Top 300 Organizations Granted U.S. Patents in 2007
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Single-Use Duodenoscopes and Duodenoscopes with Disposable End Caps
REPORT ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGY Single-use duodenoscopes and duodenoscopes with disposable end caps Prepared by: ASGE TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE Arvind J. Trindade, MD,1,* Andrew Copland, MD,2,* Amit Bhatt, MD,3 Juan Carlos Bucobo, MD, FASGE,4 Vinay Chandrasekhara, MD, FASGE,5 Kumar Krishnan, MD,6 Mansour A. Parsi, MD, MPH, FASGE,7 Nikhil Kumta, MD, MS,8 Ryan Law, DO,9 Rahul Pannala, MD, MPH, FASGE,10 Erik F. Rahimi, MD,11 Monica Saumoy, MD, MS,12 Guru Trikudanathan, MBBS,13 Julie Yang, MD, FASGE,14 David R. Lichtenstein, MD, FASGE, (Chair, Technology Committee)15 This document was reviewed and approved by the Governing Board of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Background and Aims: Multidrug-resistant infectious outbreaks associated with duodenoscopes have been documented internationally. Single-use duodenoscopes, disposable distal ends, or distal end cap sealants could eliminate or reduce exogenous patient-to-patient infection associated with ERCP. Methods: This document reviews technologies that have been developed to help reduce or eliminate exogenous infections because of duodenoscopes. Results: Four duodenoscopes with disposable end caps, 1 end sheath, and 2 disposable duodenoscopes are re- viewed in this document. The evidence regarding their efficacy in procedural success rates, reduction of duode- noscope bacterial contamination, clinical outcomes associated with these devices, safety, and the financial considerations are discussed. Conclusions: Several technologies discussed in this document are anticipated to eliminate or reduce exogenous infections during endoscopy requiring a duodenoscope. Although disposable duodenoscopes can eliminate exog- enous ERCP-related risk of infection, data regarding effectiveness are needed outside of expert centers. Addition- ally, with more widespread adoption of these new technologies, more data regarding functionality, medical economics, and environmental impact will accrue. -
TRIZ Symposium 2007 in Japan
TRIZ Symposium 2007 in Japan Aug.30,2007~Sept,1,2007 (at TOSHIBA Education & Training Institute, Shinyokohama, Japan) On Opening the Symposium August 30, 2007 Toshihiro Hayashi Secretary General Collaborative Board of TRIZ Promoters and Users in Japan How did “Collaborative Board of TRIZ Promoters and Users in Japan” Start? Needs to promote communication among TRIZ users and promoters Needs for places to present experiences and opinions ・ to make TRIZ known in Japan ・ to discuss issues on TRIZ ・ to send messages on TRIZ Needs to unite TRIZ users to make better support possible ・ to have TRIZ tools and books translated into Japanese in response to the needs of users (for example:Japanese version of Matrix2003 at$20) 2004/5~: Roundtable meetings on TRIZ 2005/1~: TRIZ Collaborative Board TRIZ Symposium 2007 in Japan (30/08/2007-01/09/2007) 2 “Collaborative Board of TRIZ Promoters and Users in Japan” Non-Profitable Voluntary Organization Members are individuals from TRIZ promoters and users Secretaries: Secretary General : T.Hayashi (Hayashi Prof.Eng.Office) Deputy Secretary General : Y.Mihara (Creative Eng. Institute) Secretary : T.Nakagawa(Osaka Gakuin Univ.) Secretary : Y.Konishi Secretary : S.Kurosawa (Sanno Institute) Secretary : M.Hotta(SKI) Steering Committee consists of members 10 more added to the above members Office: Address : 4th floor of Second Mori Building, 2-1-3 Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 105-0013 TEL: +81-3-5647-8982 FAX :+81-3-5777-8818 E-mail : [email protected] (Effective as of 2 September, 2007) TRIZ Symposium 2007 in Japan (30/08/2007-01/09/2007) 3 Objectives and policies of the Board 1. -
26MF321B LCD TV English
Owner’s Manual Manuel du Propriétaire Manual del Propietario 26MF321B LCD TV English Necesita ayuda inmediata? Français Español 1-866-341-3738 1-866-341-3738 1-866-341-3738 Quick Use Guide Inside! Guide d’usage Rapide Incluse! Guía de Uso Rápido Incluida! MODEL NUMBER SERIAL NUMBER 2 Return your Product Registration Card or visit at www.magnavox.com/support today to get the very most from your purchase. Registering your model with MAGNAVOX makes you eligible for all of the valuable benefits listed below, so don't miss out. Complete and return your Product Registration Card at once or visit at www.magnavox.com/support to ensure: *Product Safety Notification *Additional Benefits By registering your product, you'll receive notification - Registering your product guarantees that you'll receive directly from the manufacturer - in the rare case of a all of the privileges to which you're entitled, including product recall or safety defect. special money-saving offers. Know these safety symbols The lightning flash with arrowhead symbol, within an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user to the presence of CAUTION uninsulated “dangerous voltage” within the apparatus’s enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK electric shock to persons. DO NOT OPEN CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to REMOVE COVER (OR BACK). NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS alert the user to the presence of important operating and INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL. maintenance (servicing) instructions in the literature accompanying The caution marking is located on the rear or bottom of the cabinet. -
ED-7311-20.Pdf
EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 1 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 2 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 3 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 4 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 5 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 6 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 7 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 8 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 9 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 10 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 11 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 12 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 13 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 14 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 15 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 16 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 17 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 18 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 19 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 20 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 21 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 22 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 23 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 24 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 25 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 26 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 27 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 28 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 29 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 30 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 31 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 32 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 33 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 34 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 35 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 36 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 37 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 38 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 39 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 40 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 41 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 42 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 43 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 44 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 45 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 46 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 47 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 48 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 49 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 50 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 51 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 52 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 53 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 54 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 55 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 56 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 57 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 58 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 59 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 60 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 61 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 62 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 63 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 64 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 65 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 66 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 67 - EIAJ ED-7311-20 - 68 - EIAJ -
Published on July 21, 2021 1. Changes in Constituents 2
Results of the Periodic Review and Component Stocks of Tokyo Stock Exchange Dividend Focus 100 Index (Effective July 30, 2021) Published on July 21, 2021 1. Changes in Constituents Addition(18) Deletion(18) CodeName Code Name 1414SHO-BOND Holdings Co.,Ltd. 1801 TAISEI CORPORATION 2154BeNext-Yumeshin Group Co. 1802 OBAYASHI CORPORATION 3191JOYFUL HONDA CO.,LTD. 1812 KAJIMA CORPORATION 4452Kao Corporation 2502 Asahi Group Holdings,Ltd. 5401NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION 4004 Showa Denko K.K. 5713Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,Ltd. 4183 Mitsui Chemicals,Inc. 5802Sumitomo Electric Industries,Ltd. 4204 Sekisui Chemical Co.,Ltd. 5851RYOBI LIMITED 4324 DENTSU GROUP INC. 6028TechnoPro Holdings,Inc. 4768 OTSUKA CORPORATION 6502TOSHIBA CORPORATION 4927 POLA ORBIS HOLDINGS INC. 6503Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 5105 Toyo Tire Corporation 6988NITTO DENKO CORPORATION 5301 TOKAI CARBON CO.,LTD. 7011Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,Ltd. 6269 MODEC,INC. 7202ISUZU MOTORS LIMITED 6448 BROTHER INDUSTRIES,LTD. 7267HONDA MOTOR CO.,LTD. 6501 Hitachi,Ltd. 7956PIGEON CORPORATION 7270 SUBARU CORPORATION 9062NIPPON EXPRESS CO.,LTD. 8015 TOYOTA TSUSHO CORPORATION 9101Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha 8473 SBI Holdings,Inc. 2.Dividend yield (estimated) 3.50% 3. Constituent Issues (sort by local code) No. local code name 1 1414 SHO-BOND Holdings Co.,Ltd. 2 1605 INPEX CORPORATION 3 1878 DAITO TRUST CONSTRUCTION CO.,LTD. 4 1911 Sumitomo Forestry Co.,Ltd. 5 1925 DAIWA HOUSE INDUSTRY CO.,LTD. 6 1954 Nippon Koei Co.,Ltd. 7 2154 BeNext-Yumeshin Group Co. 8 2503 Kirin Holdings Company,Limited 9 2579 Coca-Cola Bottlers Japan Holdings Inc. 10 2914 JAPAN TOBACCO INC. 11 3003 Hulic Co.,Ltd. 12 3105 Nisshinbo Holdings Inc. 13 3191 JOYFUL HONDA CO.,LTD. -
Notice of the 154Th Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders
This document is a translation of the Japanese language original for information purposes and is prepared as a guide for non-Japanese-speaking shareholders. In the event of a discrepancy, the Japanese original version shall prevail. May 31, 2019 NOTICE OF THE 154TH ORDINARY GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS Dear Shareholders: It is our pleasure to invite you to the 154th Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders of Nitto Denko Corporation (hereinafter “the Company”) to be held as indicated below. If you are unable to attend the meeting in person, you may exercise your voting rights in writing or electronically (e.g. over the Internet). Please review the attached reference materials for the general meeting of shareholders and exercise your voting rights as per the instructions on pages 3 and 4. Sincerely, Hideo Takasaki, President Nitto Denko Corporation 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan 567-0041 (Head Office: 4-20, Ofuka-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan 530-0011) Date/time: Friday, June 21, 2019 from 10:00 a.m. (Reception desk opens at 9:00 a.m.) Place: 3-1, Ofuka-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan Grand Front Osaka, Knowledge Capital Congrès Convention Center (North Building B2F) - 1 - Meeting Agenda Items to be reported: 1. Business Report, Consolidated and Non-Consolidated Financial Statements for the 154th term (from April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019) 2. Auditing results of Consolidated Financial Statements by Accounting Auditors and the Board of Corporate Auditors Items to be resolved: Item 1 Approval of the proposed dividends from surplus Item 2 Approval of the payment of bonus for Directors Item 3 Election of eight Directors Item 4 Election of three Corporate Auditors Any revisions of reference materials for the general meeting of shareholders, Business Report, Consolidated Financial Statements, and Non-Consolidated Financial Statements will be disclosed on our Investor Relations website. -
Sensor Zoom Min. Focusing Dimensions Est. Street Brand Model Mount(S) Format Range Distance (D X L) (In.) Weight Price
Sensor Zoom Min. Focusing Dimensions Est. Street Brand Model Mount(s) Format Range Distance (D x L) (in.) Weight Price Canon EF-S 18-200mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 IS Canon APS-C 11.1x 17.8 inches 3.1 x 6.4 20.9 oz. $699 Canon EF 28-300mm ƒ/3.5-5.6L IS USM Canon Full-Frame 10.7x 27.6 inches 3.6 x 7.2 59.2 oz. $2,449 Nikon 1 NIKKOR VR 10-100mm ƒ/4-5.6 Nikon 1 CX (1-inch) 10x Variable 2.4 x 2.8 10.5 oz. $549 Nikon 1 NIKKOR VR 10-100mm ƒ/4.5-5.6 PD-ZOOM Nikon 1 CX (1-inch) 10x Variable 3.0 x 3.7 18.2 oz. $749 Nikon AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-200mm ƒ/3.5-5.6G ED VR II Nikon DX (APS-C ) 11.1x 19.2 inches 3.0 x 3.8 19.8 oz. $649 Nikon AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-300mm ƒ/3.5-6.3G ED VR Nikon DX (APS-C) 16.7x 19.2 inches 3.0 x 3.8 19.4 oz. $699 Nikon AF-S DX NIKKOR 18-300mm ƒ/3.5-5.6G ED VR Nikon DX (APS-C) 16.7x Variable 3.3 x 4.7 29.3 oz. $999 Nikon AF-S NIKKOR 28-300mm ƒ/3.5-5.6G ED VR Nikon FX (Full-Frame) 10.7x 19.2 inches 3.3 x 4.5 28.2 oz. $949 Olympus M.Zuiko ED 14-150mm ƒ/4.0-5.6 II Micro Four Thirds Micro Four Thirds 10.7x 19.7 inches 2.5 x 3.3 10.0 oz. -
FTSE Japan ESG Low Carbon Select
2 FTSE Russell Publications 19 August 2021 FTSE Japan ESG Low Carbon Select Indicative Index Weight Data as at Closing on 30 June 2021 Constituent Index weight (%) Country Constituent Index weight (%) Country Constituent Index weight (%) Country ABC-Mart 0.01 JAPAN Ebara 0.17 JAPAN JFE Holdings 0.04 JAPAN Acom 0.02 JAPAN Eisai 1.03 JAPAN JGC Corp 0.02 JAPAN Activia Properties 0.01 JAPAN Eneos Holdings 0.05 JAPAN JSR Corp 0.11 JAPAN Advance Residence Investment 0.01 JAPAN Ezaki Glico 0.01 JAPAN JTEKT 0.07 JAPAN Advantest Corp 0.53 JAPAN Fancl Corp 0.03 JAPAN Justsystems 0.01 JAPAN Aeon 0.61 JAPAN Fanuc 0.87 JAPAN Kagome 0.02 JAPAN AEON Financial Service 0.01 JAPAN Fast Retailing 3.13 JAPAN Kajima Corp 0.1 JAPAN Aeon Mall 0.01 JAPAN FP Corporation 0.04 JAPAN Kakaku.com Inc. 0.05 JAPAN AGC 0.06 JAPAN Fuji Electric 0.18 JAPAN Kaken Pharmaceutical 0.01 JAPAN Aica Kogyo 0.07 JAPAN Fuji Oil Holdings 0.01 JAPAN Kamigumi 0.01 JAPAN Ain Pharmaciez <0.005 JAPAN FUJIFILM Holdings 1.05 JAPAN Kaneka Corp 0.01 JAPAN Air Water 0.01 JAPAN Fujitsu 2.04 JAPAN Kansai Paint 0.05 JAPAN Aisin Seiki Co 0.31 JAPAN Fujitsu General 0.01 JAPAN Kao 1.38 JAPAN Ajinomoto Co 0.27 JAPAN Fukuoka Financial Group 0.01 JAPAN KDDI Corp 2.22 JAPAN Alfresa Holdings 0.01 JAPAN Fukuyama Transporting 0.01 JAPAN Keihan Holdings 0.02 JAPAN Alps Alpine 0.04 JAPAN Furukawa Electric 0.03 JAPAN Keikyu Corporation 0.02 JAPAN Amada 0.01 JAPAN Fuyo General Lease 0.08 JAPAN Keio Corp 0.04 JAPAN Amano Corp 0.01 JAPAN GLP J-REIT 0.02 JAPAN Keisei Electric Railway 0.03 JAPAN ANA Holdings 0.02 JAPAN GMO Internet 0.01 JAPAN Kenedix Office Investment Corporation 0.01 JAPAN Anritsu 0.15 JAPAN GMO Payment Gateway 0.01 JAPAN KEWPIE Corporation 0.03 JAPAN Aozora Bank 0.02 JAPAN Goldwin 0.01 JAPAN Keyence Corp 0.42 JAPAN As One 0.01 JAPAN GS Yuasa Corp 0.03 JAPAN Kikkoman 0.25 JAPAN Asahi Group Holdings 0.5 JAPAN GungHo Online Entertainment 0.01 JAPAN Kinden <0.005 JAPAN Asahi Intecc 0.01 JAPAN Gunma Bank 0.01 JAPAN Kintetsu 0.03 JAPAN Asahi Kasei Corporation 0.26 JAPAN H.U. -
Mass Spectrometer Business Presentation Materials
Mass Spectrometer Business Presentation Materials Hiroto Itoi, Corporate Officer Deputy General Manager of the Analytical & Measuring Instruments Division Shimadzu Corporation Jul. 3, 2018 Contents I. Introduction • Expansion of Mass Spectrometry ………………………………………………………………… p.3 • History of Shimadzu's Growth in Mass Spectrometry …………………………………………… p.5 II. Overview of Mass Spectrometers • Operating Principle, Demand Trends, and Vendors ……………………………………………… p.9 • Mass Spectra ………………………………………………………………………………………… p.10 • Configuration of Mass Spectrometers …………………………………………………………… p.11 • Ionization …………………………………………………………………………………………… p.12 • Mass Separation …………………………………………………………………………………… p.14 III. Shimadzu's Mass Spectrometer Business • Product Type ………………………………………………………………………………………… p.17 • Application Software ………………………………………………………………………………… p.18 • Growth Strategy for Mass Spectrometer Business ……………………………………………… p.19 • Expand/Improve Product Lines …………………………………………………………………… p.20 • Measures to Expand Application Fields …………………………………………………………… p.24 • Measures to Automate Data Processing Using AI ……………………………………………… p.25 IV. Summary • Future Direction ……………………………………………………………………………………… p.26 July 2018 Mass Spectrometer Business Presentation Materials 2 I. Introduction Expansion of Mass Spectrometry (1) Why Mass Spectrometry? Mass spectrometry is able to analyze a wide variety of compounds with high accuracy and high efficiency (simultaneous multicomponent analysis). It offers superior characteristics that are especially beneficial in the following fields, -
Equipment Setup and Self-Installation Programming Your WOW! Atlas Universal Remote Control
table of contents WOW! equipment setup and self-installation Programming Your WOW! Atlas Universal Remote Control ...........................................................E-1 Programming Channel Control Lock ......................................................................................................E-3 Programming ID Lock ..................................................................................................................................E-3 Programming “Tune-In” Keys For Specific Channels ........................................................................E-4 table of contents Using The Master Power Key ....................................................................................................................E-4 Re-Assigning Device Keys ..........................................................................................................................E-5 Changing Volume Lock ...............................................................................................................................E-5 Atlas Cable Remote Control Codes ........................................................................................................E-7 Digital Cable Self-Installation ..................................................................................................................E-13 Advanced Digital Equipment Setup .....................................................................................................E-16 Connecting a Non-Stereo TV .............................................................................................................E-16 -
FY2008 Results Meeting
FY200FY20088 ResultsResults MeetingMeeting FY2008 : Year ended March 31, 2009 May 14, 2009 Ryosan Company, Limited Code : 8140 / Stock listings: Tokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) URL : http://www.ryosan.co.jp/eng/ Notice This presentation contains forward-looking statements regarding business performance, which may differ substantially from actual results, depending on certain risks and uncertainties, the most significant of which are listed below. z Economic conditions in key markets (Japan and the rest of Asia), rapid changes in consumption patterns and supply-demand balance for products z Sharp fluctuations in the ¥/$ exchange rate z Substantial fluctuation in prices in capital markets Consolidated results for FY 2008 FY2007 FY2008 FY2009(Forecasts) Of Total Of Total % Chg. YoY Of Total % Chg. YoY ¥ 100 million% ¥ 100 million%% ¥ 100 million %% Net sales 2,860 2,208 (22.8) 1,700 (23.0) Gross margin 251 8.8 196 8.9 (22.1) 149 8.8 (24.1) SG&A expenses 144 5.0 134 6.1 (6.8) 115 6.8 (14.7) Operating income 107 3.8 61 2.8 (42.8) 34 2.0 (44.7) Ordinary income 112 3.9 72 3.3 (35.6) 38 2.2 (47.7) Net income 67 2.4 39 1.8 (41.8) 22 1.3 (43.9) Earnings per share ¥187.15 ¥111.83 (¥75) ¥63.83 (¥48) 1 Segment results for FY2008 Unit : ¥ 100 million FY2007 FY2008 FY2009(Forecasts) OP OP OP Margin Margin % Chg. YoYMargin % Chg. YoY % % Sales 1,489 1,169 (21.5) 808 (30.9) Semiconductors Operating income 724.9% 48 4.2%(32.7) 28 3.5% (42.7) Electronic Sales 1,031 759 (26.4) 584 (23.1) Components Operating income 444.3 28 3.7 (35.9) 22 3.8 (22.1) -
I·,;T:A.Chuti-5 S Istutin
THE JAPANESE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND TECHNOLOGY OF SELECTED CORPORATIONS by ROBERT W. ARFMAN A.B., Economics Middlebury College (1975) Submitted to the Alfred P. Sloan Schonol of Management and the School of Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY May 1988 Copyright Robert W. Arfman 1988 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The author hereby grants M.I.T. permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signatu,- of Author__ Sloan School of Management May 12. 1988 Certified by Michael A. Cusumano Assispant ProAessor of Management Thesis Supervisor Accepted by cPeter P. Gil Acting Director, Management of Technology Program i·,;t:A.CHUTi-5 sISTUTiN O-TFPNW 01WOG1 JUN '3 1988 WARIES THE JAPANESE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND TECHNOLOGY OF SELECTED CORPORATIONS by ROBERT W. ARFMAN Submitted to the Alfred P. Sloan School of Management and the School of Engineering on May 12, 1988 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Management of Technology ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the development of the Japanese software industry, beginning with corporate group structures, government support of the computer industry in general and the more recent specific promotion of the software industry and software development process technologies. The SIGMA project is presented in detail followed by a comparative analysis of major Japanese computer manufacturer development process R&D efforts. The current competitive environment is discussed and firms' strategies are compared.