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Postwar Europe, 1919

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E 8 8 58 16 °N FINLAND 0 400 Miles SWEDEN SOVIET 0 800 Kilometers RUSSIA North a e LATVIA Sea S DENMARK ic lt LITHUANIA GREAT B a 50° N BRITAIN NETH. ATLANTIC BELGIUM POLAND C ZECH OCEAN LUX. OSLOVA KIA 42 SWITZ. °N Y U G L O A S Black G LA U V Sea T IA R SPAIN BULGARIA O P

Mediterranean Sea 34 °N IMMEDIATE EFFECTS LONG-TERM EFFECTS Revolution in Russia Breakup of empires Formation of League GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps Allied victory 1. Region What new nations were created after the war? of Nations 2. Region In what part of Europe were most of the new Resentments leading Destruction in Europe nations located? to World War II

Skillbuilder Strikes and the Red Scare Answers Background The was not the only issue that divided Americans 1. Finland, Estonia, In 1919, police, after the war. Shortly after the war ended, the experienced Latvia, Lithuania, steelworkers, Poland, Czecho- and coal miners a number of labor strikes. For example, in , , in , also went on February 1919, more than 55,000 workers took part in a peaceful gen- 2. Eastern Europe strike. eral strike. The shutdown paralyzed the city. Some Americans saw efforts to organize labor unions as the work of radicals, people who favor extreme measures to bring about change. The strikes sparked fears of a communist revolution like the one that toppled the Russian czar. In 1919–1920, this fear created a wave of panic called the Red Sc ar e (communists were called reds ). Public fear was heightened C. Answer by the discovery of mail bombs sent to government officials. Many It resulted in believed the bombs were the work of anarchists. Anarchists are radicals thousands of raids who do not believe in any form of government. and arrests of sus- pected radicals. In , Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer took action. He ordered federal agents and local police to raid the homes and head- C. Recognizing quarters of suspected radicals. His agents arrested at least 6,000 people Effects What resulted from in the Palmer r aids . Without search warrants, agents burst into homes the Red Scare? and offices and dragged citizens off to jail. The Red Scare was not only antiradical but also antiforeign. During the Red Scare, two Italian-born anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were arrested for killing two men in an armed robbery in

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Massachusetts. They claimed they were innocent, but both were found guilty and executed. Their trial attracted worldwide attention. Racial Tensions Increase Americans also saw a rise in racial tensions after the war. Between 1910 and 1920, the Great Migration brought a half million African Americans to Northern cities. In the cities where African Americans had settled in large numbers, whites and blacks competed for factory jobs and housing. On July 2, 1917, tensions erupted into a race riot in East St. Louis, D. Analyzing Illinois. The trouble began when blacks were brought in to take the jobs Causes How did the war con- of white union members who had gone on strike. A shooting incident tribute to racial touched off a full-scale riot. tensions? Two years later, African-American soldiers returning from the war D. Answer African Americans found their social plight unchanged. They had fought to make the world moved to cities “safe for democracy.” At home, though, they were still second-class citizens. and were Simmering resentments over housing, job competition, and segrega- resented when they competed tion exploded during the summer of 1919. In 25 cities around the with whites for country, race riots flared. In , a black man swimming in Lake wartime jobs and Michigan drifted into the white section of a beach. Whites stoned him housing. African- American soldiers until he drowned. Thirteen days of rioting followed. Before it ended, had fought for 38 people were dead. democracy but did not find it at Longing for “Normalcy” home. By the time campaigning began for the 1920 election, Americans felt drained. Labor strikes, race riots, the Red Scare, and the fight over the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations had worn them out. Voters were ready for a break. Republican candidate Warren G. Harding of Ohio offered them one. His promise to “return to normalcy” appealed to voters. Harding won a landslide victory. In the next chapter, you will learn about American life after his election.

Section4 Assessment 1. Terms & Names 2. Using Graphics 3. Main Ideas 4. Critical Thinking Explain the Create a diagram to examine a. Why did Germany resent Analyzing Points of View significance of: the war’s effects on Europe the Treaty of Versailles? Why was Wilson unable to • League of Nations and America. b. Why did Lodge and other get other powers to accept his goals for the peace • Fourteen Points Republicans oppose joining Effects of World War I conference? • Treaty of Versailles the League of Nations? Europe United States • reparations c. What caused the Red THINK ABOUT • Red Scare Scare? Who was most • conflicting goals affected by it? • practicality of Wilson’s aims • Palmer raids Which effects were positive and which were negative? • attitudes of other nations toward U.S. contributions during the war ACTIVITY OPTIONS LANGUAGE ARTS Imagine that you work for a newspaper. Write an editorial about the Palmer ART raids, or draw a political cartoon about the raids.

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