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Indo-West Pacific Halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae) of the Genus Rhynchorhamphus with Descriptions of Two New Species

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Indo-West Pacific Halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae) of the Genus Rhynchorhamphus with Descriptions of Two New Species BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 26(1): 72-98, 1976 INDO-WEST PACIFIC HALFBEAKS (HEMIRAMPHIDAE) OF THE GENUS RHYNCHORHAMPHUS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES Bruce B. Collette ABSTRACT The genus Rhynchorhamphus Fowler, 1928 differs from other genera of Hemiram- phidae in having a fimbriate nasal papilla, a large domed upper jaw the length of which is equal to or greater than the upper jaw width, many gill rakers (47-78 on the first arch and 40-68 on the second arch), and two dorsally-directed branches of the lateral line. Loligorhamphus Whitley, 1931, is placed in the synonymy of Rhynchorlwmpl/lls. Four species are recognized using characters such as the relative length and width of the upper jaw, numbers of gill rakers on the first and second gill arches, and numbers of fin rays in the dorsal and anal fins. R. georgii (Valenciennes, 1846) is the most widely distributed species, occurring from the Persian Gulf to the East Indies, Australia, New Guinea, the Philippine Islands, and the South China Sea. Six nominal species are placed in the synonymy of R. georgii: Hemiramphus russeli Valenciennes; He. leucop/ems Val- enciennes; He. eclancheri Valenciennes; He. plumatlls Blyth; He. can/ori Bleeker; and Loligorhamphus normani Whitley. R. georgii and R. arabicus Parin and Shcherbachev, 1972 are redescribed. Two new species are described: R. maiabariclis from southern India and Ceylon and R. naga from the Gulf of Thailand and East Indies. The purpose of this paper is to diagnose characters studied were numbers of rays in the genus Rhynchorhamphus, describe two the dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins (all rays unrecognized species, and redescribe the two counted separately); numbers of gill rakers known species. Although eight nominal spe- on the first and second gill arches; numbers cies attributable to the genus Rhynchorham- of precaudal, caudal, and total vertebrae; phus Fowler have been described, only one and numbers of predorsal scales. Radio- valid species has been recognized until re- graphs were used to obtain vertebral num- cently when Parin and Shcherbachev (1972) bers and to check numbers of dorsal and anal described R. arabicus from Aden. The other fin rays. Morphometric characters included: six nominal species are synonyms of the lower jaw length, head length, distance from widely distributed Rhynchorhamphus georgii pectoral fin origin to pelvic fin origin (Pr (Valenciennes). While examining material P~), distance from pelvic fin origin to cau- of Rhynchorhamphus in various museums, dal fin base (P~-C), snout length, orbit it become clear that two unrecognized spe- length, bony interorbital distance, length of cies exist: one from the Malabar and Coro- upper jaw, and width of upper jaw. Talwar mandel coasts of southern India and the (1964b) did not find any morphometric dif- waters of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka); the other ferences between males and females in four in the Gulf of Thailand and Java Sea. The characters (head plus lower jaw length; head southern India-Ceylon species is the basis of length; PrP~; and pectoral fin length) in a an important fishery in the Gulf of Mannar sample of R. malabaricus from Rameswaram and Palk Bay between Ceylon and India. Island in the Gulf of Mannar; therefore, males and females were not treated sepa- METHODS AND MATERIALS rately in my study. The shape of the pre- The methods used are similar to those in orbital canal and location and number of previous papers in this continuing series (see pores in it were examined on representative Collette, 1974a and b) of studies on the sys- specimens from each collection. Squamation tematics of the Synentognathi. Meristic of the upper jaw was studied in a sample of 72 COLLETTE: REVIEW OF THE GENUS RHYNCHORHAMPHUS 73 specimens on which scales were still present. Teeth on the upper and lower jaws and on the upper and lower pharyngeal bones were examined and the pharyngeal teeth are fig- a ured. A developmental series is included to show the increase in fimbriation of the nasal papilla with fish size. Specimens of all the species were cleared and stained to compare selected osteological characters with other genera of Synentognathi (see Collette, ]966). Figure 1. Increase in complexity of the fimbriate Abbreviations used for the institutions nasal papilla with size in Rhynchorlzamphus naga. cited herein are as follows: Left nasal fossa, one fold drawn to right. USNM 214083 Gulf of Thailand. a. 64 mm SL, b. 85.1 AMNH-American Museum of Natural History, mm, c. ]04 mm, d. 144 mm. New York. AMS-Australian Museum, Sydney. ANSP-Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- Rhynchorhamphus Fowler phia. Hemiramphus (Rhynchorhamphus) Fowler, 1928: BMNH-British Museum (Natural History), Lon- 75 (type-species Hemiramphus georgii Val- don. enciennes, by original designation). BPBM-Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Loligorlwmphus Whitley, 1931: 105 (type-spe- CAS-California Academy of Sciences, San Fran- cies Loligorhamphus normani Whitley [= R. cisco. geOl'gii], by original designation). CMFRI-Central Marine Fisheries Research In- stitute, Mandapam Camp, India. Diagnosis.-Rhynchorhamphus differs from CSIRO-C.S.I.R.O., Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, Cronulla, Australia. all other genera of Hemiramphidae in hav- FBQ-Fisheries Branch, Department of Primary ing a fimbriate nasal papilla (Fig. 1), a large Industries, Brisbane, Australia. domed upper jaw, and many gill rakers (47- FRSHK-Fisheries Research Station, Aberdeen, 78 on the first arch and 40-68 on the second Hong Kong. arch, Tables 1-2). Rhynchorhamphus dif- GVF-George Vanderbilt Foundation, specimens at CAS. fers from the other genera, except Hemi- KUB-Kasetsart University, Bangkok. ramphus, in having two dorsally directed MCZ-Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard branches of the lateral line instead of one University, Cambridge, Mass. (none in Dermogenys). The additional MFLB-Marine Fisheries Laboratory, Bangkok. MSNG-Museo Storia Naturale, Genoa. branch parallels and is anterior to the branch MNHN-Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, to the pectoral fin base, slightly posterior to Paris. the cleithrum (see illustrations of each spe- NHMV-Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. cies). Rhynchorhamphus differs from Hemi- NMC-National Museum of Canada, Ottawa. ramphus in having scales on the upper jaw RMNH-Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, and having the swimbladder entire, as in Leiden. Hyporhamphus, not divided into separate SIO-Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif. chambers. As shown by Collette (1974a: SU-Stanford University, specimens now at CAS. figs. 1-2), Rhynchorhamphus belongs to the UMMZ-University of Michigan Museum of group of halfbeaks that lack a posterior Zoology, Ann Arbor. branch to the preorbital canal. This group USNM-National Museum of Natural History, includes Arrhamphus and one species group Washington, D. C. of Hyporhamphus. The canal is a long nar- VMM-Vanderbilt Marine Museum, Centerport, row tube that has one or two central pores New York. ZMK-Zoological Museum, University of Copen- in addition to the openings at the ends of the hagen. dorsal and ventral arms of the canal (Fig. 2). ZSI-Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. The upper jaw length is about equal to or 74 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 26, NO. I, 1976 ,....., t-- 0'0000\0000 Vlt')tf"\ tf"\ o tn.,......,.,......,oor---o o.,.., '<t""'000 .,..,Noo '<t ." ....;r-..:"'O~~ON 0\ o\~ NN~ N - '0 lrllrllrl lrl'O'O .,.., .,..,.,.., V1lrltn V) ~ z NO'O 00 -"" '0 0\....• •...co •... '"•... •...,., '"•... ....• - ....• - •...o a. '"co '" ..... •... o '" '" on oo'<t '" ....• ... .....'<t- '00 '" 0\ ....• ooN....• ....• ....• o....• ....•t-- -'" ...• o co ++ on ....• ....• •... on N '0 '"on 00 -~-"" >' t-- ..c:" ... u on - of!'" ..c: u" ..c: l:: rIl o '0 on C '" os ....• ·S o "" on •..... Po. "" '<t '" -'Oil 8 - '<t- ..... ....• ...•e o co •... ... 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