Speciation Through Evolution of Sex-Linked Genes
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Biology and Thermal Requirements of Utetheisa Ornatrix (L.) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Reared on Artificial Diet
647 Vol. 51, n. 4 : pp.647-653, July-Aug 2008 BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF ISSN 1516-8913 Printed in Brazil BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Biology and Thermal Requirements of Utetheisa ornatrix (L.) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Reared on Artificial Diet André Gustavo Corrêa Signoretti 1, Dori Edson Nava 2*, José Maurício Simões Bento 1 and José Roberto Postali Parra 1 1Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola; Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"; Universidade de São Paulo; 13418-310; Piracicaba - SP - Brasil. 2Embrapa Clima Temperado; [email protected]; 96001-970; Pelotas - RS - Brasil ABSTRACT A study on the biology of Utetheisa ornatrix reared on the artificial diet, was conducted to determine the thermal requirements in each development stage. The aim was to find out the thermal regions in the São Paulo state where the pest could develop on Crotalaria spp. The insects were reared on an artificial diet based on the white beans and yeast. U. ornatrix thermal requirements were tested at 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32ºC 70±20% RH, and 14-h photophase. Lower threshold temperatures (TT) and thermal constants (K) for the egg, larval and pupal stages were 12.7ºC and 51.2 GDD, 13.5ºC and 290.9 GDD, 13.8ºC and 108.4 GDD, respectively; TT and K values for the biological cycle were 13.8ºC and 436.3 GDD. Key words: Crotalaria , Rattlebox moth, rearing technique INTRODUCTION In the past few years, the area planted to the crotalaria has increased significantly, reaching The Rattlebox moth, Utetheisa ornatrix (L., 1758) about 3,000 ha in Brazil (José Aparecido Donizete (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), is considered to be the Cardoso, personal comunication). -
Utetheisa Ornatrix)
Female choice increases offspring fitness in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix) Vikram K. Iyengar and Thomas Eisner* Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, W347 Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Contributed by Thomas Eisner, November 5, 1999 In Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae), the female mates direct phenotypic benefits (from the nuptial gifts) and indirect preferentially with larger males. Having a larger father results in genetic benefits (from the expression of largeness in sons and the eggs being more richly endowed with defensive pyrrolizidine daughters). We postulated that these benefits should be mea- alkaloid (which the female receives from the male with the sperm surable and found that the offspring of preferred males do package, in quantity proportional to the male’s body mass, and indeed fare better than the offspring of nonpreferred males. passes on to the eggs); having a larger father also results in the Specifically, we showed that (i) eggs sired by preferred males are sons and daughters themselves being larger (body mass is herita- less vulnerable to predation; (ii) sons of preferred males are ble in Utetheisa). We provide evidence herein that these conse- more successful in courtship; and (iii) daughters of preferred quences enhance the fitness of the offspring. Eggs sired by larger males are more fecund. males are less vulnerable to predation (presumably because of Our basic protocol was as follows: (i) we confined a female their higher alkaloid content), whereas sons and daughters, by with two males (one large, one small) until she chose to mate virtue of being larger, are, respectively, more successful in court- with one of them (preferred male, primary mating); (ii)we ship and more fecund. -
Paternal Inheritance of a Female Moth's Mating Preference
letters to nature 11. Reznick, D. N., Shaw, F. H., Rodd, F. H. & Shaw, R. G. Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural birds promote the evolution of exaggerated male traits through populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Science 275, 1934–1936 (1997). 12. Majerus, M. E. N. Melanism: Evolution in Action (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1998). sexual selection. Specifically, the theory predicts that, because 13. Hendry, A. P.Adaptive divergence and the evolution of reproductive isolation in the wild: an empirical female preference alleles arising on the Z chromosome are demonstration using introduced sockeye salmon. Genetica 112, 515–534 (2001). transmitted to all sons that have the father’s attractive trait rather 14. Grant, P.R. & Grant, B. R. Unpredictable evolution in a 30-year study of Darwin’s finches. Science 296, than to only a fraction of the sons, such alleles will experience 707–711 (2002). 15. Baker, A. J. Genetic and morphometric divergence in ancestral European and descendent New Zeland stronger positive selection and be less vulnerable to chance loss populations of chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs). Evolution 46, 1784–1800 (1992). than would autosomal alleles. 16. Merila¨, J. & Crnokrak, P. Comparison of genetic differentiation at marker loci and quantitative traits. The benefits accrued by female Utetheisa as a result of mating J. Evol. Biol. 14, 892–903 (2001). 17. Wright, S. The genetical structure of populations. Ann. Eugen. 15, 323–354 (1951). preferentially with larger males have been characterized. The pheno- 18. Haugen, T. O. & Vøllestad, L. A. A century of life-history evolution in grayling. Genetica 112, 475–491 typic benefits take the form of nutrient and pyrrolizidine alkaloid (2001). -
Chemical Defence of the Warningly Coloured Caterpillars of Methona Themisto (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae)
Eur. J. Entomol. 106: 253–259, 2009 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1449 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Chemical defence of the warningly coloured caterpillars of Methona themisto (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) KAMILA F. MASSUDA and JOSÉ R. TRIGO* Laboratório de Ecologia Química, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Key words. Aposematism, Brunfelsia uniflora, Camponotus crassus, Gallus gallus domesticus, learning, Lycosa erythrognatha, predation, Solanaceae, unpalatability Abstract. The caterpillars of the butterfly Methona themisto (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) are conspicuously coloured and feed exclu- sively on Brunfelsia uniflora (Solanaceae), a plant that is rich in secondary plant substances, which suggests the caterpillars are chemically protected against predators. Results of experiments indicate that predators determine the survival of Methona themisto caterpillars in the field and laboratory bioassays that this organism is eaten by ants and spiders but not chicks. Both the conspicuous orange and black striped colouration and chemical compounds of Methona themisto caterpillars seem to be related to protection against predation by visually hunting predators. Chicks ate proportionally more of the cryptically coloured 1st instar caterpillars than of the conspicuously coloured later instar caterpillars. That Methona themisto caterpillars are chemically defended is supported by the activity of the dichloromethanic extract of 5th instars in preventing predation by chicks. Caterpillars of Methona themisto are apo- sematic as they are both (1) unpalatable, and (2) their warning signal is easily recognized by potential predators. Chicks learned to avoid the aposematic 3rd or 5th instar caterpillars after one encounter. Mealworms painted to look like caterpillars were also rejected by chicks that had previously encountered Methona caterpillars. -
Reproductive Mode and Speciation: the Viviparity-Driven Conflict Liypothesis David W
Hypothesis Reproductive mode and speciation: the viviparity-driven conflict liypothesis David W. Zeh* and Jeanne A. Zeh Summary in the speciation process.*^"®' With patterns in nature (see In birds and frogs, species pairs retain the capacity to below) exhibiting profound between-lineage differences in produce viable hybrids for tens of millions of years, an order of magnitude longer than mammals. What the relative rates at which pre- and postzygotic isolation accounts for these differences in relative rates of pre- evolve,*^~^°' a unifying theory of speciation has remained and postzygotic isolation? We propose that reproduc- elusive. Here, we present a new hypothesis to account for the tive mode is a critically important but previously over- extreme disparity that exists between lineages in patterns of looked factor in the speciation process. Viviparity speciation. This viviparity-driven conflict hypothesis proposes creates a post-fertilization arena for genomic conflicts absent in egg-laying species. With viviparity, conflict that the reproductive stage at which divergence occurs most can arise between: mothers and embryos; sibling rapidly between populations is strongly influenced by the embryos in the womb, and maternal and paternal degree to which embryonic development involves physiolo- genomes within individual embryos. Such intra- and gical interactions between mother and embryo. After briefly intergenomic conflicts result in perpetual antagonistic reviewing between-lineage differences in patterns of specia- coevolution, thereby accelerating interpopulation post- zygotic isolation. In addition, by generating intrapopula- tion, we develop the hypothesis that postzygotic isolation tion genetic incompatibility, viviparity-driven conflict should evolve more rapidly in viviparous animals than in favors polyandry and limits the potential for precopula- oviparous species, because development of the embryo tory divergence. -
Rad21l1 Cohesin Subunit Is Dispensable for Spermatogenesis but Not
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.309591; this version posted September 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Rad21l1 cohesin subunit is dispensable for spermatogenesis but not 2 oogenesis in zebrafish 3 4 Yana P. Blokhina1,2,¶, Michelle Frees1,¶, An Nguyen1,¶, Masuda Sharifi1,3, Daniel B. 5 Chu1,2, Bruce W. Draper1, Sean M. Burgess1* 6 7 8 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 9 California, United States of America 10 11 2 Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 12 United States of America 13 14 3 Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, 15 University of California, Davis, United States of America 16 17 18 * Corresponding author 19 Email: [email protected] 20 21 22 ¶ These authors contributed equally to this work. 23 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.309591; this version posted September 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 24 Abstract 25 Meiosis produces haploid gametes that will give rise to the next diploid 26 generation. Chromosome segregation errors occurring at one or both meiotic divisions 27 result in aneuploidy, which can lead to miscarriages or birth defects in humans. -
The Plan for This Week: Today: Sex Chromosomes: Dosage
Professor Abby Dernburg 470 Stanley Hall [email protected] Office hours: Tuesdays 1-2, Thursdays 11-12 (except this week, Thursday only 11-1) The Plan for this week: Today: Sex chromosomes: dosage compensation, meiosis, and aneuploidy Wednesday/Friday: Dissecting gene function through mutation (Chapter 7) Professor Amacher already assigned the following reading and problems related to today’s lecture: Reading: Ch 4, p 85-88; Ch 6, p 195, 200; Ch 11, p 415; Ch. 18, skim p 669-677, Ch 13, 481-482 Problems: Ch 4, #23, 25; Ch 13, #24, 27 - 31 Let’s talk about sex... chromosomes We’ve learned that sex-linked traits show distinctive inheritance patterns The concept of “royal blood” led to frequent consanguineous marriages among the ruling houses of Europe. Examples of well known human sex-linked traits Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) Red/Green color blindness Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) Male-pattern baldness* *Note: male-pattern baldness is both sex-linked and sex-restricted - i.e., even a homozygous female doesn’t usually display the phenotype, since it depends on sex-specific hormonal cues. Sex determination occurs by a variety of different mechanisms Mating-type loci (in fungi) that “switch” their information Environmental cues (crocodiles, some turtles, sea snails) “Haplodiploid” mechanisms (bees, wasps, ants) males are haploid, females are diploid Sex chromosomes We know the most about these mechanisms because a) it’s what we do, and b) it’s also what fruit flies and worms do. Plants, like animals, have both chromosomal and non-chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination. The mechanism of sex determination is rapidly-evolving! Even chromosome-based sex determination is incredibly variable Mammals (both placental and marsupial), fruit flies, many other insects: XX ♀/ XY ♂ Many invertebrates: XX ♀or ⚥ / XO ♂ (“O” means “nothing”) Birds, some fish: ZW ♀ / ZZ ♂(to differentiate it from the X and Y system) Duckbilled platypus (monotreme, or egg-laying mammal): X1X1 X2X2 X3X3 X4X4 X5X5 ♀ / X1Y1 X2Y2 X3 Y 3 X4X4 X5Y5 ♂ (!!?) Note: these are given as examples. -
Plant-Derived Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Protects Eggs of a Moth (Utetheisa Ornatrix) Against a Parasitoid Wasp (Trichogramma Ostriniae)
Plant-derived pyrrolizidine alkaloid protects eggs of a moth (Utetheisa ornatrix) against a parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma ostriniae) Alexander Bezzerides*, Tze-Hei Yong†, Julie Bezzerides*, Jad Husseini*, Joshua Ladau*, Maria Eisner*, and Thomas Eisner*‡ Departments of *Neurobiology and Behavior and †Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Contributed by Thomas Eisner, April 13, 2004 Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), sequestered by the moth Utetheisa ornatrix from its larval food plant, is transmitted by both males and females to the eggs. Males confer PA on the female by seminal infusion, and females pass this gift, together with PA that they themselves procured as larvae, to the eggs. Here we show that PA protects the eggs against parasitization by the chalcidoid wasp, Trichogramma ostriniae. Eggs laid subsequent to a first mating of an Utetheisa female receive most of their PA from the female. The amount they receive from the male is insufficient to provide for full protection. However, female Utetheisa are promiscuous and there- fore likely to receive PA on a cumulative basis from their male partners. chemical defense ͉ parasitism ͉ Arctiidae ͉ Trichogrammatidae he moth Utetheisa ornatrix (henceforth called Utetheisa), a Tmember of the tiger moth family (Arctiidae), is distasteful at all stages of development. As a larva, it feeds on plants of the genus Crotalaria (Fabaceae), from which it sequesters toxic, intensely bitter, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). The compounds are retained systemically through metamorphosis by both sexes and eventually are allocated in part to the eggs. Both sexes Fig. 1. Trichogramma on an egg of Utetheisa. The specimen was abruptly contribute to the egg endowment. -
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Occurrence in Crop Plants
molecules Review Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Occurrence in Crop Plants Sebastian Schramm, Nikolai Köhler and Wilfried Rozhon * Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (N.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-8161-71-2023 Academic Editor: John C. D’Auria Received: 20 December 2018; Accepted: 29 January 2019; Published: 30 January 2019 Abstract: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are heterocyclic secondary metabolites with a typical pyrrolizidine motif predominantly produced by plants as defense chemicals against herbivores. They display a wide structural diversity and occur in a vast number of species with novel structures and occurrences continuously being discovered. These alkaloids exhibit strong hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, tumorigenic, and neurotoxic activities, and thereby pose a serious threat to the health of humans since they are known contaminants of foods including grain, milk, honey, and eggs, as well as plant derived pharmaceuticals and food supplements. Livestock and fodder can be affected due to PA-containing plants on pastures and fields. Despite their importance as toxic contaminants of agricultural products, there is limited knowledge about their biosynthesis. While the intermediates were well defined by feeding experiments, only one enzyme involved in PA biosynthesis has been characterized so far, the homospermidine synthase catalyzing the first committed step in PA biosynthesis. This review gives an overview about structural diversity of PAs, biosynthetic pathways of necine base, and necic acid formation and how PA accumulation is regulated. Furthermore, we discuss their role in plant ecology and their modes of toxicity towards humans and animals. -
Coupling, Reinforcement, and Speciation Roger Butlin, Carole Smadja
Coupling, Reinforcement, and Speciation Roger Butlin, Carole Smadja To cite this version: Roger Butlin, Carole Smadja. Coupling, Reinforcement, and Speciation. American Naturalist, Uni- versity of Chicago Press, 2018, 191 (2), pp.155-172. 10.1086/695136. hal-01945350 HAL Id: hal-01945350 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01945350 Submitted on 5 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License vol. 191, no. 2 the american naturalist february 2018 Synthesis Coupling, Reinforcement, and Speciation Roger K. Butlin1,2,* and Carole M. Smadja1,3 1. Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; 2. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; and Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö SE-45296 Strömstad, Sweden; 3. Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5554 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Institut de Recherche pour le Développement–École pratique des hautes études), Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France Submitted March 15, 2017; Accepted August 28, 2017; Electronically published December 15, 2017 abstract: During the process of speciation, populations may di- Introduction verge for traits and at their underlying loci that contribute barriers Understanding how reproductive isolation evolves is key fl to gene ow. -
Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics
Sex Determination and Sex- Linked Characteristics Chapter 4 Lecture Outline • Mechanisms of Sex Determination – Chromosomal – Genetic – Environmental • Sex-linked Characteristics Sex Determination • Sexual reproduction is the results of meiosis and fertilization • Sexual phenotypes (the sexes) – male and female – Differ in gamete size • Sex determination – mechanism by which sex is established • Monoecious – organisms with both male and female reproductive structures (hermphroditism) • Dioecious – organism has male or female reproductive structures – Chromosomal, genetic or environmental sex determination • In many organisms, sex is determined by a pair of chromosomes – sex chromosomes – Non-sex chromosomes = Autosomes • Heterogametic sex – gametes differ with respect to sex chromosomes • Homogametic sex – gametes are the same with respect to sex chromosomes Concept Check 1 How does the heterogametic sex differ from the homogametic sex? a. The heterogametic sex is male; the homogametic sex is female. b. Gametes of the heterogametic sex have different sex chromosomes; gametes of homogametic sex have the same sex chromosome. c. Gametes of the heterogametic sex all contain a Y chromosome. d. Gametes of the homogametic sex all contain an X chromosome. Concept Check 1 How does the heterogametic sex differ from the homogametic sex? a. The heterogametic sex is male; the homogametic sex is female. b. Gametes of the heterogametic sex have different sex chromosomes; gametes of homogametic sex have the same sex chromosome. c. Gametes of the heterogametic sex all contain a Y chromosome. d. Gametes of the homogametic sex all contain an X chromosome. Chromosomal Sex-Determination • XX-XO sex determination – grasshoppers – XX – female; homogametic – XO male; heterogametic • (O = absence of chromosome) • XX-XY sex determination – many species incl. -
The Genetic Basis of Reproductive Isolation: Insights from Drosophila
Colloquium The genetic basis of reproductive isolation: Insights from Drosophila H. Allen Orr* Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 Recent studies of the genetics of speciation in Drosophila have number of new and careful studies of the biogeography, ecology, focused on two problems: (i) identifying and characterizing the and genetics of speciation, and we now understand a good deal genes that cause reproductive isolation, and (ii) determining the about the evolution of reproductive isolation (3). We can, for evolutionary forces that drove the divergence of these ‘‘speciation instance, describe the rate at which this reproductive isolation genes.’’ Here, I review this work. I conclude that speciation genes evolves (Fig. 1), and the ecological factors that drive speciation, correspond to ordinary loci having normal functions within species. at least in some cases (6). We can also point to plausible examples These genes fall into several functional classes, although a role in in which the process of reinforcement may have completed transcriptional regulation could prove particularly common. More speciation (3, 7, 8). Finally, we know a fair amount about the important, speciation genes are typically very rapidly evolving, and number and location of the genes that cause reproductive this divergence is often driven by positive Darwinian selection. isolation (at least in its postzygotic form), and the causes of Finally, I review recent work in Drosophila pseudoobscura on the patterns like Haldane’s rule (3, 9, 10). possible role of meiotic drive in the evolution of the genes that Given this progress, it is natural to ask: What now are the cause postzygotic isolation.