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Bulletin of the Royal Ontario Museum Of O O — Curator o the East Asiatic De artment P OF E O H E R R . E. F RNALD f p SS , A. B . MT . HOLY OKE — Curator o the Greek and Rom an De artm ent P OF E O W f R R . GR AH AM p SS , M . A . Ac . PH D . H. U , J. Curator o the Modern Euro ean De artm ent—F S . T . SP END f p p G . LOV E Curator o the Near Eastern De artment- M W NEED . LER B . A f p ISS , . Curator o the Textile De art — m ent MRS . G BR ETT f p . THE MUSEUM BOARD LL Chairman R B FENNE ES . C . O ERT , Q , Q , - S G S U ES . LL. D . 1 st Vice Chairman I MUND AM EL, Q , , DR Universit o Western On tari . R o ONALD ALLEN, y f ’ F n Universit . KE uee s PRO ESSOR M . B BA R, Q y H ES . M G C C . ENRY BORDEN , Q , Q . , W H RK ES . CLA E, Q W HN N S . D S . D E O SO E L. L . MU OC . D ARD ] , Q , , W . ES . R . A LAIDLA , Q ON . THE RT H . H. H. A . D . Chancellor E VINCENT MASSEY, C , M , LL D C L of the University of Toronto COL . H . D Chairm an o the Universit B oar W E P ILLIPS, C B E , LL f y d of Governors TH S . LL Pr S I S E C . D esident o the Univ ersit T DNEY E MI , Q , Q , M A , f y of oronto R O . GHAN . M S . D VAU MR S H ecretar - Treasurer o he Mus . t eum and ecretar ELEN MARRIOTT, S y f S y to the Board MEMBERS OF THE MUSEUM F BENE ACTORS ( Life Membership ) , who contribute SUSTAINING MEMB ERS PATRON ANNUAL ( individual or husband and wife ) ]UNIOR ( under 2 1 ) PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS All Members receive Copies of the Annual Reports and of the Bulletin of th e Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology . inv itat1ons v All Members receive to Special Lectures , Receptions and Pre iews b b m of Exhibitions held y the Museum Board and y the Museu of Archaeology . All Members receive information and folders about the Extension Courses b O organized y the Roy al ntario Museum of Archaeology , and Benefactors have the privilege of free attendance at these courses . The children of all Members may ’ have free membership in the Children s Saturday Morning Club and in the Sum mer Museum Club . Benefactors m ay arrange to hav e a member of the staff as a guide to the Museum galleries . All Members have free admission for themselves , their families and non is resident friends , at all times when the Museum open . ADMISSION 1 m . 5 m . 0 a . x The Museum is open from to p on all weekdays e cept Mondays , ’ D m t Da a . 2 5 . Chris mas y , and the forenoon of New Year s y It is open from to p on Sundays . s Admission is free on Sundays , Tuesdays , Thur days and Saturdays , and on On . all public holidays . Wednesdays and Fridays admission is fifteen cents U niv ersity stu dents are admitted free on presentation of their registration cards. All . classes from schools , art students , and study groups are admitted free s S af Members of the Museum and tho e who hold complimentary tickets , and t f Members and Members of other Museums are admitted free at all authorized hours on presentation of their cards of membership . PREFATORY NOTE THIS number of the Museum Bulletin is devoted to a catalogue of the ’ “ M o h useum s Special Exhibiti n East and West, w ich opens for three n 1952 months at the begin ing of October . There is first a series of Short articles by the Curators of the Departments concerned; this is followed by a detailed catalogue of all the pieces included . This publication has been made possible by the gift of a donor who m wishes to remain anony ous . GERARD BRETT Director INTRODUCTION THE interactions of the great civilizations form one of the most i fascinating branches of knowledge . Th s exhibition is devoted to one — aspect of the subject the artistic influence of the East on the West . is This is an influence that is Protean in form and variety . It illustrated here by pieces which are part of, or are on indefinite loan to , the M collections of this useum . For the purposes of the exhibition we s have drawn an arbitrary line of division between Ea t and West, to B . run North and South through ombay Thus India , South East Asia , C W hina , and Japan are considered to be East, hile the countries C B k M bordering on the aspian , the lac Sea , the editerranean , and the M Atlantic are West . The useum is planning a second exhibition de n voted to the complementary influe ces of the West on the East, to ’ take place in about a year s time . Geography has made China and India the two most important C countries of the East in this context, and of the two , hina has always meant more to Europe . The approach from the West was either by C O land across entral Asia , or by sea through the Indian cean and the M Th e Straits of alacca . traveller on either route faced formidable d ifficulties , on the first those of mountains and deserts , on the second the monsoon in the Indian Ocean . The evidence we have suggests O -influ enced that the land route is the older . ccasional western objects C C . appear in hina in the late hou period At about the same time , and C the tu B . C . at least as early as third to first cen ries , hinese silk, and Mediter possibly other products too , were coming into the Eastern ranean i in quantity . Virgil speaks of Chinese S lk worms in the second eor ic k G g , and we may surmise that the sil came to the West by land . ’ ’ On C fCh ien s —2 B e 188 6 . C of the results of hang journeys in . had been the opening of the so- called Silk Roads across the C entral Asian deserts and through the Pamirs to Turkestan; the routes divided west of C e the mountains , the northern going by the aspian to Tr bizond on B k he the lac Sea , t southern onto the Persian plateau . Among the permanent motives of Ro man policy in the Near East was a com m ercial r C st uggle , probably in part for a share of the hinese exports , waged on the Euphrates frontier against the Parthian and Sassanian kingdoms of Persia . The eastern end of the trans -Asian trade route was not always in Chi C firm nese hands , and in the earlier years the periods when hinese o bjects seem to have been commonest in the West, and western in C i C . One h na , coincide with those of hinese control over Eastern Asia tu A . D. such period is the seventh and earlier eighth cen ries , when the T C ang dynasty of hina controlled the eastern, the Sassanids and s t later the Arabs in Persia the we tern end of the route , the lat er to the exclusion of all western competitors . Later this control weakened . It was not fully re - established until the Mongols ru led over the whole hi n k in route in the t rtee th century; Genghis Khan occupied Pe ing _ 1214 Hula u B 1258 . , and his son g captured aghdad in There followed a renewed East- West relationship marked by the Chinese journeys C Rubru ck of missionaries such as John of Pian arpini or William of , of M M C and , above all , Nicolo , affeo , and arco Polo . hinese influence k reflecting this is evident on Selju and later Persian ceramics , miniature M n o . w pai ting , and textiles , n tably carpets The do nfall of the ongols , M C 1368 O k when the ing took over hina in , and the ttoman Tur s the M Near and iddle East, ends this interlude . M O - k Although both ing and ttomans were anti foreign , the brea hi i c in relations p did not last long . Th s time the change omes from the O e o pening up of the s a route . Alexandria had always been the entrep t for both land and sea trade between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea , especially the ports of Arabia and beyond . The first dominant motive of this connection was the Arabian spice trade . The spice trade Old r is mentioned in the Testament, and Arabian spices fo m another of the enduring motives of Near Eastern history . Even in the seven teenth century Milton sensed Sabaean odours from the spicy shores r t OfA aby the bles . Alexandrian navigators traded first as far as Axum at the southern ' A D end of the Red sea . By the first century . they had pushed out across O i the Indian cean , and learned to use the monsoon , wh ch is referred o - w was c mbined with true china clay ( kaolin , a more broken do n form of the same substance ) these materials fired together with the addition a C of less import nt ingredients , such as lime , produced hinese porcelain — as we know it today .
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