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Johannesburg: Africa's World City? Johannesburg: Africa's World City? A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Joseph F. Witek May 2013 © 2013 Joseph F. Witek. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Johhanesburg: Africa's World City? by JOSEPH F. WITEK has been approved for the Department of Geography and the College of Arts and Sciences by Yeong-Hyun Kim Associate Professor of Geography Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT WITEK, JOSEPH F., M.A., May 2013, Geography Johannesburg: Africa's World City? Director of Thesis: Yeong-Hyun Kim Johannesburg, South Africa hosted events in the 2010 FIFA World Cup with the aspirations of overcoming its apartheid era image and inculcating a cosmopolitan, world- class image to the international community. Stakeholders in promoting the World Cup made promises to the citizens of Johannesburg and South Africa that the event would provide valuable upgrades, training, and economic opportunities. To carry out these promises, diverse projects were completed throughout Johannesburg and billions were spent improving the city. This thesis examines the perceptions of an international tourist audience to ascertain whether or not the World Cup image was disseminated and if the 2010 World Cup was enough to change the perceptions of the city in the minds of tourists. It finds that the impact of the World Cup was mixed on tourist perceptions and that Johannesburg, while being portrayed as modern and friendly, is still viewed as unsafe and caught in the legacy of apartheid. 4 DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my parents who helped me through this process and gave me support and advice when I needed it 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Yeong-Hyun Kim, and my committee members, Dr. Harold Perkins and Dr. Edna Wangui, for their help and support during this process. I also would like to thank the Department of Geography for their support and instruction these past two years. I would like to give a special thanks to everyone who helped me in Johannesburg, but especially Greg, Aletta, and Mia Babaya, whose help and hospitality helped me complete this research and fall in love with South Africa. I also want to thank Archie Henderson and Didi Moyle for the lovely dinners and support. Finally I want to thank my friends, my mom, Mary, dad, Wally, and George for their support and love. Thank you everyone. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Urban Imagineering and World City Status .................................................... 15 2.1 Globalization and Discourses of Global Competition ............................................ 15 2.2 Urban Imagineering ................................................................................................ 18 2.3 World City Status .................................................................................................... 25 2.4 Mega Events ........................................................................................................... 29 Chatper 3: Johannesburg, South Africa ............................................................................ 35 3.1 The Lingering Past .................................................................................................. 37 3.2 Johannesburg as a Neoliberal City .......................................................................... 40 3.3 Johannesburg as a World Cup City ......................................................................... 44 Chapter 4: Methodology ................................................................................................... 50 4.1 Methodology Background ...................................................................................... 50 4.2 Officials .................................................................................................................. 51 4.3 American Tourists ................................................................................................... 54 4.4 Newspaper and Document Analysis ....................................................................... 56 4.5 Positionality and Limitations .................................................................................. 57 CHapter 5: Hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup is Good for the City ............................... 59 5.1 World Cup Coalitions ............................................................................................. 59 5.2 Creating an Image Unique to Johannesburg ........................................................... 67 5.3 Projected Economic Benefits for Johannesburg During and After the World Cup 76 Chapter 6: Urban Infrastructure Projects for the World Cup ............................................ 85 6.1 Joburg 2030 and Joburg 2040 ................................................................................. 87 6.2.1 Public Transportation before the World Cup ................................................... 91 7 6.2.2 The Rea Vaya ................................................................................................... 94 6.2.3 The Gautrain .................................................................................................... 98 6.2.4 Soccer City ..................................................................................................... 102 6.2.5 Other Public Works for the World Cup ......................................................... 105 Chapter 7: A New Johannesburg?................................................................................... 114 7.1 The Marketing of South Africa to Americans ...................................................... 115 7.2 American Tourists in Joburg ................................................................................. 118 7.2.1 Sample Description ........................................................................................ 119 7.2.2 Did I Watch the 2010 FIFA World Cup? ....................................................... 120 7.2.3 What Did I Hear About Johannesburg? ......................................................... 122 7.2.4 What Did I Notice in Johannesburg? ............................................................. 125 7.2.5 The Projected Image versus the Perceived Image ......................................... 130 7.2.6 Is Johannesburg a World-Class African City? ............................................... 138 Chapter 8: Conclusion..................................................................................................... 146 References ....................................................................................................................... 156 8 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Major City Plans since Independence ................................................................. 46 Table 2: Johannesburg Organizations Interviewed ........................................................... 52 Table 3: Questions for Officials ........................................................................................ 53 Table 4: Questions for American Tourists ........................................................................ 55 Table 5: World Cup Coalitions in Johannesburg .............................................................. 60 Table 6: Projected Images for South Africa and Johannesburg Through the World Cup 68 Table 7: Major Projects in Johannesburg for the 2010 FIFA World Cup ........................ 87 Table 8: Joburg 2030 and Joburg 2040 ............................................................................. 88 Table 9: Projected and Perceived Images of Johannesburg ............................................ 130 Table 10: Projected and Perceived Images of Johannesburg .......................................... 141 9 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Knox’s Growth Coalition Web. ........................................................................ 24 Figure 2: Map of Johannesburg within South Africa ....................................................... 36 Figure 3: A view of Johannesburg from the Randlords Club facing south ...................... 38 Figure 4: Downtown Johannesburg .................................................................................. 39 Figure 5: Potato Sheds Project ......................................................................................... 63 Figure 6: 2010 FIFA World Cup logo .............................................................................. 69 Figure 7: City advertisement displaying Joburg's motto .................................................. 72 Figure 9: Public thoughts on preparedness for the World Cup .......................................
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