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Universität Potsdam UNIVERSITÄT POTSDAM EUROPÄISCHE WIRTSCHAFT UND INTERNATIONALE WIRTSCHAFTSBEZIEHUNGEN Paul J.J. Welfens Andre Jungmittag Effects of an Internet Flat Rate on Growth and Employment in Germany Diskussionsbeitrag 81 Discussion Paper 81 Europäisches Institut für internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (EIIW), Potsdam European Institute for International Economic Relations, Potsdam ISSN 1430-5445 Diskussionsbeitrag Nr. 81 Discussion Paper No. 81 Europäische Wirtschaft und Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen European Economy und International Economic Relations Paul J.J. Welfens Andre Jungmittag Effects of an Internet Flat Rate on Growth and Employment in Germany February 2000 Editor: Prof. Dr. Paul J.J. Welfens University of Potsdam, European Economy and International Economic Relations Karl-Marx-Straße 67, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany, Tel.: (0)331-9774614, Fax: (0)331-9774631 EUROPÄISCHES INSTITUT FÜR INTERNATIONALE WIRTSCHAFTSBEZIEHUNGEN (EIIW) ISSN 1430-5445 JEL classification: J23, L86, L96, O40 Key words: Telecommunication, internet, growth, employment, internet pricing Executive Summary: The Internet is an especially dynamic sector of the information industry, and holds great importance for both its growth and its activity. The telecom sector's unique starting and margin positions, where service providers are obliged to cooperate with an ex-monopolist in a strong market position, make an undistorted market competition in the Internet sector difficult. Moreover, there are a number of major obstacles to Internet usage in Germany, which still include direct and indirect limitations– regulatory ones among others- on the pricing freedom of Internet service providers. In an international comparison, the prevailing metered tariffs translate to high prices for Internet usage; for off-peak usage, Germany is the second most expensive in a comparison of 10 EU countries, just ahead of Spain. Internet usage in households and businesses remains distinctly below efficient outcomes. This puts businesses at a serious competitive disadvantage, not to mention being discriminatory against poorer households (lack of equal opportunities). Given experiences in the USA, and based on our own analyses of the relationship between price and Internet usage, OECD countries show a clearly negative relationship: the higher the level of network prices, the lower the level of Internet usage –the lack of flat rate pricing in Germany serves to solidify a serious international lag in taking off with an information society. The trend to high Internet growth dynamics serves to obscure public perception of the existence of an Internet usage price problem in Germany. Based on experiences gained with flat rate pricing in the US and the UK, an accelerated Internet boom can be expected for Germany when price-setting regulations are liberalised. In 1998, the information industry already represented 2.8% of all employed persons and an impressive 21.8% of Germany's total employment growth. Based on a number of different studies, we expect a switch to flat-rate pricing – with price reductions between 20 and 50 percent - will create a growth effect around a half- percent of the gross domestic product (approx. DM 19 billion): the employment effect could amount to between 100,000 jobs (given a narrow sector definition) and 400,000 jobs (given a broader definition) in the medium term. There is still a number of distortions in the Internet market, such as when the dominant fixed-network provider offers intermediate inputs – transmission capacities or services on individual network levels - to its own Internet subsidiary, as well as to all other Internet providers; where pricing of the dominant operator is discriminatory or simply overcharging all Internet providers (services are rendered at prices above marginal costs). From a theoretical perspective the dominant operator also is likely to deviate from efficient peak load pricing which would require to impose a relatively high share of overhead costs on users with a low price elasticity – that is business users. Serious inefficiencies also occur to the extent that the ex-monopolist does not differentiate his services in line with market requirements, i.e. those that might be generally expected from competition in the market sector: that is, when the quasi-monopolist or the dominant company offers only metered data transmission prices, but bills its own Internet subsidiary for capacity-oriented advance prices, which are explicitly or implicitly lower. In Germany, or rather in all the EU countries, the wholesale stage should have freedom of choice at all levels of the fixed network; users of the Telekom's fixed network should be given the choice between metered (clocked) or capacity- oriented billing by the dominant provider; in view of the Internet market, the dominant provider should provide the necessary technological prerequisites for differentiating between voice telephony and data traffic for billing purposes– in principle, this is not a technology problem. Moreover, the ex-monopolist's possibilities for cross-subsidisation should be reduced even further. The only way to achieve this is to have clear-cut regulation at all levels; otherwise, the dominant provider in the Internet market will be able to realize trade-distorting first-mover advantages by deploying all sorts of legal stalling tactics. Thus, whether the lower estimate of roughly 100,000 or the higher estimate of 400,000 new jobs in Germany's Internet sector is eventually achieved, depends largely on effective further regulation of the Telekom fixed network, with the Internet market in mind. We also hope for positive environmental effects, in that the increased use of electronic services – including governmental services – will serve to reduce traffic. Meanwhile, a more reasonably-priced Internet will also create opportunities for new local, regional and national forms of participation („Internet Democracy“). The step-by-step transition to flat-rate pricing suggested in the document at hand – starting with continuous availability for schools and weekend availability for all users - will hardly lead to bottlenecks in network capacity in the middle term. Where these do crop up in the short term, there is an incentive to invest in additional network capacity, again contributing to growth and jobs. The flat rate option should be introduced swiftly at both the end-user and the wholesale stage, as it is in line with cost-orientated price-setting and will create jobs besides. Zusammenfassung: Das Internet ist ein besonders dynamisches Feld der Informationswirtschaft, das für Wachstum und Beschäftigung von großer Bedeutung ist. Die besonderen Ausgangs- bzw. Randbedingungen im Telekom-Bereich, wo Service-Provider auf das Zusam- menwirken mit dem marktmächtigen Ex-Monopolisten angewiesen sind, machen einen unverzerrten Wettbewerb im Internet schwierig. Zudem gibt es eine Reihe wichtiger Hemmnisse für die Internet-Nutzung in Deutschland, wozu bisher auch direkte und indirekte Beschränkungen – auch regulatorischer Art - bei der Preis- setzungsfreiheit der Internet-Diensteanbieter gehörten. Die bisher dominante takt- gebundene Tarifierung bedeutet hohe Internet-Nutzungspreise im internationalen Vergleich; in den Off-peak-Zeiten ist Deutschland im Vergleich von 10 EU-Län- dern am zweitteuersten, gerade noch vor Spanien. Die Internet-Nutzung bei Haus- halten und Unternehmen bleibt deutlich unterhalb des Optimums. Dies ist ein gra- vierender Wettbewerbsnachteil für Unternehmen, zudem werden ärmere Haushalte besonders benachteiligt (fehlende Chancengleichheit). Vor dem Hintergrund von US-Erfahrungen und auf Basis eigener Analysen zum Zusammenhang von Preishöhe und Internet-Nutzung zeigt sich für OECD- Länder ein deutlicher negativer Zusammenhang: je höher die Netzpreise, desto geringer die Internet-Nutzung – damit verfestigt sich angesichts fehlender Flat-rate- Tarife in Deutschland der internationale Rückstand beim Aufbruch in die Informationsgesellschaft. Die trendmäßig hohe Internet-Wachstumsdynamik verdeckt dabei in der Wahrnehmung der Öffentlichkeit, daß in Deutschland tatsächlich ein Preisproblem bei der Internet-Nutzung besteht. Auf Basis von Erfahrungen mit Flat-rate-Preisen in den USA und Großbritannien ist für Deutschland ein beschleunigter Internet-Boom beim Übergang zu liberalisierten Preissetzungsregeln zu erwarten. Die Informationswirtschaft repräsentierte 1998 bereits 2,8% der Beschäftigten und immerhin 21,8% des gesamten Beschäftigungszuwachses in Deutschland. Auf Basis verschiedener Untersuchungen erwarten wir beim Übergang zu einer Flat-rate-Bepreisung – mit Preissenkungen zwischen 20 und 50 % -, daß ein Wachstumseffekt in der Höhe von einem ½ Prozent des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (ca. 19 Mrd. DM) zustande kommt: Der Beschäftigungseffekt könnte sich mittelfristig auf 100.000 (bei einer engen sektoralen Abgrenzung) bis 400.000 Arbeitsplätze (bei einer weiten Abgrenzung) belaufen. Allerdings bestehen noch eine Reihe von Verzerrungen im Internet-Markt, so z.B. wenn der dominante Festnetzanbieter Vorleistungen – nämlich Übertragungskapazitäten bzw. Dienstleistungen auf einzelnen Netzebenen sowohl für die eigene Internet-Tochter einerseits als auch für alle anderen Anbieter im Internet anbietet; und zwar für die anderen Anbieter zu überhöhten (Grenz-)Kosten. Eine verdeckte künstliche Überteuerung von Übertragungsleistungen liegt immer dann vor, wenn der Ex-Monopolist keine marktgerecht differenzierten Vorleistungsangebote macht, nämlich solche, die bei Konkurrenz im
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