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NIRS Instrument Basics and a New Multiple NIRS System with the CDMA Technique

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NIRS Instrument Basics and a New Multiple NIRS System with the CDMA Technique NIRS instrument basics and a new multiple NIRS system with the CDMA technique Mitsuo Ohashi(1) , *Hideo Eda(2) (1)Spectratech Inc. Yokohama, Japan, (2)Grad. School of GPI, Hamamatsu, Japan Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) calculates hemoglobin parameters, such as changes in oxyHb and deoxyHb. http://209.73.52.252/ass ets/pdf/hpspdf/C8686.pdf Natural posture example. Brain activation can be measured in the natural posture. http://www.nict.go.jp There have been many NIRS systems in Japan. http://www.hitachi- medical.co.jp/opt-e/index.html http://www.hpk.co.jp/eng/pro ducts/SYSE/Niro300E.htm http://www.med.shima dzu.co.jp/products/om/i ndex.html( in Japanese) These pictures were several years ago. The companies released the new products. NIRS History in Japan 1980 1990 2000 1977 Topography Jobsis （Duke Univ.） Spectroscopy Hitachi Science 198:1264 Tomography Hamamatsu International Patents NEDO Project (Unpatented in Japan) Shimadzu （1992 - 1999） Omron Tamura, Yamada (AIST) Shimadzu, Hamamatsu Hitachi Delpy (UCL) Chance (U. Penn.) Arridge (UCL) Tamura (Hokkaido Univ.) US patent 4281645, Jobsis, (Filed 1977) 6 US patent 4223680, Jobsis, (Filed 1977) 7 We must know that NIRS is not young 1980 1990 2000 Topography 1977 Spectroscopy Jobsis （Duke Univ.） NEED Breakthrough! Tomography Science 198:1264 X ray CT Hounsfield (1973) Project on the Decade of the Brain (1990) fMRI SPM99 MRI Ogawa(1992) UCL (2000) Lauterbur (1973) 8 Nobel Prize For NIRS breakthrough, think about ‘NIRS Innovation’ CDMA Other fields marketing Wireless NIRS New users Portable NIRS Spectra analysis engineering approach 9 Channel separation is needed for NIRS imaging Detector has to know signal from A or from B. C B Source A A Source B http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Channel separation ＴＤＭＡ（Time Division Multiple Access） ＦＤＭＡ（Frequency Division Multiple Access） ＣＤＭＡ（Code Division Multiple Access） ＴＤＭＡ Time Division Multiple Access Source Detector time Only one source is ON at the time. http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ ＦＤＭＡ Frequency Division Multiple Access ON 1 2 3 4 5 time Source Detector ｆ１ f2 f3 f4 f5 Amplitude frequency http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Brief history of CDMA １９５９ J.P.Costas, “Poisson Shannon and the Radio Amateur” １９８０ EU: Mobile Phone １９９３ Qualcom(USA); Standard of Digital mobile phone １９９３ WaveLAN by NCR(USA) came to Japan. http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ CＤＭＡ Code Division Multiple Access 1 2 Modulate using Random number 3 4 ＝Spread Spectrum 5 time Source Detector 1 2 3 4 Amplitude 5 Frequency http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Measure tissue information; b(t) x(t)=a1(t) x(t)=a1(t)b(t)830+a2(t)b(t)780 CW laser Sensor Y(t)=x(t)a1(t) (APD or PMT) (ex 830nm) =a1(t)b(t)830 a1(t) =a12(t)b(t)830 b(t)830 =b(t) 830 random number random number a1(t) a1(t) CW laser b(t)780 Y(t)=x(t)a2(t) (ex 780nm) =a2(t)b(t)780 a2(t) =a22(t)b(t)780 =b(t) 780 random number x(t)=a2(t) random a2(t) number a2(t) Random number is called as PIN code. M-series, Hadamard code, Gold series, etc http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ CDMA mechanism time +１ 1 ｰ１ Source +１ 2 ｰ１ +１ 3 ｰ１ Bit rate ＝ Equivalent bandwidth Ｘ Demodulate by +１ ch1 waveform ｰ１ ＝ Chip rate +１ = n 1 ｰ１ +１ Detector 2 ｰ１ = 0 +１ Diffusivity=bit rate / chip rate ｰ１ = 0 3 ２８～２１６ Summation of these signal http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Comparison ＴＤＭＡ ＦＤＭＡ ＣＤＭＡ Theory easy complicated difficult Increase number of △○◎ Channels Simultaneous △◎◎ measurement High SNR Zone restrictions Zone restrictions Some ways Influence of Big Low Lowest external noise Hardware Easy/Small Complicated/Large Easy/Small Examples Internet packet Digital broadcasting Mobile Phone （13 segment ＯＦＤＭ） GPS(Car navigation) http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Experimental setup Laser 12CH ( 4 ｘ３wavelength ） Phantom USB FDMA modulator １２CH ３x３ FDMA demodulator ５CH ３ｍｍ CDMA modulator １２CH Sensor 5 Polyplopilem CDMA demodulator ６０CH APD zone 1００KHｚ PMT zone １MHｚ http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Channel separation FDMA １０Hz LPF CDMA-２12Bit λ＝830nm λ＝830nm λ＝690nm λ＝690nm FDMA ２Hz LPF CDMA-２16Bit λ＝830nm λ＝830nm λ＝690nm λ＝690nm time（ｔ） time（ｔ） ２ｍW laser output ｘ１０－７ http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Brain measurement at rest Laser 2mW/830nm +690nm Chip rate １MHｚ PMT gain ５ｘ１０６ Measure time 20 sec Area Temporal lobe λ=690nm λ=830nm bit ２１５Bit Optical intensity Optical Equivalent bandwidth 15 Hz sampling 33 ｍＳ OxyHb SNR 49.3 ｄB Hb parameter DeoxyHb bandwidth time （120sec） Low High http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Brain measurement Nintendo DS Kanji training Task：NintendoDS 脳を鍛える大人のＤＳトレーニング漢字問題 Frontal Low ：⊿oxyHb,⊿deoxyHb Rest (150sec) Task (150sec) Middle: SO2? High：Heart Rate http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Multiple point detection is easily possible with CDMA http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Spectratech OEG-16 http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ ８ｍｍΦ PIN photo diode and Ampliphier http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Spectrum of FDMA and CDMA f f ＦＤＭＡ ＣＤＭＡ http://www.spectratech.co.jp/ Conclusion NIRS basic and history were described. For imaging, Channel separation is important. TDMA, FDMA, CDMA can be used for NIRS imaging. NIRS using CDMA in now on the market. (http://www.spectratech.co.jp/).
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