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Phase Evolution of Ancient and Historical Ceramics
EMU Notes in Mineralogy, Vol. 20 (2019), Chapter 6, 233–281 The struggle between thermodynamics and kinetics: Phase evolution of ancient and historical ceramics 1 2 ROBERT B. HEIMANN and MARINO MAGGETTI 1Am Stadtpark 2A, D-02826 Go¨rlitz, Germany [email protected] 2University of Fribourg, Dept. of Geosciences, Earth Sciences, Chemin du Muse´e6, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland [email protected] This contribution is dedicated to the memory of Professor Ursula Martius Franklin, a true pioneer of archaeometric research, who passed away at her home in Toronto on July 22, 2016, at the age of 94. Making ceramics by firing of clay is essentially a reversal of the natural weathering process of rocks. Millennia ago, potters invented simple pyrotechnologies to recombine the chemical compounds once separated by weathering in order to obtain what is more or less a rock-like product shaped and decorated according to need and preference. Whereas Nature reconsolidates clays by long-term diagenetic or metamorphic transformation processes, potters exploit a ‘short-cut’ of these processes that affects the state of equilibrium of the system being transformed thermally. This ‘short-cut’ is thought to be akin to the development of mineral-reaction textures resulting from disequilibria established during rapidly heated pyrometamorphic events (Grapes, 2006) involving contact aureoles or reactions with xenoliths. In contrast to most naturally consolidated clays, the solidified rock-like ceramic material inherits non-equilibrium and statistical states best described as ‘frozen-in’. The more or less high temperatures applied to clays during ceramic firing result in a distinct state of sintering that is dependent on the firing temperature, the duration of firing, the firing atmosphere, and the composition and grain-size distribution of the clay. -
Ackland Ceramics Guide
! ! CERAMICS!GUIDE! Ceramics:"objects"formed"from"moistened"clay"and"hardened"by"firing;"distinguished"by" permeability"and"firing"temperatures" • Earthenware:"Porous,"low<firing" • Stoneware:"Non<porous,"high<firing" • Hard<Paste"Porcelain:"Non<porous,"high<firing" Single!firing:"clay"mixture"and"glaze"reach"maximum"density"and"hardness"in"a"single"firing,"with" the"glaze"being"applied"directly"to"the"unfired"clay"beforehand" Biscuit!firing:"glazed"objects"can"also"undergo"multiple"firings,"the"first"being"the"firing"of"the" unglazed"(biscuit)"object;"helps"stabilize"a"work"before"a"glaze"or"painted"decoration"is"applied" Glost!firing:"fuses"glaze"to"an"object"that"has"already"been"biscuit<fired" Glaze:!natural"materials"applied"to"a"clay"object"(either"as"a"powder"or"mixed"with"water)," fusing"with"the"clay"when"fired;"makes"porous"ceramics"impervious"to"liquid;"also"used"on"non< porous"ceramics"for"purely"decorative"effects,"either"as"transparent"coating"or"colored"by"the" addition"of"various"metal"oxides;"comprised"of"ground"silica,"which"melts"to"create"a"glassy" surface,"as"well"as"(1)"an"alumina"stabilizer"to"increase"viscosity"and"(2)"a"mineral"flux"to"lower" the"silica’s"melting"point." Common!glaze!types:"distinguished"by"flux"material" th • Lead:"low<firing,"used"on"earthenware;"largely"discontinued"by"the"late"19 "century"due" to"dangers"of"prolonged"lead"exposure" • Tin:"lead"glaze"with"the"addition"of"tin"oxide,"resulting"in"an"opaque"white"surface;" originates"in"Middle"East,"9th"century;"European"tin<glazed"earthenware"classified"by" -
Ceramics: the History, Materials, and Manipulative Techniques of the Craft
Eastern Illinois University The Keep Plan B Papers Student Theses & Publications 1-1-1965 Ceramics: The History, Materials, and Manipulative Techniques of the Craft James W. Mizener Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b Recommended Citation Mizener, James W., "Ceramics: The History, Materials, and Manipulative Techniques of the Craft" (1965). Plan B Papers. 447. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/plan_b/447 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Plan B Papers by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CERAMICS: THE HISTORY, MATERIALS, AND MANIPULATIVE TECHNIQUES OF THE CRAFT (TITLE) BY James W. Mizener PLAN B PAPER SUBMIITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EDUCATION AND PREPARED IN COURSE Industrial Arts 452, Recreational Crafts IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS 1965 YEAR I HEREBY RECOMMEND THIS PLAN B PAPER BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE DEGREE, M.S. IN ED. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION . 1 I. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT • 3 Ancient People 3 Chinese Contributions . 8 Contemporary Application 10 Industry •••••• 10 Therapy •• 10 School 11 Recreation 11 II. CERAMIC CONSTRUCTION 13 Clay . 13 Classification of Clay 16 Earthenware • 16 Stoneware • 16 Porcelain •• 17 Tools and Equipment . 17 Methods and Techniques of Ceramic Construction 20 Wedging Clay • • • • • ••• 20 Hand-Built Modeling ••••••••••• 21 Free Form Modeling • • • • 21 Slab Building ••••••••• 23 Coil Building •••••••• 24 Casting Pottery From Molds •••• 25 Single and Multi-Piece Molds •• 26 Preparing the Slip • • • • • • • • • • 28 Casting . -
How to Identify Old Chinese Porcelain
mmmKimmmmmmKmi^:^ lOW-TO-IDENTIFY OLD -CHINESE - PORCELAIN - j?s> -ii-?.aaig3)g'ggg5y.jgafE>j*iAjeE5egasgsKgy3Si CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE WASON CHINESE COLLECTION DATE DUE 1*-^'" """"^*^ NK 4565!h69" "-ibrary 3 1924 023 569 514 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023569514 'a4^(A<-^^ %//3 HOW TO IDENTIFY OLD CHINESE PORCELAIN PLATE r WHITE PORCELAIN "BLANC-DE-CHINE" PAIR OF BOWLS of pierced fret-work divided by five circular panels or medallions of raised figures in relief, supposed 10 represent the Pa-Sien or eight Immortals and the God of Longevity. Height, if in. Diameter, sfin. SEAL in the form of a cube surmounted by the figure of a lion Height, i^in. INCENSE BURNER, eight sided and ornamented by moulding in relief with eight feet and four handles. The sides have three bands enclosing scrolls in ancient bronze designs. At each angle of the cover is a knob; it is ornamented with iris and prunus, and by pierced spaces. The stand has eight feet and a knob at each angle ; in the centre is a flower surrounded by detached impressed scrolls, round the outside are similar panels to those on the bowl. Height, 4|in. Diameter of stand, 6f in. THE FIGURE OF A CRAB on a lotus leaf, the stem of which terminales in a flower. Length, 6| in. From Sir PV. fraiik^s Collection at the BritisJi Museum. S3 HOW TO IDENTIFY OLD CHINESE PORCELAIN BY MRS. -
19-24 DEMAINE Joanna
Overglaze: Challenging the Myths Johanna Demaine discusses the art and technique of overglazing HERE IS PROSE AND THERE IS POETRY. In pottery there “ seems to remain a possibility for providing both, some- Ttimes in the same object. Pottery can be about design or about art, and occasionally both. Pots succeed because they move the spirit, like art, or they exactly fill a requirement, like design. That one discipline can straddle both areas with dual emphasis is distinctive.” (Dormer: 1994, p.7) For reasons best known to ceramists themselves, the realm of overglaze has been neglected or, even at its extreme, derided as a valid means of expression/decoration for the craft/artist potter. In Margaret Ford. Ceramic. the past, as ceramists have been concerned with the approach fostered by the Overglaze enamel. Arts and Crafts Movement together with the Leach tradition. Yet I believe we have neglected the technique of overglaze decoration as a valid and enduring element of the whole ceramic process, despite it being an integral part of the character of Oriental and Islamic ceramics for the past 1000 years, through the marriage of form and surface. This ignorance or perhaps fear of the process has seen overglaze unceremoniously dumped into the area known as china or porcelain painting and all the angst which that conjures up. I feel that this unfortunate terminology has contributed to the view that overglaze is not relevant to clay workers. CeramicsTECHNICAL No. 21 2005 19 However, as with all things in today’s fast changing society, the parameters within which ceramics operate, are in a state of flux. -
On Generation and Evolution of Traditional Ceramics Blank-Leaving Decoration Art
International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2015) On Generation and Evolution of Traditional Ceramics Blank-Leaving Decoration Art Huafei Cai Art & Design College Guilin University of Electronic & Technology Guilin, China e-mail: [email protected] Abstract—From primitive society to modern civilization, period of a primitive society to the development witnessing a circular device has been the main modeling style of the turning point of the Song dynasty and the peak of the Ming traditional ceramic arts. Circular device triggered out and Qing dynasties. Blank-leaving style was becoming partition decoration, and consequently gave rise to blank- clearer and more complicated gradually. The inner causes leaving decoration in form of horizontal ribbon and vertical may be attributed to the original shape and function of geometry partition. From germination of blank-leaving painted pottery. onpainted potteries to its modern evolution of traditional ceramics, blank-leaving witnessed the changes of the times and of its evolution from utensils to artisic devices in all previous II. ON INFANCY AND GENERATION OF PAINTED dynasties. This paper intends to study blank-leaving, its POTTERY BLANK-LEAVING DECORATION ART generation, evolution, characteristics and traces of Friedrich Von Engels, a well-known German philosopher, development in order to justify that “Changing with the claims in his work The Family, Private Ownership and evolution of shape of utensils” and “The unification of utensils National Origin, “Pottery manufacturing is due to the and Dao” are the main internal causes of blank-leaving, its establishment or painted wooden vessel of clay to refractory. generation and evolution. In so doing, people soon discovered that, molding clay can Keywords—blank-leaving decoration; Dao and Utensils; be used even without the container inside. -
CERAMICS MONTHLY Volume 2, Number 7 JULY • 19S4 50 Cents Per Copy
0 MONTHLY JULY 1954 50c ~ -,k ~ly~ - ~ . clay on display Start Your Own CERAMIC LIBRARY These are carefully selected ceramic books which will offer you good instruction, enjoyable reading and ready reference sources. Make your selection nowm use coupon below for ordering. THE FABER LIBRARY OF POTTERY AND CERAMICS HANDBOOK. THE COMPLETE BOOK OF POTTERY PORCELAIN includes 16 volumes devoted By Richard Hyman. MAKING. By John B. Kenny. to the finest in historical ceramics. Every Illustrated with almost 300 photos, it covers Exaggerated title? Not at all. All of the ceramist and collector will find these hand- all phases of pottery making, sculpture, most popular pottery maldng techniques some books~ an excellent addition to his and jewelry. Includes recipes for low-tem- are explained in detailed, step-by-step library. The volumes are uniform in format perature glazes, instruction for building photo lessons. Included is basic informa- and treatment. The texts are supplemented kilns and wheels, and an "equipment re- tion on clays, glazes, bodies, firing, with a history of factories and designers. view." Hard-bound edition. $2.95 plaster, many other subjects. Large format Black-and-whlte and color illustrations. (7"by 10"), 242 pages, more than 500 photos and drawings. $7.50 MEDIEVAL ENGLISH POTTERY Bernard Rackham MAKING POTTERY FOR PROFIT. A POTTER'S PORTFOLIO. By Bernard Leach. By Cole and Start. ENGLISH DELFTWARE F.H. Garner How to make pottery pay. What to make, An elaborate (111/2" by 14", cloth- how to make it, how to price, how to EARLY ISLAMIC POTTERY bound) edition in which Mr. -
American Women's Contribution to American Art Pottery 1873-1889
AMERICAN WOMEN'S CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICAN ART POTTERY 1873 - 1889 by JERRI GRIFFIN A. A. Colby Community College, Colby, Kansas. R.A. University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, M.S. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. A MASTER'S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF FINE ARTS Department of Art KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1987 A11207 3D700h TABLE OF CONTENTS The beginning of the art pottery movement 1 1873 - China painting begins 3 1874 - Ben Pitman encourages ladies to china paint at the Cincinnati School of Design 4 1875 - The Cincinnati Tea Party 5 1876 - The Philadelphia Centennial Exposition 6 1877 - American women responded to the Centennial 7 1878 - McLaughlin's first successes 9 1879 - Cincinnati women gather to form a pottery club... 10 1880 - Rookwood Pottery founded 15 1881 - Rookwood School of Decoration started 20 1883 - Art pottery develops 22 1884 - McLaughlin writes manual for china painters 24 1885 - Pottery Club and other amateurs evicted from Rookwood 24 1889 - American art pottery comes of age with international awards 25 Conclusion 27 Figures 2 8 List of Sources of Figures 53 Notes to references in the text 55 Bib! iography 60 INTRODUCTION This research deals with the beginnings on the American art pottery movement 1873 - 1889 and the earliest attempts to employ ceramics as an independent art medium in the United States by American women. American pottery of 1873 - 1889 may seem to be a short period of time but it is a rich segment within the history of American clay. This period of time is often misunderstood and unrecognized in terms of its achievements, unigueness and tradition. -
Early 19Th to Mid-20Th Century Ceramics in Texas
Early 19th to Mid 20th Century Ceramics in Texas Becky Shelton, TASN Training Fort Worth, July 18th 2015 Adapted from: Sandra and Johnney Pollan and John Clark Texas Archeological Stewardship Network 2006 Workshop Presentations Ceramics generally fall into two categories: High temperatures Low temperatures Vitreous Nonvitreous 1. Stoneware Earthenware 2. Porcelain 1. Creamware 2. Pearlware 3. Whiteware 4. Red earthenware OET Porcelain Compact and grainy in cross-section with glassy edges. Used all decorating techniques to make decorative as well as useful wares. England developed two kinds of porcelain – hard-paste and soft-paste. Soft-paste porcelain is fritted with crushed glass. Bone China, or bone ash porcelain (fritted with glass and animal bone ash), became the standard English porcelain body throughout the 19th Century. It is more translucent than hard-paste porcelain. Its broken edges will discolor, and the overglaze decoration often wears away with use. Soft-paste porcelain: very Bone China: ivory, white, vitreous vitreous Earthenware • Fired at low temperatures • Coarse, porous clay bodies • Non-vitreous; require interior surface coating to prevent leakage • Opaque body; transmits no light • Includes “red wares, yellow wares, and white wares” Earthenware-Red • Coarse, porous body that is fragile and must be glazed to prevent leakage. • Pinkish buff to red to brown body • Wheel-thrown and drape-molded most common • Pre-1830: bulbous, ovoid shapes • Post-1830: Straight-sided cylindrical vessels • Decor: Slip-trailing, Manganese glaze, and simple Lead glaze Earthenware-Red, cont. Tooling marks Manganese glaze mostly pre-1850 Slip-trailed and coggled pie plate Milk pan with simple interior glaze Majolica - Early 20th Century Earthenware - Yellow • Coarse, porous body that is finer and more durable than redware, but less vitreous than stoneware. -
DAACS Cataloging Manual: Ceramic Genre Appendix
DAACS Cataloging Manual: Ceramic Genre Appendix Compiled by: Lynsey Bates and Leslie Cooper MARCH 2018 1 The Genre field is used to assign, where possible, each decorated sherd to a temporally significant decorative genre, e.g. “Shell Edge, blue” or “Famille Rose”. The Genre field allows researchers to conduct analysis using commonly accepted decorative terminology. The current list of Genres is below. AN HUA ................................................................................................................................. 4 APPLIED POWDER CRYSTALS, PURPLE .................................................................................... 4 BARLEY .................................................................................................................................. 4 BELLARMINE/BARTMANN ..................................................................................................... 5 BATAVIAN ............................................................................................................................. 5 BEAD AND REEL ..................................................................................................................... 6 BLUE AND GRAY .................................................................................................................... 6 BLUE, MOLDED/STAMPED/INCISED ....................................................................................... 6 CAULIFLOWER ...................................................................................................................... -
Tang Dynasty Changsha Ceramics
144 Tang Dynasty Changsha Ceramics Liu Yang In the field of Chinese ceramics, the Belitung shipwreck is remarkable for greatly expanding our knowledge of a specific type of work: the Changsha ware produced during the late Tang period (left). The works astound both in their stunning quality and sheer quantity, comprising approximately 57,500 pieces, nearly 95 percent of which were made at kilns in the Changsha vicinity. While Changsha bowls dominated the cargo (some 55,000 pieces), there were many other Changsha ceramics in various forms (some 2,500 pieces). These works not only shed light on the manufacture and workmanship of Changsha ceramics, they also provide invaluable new data relevant to the art and literary history, religious beliefs, and customs of the times. The Flourishing and Decline of the Changsha Ceramic Industry Until field surveys were carried out in the twentieth century, Yuezhou, at the northeast corner of Dongting Lake, was considered the main center of ceramic production in Hunan during the Tang dynasty. This may have been true in the eighth century, but by the early ninth century Yuezhou kilns had begun to decline. Kilns in the Changsha vicinity, at the southern side of Dongting Lake, were developing fast, and ultimately superseded Yuezhou as the most advanced and prolific group of kilns in the area. Field surveys and typological analysis suggest that, in certain respects, Changsha ware evolved from Yuezhou ware. The Changsha kilns began production by imitating Yuezhou green-tinged glazed wares, for which the city had been known since long before the Tang dynasty. Yuezhou’s products, however, could not vie with the Yue ware made in Zhejiang province during the Tang era, such as the highly esteemed Yue bowls for tea-drinking. -
Glazes and Clay Bodies Pdf, Epub, Ebook
THE HANDBOOK OF GLAZE RECIPES: GLAZES AND CLAY BODIES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Linda Bloomfield | 144 pages | 03 Jul 2014 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781408183687 | English | London, United Kingdom The Handbook of Glaze Recipes: Glazes and Clay Bodies PDF Book An elegant explanation of Western Raku, saggar, pit, and barrel firing techniques. The author is a leading expert on materials technology and offers his years of experience as a ceramics consultant. The sand gives it a rough texture while throwing and trimming. Like clay, all glaze materials come from the earth. A lovely book to learn from as well as study aesthetics. Another in their continuing series of books featuring the best articles from Ceramics Monthly within each given subject. Anyone who loves creating ceramics knows that glazing can be a labor of great love or the bane of the entire ceramic process. Incredibly detailed and informative. Oxides and commercial stains are used as pigmentation in glaze bodies, although colour can also be achieved through the use of slips, underglazes paints and pencils as well as in over-glaze paints and decals. Range David Epstein Inbunden. He covers all the essentials, from planning your recipes and recording results to mixing glazes and finding the correct firing temperature. Skip to content. Written for ceramic scientists and engineers, it is technical in nature but an accessible read. See the description below! Underglazes, overglazes, decals, and other unusual methods are described. This clay body also varies in texture from satin matte to super high gloss with a range in between based on exposure to atmospheric conditions.