Study of the High-Energy Transeint Objects in the Universe in the Era of the Multimessenger Observations Damien Turpin

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Study of the High-Energy Transeint Objects in the Universe in the Era of the Multimessenger Observations Damien Turpin Study of the high-energy transeint objects in the Universe in the era of the multimessenger observations Damien Turpin To cite this version: Damien Turpin. Study of the high-energy transeint objects in the Universe in the era of the multimes- senger observations. Astrophysics [astro-ph]. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2016. English. NNT : 2016TOU30371. tel-01896029 HAL Id: tel-01896029 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01896029 Submitted on 15 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSETHÈSE En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : l’Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Présentée et soutenue le 07/12/2016 par : Damien TURPIN Etude des objets transitoires à haute énergie dans l’Univers dans l’ère des observations multi-messager JURY Peter von Ballmoos Professeur des Universités Président du Jury Cyril Lachaud Maître de conférences Membre du Jury Bertrand Cordier Ingénieur-recherche CEA Membre du Jury Natalie Webb Astronome Membre du Jury Damien Dornic Chargé de recherche CNRS Membre du Jury Alain Klotz Professeur des Universités Membre du Jury Robert Mochkovitch Directeur de recherche Rapporteur CNRS Antoine Kouchner Professeur des Universités Rapporteur École doctorale et spécialité : SDU2E : Astrophysique, Sciences de l’Espace, Planétologie Unité de Recherche : Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (UMR 5277) Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (UMR 7346) Directeur(s) de Thèse : Alain Klotz (IRAP) et Damien Dornic (CPPM) Rapporteurs : Antoine Kouchner et Robert Mochkovitch Contents 1. General introduction 9 I. The astrophysical context 13 2. The transient sky and the era of the multimessenger observations 15 2.1. The transient sky ................................. 18 2.2. The transient astronomy in the multiwavelength and multimessenger era ... 19 2.3. The cosmic accelerators and their astrophysical tracers ............. 29 3. The ANTARES neutrino telescope 41 3.1. Basics of the neutrino detection .......................... 43 3.2. The ANTARES neutrino detector ........................ 49 3.3. Event reconstruction ................................ 61 3.4. The detector performance ............................. 67 II. Gamma-ray Bursts : the most luminous explosions in the Universe 73 4. The Gamma-ray Bursts after 50 years of observation 75 4.1. GRB 670702 : a fortuitous discovery that opened a new research field ..... 77 4.2. CGRO-BATSE and BeppoSAX : the first revolution in the GRB science ... 82 4.3. The modern era of GRB science ......................... 88 4.4. Towards a complete physical model for GRBs .................. 93 5. Confronting the standard afterglow model to the observations 105 5.1. General predictions of the external shock model .................107 5.2. The Canonical light curves of GRB afterglows ..................119 5.3. Investigating the general properties of the GRB afterglows ...........123 5.4. How good is the external shock model in accounting for the GRB afterglow zoo ? ........................................143 6. The microphysics of the GRB external shocks 147 6.1. How do the physics of the external shocks impact the afterglow emission ? . 150 3 Contents 6.2. Fitting the GRB afterglow light curves and the estimation of the microphysical parameters. .....................................156 6.3. Results .......................................157 6.4. Correlations between the microphysical parameters ...............165 7. Investigating the optical selection effects on the observed GRB rest- frame prompt properties 173 7.1. GRB sample and optical/γ-ray data .......................176 7.2. Afterglow optical flux and potential biases ....................178 7.3. Selection effects in the observed GRB population ................184 7.4. Optical selection effects on the rest-frame prompt properties of GRBs .....186 7.5. Optical selection effects on rest-frame prompt correlation ............187 7.6. Discussion and conclusion .............................193 8. Search for a high-energy neutrino signal from Gamma-ray Bursts with ANTARES 197 8.1. Triggered search ..................................200 8.2. Search for high energy neutrinos from bright GRBs with ANTARES .....221 8.3. Comparing our exclusion limits with others experiments ............230 8.4. The population of GRBs detectable by ANTARES ...............235 9. Search for an electromagnetic counterpart from an ANTARES neu- trino candidate 243 9.1. The TAToO program ...............................245 9.2. ANTARES neutrino candidates (2010-2015) : A GRB origin ? .........248 III. Fast Radio Bursts : a new class of transient source 267 10. Multiwavelength observations of the Fast Radio Bursts 269 10.1. FRBs as extragalactic sources ...........................272 10.2. What could be the FRB progenitor ? .......................277 10.3. A need for multimessenger observation of FRB events .............280 10.4. Towards the discovery of an optical counterpart from FRBs ..........281 10.5. A prompt optical follow-up of FRB 151230 with the Zadko telescope .....285 11. Search for high-energy neutrinos from the Fast Radio Bursts 293 11.1. The FRB sample in the eyes of ANTARES ...................295 11.2. Search for a neutrino counterpart and background expectations ........296 11.3. Upper limit on the FRB neutrino flux ......................302 11.4. Neutrino constraints on the nature of the FRB progenitor ...........308 11.5. Summary on the optical and neutrino follow-ups campaign of FRBs ......310 12. General conclusions and perspectives 311 12.1. Sur les sursauts gamma ..............................311 12.2. Sur les sursauts radio ...............................316 12.3. GRB study .....................................319 12.4. FRB study .....................................323 4 Contents A. The GRB external shock model : the physical conditions in the shocked regions 343 A.1. ”Early” collision phase : A relativistic forward shock and a Newtonian reverse shock ........................................345 A.2. ”Late” collision phase : a Newtonian to relativistic reverse shock .......345 A.3. Scaling distance in GRB external shocks .....................347 A.4. 2 scenarios for external shocks : NRS and RRS .................348 B. Results of the optical/x-ray GRB afterglow light curve analysis 351 C. On the flux to mJy conversion 377 D. Results of the afterglow simulation of 53 GRBs 379 E. The case of GRB 090519 and the need for a ground-based observa- tional strategy 385 F. The sample parameters of GRBs with and without a redshift. 387 5 Contents R´esum´e L’Univers est continˆuement le th´eˆatre d’´ev´enements explosifs capables de relˆacher une ´enorme quantit´ed’´energie sur des courtes ´echelles de temps. Ces sources transitoires comme les sursauts gamma, les supernovae ou les noyaux actifs de galaxie sont souvent associ´ees `a des objets extrˆemes comme des ´etoiles `a neutrons ou des trous noirs. De mani`ere g´en´erale, ces sources ´emettent des radiations ´electromagn´etiques dans une large bande spectrale voire sur la totalit´e du spectre pour les cas les plus extrˆemes. D`es lors, une analyse multi-longueur d’onde est vitale pour ´etudier et comprendre la physique complexe de ces objets. De plus, au voisinage de ces sources, des particules (rayons cosmiques, RC) pourraient ˆetre efficacement acc´el´er´ees jusqu’`ades´energies tr`es elev´ees dans des processus de chocs violents. L’interaction de ces RCs avec l’environnement peut conduire `alapro- duction d’un nombre significatif de neutrinos de hautes ´energies. Par cons´equent, l’´etude des objets transitoires par le biais de l’astronomie neutrino offre la possibilit´e d’identifier enfin la nature des puissants acc´el´erateurs cosmiques. Cette th`ese est d´edi´ee `al’´etude de deux sources transitoires parmi les plus extrˆemes dans l’Univers : les sursauts gamma (en anglais, Gamma-Ray Bursts : GRBs) d´etect´es il y a ∼ 50 ans et les sursauts radio (en anglais, Fast Radio Bursts : FRBs) fraˆıchement d´ecouverts il y a ∼ 15 ans. Ces sources sont caract´eris´ees par l’´emission ”prompte” d’un flash γ (keV-MeV) durant de quelques msa ` plusieurs secondes dans le cadre des GRBs et d’un flash intense en radio (GHz) durant quelques ms pour les FRBs. Dans le cas des GRBs une ´emission r´emanente dite ”afterglow” est observ´ee dans une large gamme spectrale (X, visible et radio) alors que jusqu’`apr´esent aucune autre contrepar- tie ´electromagn´etique provenant d’un FRB n’a ´et´ed´ecouverte. Ces derni`eres ann´ees des mod`eles d’´emission multi-longueur d’onde et multi-messager ont ´et´ed´evelopp´es afin d’expliquer ces 2 ph´enom`enes. L’objectif majeur de ce travail de th`ese est de tester ces mod`eles d’´emission afin de contraindre la physique et la nature de ces deux objets. Pour cela, une analyse d´etaill´ee des propri´et´es physiques de l’´emission afterglow des GRBs a´et´emen´ee grˆace `a un large ´echantillon de donn´ees collect´ees ces 20 derni`eres ann´ees par diverses t´elescopes. Cette ´etude a permis de mettre
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