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Soils and Foundation Handbook”, a Minimum Core Barrel Size of 61 Mm (2.4”) I.D

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Soils and Foundation Handbook”, a Minimum Core Barrel Size of 61 Mm (2.4”) I.D Soils and Foundations Handbook April 2004 State Materials Office Gainesville, Florida This page is intentionally blank. i Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................. xi List of Tables.............................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Geotechnical Tasks in Typical Highway Projects.................................................. 2 1.1.1 Planning, Development, and Engineering Phase ...................................... 2 1.1.2 Project Design Phase................................................................................. 2 1.1.3 Construction Phase.................................................................................... 2 1.1.4 Post-Construction Phase............................................................................ 3 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 4 2 Subsurface Investigation Procedures ........................................................................ 4 2.1 Review of Project Requirements ..................................................................... 4 2.2 Office Review of Available Data .................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Topographic Maps..................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Aerial Photographs.................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Geological Maps and Reports ................................................................... 5 2.2.4 Natural Resources Conservation Service Surveys .................................... 5 2.2.5 Potentiometric Surface Map...................................................................... 5 2.2.6 Adjacent Projects....................................................................................... 5 2.3 Field Reconnaissance ...................................................................................... 6 2.4 Field Exploration Methods .............................................................................. 6 2.4.1 Test Pits and Trenches............................................................................... 6 2.4.2 Boreholes................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2.1 Auger Borings..................................................................................... 7 2.4.2.2 Hollow-Stem Auger Borings .............................................................. 7 2.4.2.3 Wash Borings...................................................................................... 7 2.4.2.4 Percussion Drilling.............................................................................. 7 2.4.2.5 Rotary Drilling.................................................................................... 7 2.4.2.6 Coring ................................................................................................. 8 2.4.3 Soundings.................................................................................................. 8 2.4.4 Geophysical Methods................................................................................ 8 2.4.4.1 Seismic Refraction and Reflection...................................................... 8 2.4.4.2 Resistivity ........................................................................................... 9 2.4.4.3 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) ....................................................... 9 2.4.5 Soil Sampling ............................................................................................ 9 2.4.5.1 Bag Bulk Samples............................................................................... 9 2.4.5.2 Split-Barrel.......................................................................................... 9 2.4.5.3 Shelby Tube ........................................................................................ 9 2.4.5.4 Piston Samplers................................................................................. 10 ii 2.4.5.4.1 Stationary.................................................................................... 10 2.4.5.4.2 Floating....................................................................................... 10 2.4.5.4.3 Retractable.................................................................................. 10 2.4.5.5 Rock Core Sampling......................................................................... 11 2.4.5.5.1 Double Tube Core Barrel ........................................................... 11 2.4.5.5.2 Triple Tube Core Barrel ............................................................. 11 2.5 References ..................................................................................................... 14 2.6 Specifications and Standards......................................................................... 14 Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................... 16 3 Subsurface Investigation Guidelines for Highways and Related Structures........... 16 3.1 General Requirements ................................................................................... 16 3.2 Guidelines for Minimum Explorations.......................................................... 17 3.2.1 Roadway Soil Surveys ............................................................................ 17 3.2.2 Structures................................................................................................. 19 3.2.2.1 Bridges .............................................................................................. 19 3.2.2.2 Approach Embankments................................................................... 20 3.2.2.3 Retaining Walls................................................................................. 21 3.2.2.4 Sound Walls...................................................................................... 21 3.2.2.5 Buildings........................................................................................... 21 3.2.2.6 Drainage Structures........................................................................... 21 3.2.2.7 High Mast Lighting, and Overhead Sign Structures......................... 22 3.2.2.8 Mast Arms Assemblies and Strain Poles .......................................... 22 3.2.2.9 Tunnels.............................................................................................. 22 3.2.2.10 Other Structures .............................................................................. 22 3.2.3 Borrow Areas .......................................................................................... 22 3.2.4 Retention Ponds....................................................................................... 23 3.3 References ..................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Specifications and Standards......................................................................... 27 Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................... 28 4 In-situ Testing ......................................................................................................... 28 4.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) ................................................................... 28 4.2 Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT)...................................................................... 29 4.3 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test................................................................. 30 4.4 Dilatometer Test (DMT)................................................................................ 31 4.5 Pressuremeter Test (PMT)............................................................................. 31 4.6 Field Vane Test.............................................................................................. 32 4.7 Percolation Test ............................................................................................. 32 4.8 Infiltration Test.............................................................................................. 32 4.9 Permeability Test........................................................................................... 33 4.9.1 Seepage Tests .......................................................................................... 33 4.9.1.1 Cased Open End Borehole Tests....................................................... 33 4.9.1.2 Exfiltration Test ................................................................................ 34 iii 4.9.2 Pumping Test........................................................................................... 34 4.10 Environmental Corrosion Tests................................................................... 34 4.10.1 pH of Soils............................................................................................. 34 4.10.2 pH of Water..........................................................................................
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