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Systematics and Biology of Fishes of the Familiy Hemiramphidae Of

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Systematics and Biology of Fishes of the Familiy Hemiramphidae Of SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF FISHES OF THE FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE OF COCHIN COAST THESIS Submitted to THE COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ALEYAMMA SAJI VARGHESE M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil. SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COCHIN - 682 016 2005 DECLARATION I, Aleyamma Saji Varghese, do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “SYSTEMATlCS AND BIOLOGY OF FISHES OF THE FAMILY HEMIRAMPHIDAE OF COCHIN COAST” is a genuine record of research work done by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr. Kuruvila Mathew, Professor (Retd.), School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology and has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar title of any university or Institution. Cochin — 682 016 A|ew arghese 19-05-2005 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this thesis is an authentic record of research work carried out by Mrs. Aleyamma Saji Varghese, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil. under my supervison and guidance in the School of Industrial fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and that no part thereof has been submitted for any other degree. \;~?/ (Kuruvila Mathew) Supervising Teacher Dr. Kuruvila Mathew Professor (Retd.) School of Industrial Fisheries Cochin19-05-2005 Cochin and University Technology of Science Cochin — 682 016. ‘st ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. Kuruvila Mathew, Professor (Retd.), School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682016 for his unfailing guidance, valuable suggestions and close supervision during the entire course of this work. I acknowledge my sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr.) Ramakrishnan Korakandy, Director, School of Industrial Fisheries and Prof. (Dr.) C. Hridayanathan, Former Director of the School for providing necessary facilities to carry out this work successfully. I am very much thankful to the Management of Mar Thoma College for Women, Perumbavoor for permitting me to undertake this study. The author is grateful to the Cochin University of Science and Technology for giving registration for Ph.D. degree and University Grant Commission for granting F IP leave for the completion of this work. I am deeply indebted to Dr. B. Madhusoodana Kurup, Professor, School of Industrial Fisheries, CUSAT for critically going through the manuscripts and giving me valuable suggestions. I am thankful to Dr. K. Gopakumar, D.D.G. (Retd.), Ministry of agriculture, Govt. of India and Dr. Saleena Mathew, Professor, SIF, CUSAT for their timely advice during biochemical analysis and going through the manuscript. I also acknowledge the help rendered by Dr. A.Gopalakrishnan, Senior Scientist, NBFGR, CMFRI, Cochin and Dr. Susan Abraham, Lourdes Hospital, Cochin for their valuable help in histological studies. I thank Dr. Gopinathan, Senior Scientist, CMFRI, Cochin for the help rendered by him to identify the different algal species. My thanks are due to Dr. C.J. Cherian , Professor, College of Fisheries, Kerala Agricultural University for his timely help in the preparation of the thesis and to Dr. T.M. Jacob, Nirmala College, Moovattupuzha and Dr. Harikrishnan, St. Alberts College, Ernakulam for statistically analysing and computing the data. The encouragement and assistance extended by Dr. K.T. Thomson, Reader, SIF, CUSAT, all the research scholars, office staff, library staff, and technical staff, SIF, CUSAT are sincerely acknowledged. I owe a lot to my husband, Rev. Johnson Varghese and children Pretty, Priya and Nancy for their continuous encouragement, valuable prayers and moral support rendered during this study period. Above all I thank the Lord Almighty for all the blessings showered upon me. Aleyamma Saji Varghese Teacher Fellow, SIF, CUSAT (Lecturer, Selection grade Mar Thoma College for Women, Perumbavoor) CONTENTS Page No GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1.lntroduction 1 1.2. Review of Literature ­ 4 1.3. Fishery 10 1.4. Description of the study area 11 1.5. Objectives of the study 16 1.6. Research approach 17 Fig. 1.1 SYSTEMATICS 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Materials and Methods 20 2.3. Results 24 2.3.1. Distinguishing characters of family Hemiramphidae 24 2.3.2. A key for identification of hemiramphids of Cochin Coast 26 2.3.3. Zenarchopterus dispar 31 2.3.4. Hemirarnphus archipelagicus 32 2.3.5. Hemiramphus lutkei 35 2.3.6. Hyporhamphus (Hyporhamphus) Iimbatus 38 2.3.7. Hyporhamphus (Hyporhamphus) xanthopterus 41 2.3.8. Rhynchorhamphus malabaricus 44 2.3.9. Rh yn chorhamphus georgii 47 2.4. Discussion Plates 1- 4 Tables 2.1 — 2.4 FOOD AND FEEDING 3.1 . Introduction 3.2. Review of Literature 3.3. Materials and Methods 3.4. Results 3.4.1. Hyporhamphus (H) Iimbatus 3.4.2. Hyporhamphus (H) xanthopterus 3.5. Discussion Figures 3.1- 3.10 Tables 3.1 - 3.4 MATURATION AND SPAWNING 4.1 . Introduction 4.2. Review of Literature 4.3.Materials and Methods 4.4. Results 4.4.1. Microscopic study of the gonads 4.4.2. Classification of maturity stages 4.4.3. Development of ova to maturity and frequency of spawning 4.4.4. Seasonalspawning occurrence of maturity season stages and 91 4.4.5. Length at sexual maturity 94 4.4.6. Gonado — somatic index (GSI) 95 4.4.8.4.4.7. Condition Fecundity factor (K) 97 96 4.4.9. Sex Ratio 102 4.5. Discussion 104 Plates 5 -7 Figures 4.1 — 4.22 Tables 4.1- 4.16 5.1HISTOLOGY . OF Introduction GONADS 115 5.2. Review of Literature 116 5.4.5.3. Materials Results and Methods 118 117 5.4.1. Morphology and histology of testis 118 5.4.2. Spermatogenesis 120 5.4.3. Morphology and histology of the ovary 124 5.5.5.4.4. Discussion Oogenesis 134126 Plates 8 - 19 Figure 5 . 1 LENGTH - WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND RELATIVE CONDITION FACTOR 6.1. introduction 6.2. Materials and Methods 6.3. Results 6.3.1. Length-weight relationship 6.3.2. Relative condition factor 6.4. Discussion Figures 6.1 — 6.16 Tables 6.1 — 6.3 AGE AND GROWTH 7.1 . Introduction 7.2. Review of Literature 7.3. Materials and Methods 7.4. Results 7.5. Discussion Figures 7.1 - 7.8 Tables 7.1 - 7.4 BIOCHEMICIAL COMPOSITION 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Review of Literature 8.3. Materials and Methods 8.4.Results 8.4.1. Moisture level 8.4.2. Protein level 8.4.3. Fat level 8.4.4. Carbohydrate level 8.4.5. Ash level 8.5. Discussion Figures 8.1-810 Tables 8.1-8 6 9. SUMMARY REFERENCES CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction India is one of the leading fish producing nations in the world with an average annual production of 6.1 million tonnes of fish and shell fish from capture and culture fisheries in 2001 (Ayyappan and Biradar, 2002). Fisheries play a very significant role in the Indian economy by providing employment to nearly 7 million people directly or indirectly, supplying rich protein food and earning valued foreign exchange. For the last one decade the growth of marine fish production is at very slow pace. However, the inland fish production has registered steady increase during the past two decades and the share of inland fisheries sector in the total fish production of the country is about 50% in 1999 -2000 (Keremane and Naik, 2001). With a production of over 2.8 million tonnes from the inland sector, India occupies the second position, next to China, in aquaculture (Sankar and Ramachandran, 2002). This spectacular growth was achieved as a result of the overwhelming growth of fresh water aquaculture during the past two decades. India has a long coastline of about 8118 kilometre (km) with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million sq.km for exploration and exploitation of resources therein. Inland fishery resources in India are very rich and varied comprising an extensive network of 45,000 kilometres of rivers, 1,26,334 kilometres of canals, 2.05 million hectares (ha) of man made reservoirs, 2.7 million ha. of estuaries, 1.42 million ha. of brackish waters, 1.3 million ha. of oxbow lakes and derelict water bodies and 2.36 million ha. of ponds and tanks dispersed over varied geoclimatic situations (Ayyappan and Biradar, 2002). Globally the per capita fish consumption increased from 13 kg in 1990 to 16kg in 2001 and the demand is still growing (Verdegam, 2005).The current level of marine fish production from the country is about 2.70 million tonnes whereas the estimated potential from the Indian EEZ is 3.92 million tonnes. The production from the pelagic fish resources in lndia is 1.43 million tonnes in 2003 (CMFRI, 2004). The coastal zone upto a depth of 50m is prone to tremendous fishing pressure by the traditional, small and large mechanized vessels leaving little scope for further exploitation. Increase in marine fish production can be achieved only with the exploitation of deep sea and oceanic regions where the level of exploitation is marginal. A wide variety of fishes, crustaceans, molluscs etc. contribute to the marine and inland fish production. According to Nelson (1994) there are 24,618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4,258 genera. Jayaram (1999) reported that in Indian region alone 2500 species of fishes are present, out of which 930 are freshwater inhabitants and 1570 are marine. Among these, the fishes of the family Hemiramphidae constitute a minor pelagic fishery of the country.
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