DOCSLIB.ORG

Examining the Differential DNA Yield Rates Between Human Skeletal Elements Over Increasing Post Mortem Intervals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Examining the Differential DNA Yield Rates Between Human Skeletal Elements Over Increasing Post Mortem Intervals The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Developing an Empirically Based Ranking Order for Bone Sampling: Examining the Differential DNA Yield Rates Between Human Skeletal Elements Over Increasing Post Mortem Intervals Author(s): Amy Z. Mundorff, Ph.D., Jonathan Davoren, M.S., Shannon Weitz, B.S. Document No.: 241868 Date Received: April 2013 Award Number: 2010-DN-BX-K229 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant report available electronically. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Final Technical Report Document Title: Developing an Empirically Based Ranking Order for Bone Sampling: Examining the Differential DNA Yield Rates Between Human Skeletal Elements Over Increasing Post Mortem Intervals Authors: Amy Z. Mundorff, Ph.D., Jonathan Davoren, M.S., Shannon Weitz, B.S. Award Number: 2010-DN-BX-K229 NIJ Award 2010-DN-BX-K229 Final Technical Report 1 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Abstract This study established an empirically based ranking of skeletal elements according to each bone’s capacity to provide usable genetic material for a DNA identification and assessed how these results varied over longer post mortem intervals (PMI). Currently, selecting skeletal elements for DNA testing is based on the collective wisdom of practitioners who suggest weight-bearing long bones over all other elements. Recent evidence questions the accuracy of this collective wisdom. This study evaluated the differential yield and preservation of DNA by skeletal element in a single individual, replacing intuition with empirically based data to increase the likelihood of successfully generating a DNA profile from skeletal material. A two- phase study was conducted to accomplish these goals. Phase 1 entailed analyzing the DNA yield rates of different skeletal elements, from 3 recently skeletonized individuals, to generate an overall rank order from most successful to least successful. Phase 2 was designed to determined if the same elements from Phase 1 were equally successful at longer post mortem intervals (0-3, 4-10, 11-20, and 20+ years) and to give an indication how DNA degradation occurs over time. Using a single sampling (0.2 g) and a single amplification targeting 2.0 ng, both the quantity and quality of DNA were analyzed to determine which bones most successfully yielded full profiles (15 loci + amelogenin). Phase 1 results indicated that the quantity and quality of DNA obtained from different skeletal elements is highly variable. Small, predominantly cancellous bones such as a phalanx, patella, and tarsal’s, out performed the femur, tibia, and other long bones, which are comprised mostly of the ‘preferred’ dense cortical bone. The bones that ranked at the top (full profiles) consistently for all three individuals were considered for Phase 2. Only ten NIJ Award 2010-DN-BX-K229 Final Technical Report 2 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. bones per individual would be tested in Phase 2, however, 23 elements and 4 teeth qualified by achieving the ‘most successful’ rank in Phase 1. Therefore elements were selected by yield per mass of sample, average RFU value for each element, and skeletal representation. A cervical vertebra, middle rib, patella, 4th metacarpal, 1st distal hand phalanx, 4th metatarsal, talus, 1st cuneiform, tibia, and femur were selected for Phase 2. Phase 1 results for the tibia and femur did not reach the specifications to qualify for Phase 2 however, they are elements practitioners typically prefer to sample and therefore were included for comparison. Three skeletons from each of the four post mortem intervals (12 total) were selected. Only skeletons with similar demographics (age, sex, etc.) to the initial three individuals from Phase 1 were considered for Phase 2. Phase 2 results show that most elements produced less complete DNA profiles as the PMI increased. However, the elements that produced the best results in Phase 1 continued to perform well in later post mortem intervals, retaining their positional rank in relation to each other. This suggests that DNA degrades consistently over time. Interestingly, the distal hand phalanx and the 4th metatarsal, bones typically not sampled, were the only elements to produce full profiles in the final PMI of 20+ years. This research project determined which skeletal elements, within a single individual, were most likely to provide both the quantity and quality of DNA needed to produce DNA profiles from increasing post mortem intervals. The results provide much needed guidance on which elements are best suited for DNA testing. Cancellous bones, typically dismissed as a potential DNA source in favor of dense cortical bones, should be reconsidered when sampling. By determining which skeletal element is most NIJ Award 2010-DN-BX-K229 Final Technical Report 3 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. likely to yield an STR profile allowing identification, expensive and time-consuming retesting can be avoided. NIJ Award 2010-DN-BX-K229 Final Technical Report 4 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Table of Contents ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................ 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 6 IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE .................................................... 16 I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 18 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS......................................................................... 30 III. RESULTS........................................................................................................ 42 IV. CONCLUSIONS. ............................................................................................ 62 V. REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 66 VI. DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS.............................................. 77 NIJ Award 2010-DN-BX-K229 Final Technical Report 5 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Description of the problem Selecting the best bone to sample in order to maximize the chances of acquiring sufficient DNA for an identification can be challenging. Recent advances in genetic sequencing techniques have been driven by large-scale identification efforts focused primarily on nuclear DNA from osseous material (Whitaker et al. 1995; Hsu et al. 1999; Hoff-Olsen et al. 2003; Piccinini et al. 2004; Davoren et al. 2007). Few laboratories can conduct this type of analysis and for many jurisdictions these tests remain prohibitively expensive. Yet, as awareness of DNA capabilities continues to grow with investigators and in the popular culture, the number of unidentified remains requiring DNA identification is also growing. However, bones degrade over time, which increases the difficulty of securing an identification through DNA. Previous research has established a practice of preferentially sampling dense, cortical, weight-bearing long bones, such as the femur. While this research has been important, it has focused only on selected elements of the skeleton. New evidence indicates that the practice of preferentially sampling cortical bone may be suboptimal. A retrospective study examining a subset of the World Trade Center remains indicated that bones such as the phalanx and the patella yield DNA as well or better than dense cortical bone such as the femur (Mundorff et al. 2009).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Skeletal Foot Structure
    Foot Skeletal Structure The disarticulated bones of the left foot, from above (The talus and calcaneus remain articulated) 1 Calcaneus 2 Talus 3 Navicular 4 Medial cuneiform 5 Intermediate cuneiform 6 Lateral cuneiform 7 Cuboid 8 First metatarsal 9 Second metatarsal 10 Third metatarsal 11 Fourth metatarsal 12 Fifth metatarsal 13 Proximal phalanx of great toe 14 Distal phalanx of great toe 15 Proximal phalanx of second toe 16 Middle phalanx of second toe 17 Distal phalanx of second toe Bones of the tarsus, the back part of the foot Talus Calcaneus Navicular bone Cuboid bone Medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform bones Bones of the metatarsus, the forepart of the foot First to fifth metatarsal bones (numbered from the medial side) Bones of the toes or digits Phalanges -- a proximal and a distal phalanx for the great toe; proximal, middle and distal phalanges for the second to fifth toes Sesamoid bones Two always present in the tendons of flexor hallucis brevis Origin and meaning of some terms associated with the foot Tibia: Latin for a flute or pipe; the shin bone has a fanciful resemblance to this wind instrument. Fibula: Latin for a pin or skewer; the long thin bone of the leg. Adjective fibular or peroneal, which is from the Greek for pin. Tarsus: Greek for a wicker frame; the basic framework for the back of the foot. Metatarsus: Greek for beyond the tarsus; the forepart of the foot. Talus (astragalus): Latin (Greek) for one of a set of dice; viewed from above the main part of the talus has a rather square appearance.
    [Show full text]
  • Patellofemoral Syndrome: Evaluation & Management Scott Sevinsky MSPT
    Patellofemoral Syndrome: Evaluation & Management Scott Sevinsky MSPT What is Patellofemoral Syndrome? Patellofemoral syndrome (PFS) is a term commonly used to describe a condition where the patella ‘tracks’ or glides improperly between the femoral condyles. This improper tracking causes pain in the anterior knee and may lead to degenerative changes or dislocation of the knee cap. To be more precise the term ‘anterior knee pain’ is suggested to encompass all pain-related problems of the anterior part of the knee. By excluding anterior knee pain due to intra-articular pathology, peripatellar tendinitis or bursitis, plica syndromes, Sinding Larsen’s disease, Osgood Schlatter’s disease, neuromas and other rarely occurring pathologies it is suggested that remaining patients with a clinical presentation of anterior knee pain could be diagnosed with PFPS. The term ‘patellofemoral’ is used as no distinction can be made as to which specific structure of the patella or femur is affected. The term ‘chondromalacia patellae’, defined at the beginning of the 20th century to describe pathological changes of the retropatellar cartilage,7,8 was for half a century, used as a synonym for the syndrome of patellofemoral pain. However, several studies during the last 2 decades have shown a poor correlation between articular cartilage damage and the still not well-defined pain mechanism of retropatellar pain. Review of Knee Anatomy 1. Femur – thigh bone; longest bone in the body. · Lateral femoral condyle larger than medial condyle & projects farther anteriorly. · Medial femoral condyle longer anterior to posterior · Distal surfaces are convex · Intercondylar (trochlear) notch: groove in which the patella glides or ‘tracks’ 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Fractures of the Anterior Process of the Calcaneum; a Review and Proposed Treatment Algorithm
    Foot and Ankle Surgery 25 (2019) 258–263 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Foot and Ankle Surgery journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fas Review Fractures of the anterior process of the calcaneum; a review and proposed treatment algorithm a, b b b b Baljinder S. Dhinsa *, Ahmed Latif , Roland Walker , Ali Abbasian , Diane Back , b Sam Singh a William Harvey Hospital, Kennington Road, Willesborough, Ashford TN24 0LZ, United Kingdom b Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Background: There remains a lack of recognition of these fractures, which leads to a delay in diagnosis and Received 18 June 2017 appropriate management. Received in revised form 1 February 2018 Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, Accepted 3 February 2018 23 studies were available for analysis. Results: Delay in diagnosis is common and has a negative impact on outcome. If an APC fracture is Keywords: suspected; anteroposterior, lateral and oblique plain radiographs should be requested. Further Fracture investigation with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is indicated if plain Calcaneum radiographs are inconclusive and patient remains symptomatic. Non-operative measures are usually Anterior process Avulsion adequate for most undisplaced fractures, however surgical intervention maybe required for large, intra- Compression articular fractures in the acute setting and for non-union. Calcaneocuboid Conclusions: A treatment algorithm is suggested that may help with the diagnosis and management of these injuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Biomechanical Implications of Cuboid Facet of the Navicular Bone in the Gait
    Int. J. Morphol., 37(4):1397-1403, 2019. Morphological and Biomechanical Implications of Cuboid Facet of the Navicular Bone in the Gait Implicaciones Morfológicas y Biomecánicas de la Faceta Cuboídea del Navicular en la Marcha Eduardo Saldías1; Assumpció Malgosa1; Xavier Jordana1 & Albert Isidro2 SALDÍAS, E.; MALGOSA, A.; JORDANA, X. & ISIDRO, A. Morphological and biomechanical implications of cuboid facet of the navicular bone in the gait. Int. J. Morphol., 37(4):1397-1403, 2019. SUMMARY: The cuboid facet of the navicular bone is an irregular flat surface, present in non-human primates and some human ancestors. In modern humans, it is not always present and it is described as an “occasional finding”. To date, there is not enough data about its incidence in ancient and contemporary populations, nor a biomechanical explanation about its presence or absence. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of the cuboid facet in ancient and recent populations, its relationship with the dimensions of the midtarsal bones and its role in the biomechanics of the gait. 354 pairs of naviculars and other tarsal bones from historical and contemporary populations from Catalonia, Spain, have been studied. We used nine measurements applied to the talus, navicular, and cuboid to check its relationship with facet presence. To analyze biomechanical parameters of the facet, X-ray cinematography was used in living patients. The results showed that about 50 % of individuals developed this surface without differences about sex or series. We also observed larger sagittal lengths of the talar facet (LSAGTAL) in navicular bones with cuboid facet. No significant differences were found in the bones contact during any of the phases of the gait.
    [Show full text]
  • Bones of the Upper and Lower Limb
    Bones of the Upper and Lower limb Musculoskeletal block- Anatomy-lecture 1 Editing file Objectives Color guide : important in Red ✓ Classify the bones of the three regions of the lower Doctor note in Green limb (thigh, leg and foot). Extra information in Grey ✓ Memorize the main features of the – Bones of the thigh (femur & patella) – Bones of the leg (tibia & Fibula) – Bones of the foot (tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges) ✓ Recognize the side of the bone. Note: this lecture is based on female slides since Prof abuel makarem said only things that are mentioned in the female slides will come in the exam Note : All bones picture which are described in this lecture are bones on the right side of the body Before start :Please make yourself familiar with these terms to better understand the lecture Terms Meaning Example Ridge The long and narrow upper edge, angle, or crest The supracondylar ridges (in the distal part of of something (the humerus The trochlear notch (in the proximal part of the Notch An indentation, (incision) on an edge or surface (ulna A nodule or a small rounded projection on the Tubercles (Dorsal tubercle (in the distal part of the radius bone A hollow place (The Notch is not complete but the Subscapular fossa (in the concave part of the Fossa fossa is complete and both of them act as the lock (scapula (of the joint A large prominence on a bone usually serving for Deltoid tuberosity (in the humorous) and it Tuberosity the attachment of muscles or ligaments (is a connects the deltoid muscle (bigger projection than the Tubercle
    [Show full text]
  • Patella Problems
    Patella Problems Introduction The patella, or kneecap, can be the reason your knee hurts if it fails to function properly. Over time, wear and tear underneath the patella can also lead to degeneration of the cartilage behind the patella and cause pain, weakness and swelling of the knee joint. There are several different problems that affect the patella ­ and the groove that it runs through as the knee is bent. These problems can affect people of all ages. Anatomy The patella, or kneecap, is the moveable bone on the front of the knee. The patella is wrapped inside a large tendon that connects the large muscles on the front of the thigh, the quadriceps muscles, to the lower leg bone. This large tendon when combined with the patella, is called the quadriceps mechanism. The quadriceps mechanism is usually referred to as two separate tendons ­ the quadriceps tendon on top of the patella and the patellar tendon below the patella. The quadriceps mechanism allows you to straighten out the knee. The patella acts like a fulcrum to increase the force of the quadriceps muscle. The underside of the patella is covered with articular cartilage, the smooth covering of joint surfaces. This slippery surface helps the patella glide in a special groove of the thigh bone, or femur. Together the patella and the groove in the femur are called the patello­femoral mechanism. Causes Problems commonly develop when the patella suffers wear and tear. The underlying cartilage begins to degenerate, a condition sometimes referred to as chondromalacia patellae. Wear and tear can develop for several reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiplanar CT Analysis of Fifth Metatarsal Morphology
    FAIXXX10.1177/1071100715623041Foot & Ankle InternationalDeSandis et al 623041research-article2015 Article Foot & Ankle International® 2016, Vol. 37(5) 528 –536 Multiplanar CT Analysis of Fifth Metatarsal © The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Morphology: Implications for Operative DOI: 10.1177/1071100715623041 Management of Zone II Fractures fai.sagepub.com Bridget DeSandis, BA1, Conor Murphy, MD2, Andrew Rosenbaum, MD1, Matthew Levitsky, BA1, Quinn O’Malley1, Gabrielle Konin, MD1, and Mark Drakos, MD1 Abstract Background: Percutaneous internal fixation is currently the method of choice treating proximal zone II fifth metatarsal fractures. Complications have been reported due to poor screw placement and inadequate screw sizing. The purpose of this study was to define the morphology of the fifth metatarsal to help guide surgeons in selecting the appropriate screw size preoperatively. Methods: Multiplanar analysis of fifth metatarsal morphology was completed using computed tomographic (CT) scans from 241 patients. Specific parameters were analyzed and defined in anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and oblique views including metatarsal length, distance from the base to apex of curvature, apex medullary canal width, apex height, and fifth metatarsal angle. Results: The average metatarsal length in the AP view was 71.4 ± 6.1 mm and in the lateral view 70.4 ± 6.0 mm, with 95% of patients having lengths between 59.3 and 83.5 mm and 58.4 and 82.4 mm, respectively. The average canal width at the apex of curvature was 4.1 ± 0.9 mm in the AP view and 5.3 ± 1.1 mm in the lateral view, with 95% of patients having widths between 2.2 and 5.9 mm and 3.2 and 7.5 mm, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Evolution of the Human Foot: Insights from Experimental Research Nicholas B
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb174425. doi:10.1242/jeb.174425 REVIEW Rethinking the evolution of the human foot: insights from experimental research Nicholas B. Holowka* and Daniel E. Lieberman* ABSTRACT presumably owing to their lack of arches and mobile midfoot joints Adaptive explanations for modern human foot anatomy have long for enhanced prehensility in arboreal locomotion (see Glossary; fascinated evolutionary biologists because of the dramatic differences Fig. 1B) (DeSilva, 2010; Elftman and Manter, 1935a). Other studies between our feet and those of our closest living relatives, the great have documented how great apes use their long toes, opposable apes. Morphological features, including hallucal opposability, toe halluces and mobile ankles for grasping arboreal supports (DeSilva, length and the longitudinal arch, have traditionally been used to 2009; Holowka et al., 2017a; Morton, 1924). These observations dichotomize human and great ape feet as being adapted for bipedal underlie what has become a consensus model of human foot walking and arboreal locomotion, respectively. However, recent evolution: that selection for bipedal walking came at the expense of biomechanical models of human foot function and experimental arboreal locomotor capabilities, resulting in a dichotomy between investigations of great ape locomotion have undermined this simple human and great ape foot anatomy and function. According to this dichotomy. Here, we review this research, focusing on the way of thinking, anatomical features of the foot characteristic of biomechanics of foot strike, push-off and elastic energy storage in great apes are assumed to represent adaptations for arboreal the foot, and show that humans and great apes share some behavior, and those unique to humans are assumed to be related underappreciated, surprising similarities in foot function, such as to bipedal walking.
    [Show full text]
  • About Your Knee
    OrthoInfo Basics About Your Knee What are the parts of the knee? Your knee is Your knee is made up of four main things: bones, cartilage, ligaments, the largest joint and tendons. in your body Bones. Three bones meet to form your knee joint: your thighbone and one of the (femur), shinbone (tibia), and kneecap (patella). Your patella sits in most complex. front of the joint and provides some protection. It is also vital Articular cartilage. The ends of your thighbone and shinbone are covered with articular cartilage. This slippery substance to movement. helps your knee bones glide smoothly across each other as you bend or straighten your leg. Because you use it so Two wedge-shaped pieces of meniscal cartilage act as much, it is vulnerable to Meniscus. “shock absorbers” between your thighbone and shinbone. Different injury. Because it is made from articular cartilage, the meniscus is tough and rubbery to help up of so many parts, cushion and stabilize the joint. When people talk about torn cartilage many different things in the knee, they are usually referring to torn meniscus. can go wrong. Knee pain or injury Femur is one of the most (thighbone) common reasons people Patella (kneecap) see their doctors. Most knee problems can be prevented or treated with simple measures, such as exercise or Articular cartilage training programs. Other problems require surgery Meniscus to correct. Tibia (shinbone) 1 OrthoInfo Basics — About Your Knee What are ligaments and tendons? Ligaments and tendons connect your thighbone Collateral ligaments. These are found on to the bones in your lower leg.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Facial Reconstruction SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE
    SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE Paper No. and Title PAPER No. 11: Forensic Anthropology Module No. and Title MODULE No. 21: Forensic Facial Reconstruction Module Tag FSC_P11_M21 FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 11: Forensic Anthropology MODULE No. 21: Forensic Facial Reconstruction TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 2.1. History 3. Types of Identification 3.1. Circumstantial Identification 3.2. Positive Identification 4. Types of Reconstruction 4.1. Two-Dimensional Reconstruction 4.2. Three- Dimensional Reconstruction 4.3. Superimposition 5. Techniques for creating facial reconstruction 6. Steps of facial reconstruction 7. Limitations of Facial Reconstruction 8. Summary FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 11: Forensic Anthropology MODULE No. 21: Forensic Facial Reconstruction 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, you will be able to know- About facial reconstruction About types of identification and reconstruction About various techniques of facial reconstruction and steps of facial reconstruction. About limitations of facial reconstruction 2. Introduction Amalgamation of artistry with forensic science, osteology, anatomy and anthropology to recreate the face of an individual from its skeletal remains is known as Forensic Facial reconstruction. It is also known as forensic facial approximation. It recreates the individual’s face from features of skull. It is used by anthropologists, forensic investigators and archaeologists to help in portraying historical faces, identification of victims of crime or illustrate the features if fossil human ancestors. Two and three dimensional approaches are available for facial reconstruction. In forensic science, it is one of the most controversial and subjective technique. This method is successfully used inspite of this controversy. There are two types of methods of reconstruction which are used i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Stress Fractures BRENT W
    COVER ARTICLE PRACTICAL THERAPEUTICS Common Stress Fractures BRENT W. SANDERLIN, LCDR, MC, USNR, Naval Branch Medical Clinic, Fort Worth, Texas ROBERT F. RASPA, CAPT, MC, USN, Naval Hospital Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida Lower extremity stress fractures are common injuries most often associated with partic- ipation in sports involving running, jumping, or repetitive stress. The initial diagnosis can be made by identifying localized bone pain that increases with weight bearing or repet- itive use. Plain film radiographs are frequently unrevealing. Confirmation of a stress frac- ture is best made using triple phase nuclear medicine bone scan or magnetic resonance imaging. Prevention of stress fractures is most effectively accomplished by increasing the level of exercise slowly, adequately warming up and stretching before exercise, and using cushioned insoles and appropriate footwear. Treatment involves rest of the injured bone, followed by a gradual return to the sport once free of pain. Recent evidence sup- ports the use of air splinting to reduce pain and decrease the time until return to full par- ticipation or intensity of exercise. (Am Fam Physician 2003;68:1527-32. Copyright© 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians) tress fractures are among the involving repetitive use of the arms, such most common sports injuries as baseball or tennis. Stress fractures of and are frequently managed the ribs occur in sports such as rowing. by family physicians. A stress Upper extremity and rib stress fractures fracture should be suspected in are far less common than lower extremity Sany patient presenting with localized stress fractures.1 bone or periosteal pain, especially if he or she recently started an exercise program Etiology and Pathophysiology or increased the intensity of exercise.
    [Show full text]
  • Metric and Non Metric Characteristics of Human Forefoot: a Radiological Study in Egyptian Population
    Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2019 February; 13(2): pages 46-54 DOI: 10.22587/ajbas.2019.13.2.6 Original paper AENSI Publications Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com Metric and Non metric characteristics of human forefoot: A radiological study in Egyptian population Samah Mohammed, Mahmoud Abozaid and Fatma Elzahraa, Fouad Abd Elbaky Department of Anatomy, Faculty of medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt. Correspondence Author: Samah Mohammed, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt. Received date: 1 January 2019, Accepted date: 15 January 2018, Online date: 28 February 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Samah Mohammed et al, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Human forefoot is composed of metatarsal bones and phalanges. Their morphology and dimensions are important for proper bipedal locomotor function. Structural defects affecting forefoot bones result in foot dysfunction. The aim of the present study is to describe the morphology of the bones of forefoot and to measure their lengths and widths. A digital radiographic study was conducted on right and left feet of 100 healthy individuals (50 males and 50 females) above 21 years old. Inspection of the forefoot bones using radiographs was done to describe general shapes of bones. The lengths and widths of metatarsal bone and phalanges were measured using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. Mean and standard deviations were obtained for all measurements of each side of both sexes.
    [Show full text]