (Ngöbe e Latinas) que se unem para realizar trabalhos e atividades a fim de gerar recursos e também para estabelecer mais relações comunitárias. Ademais, encontramos alguns limites, entre os quais podemos mencionar o 5 escasso número de promotoras em relação ao número de famílias, considerando que o trabalho socioeducativo é fundamental para garantir o êxito do programa. É necessário distribuir melhor os recursos da região, através do trabalho articulado entre as diferentes instituições. Consideramos que à Associação de Trabalhadores Sociais de Panamá corresponde enfrentar o desafio de lutar pela criação de uma Lei de Assistência Social na República de Panamá. Palavras-Chave: Política social, Transferência de renda; Pobreza; Vida cotidiana, Cidadania. 6 RESUMO This thesis has as object, the analysis of the Program of Network of Opportunities: a study on the changes that occurred in the daily lives of the users, in the District of Changuinola- province of Bocas del Toro – Panama – 2006/2010. The main aim of this study was to analyze the meanings expressed by the subjects of this research in the understanding of the proposal of the program Network of Opportunities, the changes in the daily lives of the users in Changuinola and their families from the participation in this program of income transference and in their dreams and future projects. From the methodological point of view, this research is considered quant-qualitative; it allows knowing the changes in the daily life of twenty-five users that participated of the referred program. It comprised three interrelated stages: bibliographic investigation, documental investigation and field research, including the observation of the participants, semi-structural interviews, as well as video and photography. Classic and contemporary authors where chosen especially Brazilian and Latin Americans. The central conceptual references such as poverty, daily life and participation, social and citizenship inclusion/exclusion, likewise other complementary concepts as family, social politics, income transference and globalization were also taken in account. The results of this research revealed that in four years of existence of the Program of Network of Opportunities in the district of Changuinola is contributing for initial improvements in the lives of families that use the program in the areas of food, health, education, transportation and in a lesser way the material conditions of the housing and acquisition of some articles for the comfort and recreation of the family members. These improvements are usually understood as help, directed primarily towards the comprehension of the social assistant as a right, in the perspective of the construction of citizenship. In this sense, a process has also been initiated as an intercultural relation between some users of different ethnic groups (Ngöbe and Kuna), (Ngöbe and Latin) that have joined together to perform works and activities to generate income and establish communitarian relations. In addition, there are some limits within which we can mention the small number of promoters regarding the number of families; we also consider that the socio-educational work is fundamental to the success of the program. 7 As well as the need to optimize better the natural resources of the region through the articulated work in between the different institutions. We believe that to the Association of Social Workers of Panama, corresponds the challenge to fight for the creation of a specific law of Social Assistance in the Republic of Panama. Key-Words: Social Policy; Income Transference; Poverty; Daily Life; Citizenship. 8 LISTA DE SIGLAS ACP – Autoridade do Canal de Panamá BID – Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento BM – Banco Mundial BNP – Banco Nacional de Panamá CAI – Centro de Atenção Integral Cobana – Corporação Bananeira do Atlântico Cepal – Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe ENV – Enquete de Níveis de Vida Inadeh – Instituto Nacional de Formação Profissional e Capacitação para o Desenvolvimento Humano INTEL – Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicaçoes IPF – Indice de Pobreza da Família IRHE - Instituto de Recursos Hidráulicos e de electrificação LSMS – Living Standards Measurement Study Mides – Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social Minsa – Ministério de Saúde 9 Meduca – Ministério de Educação MEF – Ministério de Economia e Finanças PMT – Proxy Meanns Test PNUD – Programa das Naçoes Unidas para o Desenvolvimento SIGP – Sistema de Gerenciamento de Informaçoes de Panamá Sinaproc – Sistema Nacional de Proteção Civil TMC – Transferência Monetária Condicionada 10 SUMÁRIO Capítulo I BREVE CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO HISTÓRICA: CARACTERÍSTICAS E REALIDADE ATUAL DO PANAMÁ 1. Histórico 27 1.1. Época Colonial: 1501-1821 27 1.2. Época de união à Grã-Colômbia 1821-1903 28 1.3. Época Republicana 1903-2010 31 1.4. Época de Dictadura Militar 33 1.5. Época Democrática 36 2. Características Gerais 37 2.1. Aspectos Físicos 37 2.2. Aspectos Político - Administrativos 38 2.3. Aspectos Demográficos 39 2.4. Situação Geopolítica 42 3. Realidade Atual 44 3.1. Pobreza 46
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