English Conducted by the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) to Be Used for Intercultural Training by Children, Young

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

English Conducted by the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) to Be Used for Intercultural Training by Children, Young Governing the Internet Governing the Internet THE REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA Freedom and Regulation in the OSCE Region www.osce.org/fom The Representative on Organization for Security and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ISBN 3-9501955-4-8 Co-operation in Europe Freedom of the Media The publisher would like to thank the Governments of France and Germany for their generous support to this publication. The views expressed by the authors in this publication are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. Edited by Christian Möller and Arnaud Amouroux © 2007 The Representative on Freedom of the Media Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Kärtnerring 5-7, Top 14, 2. DG A-1010 Vienna, Austria tel +43-1-512 21 45-0 fax +43-1-512 21 45-9 e-mail [email protected] www.osce.org/fom Design & Layout: Phoenix Design Aid, Denmark ISBN 3-9501955-4-8 CONTENTS Contents 5 Preface 9 Introduction I. Internet Governance 19 The Internet Governance Forum: How a United Nations Summit Produced a New Governance Paradigm for the Internet Age Bertrand de la Chapelle 29 Governing the Domain Name System: An Introduction to Internet Infrastructure Christian Möller 41 The History of Internet Governance Wolfgang Kleinwächter 67 Institutional Aspects of Internet Governance Nico van Eijk and Katerina Maniadaki II. Experiences from the OSCE Region 91 Governance of Hate Speech on the Internet in Europe Yaman Akdeniz 119 Internet Governance in Kazakhstan Rachid Nougmanov 133 Internet Governance in Georgia Ana Dolidze 1 CONTENTS III. The Multi-stakeholder Approach to Internet Governance 147 Protecting Minors on the Internet: An Example from Germany Jennifer Siebert 163 Forum des droits sur l’internet: An Example from France Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin and Laurent Baup 181 The Role of Industry in Internet Development in Latvia Viesturs Pless and Ina Gudele 201 A User Perspective on Spam and Phishing Jon Thorhallsson IV. Biographies 2 OLEG PANFILOV 3 CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS 4 Preface Preface Miklós Haraszti “Internet Governance” is still at a “work-in-progress” stage. It might develop into a new way of policy-making on a global scale involving many different sectors, including not only governments, but also industry and civil society. Whereas standards for previous means of communication were set by intergovernmental organizations, for the Internet this is often done by the online community or expert bodies with an open membership. Technical standards for the emerging networks of the Internet have been set by requests for comments and consensus building. But Internet Governance is not only about technical standards or the Domain Name System. It also has commercial, cultural and social implications, concerning issues like the free flow of information, freedom of expression and freedom of the media online. Recent moves against free speech on the Internet in a number of countries have provided a bitter reminder of the ease with which some regimes — democracies and dictatorships alike — seek to suppress speech that they disapprove of, dislike, or simply fear. Speaking out has never been easier than on the Web. Yet at the same time we are witnessing the spread of Internet censorship. According to research by the OpenNet Initiative, a transatlantic group of academic institutions, censorship is being practised by about two dozen countries and applied to a far wider range of online information and applications. 5 Preface Governments do play an important role in Internet Governance. Although “governance” is not synonymous with “government”, this does not mean that governments should be excluded. Governments have a function that cannot be filled by other actors, for example in guaranteeing an independent judiciary, protecting human rights or establishing antitrust measures. On the other hand there are many fields in which the State should leave governance of the Internet to civil society or the private sector, for example when it comes to the technical functioning, administration, or organization of networks. The freedom dimension of this issue has encouraged the OSCE media freedom Office to take a more detailed look at how the Internet is governed in the OSCE region. In this book the concept of Internet Governance is addressed from a number of different sides and examples from various countries in the OSCE region show how diverse issues of Internet Governance are being tackled by different stakeholders. Reflecting these diverse approaches to Internet Governance is the aim of this publication. I hope that it will contribute in the OSCE region to raising awareness about Internet Governance and its impact on freedom of the media. I would like to warmly thank the Governments of France and Germany for their generous support to the experts’ workshop and to this book. 7 ZVIAD KORDIZE “Internet governance is the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision- making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.” Working definition of Internet Governance elaborated by the UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) in its report of July 2005.1 1 Report of the Working Group on Internet Governance, June 2005 <http://www.wgig.org/docs/WGIGREPORT.doc>. 8 IntrodUction Introduction Arnaud Amouroux and Christian Möller This publication aims to undertake a difficult task, namely to freeze a particular moment in the history of a medium that is changing so quickly and so dramatically. And it can only mirror a certain moment in the ongoing process. The process is called “governance” and the medium is the “Internet”. The moment we seek to capture is important in the development of the Internet as it is the very moment when permanent governing rules for the networked world are being debated, for the first time at the international level and in institutionalized fora. Increasing attention has been paid to the question of whether the Internet, which has developed outside a classic intergovernmental framework, needs governance at all, and, if yes, in what form. Do we need a formal governance structure or will informal means of governance – namely behavioural norms established by the Internet community or by the software code itself – suffice? The disproportionate number of players involved and the myriad of different efforts raise questions about whether the current approach is the best one. According to netdialogue.org, more than a dozen intergovernmental organizations2 are currently deciding rules – without any co-ordination 2 To name a few: Council of Europe (CoE), International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and of course Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 9 IntrodUction whatsoever – for the networked world in an almost infinite array of fields (property, security, jurisdiction, infrastructure, relations between persons and the State, relations between private parties etc.). Efforts towards more harmonization, rationalization and clarification are exactly what the UN aims to achieve with its Internet Governance Forum (IGF). And whereas television frequencies or phone numbers are governed by national broadcasting authorities or international governmental bodies like the ITU, the Domain Name System (DNS) – which could be best explained as the directory of Internet numbers – is kept by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a private company under US law. In the early years of the twenty-first century, Internet Governance naturally started to gain importance and came to the fore at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), held in two stages under the auspices of the United Nations in Geneva in December 2003 and in Tunis in November 2005. The UN-led Process: Internet Governance Forum The Tunis Agenda for the Information Society invited the UN Secretary- General to convene a new forum for multi-stakeholder policy dialogue. This Internet Governance Forum (IGF) process is supported by a Secretariat which is hosted by the United Nations Office in Geneva. The first meeting of the IGF was held in Athens in autumn 2006. Preparation for the 2007 IGF in Rio has already started. Several so-called “Dynamic Coalitions” have been founded. At the price – or advantage – of not being able to adopt binding decisions, the IGF has managed to be very inclusive. The outcome of this process remains open, but the form of the IGF and its organization is definitely a new model of policy-making at the international level. 10 IntrodUction We still do not know whether another institutionalized body addressing all these different aspects of Internet Governance will evolve from the IGF process. Maybe it will instead be an inclusive dialogue and a process of best practices and rough consensus between the different actors. And maybe governments will recognize that not everything needs exact regulation as long as it is functioning smoothly and to everybody’s benefit. The Office of the OSCE Representative participated in the 2006 Athens IGF and, together with other actors, initiated the “Dynamic Coalition on Freedom of Expression and Freedom of the Media Online” (FOEonline)3. This coalition now combines more than a dozen partners, including the Council of Europe and UNESCO as well as NGOs like Amnesty International, Article 19, Reporters sans frontières and IP Justice, as well as academia. These “dynamic coalitions” are endorsed by the Internet Governance Forum, but do not constitute formal entities in any way. Instead, they serve as informal, open and inclusive platforms for state and non-state actors to share their views and contribute to the IGF process.4 They might shape policy-making in the field of Internet Governance, but this still remains to be seen.
Recommended publications
  • An Evaluation of Developments of E- Commerce Practices in Kazakhstan in the Framework of Historical Process
    ISSN 0798 1015 HOME Revista ESPACIOS ÍNDICES / Index A LOS AUTORES / To the ! ! AUTORS ! Vol. 40 (Number 22) Year 2019. Page 10 An evaluation of developments of e- commerce practices in Kazakhstan in the framework of historical process Una evaluación de la evolución de las prácticas de comercio electrónico en Kazajstán en el marco del proceso histórico SEN, Bulent 1; YDYRYS, Serikbay 2; MUNASSIPOVA, Malike 3 & KURALBAYEV, Almas 4 Received: 28/02/2019 • Approved: 07/06/2019 • Published 01/07/2019 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Conclusions Bibliographic references ABSTRACT: RESUMEN: The use of internet in Kazakhstan seems to have El uso de internet en Kazajstán parece haber increased considerably, especially between 2008 and aumentado considerablemente, especialmente entre 2011. The increase of 176.4% in 2008 is the highest 2008 y 2011. El aumento del 176,4% en 2008 es el in all years. When the country’s wide land and low más alto de todos los años. Cuando se considera la population ratio is considered, the given situations amplia proporción de tierra y baja población del país, make it an ideal candidate for the internet ordering las situaciones dadas lo convierten en un candidato sector. Products that are developing in the sense of ideal para el sector de pedidos por Internet. Los retail and that are considered suitable for electronic productos que se están desarrollando en el sentido de commerce are respectively as follows: cosmetics, la venta minorista y que se consideran adecuados electronic goods, home textile and leisure products. para el comercio electrónico son, respectivamente, los Keywords: public-private partnerships, public-private siguientes: cosméticos, productos electrónicos, partnership projects, project efficiency, technical and textiles para el hogar y productos de ocio.
    [Show full text]
  • Per Concordiam V7N2 ENG.Pdf
    per VOLUME 7, ISSUE 2, 2016 ConcordiamJournal of European Security and Defense Issues n BALTIC CYBER DEFENSE n BATTLING BOKO HARAM Nations sign important agreement Nigeria’s online war against extremism n CYBER TERRORISM PLUS Categorizing attacks by severity Partnership for Peace n PROTECTING UKRAINE Kazakhstan seeks security Kyiv faces an array of threats Georgia’s approach to cyber INFORMATION SHARING A Cooperative Approach to Cyber Security Table of Contents features ON THE COVER Cyber attacks rarely recognize national borders. So the strategies aimed at preventing, deflecting and responding to these attacks must also be regionally and globally oriented. GETTY IMAGES 24 10 Defining Cyber Terrorism 28 Online Extremism in Nigeria By Ruben Tuitel By Tommy Victor Udoh, Nigerian Defense Space Agency Coming up with a globally acceptable definition The government focuses on countering Boko Haram’s of what constitutes Internet-based terrorism is use of social media to seduce vulnerable recruits. difficult. 34 Kazakhstan Adapts to the 18 Baltic Cyber Cooperation Cyber Age By Vytautas Butrimas, senior advisor, Cybersecurity By Anna Gussarova, Kazakhstan Institute for and IT Department, Ministry of National Defense, Strategic Studies Republic of Lithuania The country’s growing reliance on the digital economy Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia advance regional demands a change in thinking about security. cooperation by aligning their cyber defense policies. 40 Moldova’s Cyber Security Center By Natalia Spinu, Chief, Moldovan Cyber Security Center, 24 A New Cyber Security Curriculum E.S. Center for Special Telecommunications By Sean Costigan and Michael Hennessy The country uses a comprehensive approach to NATO and the Partnership for Peace devise an improve its ability to defend itself against online threats.
    [Show full text]
  • National Policies As Platforms for Innovation: Reconciling a Flat
    NATIONAL POLICIES AS PLATFORMS FOR InnOVATION Reconciling a Flat World with Creative Cities FEBRUARY 2007 BY BRADEN COX And STEVE DELBIAncO THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGY (ACT) IS AN INTERNATIONAL ADVOCACY And EDUCATION ORGANIZATION REPRESENTING MORE THAN 3000 SMALL And MID-SIZE InfORMATION TECHNOLOGY FIRMS FROM AROUnd THE WORLD. ACT ADVOCATES FOR AN ENVIRONMENT THAT InsPIRES And REWARds InnOVATION, And PROVIDES RESOURCES LIKE THE InnOVATORS NETWORK TO HELP MEMBERS LEVERAGE THEIR INTELLECTUAL AssETS TO RAISE CAPITAL, CREATE JOBS, AND CONTINUE INNOVATING. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 2 INTRODUCTION . 3 INNOVATION TAKES MANY FORMS, YET IS SINGULARLY IMPORTANT . 4 HOW SUCCESSFUL ECONOMIES DRIVE INNOVATION . 6 INNOVATION OCCURS IN ECOSYSTEMS . 12 NATIONAL POLICIES CULTIVATE INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS . 16 CONCLUSION . 25 APPENDIX . 26 RECOncILING A FLAT WORLD WITH CREATIVE CITIES 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY nnovation is the “secret sauce” for the growth Friedman’s global view and Florida’s local and prosperity of economies. Countries perspective make valuable contributions to the I around the world are seeking to improve competitiveness literature. However, each is their competitiveness with strategies to spur incomplete. In a globally connected world where innovation. certain cities innovate above the rest, national Innovation occurs in many forms, including policies are vital. business models, products and services, and Certain national policies are essential to supply chains. Innovation flourishes in environ- enable a country’s participation in the global ments that allow easy immigration, flexible hiring economy and a city’s quest to be an innovation and firing of employees, and risk taking. center. In this regard, global and local innovation In addition, countries with an educated work- depend heavily on a favorable national legal and force, low taxes, strong intellectual property regulatory ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • “War of Platforms” the Rivalry Between Cable and DSL to Win the “Triple Play” Customer
    “War of Platforms” The rivalry between Cable and DSL to win the “Triple Play” Customer Executive Summary Competition shifts from individual services to Triple Play Today, television cable as well as DSL are in a position to offer TV, Internet and telephony as a product bundle (“Triple Play“). Thus, for the first time, direct competition ensues between these infrastructures. Throughout Europe, the Triple Play market will grow rapidly, increasing from the current € 0.7 billion to approximately € 7.5 billion by 2010, reflecting a tenfold increase. TV-over-DSL will be utilized by approximately 1.4 million German households by 2010 In the near future, the largest German infrastructure-based DSL providers will be aggressively marketing and offering DSL television. However, in contrast to other European countries, the market potential is limited by the structure of the TV market. TV cable goes Triple Play: 1.6 million German broadband Internet customers by 2010 Cable television is facing an impending growth spurt. Due to accelerated upgrading of the networks, cable will have achieved a 9% market share of broadband households by 2010. Infrastructure platforms are breaking ground in new product territories Cable Satellite DSL DTT TV Analogue TV & Radio Digital Basic TV & Radio Basic Pay-TV Premium Pay-TV NVoD / PPV HDTV uni -uni directional PVR * iTV Standard Partial VoD Potential Internet High Speed Internet Broadband Content Portal bi –bi directional * Telephony Basic Telephone Service Mobile Mobile (Basic, Home Zone) Source: Solon © 2005 Solon Management Consulting War of Platforms “War of Platforms” “Television via Internet“, ”high-speed Internet via televison cable“, “Voice-over-IP“, “Internet In frastructures are via mobile networks” – the operators of various broadband infrastructures (television cable, breaking ground in DSL, UMTS) are advancing into new domains and creating competition for one another.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of the Internet in France
    2020 TOME 3 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France French Republic - June 2020 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 06 CHAPTER 3 ACCELERATING Editorial by Sébastien Soriano, THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 40 President of Arcep 06 1. Phasing out IPv4: the indispensable transition to IPv6 40 NETWORKS DURING 2. Barometer of the transition HET COVID-19 CRISIS 08 to IPv6 in France 47 3. Creation of an IPv6 task force 54 PART 1 000012 gathering the Internet ecosystem ENSURING THE INTERNET FUNCTIONS PROPERLY PART 2 58 CHAPTER 1 ENSURING IMPROVING INTERNET INTERNET OPENNESS QUALITY MEASUREMENT 14 CHAPTER 4 1. Potential biases of quality of service GUARANTEEING measurement 15 NET NEUTRALITY 60 2. Implementing an API in customer 1. Net neutrality outside of France 60 boxes to characterise the user environment 15 2. Arcep’s involvement in European works 65 3. Towards more transparent and robust measurement 3. Developing Arcep’s toolkit 68 18 methodologies 4. Inventory of observed practices 70 4. Importance of choosing the right test servers 22 CHAPTER 5 5. Arcep’s monitoring of mobile DEVICES AND PLATFORMS, Internet quality 26 TWO STRUCTURAL LINKS IN THE INTERNET ACCESS CHAPTER 2 CHAIN 72 SUPERVISING DATA 1. Device neutrality: progress report 72 INTERCONNECTION 29 2. Structural digital platforms 74 1. How the Internet’s architecture has evolved over time 29 2. State of interconnection in France 33 PART 3 76 TACKLE THE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY’S ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATE DIGITAL TECH’S ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT INTO THE REGULATION 78 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Silk Road in Central Asia: Present and Future
    Digital Silk Road in Central Asia: Present and Future NARGIS KASSENOVA & BRENDAN DUPREY, EDITORS JUNE 2021 Digital Silk Road in Central Asia: Present and Future Nargis Kassenova & Brendan Duprey, Editors JUNE 2021 Digital Silk Road in Central Asia: Present and Future is a project of the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University, and the Sustainable Kazakhstan Research Institute, Narxoz University, supported by a grant from Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Kazakhstan. © 2021 Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies Cataloging-in-Publication data ISBN: 978-0-578-93435-8 Please direct inquiries to: Nargis Kassenova Kathryn W. and Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies Harvard University 1730 Cambridge Street, Suite S301 Cambridge, MA 02138 Phone: 617.496.5684 Fax: 617.495.8319 [email protected] The full text of this report can be accessed at https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/digital-silk-road. Limited print copies are also available. ii Digital Silk Road in Central Asia: Present and Future Contents iv Acknowledgements v Introduction Nargis Kassenova and Brendan Duprey vii Executive Summary 1 The Puzzle of the Digital Silk Road Elisa Oreglia, Hongyi Ren, and Chia-Chi Liao 9 Sino-Russian Advocacy for “Internet Sovereignty” and State-Led Internet Governance Miranda Lupion 17 Digital Silk Road and Surveillance Technology in Central Asia Cian Stryker 55 The Sino-Russian Digital Cooperation and Its Implications for Central Asia Miranda Lupion 77 Beyond the GovTech: The Pitfalls of Kazakhstan’s Digitalization Agenda Anna Gussarova 85 Turkmenistan’s Digitalization Strategy: Old Practices, New Façade? Rustam Muhamedov 93 The Role of Big Earth Data for the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Central Asia Brendan Duprey and Akmal Akramkhanov 118 About the Authors Contents iii Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Kazakhstan for providing moral and financial support to the project.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.2. Broadband Speeds 37 2.3
    DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT A: ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC POLICY INDUSTRY, RESEARCH AND ENERGY Entertainment x.0 to Boost Broadband Deployment STUDY Abstract We explore the definition of broadband and explain its interaction with European policy goals; analyse available data in order provide a detailed, objective and realistic picture of the broadband deployment, adoption, and usage situation in the EU from a number of different perspectives; and assess the drivers of broadband today, with particular emphasis on audiovisual and entertainment services. Measures to promote demand in general and the distribution of IP- based audiovisual content in particular, would appear to be warranted. IP/A/ITRE/ST/2012-18 October 2013 PE 507.479 EN This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy AUTHORS Mr J Scott Marcus (WIK-Consult GmbH) Ms Ilsa Godlovitch(WIK-Consult GmbH) Mr Pieter A Nooren (TNO) Mr Dieter Elixmann(WIK-Consult GmbH) Mr Bram van den Ende (TNO) with the support of Prof Jonathan Cave (RAND Europe) RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATORS Mr Fabrizio Porrino Mr Mariusz Maciejewski Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department A or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: PoldepH [email protected] Manuscript completed in October 2013. © European Union, 2013. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Antitrust, Intellectual Property, and the Itunes Ecosystem
    533 ANTITRUST, INTELLECTU AL PROPERTY, AND THE ITUNES ECOSYSTEM: A STUDY OF THE ANTITRUST IMPLICATIONS OF APPLE’S FAIRPLAY TECHNOLOGY WITH A NOD TO THE PECULIARITIES OF • INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY WILLOW NOONAN* I. INTRODUCTION In December 2008, Apple’s iTunes online music store surpassed Wal- Mart as the largest music retailer in the world.1 In the closely related portable music player market, Apple’s iPod enjoys similar success.2 Undoubtedly, Ap- ple’s insight and innovation won much of this eminence. However, a close look at Apple’s business practices reveals some conduct that draws a suspicious eye from antitrust and intellectual property laws. The first part of this article traces the development of online music and the subsequent proliferation of copyright infringement. The next part outlines the technical details, benefits, and drawbacks of Apple’s iTunes ecosystem, a notable combination of Apple products and services. The third part undertakes a traditional antitrust analysis of Apple’s conduct and suggests the need for dee- per inquiry. The next part investigates how Apple’s conduct implicates intellec- tual property law. The fifth part reviews the doctrine of intellectual property misuse and how it might apply to Apple. The final part revisits the antitrust • 2009 IDEA Student Intellectual Property Writing Competition Winner. * Candidate for Juris Doctor, 2010, The George Washington University Law School. 1 Press Release, Apple, Inc., iTunes Store Top Music Retailer in the US (Apr. 3, 2008), http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/04/03itunes.html [hereinafter iTunes Store]. 2 Jessica Hodgson, Leap Year Trips Zune in Black Eye for Microsoft, WALL ST.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Internet Industry 2016-2019 the German Industry 2016-2019 Internet
    The German Internet Industry 2016-2019 The German Industry 2016-2019 Internet WE ARE SHAPING THE INTERNET. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .5 1.1 Reality check of the claims in the previous studies .6 1.2 Infographic explaining the underlying concepts of the market model .7 2. The German Internet Industry in Facts and Figures .10 2.1 Projections 2012–2019 .10 2.2 The Impact of the Commercial Internet on Germany as an Industry Location .13 3. A detailed look at the individual layers and segments .16 of the Internet industry 3.1 NETWORK, INFRASTRUCTURE & OPERATIONS .16 3.1.1 Colocation & Housing .18 3.1.2 Internet Exchanges .20 3.1.3 Internet Backbone, Transit & CDN .22 3.1.4 Fixed Internet Access Network .24 3.1.5 Mobile Internet Access Network .26 3.2 SERVICES & APPLICATIONS .28 3.2.1 Cloud Computing – Public IaaS .30 3.2.2 Cloud Computing – Public PaaS .32 3.2.3 Cloud Computing – Public SaaS .34 3.2.4 Web Hosting & Domains .36 3.3 AGGREGATION & TRANSACTIONS .38 3.3.1 Online Advertising & Internet Presence .40 3.3.2 Portals & Classified Marketplaces .42 3.3.3 Billing & Payment .44 3.3.4 E-Commerce B2B .46 3.3.5 E-Commerce B2C .48 3.4 PAID CONTENT .50 3.4.1 Gaming .52 3.4.2 Gambling .54 3.4.3 TV & Video .56 3.4.4 Music & Radio .58 3.4.5 E-Publishing .60 4. 20 Years of eco in Germany .62 4.1 eco is shaping the Internet .62 4.2 The Development of eco in figures .63 4.3 Worldwide Distribution of Member Companies .64 4.4 eco Services .65 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Do Digital Information Technologies Help Unemployed Job Seekers Find a Job? Evidence from the Broadband Internet Expansion in Germany
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Gürtzgen, Nicole; Nolte, André; Pohlan, Laura; van den Berg, Gerard J. Working Paper Do Digital Information Technologies Help Unemployed Job Seekers Find a Job? Evidence from the Broadband Internet Expansion in Germany IZA Discussion Papers, No. 11555 Provided in Cooperation with: IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Suggested Citation: Gürtzgen, Nicole; Nolte, André; Pohlan, Laura; van den Berg, Gerard J. (2018) : Do Digital Information Technologies Help Unemployed Job Seekers Find a Job? Evidence from the Broadband Internet Expansion in Germany, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 11555, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/180573 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Itunes, INTEROPERABILITY, and FRANCE's Dadvsi LAW by Deanasobel
    A BITE OUT OF APPLE? iTUNES, INTEROPERABILITY, AND FRANCE'S DADvsI LAW By DeanaSobel In the nearly ten years since computer software companies and content owners lobbied Congress for statutory protection against digital piracy, leading to the enactment of the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in the United States, the role of technical protection measures (TPMs) in protecting digital media has developed into a globally contested issue. Traditionally, content providers regarded TPMs as a fail-safe system for protecting digital content. Both the DMCA and the 2001 European Un- ion Copyright Directive (EUCD), which harmonizes digital copyright law in Europe, recognize the importance of anti-circumvention legislation in stimulating the global digital marketplace. 1 Their theory is that safeguard- ing TPMs cultivates the digital marketplace by creating an incentive for companies to develop new products. Yet the role of governments in limit- ing the reach of TPMs is inchoate. For this reason, companies have been given free reign to use TPMs that not only prevent digital piracy, but also restrict how consumers use their products. This restriction has created con- troversy in Europe and beyond. In August of 2006, in order to implement the EUCD, France passed the "Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights in the Information Socie- ty" known as Dadvsi.2 Under this law, individuals may now petition the government to compel the disclosure of TPM source code in order to per- mit product interoperability. Parallel to the enactment of Dadvsi, French, Scandinavian, German, and Dutch consumer groups have waged a cam- paign against Apple, creator of iTunes software and the iPod portable mu- sic player.
    [Show full text]
  • All Options at a Glance Changes, Please See Our Website: BOOKING Register Online Or Using the App Or by PHONE: SMS Option Description Call 1155
    All options at a glance www.ortelmobile.de please see our website: Changes, BOOKING register online or using the app or BY PHONE: SMS Option Description call 1155. Send text to 55300. National calls International calls Options Then press: SMS content: 300 minutes for German domestic calls, calls from Germany to landline and mobile networks in the countries listed below as well as calls within and between the countries listed below: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, 750 MB CROSS 300 Min. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, in 8-1-7-1 CROSS An option for Europe Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UK. + Internet package with a data volume of up to 750 MB for in Europe Price/30 Days: €20,00* use in Germany and the countries listed above. Europe Register for an additional data volume of 500 MB for €9 (text DATAX) 180 minutes for calls to all networks in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Italy, the 180 Min. Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Thailand, UK and USA + E-Plus/o2 Flat – unlimited calls to the entire E-Plus/o2 network + high-speed SMART 180 + E-Plus / o2 network 180 MB --- SMART180 Price/30 Days: €9,90* Internet Flat up to 180 MB. Register for additional new high-speed volume for €3 (text SPEEDS) (unlimited) 500 minutes for calls to all networks in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Italy, the 500 Min.
    [Show full text]