Multimodal Aposematic Defenses Through the Predation Sequence
This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details. Author(s): Winters, Anne E.; Lommi, Jenna; Kirvesoja, Jimi; Nokelainen, Ossi; Mappes, Johanna Title: Multimodal Aposematic Defenses Through the Predation Sequence Year: 2021 Version: Published version Copyright: © 2021 the Authors Rights: CC BY 4.0 Rights url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Please cite the original version: Winters, A. E., Lommi, J., Kirvesoja, J., Nokelainen, O., & Mappes, J. (2021). Multimodal Aposematic Defenses Through the Predation Sequence. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, Article 657740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.657740 fevo-09-657740 August 10, 2021 Time: 12:25 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 August 2021 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.657740 Multimodal Aposematic Defenses Through the Predation Sequence Anne E. Winters1,2*, Jenna Lommi1, Jimi Kirvesoja1, Ossi Nokelainen1 and Johanna Mappes1,3 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland, 2 Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom, 3 Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Aposematic organisms warn predators of their unprofitability using a combination of defenses, including visual warning signals, startling sounds, noxious odors, or aversive tastes. Using multiple lines of defense can help prey avoid predators by stimulating multiple senses and/or by acting at different stages of predation. We tested the efficacy of three lines of defense (color, smell, taste) during the predation sequence of aposematic wood tiger moths (Arctia plantaginis) using blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) predators.
[Show full text]