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A Content Analysis on Dutch, British and Italian Newspapers 1 Covering the Euro crisis: A content analysis on Dutch, British and Italian newspapers. Master Thesis Communication Science Author: Roos van Odijk Student ID: 5862523 Supervisor: Linda Bos Date of completion: 30/01/2015 Graduate School of Communication Research Master in Communication Science Covering the Euro crisis Abstract: This study investigates the way the Euro crisis was covered in Dutch, British and Italian newspapers. In study 1/, the occurrence of six news frames in news stories about the Euro crisis was investigated. Furthermore, the tone of the actor in the news towards the ability to solve the Euro crisis was analyzed and the actors in the news were coded. A manual content analysis was performed on articles (n=300) in six Dutch, British and Italian newspapers. The prevalence of news frames around the two Greek bailouts in 2010 and 2012 was analyzed and compared. Significant differences were found between the framing of the three countries. The results showed that, overall the economic consequences frame was most commonly used in the news about the Euro crisis. In study 2, the background of the actors in the news was coded, by performing an automatic content analysis. Three Python scripts were created to count the actors in news articles (n=960) in four periods in Dutch, British and Italian news. EU- actors, domestic government actors and political actors from other European countries were most present in the news articles. The results of this study imply that a country’s political and media system has consequences for the way news about the Euro crisis is presented to the public. 2 Covering the Euro crisis For the past three years, Europe has been mesmerized by the Euro crisis, namely the struggle to resolve the debt problems facing Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain without breaking up the monetary union or precipitating a wider financial crisis in Europe” (Hall, 2012, p. 355). The Euro has been greatly affected by the global economic crisis that emerged in the summer of 2007 (Arestis & Sawyer, 2012). Several European countries have serious economic problems due to the economic crisis. Greece, however, has been hit the hardest from all the Eurozone countries. This ‘Greek tragedy’ made the Eurozone countries loan big sums of money to the Greek government in order to save the Greek economy. The Eurozone countries wanted to prevent Greece from leaving the Euro currency and return to the Drachma. This scenario is also known as the possible ‘Grexit’. Not just the Greek economy itself was at stake. Also fear of the contagion of the severe financial situation of Greece on the other Eurozone countries arose (Arestis & Sawyer, 2012). Besides this, the image of the Euro in the world and on the financial markets had to be rescued. This image is important in the context of the legitimacy of the European integration project according to Trenz (2012). The Euro crisis has brought a new dimension in the way citizens, media and political elites perceive the legitimacy of the EU and the Euro. The economic crisis caused a deeper divide between different countries, left- and right and pro- and anti- European camps. Important is the influence of the media in this process. This is because the opposition and support with the European integration project is expressed through the media (Trenz, 2012). Research has shown that most European citizens receive their information about European affairs through the media (Eurobarometer, 2012). By framing European issues in different ways, the media can alter public opinion and cause a shift in policy (Terkildsen & Schnell, 1997). Moreover, the formation of public opinion can have important consequences for the outcome of European elections (Radu & Stefania, 2012). Therefore it is important to do research on the occurrence of different frames in the media (Valkenburg et al., 1999). 3 Covering the Euro crisis This research consists of two studies that both investigate the way European media covered the Euro crisis. The investigated European media outlets in this study are newspapers from three different European countries, namely the Netherlands, Great Britain and Italy. Articles from six newspapers, both left- as right-wing, will be analyzed. These countries all represent a different model that characterizes different media and political systems (Hallin & Mancini, 2004). The first part of this research, study 1, withholds a deductive approach that involves the analysis of predefined, generic frames with the aim to find out the extent to which these frames are present in the news (Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000). According to de Vreese (2001), little attention has been devoted to the framing in a cross-national comparative way. This research therefore contributes to the literature about framing in a cross- national comparative situation. Moreover, Schuck and de Vreese (2006) state that it is striking that, because of the increased political relevance of the EU, studies that deal with framing of issues in this context are still very limited. Therefore this study also tries to contribute to the closure of the gap in the literature about the framing of European affairs. Besides this, in study 1, the tone of the actor in the news towards the ability of the involved actors to solve the Euro crisis will be analyzed. There have been concerns that the portrayal of the EU in the news has a negative and Eurosceptic tone (Norris, 2000). This negative tone could cause a growing cleavage between the European leaders and its public. This illustrates why it is important to look at the tone, in which news about European affairs, in this case the Euro crisis, is presented. Finally, the background of the actors present in the selected news articles will be analyzed in both studies. According to Gleisner and de Vreese (2013), this has to do with the Europeanness of a country, the extent to which the focus of the news is either on national or on EU actors and issues. First the analysis of actors in the news will be done manually in 4 Covering the Euro crisis study 1. Secondly, a Python script will be created to count the actors automatically in a second study . The aim is firstly to find out whether there are differences in the use of actors in countries and over time. However, besides this, the aim is to discuss the implications of the different methods. How do a manual and an automatic content analysis differ in this study? The research question that I pose, with the aim to distinguish differences in the use of frames, tone and actors between countries with different media and political systems, concerning the issue of the Euro crisis, is as follows: To what extent do Dutch, British and Italian newspapers differ in their coverage of the Euro crisis? News frames Many researchers have devoted attention to the theory of framing, among them Entman (1993), who states that: “Framing is selecting some aspects of a perceived reality to enhance their salience in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation” (p. 53). The media not just present the reality, but define, create and shape a reality that is seen as a true one (d’Haenens, 2005). Framing can make a message more salient, which means making a message more evident, meaningful or memorable to the public (Entman, 1993). An increase in salience makes it more likely that an audience will perceive the information given, recognize the meaning and thus process it and place it in their memory. News frames are powerful because they decide the spectrum in which citizens discuss public events (Tuchman, 1978). This is confirmed by Neuman et al. (1992), who states that: “News frames can be defined as conceptual tools which media and individuals rely on to convey, interpret and evaluate information” (p. 60). Moreover according to Entman (1993), News frames in political news are an important factor concerning the exertion of political 5 Covering the Euro crisis power. This is because the frame in a news message identifies the actors or interests that compete with each other and with journalists to dominate the news frames. Issue specific frames and generic frames When investigating the occurrence of these news frames in a news story, a distinction can be made between issue specific frames and generic frames (De Vreese, Peter & Semetko, 2010). Issue specific frames relate to specific topics or news events. They can be applied only in some contexts. If an issue specific approach is chosen, there is more room for the investigation of the framing of an event or issue in detail. However, this approach makes it more difficult to generalize and make comparisons between frames, topics and framing in different countries. Studies of issue specific frames investigate the occurrence of frames that are linked to the particular issue that is in question (De Vreese, 2005). This opposed to generic news frames, which are frames that are structural and are linked to the conventions of journalists. Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) identified five different generic frames. The first one is the Conflict frame, which emphasizes conflict between individuals, groups or institutions as a means of capturing audience interest (Neuman et al., 1992, p. 61-62). It emphasizes the points of disagreements between those parties in conflict (De Vreese, 2001). The conflict frame is a commonly used frame in news about EU related topics (Gleissner & De Vreese, 2005). The conflict frame is linked to strategy coverage, in which winning and losing is central and the competition is a main feature (Jamieson, 1992). Besides this frame, Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), also identified the Human interest frame which gives a human face or shows the emotional part of an issue, event or problem to the public.
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