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THE LIFE-BOAT. Jotfbnal THE LIFE-BOAT. JOtFBNAL OF THE IRo^al Batfonal Itfe^Boat Jnstitution. (ISSUED QUARTERLY.) VOL. XVII.—No. 195.] IST FEBRUARY, 1900. PRICE 3d- SKETCH OF THE PEOGBESS MADE IN THE CONSTEUCTION OF COAST LIFE-BOATS. 1795—1900. No. 1. To review the progress made in the her to float safely with her crew and Life-boats used on the Coast of Great a certain number of rescued men when Britain between the years 1785 and 1900 swamped or full of water; a heavy iron would be practically to go into the whole keel was also fitted to the boat to increase history of Life-boat construction, but it is her stability, but that, of course, was not intended in this article only to touch briefly the material part of Lukin's invention. on the various points of the subject and Now it was this property of reserve to give the readers of the LIFE-BOAT buoyancy which constituted the only JOURNAL a general insight into a matter difference between a Life-boat and an which ought to, and it is to be hoped ordinary boat until the 19th century was will, be taken up exhaustively some day well advanced, when an important im- when the difficulty is overcome of finding provement, namely that of self-emptying anyone who, possessing the necessary or self-baling, was introduced into Life- knowledge, can afford the leisure to tackle boats. so interesting a subject on a more exten- If an ordinary unballasted boat ships a sive scale and in a manner worthy of it. sea big enough to fill her up she is what Lionel Lukin, whose name is familiar is called swamped, and floats with her to all who have interested themselves in gunwale awash or level with the water the history of the Life-boat, was a coach amidships, and in this condition will builder in Long Acre. He claimed, and support no extra weight and is easily apparently rightly so,as many people think, rolled over. A boat ballasted with iron to have invented the principle of the or stones would under such conditions Life-boat. sink. In his pamphlet, which is in the form Lukin called his boats " unimmergible," of a letter to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and the three midship sections, illus- printed in 1806, Lukin states that he trations of which are given, numbered 1, 2 took out a patent on the 2nd November, and 3, show how he obtained his reserve of 1785. His invention consisted in pro- buoyancy. In addition to the air com- viding a means for giving a boat reserve partments shown he also had a water- of buoyancy, or, in other words, to enable tight enclosure at the bow and stern of the VOL. XVII.—No. 195.—LIFE-BOAT JOURNAL. 2 K 538 THE LITE-BOAT. [1ST FEBBTJABY, 1900. boat. No. 1 shows a section of the first rukin was in his theories, for the three boat, a Norway yawl, with his invention methods shown in the midship sections, introduced into her; a is a cork belt or llustrations of which are given, with the wale outside the boat; b are water-tight addition of the water-tight compartments compartments running fore and aft; c an at the ends of the boats, practically form iron keel. ;he basis of security in all modern Life- Illustration No. 2 represents a section >oats. Although several boats were con- of a pleasure boat, in which it will be structed on this principle, Lnkin was not observed that the sides of the boat spread able to get any placed on the coast as out more at the top than in section No. 1, Life-boats, which much disheartened him. giving more space inside; consequently Later on, however, it will be seen that he played an extremely important part in the development of the Life-boat. In January, 1790, the first Life-boat was placed on the coast, but it is not absolutely clear whether she was entirely the outcome of the brain of her builder, Mr. Greathead, or whether he was not in some way assisted or influenced, so far as the buoyancy arrangements are concerned, by Mr. Wouldhave, who about the same time invented what he described as a cork boat" (they were both Shields men); at any rate, this type of boat was known for many years afterwards as the " Greathead " Life-boat. In the circum- stances it is, perhaps, more advisable to call these boats the Shields, or North Country type. Instead of using air com- partments, cork took their place to give the necessary increase of buoyancy, a step —eventually given up (except on the wales)—in the wrong direction, as it was found that the cork soddened and lost its buoyancy; in fact, pieces of cort from old Life-boats are not infrequently found to sink when tested! The Shields type played a very impor- tant part in the history of the Life-boat, and in 1803, there were no less than 31 of Lukin thought it desirable to put the these boats on the coast of Great Britain, cork inside instead of outside as in No. 1 or on order, beside several supplied to Ulustration No. 3 shows Lukin's system foreign countries. As a proof of the of providing existing boats, at a smal spread of their popularity, it should be expense, with air-cases so as to make them mentioned that Lowestoft, Bamsgate, safer. The boxes or air-cases were to be Guernsey, Penzance, Douglas, Isle of Man, each 2 feet long and fitted so as to be and St. Andrews, were included in the removable at pleasure. He also put air places supplied with these boats. The cases transversely under each thwart. Life-boat which was built and placed at Anyone familiar with Life-boats wil Kedcar in 1802, is still in existence and see at a glance how extraordinarily sounc was one of the 31 boats in question. The IST FEBBUABY, 1900.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 539 dimensions of these boats were generally The boat had no means of freeing herself as follows:—length (extreme), 30 feet; of water. length of keel, 20 feet; breadth of beam, Greathead was a practical boat-builder, 10 feet; depth amidships, 3J feet; height and from his knowledge of the boats on of stem and stern, 5f feet; giving a sheer the Northumbrian coast, was in a better of 30 inches, very raking stem and stern position than Lukin to know precisely posts; depth of main keel, 4 inches, with what sort of boat to build which was great " camber " or curvature; cork lining to embody the invention of obtaining 12 inches thick ran fore and aft on each " reserve buoyancy " and at the same time SHIELDS TYPE. Fig. I. _J l !__ BODY PLAN. MIDSHIP SECTION. A represents the deck. B the relieving tubes. C the side air-cases above the deck. D central air-case above the deck. E the wales. side, and reached from the deck to the be adapted for launching off a beach, and thwarts. A cork fender, 16 inches deep, working in broken water. The form of 4 inches wide, 21 feet long, extended boat he decided on, which was to be used within about 4 feet of the stem and stern. under oars only, very soon commended The total amount of cork used weighed itself to the men who were to use it. nearly 7 cwt. A deck was laid 11 inches Lukin, on the other hand, put his in- above the bottom of the keel. There were vention into boats intended to work under five thwarts 36 inches from centre to sail, and although a good practical centre, and 16 inches abore the deck. amateur boatman—having had much 2 K 2 540 THE LIFE-BOAT. [1ST FEBBUABY, 1900. experience in boating about the entrance It is now necessary to return to the to the Thames—was unlikely to have work done by Lionel Lukin. In 1807, at much if any knowledge of broken water, the request of the Suffolk Humane Society, or launching from an open beach. Lukin superintended the building of a Much gallant and useful work has been Life-boat, which appears to be the fore- done in boats of the Shields type, but runner of those magnificent Life-boats unfortunately not without considerable known as the Norfolk and Suffolk type loss of life. still in use, and most popular on those On page 539 will be found plans of the coasts. This boat also appears to be the Shields type of Life-boat, with improve- first life-boat embodying a system of ments, introduced in or about 1833. The freeing herself of water, the water finding form of the boat is practically the same its exit by the same plug holes through as that designed by Greathead,but the cork which it was admitted. has been abandoned, except on the wale, The following is a description of the and air-cases substituted. The water- boat:—Length (over all), 40 feet; keel, tight deck has been raised and six tubes 37 feet; breadth amidships, 10 feet; introduced for freeing the boat of water. depth, 3 ft. 6 in. (exclusive of an 8-inch The present boats at Shields are practi- movable wash strake). The form of the cally the same as the drawings on page boat was the same as the yawls of that 539, except that the side air-cases are coast, stern post nearly upright. External continued up to the gunwale instead of wales projecting 9 inches from the stopping at the thwarts, and a large water- side, reduced a little towards the ends, ballast tank, capable of holding about two first formed by brackets and thin boards, tons of water, is fitted amidships.
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