Rajasthan State Highway Investment Program

Initial Environmental Examination

May 2016

IND: Rajasthan State Highway Investment Program

Prepared by PPP Division, Public Works Department, and Government of Rajasthan for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of March 2016) Currency unit – Indian Rupee (Rs) INR1.00 = $ $.01490 $1.00 = INR 67.12

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ASI – Archeological Survey of India CCF – Chief Conservator Forest CFE – Certificate for Establishment CFO – Certificate for Operation DPR – detailed project report EA – Executing Agency EAC – Expert Appraisal Committee EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EFP – Environment Focal Person EMP – environmental management plan EMOP – environmental monitoring plan GOI – Government of India GOR – Government of Rajasthan GRC – grievance redress committee GRM – grievance redress mechanism IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IRC – Indian Road Congress MDR – Major District Road MFF – Multitranche Financing Facility MOEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests MORTH – Ministry of Roads Transport and Highway ODR – Ordinary District Road PD – Project Director PIU – Project Implementation Unit PMC – Project Management Consultant PPP – Public-Private Partnership RSHDP – Rajasthan State Highway Development Program RSHIP – Rajasthan State Highway Investment Program RSPCB – Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board ROW – right of way SH – state highway SOE – Safeguard Officer – Environment SPS – ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 VGF – Viability Gap Funding WLS – Wildlife Sanctuary

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m – meter

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area." CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... I I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background ...... 1 B. Rajasthan State Highway Improvement Program (RSHIP) ...... 1 C. Project Objectives ...... 2 D. IEE Objectives ...... 3 E. Extent of IEE ...... 3 F. Approach and Methodology ...... 3 G. Structure of the report ...... 5 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 7 A. Location of the Project ...... 7 B. Project Category ...... 7 C. Traffic ...... 7 D. Characteristics of Existing Roads...... 8 E. Improvement/Strengthening Proposal ...... 9 F. Construction Material (Quantity and Sourcing) ...... 19 G. Cost and Implementation Schedule ...... 20 III. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 21 A. International Agreements and Commitments ...... 21 B. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements ...... 22 The Building and Other Construction Workers (regulation of employment and conditions of service) Act, 1996 ...... 24 C. Procedure for Forest Clearance ...... 25 D. Steps and Procedure for Obtaining Borrow Area Permit ...... 27 E. Applicable Indian Road Congress (IRC) Codes to the Project Road ...... 27 F. ADB's Safeguard Requirement ...... 28 IV. DESCRIPTION OF EXISITNG ENVIRONMENT ...... 29 A. Physical Environment ...... 29 B. Ecological Resources ...... 54 C. Economic Development ...... 56 D. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 57 V. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 60 A. Identification and Assessment of Environmental Impacts ...... 60 VI. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND RISKS ...... 105 A. Trends in Extreme Events ...... 105 B. Climate Change Scenarios for Arid Region (Thar) of Rajasthan ...... 105 C. Key risks and adaptation measures ...... 106 D. Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...... 106 VII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 116 A. Meaningful consultation ...... 116 B. Objectives of the Public Consultations ...... 116 C. Methodology ...... 116 D. Project Stakeholders ...... 116 E. Consultations with Government Agencies ...... 117 F. Consultations with Local People/Beneficiaries ...... 118 G. Consultations with Women and Vulnerable Groups ...... 119 H. Disclosure of information ...... 119 VIII. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 128 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 129 A. Environment Management Plan ...... 129 B. Environment Monitoring Program ...... 129 C. Organizational Set-up to Implement the EMP ...... 129 D. Environment Management Budget ...... 133 X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 135

APPENDICES Appendix A: Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ...... 137 Appendix B: Baseline Air Quality Status in Project Area ...... 143 Appendix C: Noise Level in Project Area ...... 145 Appendix D: Water Quality in Project Area ...... 152

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: List of RSHIP Tranche-1 Roads ...... 2 Table 2: Present and Projected Traffic of Tranche-1 Roads ...... 8 Table 3: Tranche-1 Road’s Salient Features and Improvement Proposals ...... 11 Table 4: Quantity and Source of Construction Material ...... 19 Table 5: Summary of Environmental Legislation Applicable to the Proposed Project ...... 22 Table 6: Details of Topography of Project Districts ...... 30 Table 7: Major Geological Formation of Project Districts ...... 32 Table 8: Soil Formation of Project Districts ...... 34 Table 9: Summary of Land use/ Land Cover ...... 39 Table 10: Status of AAQ in the Project Area ...... 49 Table 11: Compliance Status of AAQ around the project area ...... 50 Table 12: District wise Groundwater Detail...... 50 Table 13: Compliance Status of Ground Water Quality around the project area ...... 51 Table 14: Compliance Status of Surface Water Quality around the project area ...... 52 Table 15: List of waterways/ Water Bodies ...... 53 Table 16: Forest Cover in Project Districts ...... 55 Table 17: Affected Trees due to Project Development ...... 55 Table 18: Demography of the Project Districts ...... 58 Table 19: Demography of the Project Districts (continued…) ...... 58 Table 20: Multi-Criteria Analysis to Determine the Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 62 Table 21: Grid Displaying the Interaction between Environmental Components and RSHIP Tranche 1 Upgrading ...... 62 Table 22: Analysis of Environmental Impacts-RSHIP Tranche 1 ...... 64 Table 23: Fuel efficiency in km/l ...... 106 Table 24: Emission Standards of Fleet (%) ...... 107 Table 25: Input Parameters for TEEMP ...... 108 Table 26: Input Parameters for TEEMP ...... 109 Table 27: CO2 Emission Factors for different vehicle types ...... 110 Table 28: Speed-Flows Relationship with Traffic Volume-Capacity Ratios ...... 111 Table 29: Effect Road Roughness and Fuel Consumption ...... 111 Table 30: Summary of CO2 Emissions with Different Scenarios ...... 113 Table 31: Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments ...... 117 Table 32: Outcome of Consultations Held in the Project Area ...... 120 Table 33: Estimated Environment Management Cost as Part of Civil Works ...... 133

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Procedure and Work Flow for Forest Clearance ...... 26 Figure 2: Geology of Rajasthan ...... 32 Figure 3: Soils of Rajasthan ...... 34 Figure 4: Earthquake Zone of Rajasthan ...... 36 Figure 5: Drought Frequency of various districts in Rajasthan ...... 36 Figure 6: District wise frequency of “Moderate Flood‟ ...... 37 Figure 7: Flood prone area map ...... 38 Figure 8: Land Use/ Land Cover Distribution of Rajasthan ...... 39 Figure 9: Impact of Speed on CO2 Emission ...... 111 Figure 10: Road wise CO2 emissions in Tons/year ...... 115 Figure 11: Institutional Arrangement to Implement Environmental Management Plan ...... 132 i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Rajasthan, with 10.41% of country’s total geographical area is the largest state of India occupying 3.42 lakh sq. km. area. Total population is 68.6 million forming 5.5% of the country’s total population. It ranks among top 4 states in attracting tourists from all across the globe. State’s economy is largely dependent on agriculture, dairy, minerals, tourism, all requiring strong road network. Rajasthan being located between landlocked Northern States and Western port States imposes additional burden on roads due to interstate movement of goods and passenger traffic. Long international boundary necessitates good quality road infrastructure in border areas.

2. As of 30th September 2015, Rajasthan has a road network of 21,0800 km, including 8,016 km of national highways, 15,509 km of state highways 6416 km of MDRs, 29013 km of other district roads, and 15,1845 km of village/rural roads. Road density in Rajasthan is only about 61.60 km per 100 square km (sq.km), compared to the national average of 148 km. Road Density per lac population in Rajasthan is 307 km corresponding to national figure of 400km. Further, nearly 80% of the roads are single lane. Years of under-investment due to paucity of financial resources and inadequate maintenance has left many of the state highways and MDRs in poor conditions both in terms of in terms of riding quality and network.

3. The GOR has requested Asian Development Bank (ADB) to consider a multi-tranche financing facility (MFF) of $500 million to finance part of the RSHDP comprising approximately 2,300 km of state highways and major district roads. The MFF will provide financing support to the contracts of Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) through public private partnership (PPP) annuity and engineering procurement and construction (EPC) models under tranches to support the capacity development of RPWD on key areas such as business procedures for PPP project management and road safety of state highway system.

4. In first tranche, 16 roads totaling approximately 981 km is being considered for financing. The 16 sub-project roads under Tranche-1 are located in 15 districts of Rajasthan state namely: Kota, Jhalawar, Bharatpur, Alwar, Pali, Barmer, Jalore, Nagaur, Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Hanumangrah, Jaipur, Ajmer, and Bikaner. The State can be divided into two major divisions structurally along the Aravalli range which cuts the state into east Rajasthan and west Rajasthan. The sub-project roads majorly falls in the western Rajasthan except few stretches which falls under Kota and Jhalawar district.

5. The project is categorized as category ‘B’ in accordance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 warranting an initial environmental examination (IEE). Project categorization has been done using Rapid Environment Assessment (REA) checklist of ADB for roads and highways after survey and initial consultations. Project scope is limited to improvement and widening of existing single/intermediate/2-lane roads to mainly 2- lane with granular shoulder. Hence it expected that stress on exiting natural resource viz, land, water, soil, and aggregates is not significantly adverse. Widening and improvement will be mostly accommodated within available right of way except in few roads where bypasses are proposed. Project road does not pass through or located nearby any wildlife sanctuary, national park, protected area network, archeological monument/heritage sites or any other similar eco- sensitive areas. Few sections of the project roads are passing through protected/open scrub forest. Mostly these are degraded forest with very less floral and faunal diversity. Moreover, diversion of forest land is involved only for one sub-project (Tarnau-Mukundgarh) of 1 hectare. As per environmental impact assessment Notification 2006 and its amendments of Ministry of ii

Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MOEFCC), the project is not under purview of environmental clearance.

6. Existing roads under Tranche-1 have varying width and road conditions. ROW is generally 25-30m in most cases with reduced width in settlements varying from 8 to12m. Major part is 2-lane with or without earthen shoulder. Riding condition is mostly poor to fair. Roadside drains are present in some urban stretches but mostly choked and non-functional. Overtopping of roads is not observed in general but water-logging is very common in built-up areas. Waterways are being crossed only in few roads. Project road improvement will mostly follow special codal provisions relevant to state highways prescribed by Indian Road Congress (IRC: SP: 73-2007 Manual of Standard and Specification for Two-Laning of State Highways on B.O.T Basis) and Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) Guidelines. In case of any compromise or variation thereof has been specifically highlighted with reasons in relevant section of the report. Since the project highway road will be a toll road, 26 toll plazas are proposed to include a weigh bridge, office building, a traffic aid post, a medical aid post and paved yard for parking and unloading of vehicles. Roof top rainwater harvesting proposed at both toll plazas for augmentation of groundwater.

7. The climate of Rajasthan state is varied contrasting due to the Aravalli. The Aravalli Mountains stretching diagonally across the State from the South-West to North-East separate the desert and semi-desert areas to the West from the sub-humid areas in the East. The climate of Rajasthan can be divided into four seasons: Pre-Monsoon (April to June), Monsoon (July to Sept), Post-Monsoon (October to December) and winter (January to March). On an average, summer temperatures range from 25° to 46° C. At times, temperatures touch a maximum of 49° C. On an average, the winter temperatures range from 8° to 28° C which drops to -2° C creating wind-chill effects in some parts of the state. The state has an average normal rainfall of 531 mm in comparison with the national average of 1,200 mm while desert areas have an average of 380 mm (State Water Policy, 2010). The rainfall pattern also varies in the different parts of the state. Western Rajasthan receives an annual average rainfall of 279 mm, while the eastern Rajasthan receives an annual average rainfall of 631 mm.

8. High resolution climate change scenarios simulating future climate for Indian sub- continent indicate that by the last quarter of this century, there will be a rise in annual mean surface air temperature for all parts of India. Temperatures are likely to increase by 2-50C and 2.5-40C in A2 and B2 IPCC SRES emission scenarios by the end of 21st century (2071-2100), with warming more pronounced over the northern parts of India. Long-term trends in mean air temperature (1971-2011) for Thar region showed by the end of 21st century, an increase in temperature by +3.3OC at Bikaner, +3.4OC at Jaisalmer, +2.9OC at Jodhpur and +2.5OC at Pali, if the present rate of warming continues. A 2-5oC increase during peak summer months of April to June from the historical monthly average of about 39oC may have detrimental effect on the integrity of asphalt road as rutting increase rapidly when the air temperature is higher than 38°C, and serious rutting of pavement will happen in several days if the air temperature is continually higher than 40°C. The overall regional trend in annual rainfall (1960-2011) for Thar showed no significant rise (@ 0.56 mm/year) in the rainfall, however, the rainfall trend at different locations showed that the annual rainfall is likely to increase by +100 mm at Bikaner, +124 mm at Jaisalmer, -40 mm at Jodhpur and +21 mm at Pali.

9. The dry and the parched region are predominant in the major portions of the state. The main features of topography are rolling sand dunes, river-drained plains, rocky terrain, wetlands, plateaus, barren tracks or land filled with the thorny shrubs, wooded regions and ravines. From the oldest Archean Metamorphic, represented by Bhilwara Super Group to sub-recent alluvium iii and wind-blown sand, Rajasthan is endowed with a continuous geological sequence of rocks. A vast blanket of young unconsolidated deposits are present in western and north-western parts of the state which include the blown sand of the Thar Desert of western Rajasthan. The soil improves in fertility from west and northwest towards east and northeast. The State lies under seismic Zone II which is least active. Rajasthan has the maximum probability of occurrence of drought in India, with recurring droughts in 3–4 years in a cycle of 5 years.

10. Land use of the study area and 10 km buffer zone majorly imitate the land use of the state. However, abutting land use of the sub-project corridors varies from each other. Land use along Barmer - Sindari – Jalore, Ahore-Bali – Mundara, Sardarshahlar-Loonkaransar, Churu-Bhaleri, Alot– Suwansara, and Peelibanga – Lakhuwali, Ajeetgarh-Chala, and Sikar-Ganeri-Jaswantgarh are predominantly waste land with sparse plantation. Organized road side plantation has been done by forest department along most of its stretches. In contrast, Kanwas -Khanpur –Aklera and Deoli- Kanwas have dominant vegetation and agricultural land use.

11. Project area is characterized mainly by rural/open areas and intermittently traversed by few semi-urban settlements/built-up areas. Sources of air pollution in the project area are mainly vehicular emission, dust from unpaved shoulders/deteriorated roads, and domestic fuel burning. Monitored parameters of ambient air quality largely meet the prescribed limit of World Bank (WB), National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) except for particulate matter (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO) at Deoli Kanwas, Alot Sunwansara stretch, and at Sirohi Khurd in Roopangarh-Naraina due to poor road conditions and high traffic density. Noise level monitoring indicates that the noise level meets the prescribed noise standards for all land use categories.

12. Project districts other than Alwar (14.38%) and Kota (11.30%) have forest covers less than the state. Protected forests are present along Kanwas-Aklera, Sikar-Jaswantgarh, Bidasar-Nokha, Tarnau-Mukundgarh, and Sardarsahar-Lunkaransar. All these forests are degraded having very little or no floral and faunal diversity. Forest diversion is required only in case of Tarnau-Mukundgarh section near Laxmangarh only for 1 ha. The road side plantation is mixed type and natural regeneration is seen. A total of 6,255 trees have been enumerated within right of way which could be affected. Predominant species in the project district are Neem, Babul, Khejri and Ardu with girth size between120-180 cm.

13. Erratic and undefined movement of wild animals mainly that of Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is reported in most of the sub-projects. This species is under Schedule-III of wildlife act and not assessed as per IUCN. Due to its large population causing heavy crop damage, MOEF has issued an advisory to include it in Vermin category of Schedule V so that killing/hunting of such animals are outside purview of regulations. State govt. has nominated Tehsiladar (taxation officer), Ranger officers and other officer of same level to be competent authority for killing of such animals. Besides, movement of Chinakara (a schedule-1 animal as per Wildlife Act but least concern under IUCN classification) was also reported in few sub- projects (Kanwas-Aklera, Barmer-Sindari section of Barmer-Jalore sub-project and Bidasar- Nokha).

14. Agriculture plays a significant role in the State economy contributing about 20 to 34 % to the State's economy. Agriculture in Rajasthan is mostly dependent on rainfall that mostly remains scanty, low and irregular. Despite low rainfall, Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in the country and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in the country. The Industrial sector contributes about 26 iv to 30 % to the State's economy. The mineral-rich State is fast emerging as a prominent industrial destination in the country. The State is geologically a veritable repository of minerals. There are about 64 different kinds of major and minor minerals produced in the State, contributing an annual revenue of more than Rs. 600 crores. Rajasthan is the sole producer of garnet (gem variety), jasper and wollastonite. Almost the entire production of zinc (concentrate), calcite, asbestos and gypsum in the country was reported from Rajasthan.

15. According to 2011 census the total population of the state is about 68.5 million. The population density of the state is 201 per sq. km. (compared to the country’s average of 436 sq. Km). The decadal growth rate recorded during the previous decade at 28.41% is higher than the national level of 21.5 %. Over 76% of the population resides in rural areas. The number of females per 1000 males (sex ratio) in Rajasthan was 951 in 2011 and had shown an increase as compared to that in 2001 at 931.

16. The critical project components that will have substantial interaction with the environment are as follow: i) Preconstruction stage: a. Road alignment and design – involves the screening and selection roads to avoid environment sensitive areas, finalization of road alignment including by-passes to minimize land acquisition, minor geometric realignment like eccentric road widening where the available right-of-way (RoW) permits to preserve the trees on one side of the road from being cleared, and cross-drainage design to incorporate wildlife crossing function b. Utility shifting – removal and transfer the carriage way of electric, telephone, and water lines, drainage pipes, and hand pumps c. Construction mobilization - land clearing, installation of electricity and other utility connections, perimeter fencing, establishment of storage areas, waste disposal, and installation of production equipment (hot mix, concrete batching, rock crusher, casting) in the labor and camp sites. d. Tree cutting and clearing – tree marking, cutting, and grubbing

ii) Construction Phase a. Road construction – includes earthworks for sub-grade, sub-base, gravelling of base; preparation of wearing course, and construction of shoulders b. Quarries and borrow area site management c. Construction plants operation for hot mix and cement batching d. Maintenance of by-passed roads - routine maintenance of sealed road pavement, foot paths, kerbs and channels, storm drainage, and pavement markings. e. Site-Restoration involves the clean-up and restoration of construction zones to near its original condition prior to Contractor demobilization to include: river beds used for sand mining; camps; hot mix plant, crushers, batching plant sites; and borrow areas rehabilitated.

iii) Post-Construction Phase a. Road maintenance similar to the by-passed roads b. Vegetation control – involves periodic mechanical mowing, trimming, removal of brush, and removal of trees when necessary to enhance v

aesthetics and to prevent potential safety hazards (e.g. reduced visibility, obstruction of signs, and debris in the roadway).

17. Mitigation measures were identified to reduce the significant adverse impacts including residual effects. As the project will be implemented based on engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) modality a number of construction alternatives like location of camp and plant sites, borrow area, source quarries, and even minor geometric realignments to minimize the number of remains to be decided and from which a host of impacts will be assessed. However, the analysis of impacts shown in the succeeding Table revealed the following:

a) During the pre-construction phase, major potential negative impacts include permanent loss of trees, disturbance of national protected species, and increase road crashes from inadequate road alignment and design. While medium potential impacts includes increase in animal-vehicle crashes from unregulated higher vehicular speed, and localized flooding from inadequate drainage design. b) During construction, major potential negative impacts from the project includes the loss of productive soil from new borrow areas. Medium potential impacts from increase dust emissions, generation of noise, risks of accident from improper management of borrow areas, and inadequate clean-up operation, restoration and rehabilitation prior to decommissioning. c) Only minor environmental impacts were identified during project operation.

18. During construction phase, adequate guidance and resources will be provided by RPWD to the Contractor to comply with the borrow area management requirements, suppress dust, control noise, and implement proper closure. A PMC will be engaged by the RPWD to ensure mitigation and monitoring measures are implemented. As the project will be implemented based on engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) modality a number of construction alternatives like location of camp and plant sites, borrow area, source quarries, and even minor geometric realignments to minimize the number of remains to be decided and from which a host of impacts will be assessed. Road-specific EMPs and concomitant costs is part of the bidding documents.

19. Total CO2 emission at business-as-usual, and with project (including construction) scenarios were estimated at 357,926 tons/year and 354,269 tons/year, respectively. Although the with-project scenario remains lower than without project due to improvement in vehicle speed from road capacity and surface roughness. Measures to ensure the GHG emission will not increase further during project operation includes the following:

(a) Maintain an adequate vehicle road capacity as congestion decreases vehicle speed, deteriorates fuel efficiency, and increases emissions per kilometre travel. (b) Maintain optimum range of vehicle speed within the toll road, CO2 emissions drastically increases when vehicles are travelling less than 30 kph and faster than 70 kph. (c) Maintain good riding quality of the toll road, expressed in roughness and measured as m/km. The impact of deteriorating road quality with decrease in fuel efficiency and hence increase in emission per kilometre travel.

20. The total budget provided in the civil works contract and RPWD budget to implement the environmental management plan (EMP) and (EMoP) is INR129 million consisting of t following items: a) Mitigation cost which includes dust suppression, installation of movable noise barriers, connection of side drains to nearby ponds/tanks for water harvesting, toll booth water vi harvesting, compensatory plantation, additional plantation; b) Monitoring cost which includes air, water, noise, and soil quality; c) Provision of 2 vehicles to the DFO of Barmer and Nokha to assist in the rescue of injured Chinkara from road crashes.

21. A Grievance Redressal Committee (GRC) will be established at two-levels, one at the District or PIU level and another at PMU level. The GRC will provide an opportunity affected person to have their grievances redressed. Depending on the nature and significance of the grievances or complaints, the GRM will comprise procedures to address grievances at the project site or PIU level, PMU level. Most serious complaints which cannot be addressed at the PIU level will be forwarded to the PMU. The PMU level will comprise members from the PWD, PMC, contractor, local community, and local forestry authority.

22. The initial environmental examination ascertains that the project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Need of undertaking detailed EIA is not envisaged at this stage. The RPWD shall ensure that EMP and EMoP are included in Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and forms part of bid document and civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

3. Appreciating the importance of good road network in social, regional and economic cohesion, Government of Rajasthan (GOR), endeavors to improve all state highways and districts roads. GOR has announced development of approximately 20,000 km of state highways and district roads in next 5 years under Rajasthan State Highway Development Program (RSHDP) through various funding sources.

B. Rajasthan State Highway Improvement Program (RSHIP)

4. The GOR has requested Asian Development Bank (ADB) to consider a multi-tranche financing facility (MFF) of $500 million to finance part of the RSHDP comprising approximately 2,300 km of state highways and major district roads. The MFF will provide financing support to the contracts of Build Operate and Transfer (BOT)1 through public private partnership (PPP) annuity and engineering procurement and construction (EPC2) models under tranches to support the capacity development of RPWD on key areas such as business procedures for PPP project management and road safety of state highway system. The proposed models will require ADB financing to be used for 50% of total project costs to be paid during the construction period

1 BOT (Annuity) model is a traffic risk-neutral PPP model. In this variant, PWD will pay a fixed semi- annual annuity to the concessionaire for the expenses incurred in construction, operation and maintenance, and the returns thereon. This amount does not bear any relationship with the level of traffic; hence the concessionaire does not bear the traffic revenue risk. In addition to this, private investors are not exposed to development risks associated with conventional BOT development process, which is a very expensive and time consuming process. In this model, the concessionaire assumes risks relating to construction, technical, operation, and maintenance, while the other critical risks relating to land acquisition, permit/approval, traffic risk, and toll collection risk are allocated to the granting authority 2 The engineering and construction contractor will carry out the detailed engineering design of the project, procure all the equipment and materials necessary, and then construct to deliver a functioning facility or asset to their clients. Companies that deliver EPC Projects are commonly referred to as EPC Contractors. 2

and the GOR will underpin the balance of 50% to be contributed by the private sector concessionaire. Such financing arrangements can maximize the impact of ADB’s resource.

5. As stated above, the investment program is distributed in different tranches. In first tranche, 16 roads totaling approximately 981 km is being considered for financing.

Table 1: List of RSHIP Tranche-1 Roads S. No Road/Unique ID Name of Road Length (Km) Districts Cost (Cr) Package 1: BOT Annuity Mode 1 SH-74/R015 Kanwas -Khanpur -Aklera 74.800 Kota, Jhalawar 125 2 SH-74 A/R131 Deoli- Kanwas 14.850 Kota 42 3 SH-19 C/R082 Alot –Gangdhar-Suwansara 24.550 Jhalawar 33 4 SH-22/ R005 Kherli-Pahari 61.160 Bharatpur, Alwar 106 Package 2: BOT Annuity Mode Sub-Total (1) 175.360 306 5 SH-16/R025 Barmer - Sindari - Jalore 148.000 Pali 320 6 SH-16/ R026 Ahore-Bali - Mundara 30.000 Barmer, Jalore 74 Sub-Total (2) 178.000 394 Package 3: BOT Annuity Mode 7 MDR-103/ R124 Peelibanga - Lakhuwali 34.500 Hanumangarh 60 8 SH-6A/ R075 Sardarsahar-Lunkaransar 76.500 Churu and Bikaner 103 9 SH-69 Churu-Bhaleri 35.000 Churu 53 10 SH-60/ R043 Sanju- Tarnau 16.710 Nagaur 29 11 MDR-85/ R079 Roopangarh-Naraina 35.000 Jaipur and Ajmer 52 SH-8,19,60,82-A Nagaur-Tarnau-Deedwana- Nagaur, Sikar, 12 196.000 465 ,83/R019 R0126 Mukundgarh Churu, Jhunjhunu Sub-Total (3) 393.710 762 Package 4: EPC Mode 13 SH-13/R010 Ajeetgarh-Chala 33.135 Sikar 59 14 SH-20&20A/R017 Sikar-Ganeri-Jaswantgarh 75.130 Sikar, Churu Nagaur 257 15 SH-20/R017A Bidasar-Nokha 93.000 Churu and Bikaner 218 16 SH-13B/ R086 Singhana-Buhana-HP Border 32.690 Jhunjhunu 82 Sub-Total (4) 233.955 617 Grand Total 981.025 2079 Note: Road length = chainage + by-pass + by-passed section

6. The GOR decided to implement the Investment Program through PPP Division, PWD.

C. Project Objectives

7. Project aims to improve transport efficiency of the state road network, which will contribute to expansion of economic opportunities and poverty reduction. This will be realized through: (i) improving the state highway and major district road network, (ii) facilitating safe and efficient transport services and (iii) enhancing GOR capacity for road asset development and management. Project immediate outcome will be improved accessibility to social services and markets, increased fuel efficiency, reduced travel time, accidents, vehicle emissions and better employment opportunities outside agriculture, both through improved access to economic centers, and increased industrial activities within the state.

8. To achieve the above objectives, candidate road will be improved to intermediate lane with earthen shoulders largely in consistent to Indian Road Congress (IRC) guidelines. Widening and improvement components will include: (i) improvement in pavement conditions and road geometry, (ii) reconstruction/ widening and provision of additional cross drainage (CD) structures, and (iii) provision of lined drains in built-up sections, junction improvement, protection works, bus bays/truck lay byes and installation of safety measures etc.

D. IEE Objectives

9. The project is categorized as category ‘B’ in accordance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 warranting an initial environmental examination (IEE). IEE identifies the environmental issues to be considered at project planning and design stage. The IEE report covers the general environmental profile of the study area and includes an overview of the potential environmental impacts and their magnitude on physical, ecological, economic, and social and cultural resources within the project’s influence area during design, construction, and operation stages. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) forms part of this report which includes mitigation measures for significant environmental impacts during implementation of the project, environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation and monitoring. IEE has four basic objectives; (i) identify the environmental issues that should be taken into account due to project interventions, (ii) determine the magnitude of potential environmental concerns and to ensure that environmental considerations are given adequate weight at planning/design stage, (iii) identify need for further environmental studies or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and (iv) suggest enhancement measures, if any.

E. Extent of IEE

10. IEE extent has been decided considering all likely Impacts and risks analyzed in the context of the project’s area of influence. It encompasses (i) the primary project site(s) and related facilities (ii) associated facilities whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the project (iii) areas and communities potentially affected by cumulative impacts from further planned development of any existing project or condition, and other project-related developments that are realistically defined at the time of assessment; and (iv) areas and communities potentially affected by impacts from unplanned but predictable developments caused by the project that may occur later or at a different location. The core zone of impact is taken as proposed right of way and its immediate vicinity. The assessment also considers the areas and activities related to associate facilities viz. quarry operation, borrow areas, construction camp, transportation/haulage routes etc. The study area is considered up to 10 km on either side of road alignment for larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out for all components of environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise and socio economic aspects.

F. Approach and Methodology

11. This IEE report has been prepared on the basis of feasibility report, field investigations and stakeholder consultations to meet the requirements for environmental assessment process and documentation as per ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. IEE commenced with the review of legal requirements for the project. In next step, technical details were collected compiled by feasibility consultant. This was followed by a discussion with the implementing agency to reconfirm the technical details. Further steps followed for IEE has been concisely described in following paragraphs. 4

1. Reconnaissance Survey and Initial Consultations

12. Reconnaissance survey and initial consultations facilitated in designing the nature of the environmental survey and extent of consultations to be carried out along the road alignment. It helped to identify data gaps, decide valued environment components, key stakeholders and key informants who can further substantiate the collected information. Reconnaissance survey and initial consultations also recognized the need to conduct rapid bio-diversity assessment and wild-life movement study for the stretches where movement of wildlife was reported.

2. Primary Data Collection

13. Environmental resource inventory was prepared for all environmental features viz. terrain, land use, waterways/water bodies, road side vegetation, sensitive receptors, common property resources, utilities, drainage, flooding/water logging, accident prone areas etc. within the area of interest/core zone. Information about wildlife movement viz. species, location, reason of crossing the road, potential wildlife accident locations, frequency, season and timing of crossings etc. were also collected. This was done by trained persons under the supervision of an expert team comprised of wildlife experts. Similarly, floral survey was also carried out.

3. Secondary Data Collection

14. Secondary sources included environmental assessment done by feasibility team, published government reports, government websites, recognized institutions and relevant government departments (forests and wildlife, pollution control board, statistics, Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) etc. Recent Google images were captured to view environmental features at regional scale. References made to the secondary sources have been mentioned in the text and tables throughout the length of the report.

4. Public Consultations

15. Meaningful consultations were organized with the government agencies, local people/beneficiary population to know the level of project acceptability, understand their concerns, apprehensions, and overall opinion. Information were gathered about existing baseline environmental condition viz. ambient levels and its effects on health, water resources, water logging/flooding, flora and fauna, wildlife movement, socio-economic standing of local people, impact due to loss of land other assets and common property resources, accident risk during construction and operation stage, perceived benefits and losses, etc. Information thus gathered was used to integrate it in project design and formulate mitigation measures and environmental management plan.

5. Other Tools, Additional Surveys and Studies

16. The Transport Emissions Evaluation Model for Projects (TEEMP)3 developed by Clean 4 Air Asia was utilized to assess the CO2 gross emissions. Required input data-set viz. road

3 TEEMP is an excel-based, free-of-charge spreadsheet models to evaluate emissions impacts of transport projects. 4A network of 250 organizations in 31 countries established by the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, and USAID to promote better air quality and livable cities by translating knowledge to policies and actions that reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transport, energy and other sectors. 5

length and configuration, traffic, road roughness, emission factors etc. were collected from different sources.

17. Assessment of land use/land cover map of larger area beyond the project site helps in better planning and decision-making before creating any physical infrastructure in the region. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) based land use map of the study area (10 km buffer) has been prepared through recent satellite imagery. Unsupervised classification was done using Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine software supported by ground verifications.

18. Climate risk screening identified increased temperature as major risk which has the potential to affect and reduce the life of asphalt road pavements through softening and traffic- related rutting. Extreme heat can also stress the steel in bridges through thermal expansion and movement of bridge joints and paved surfaces. Although the period of prediction is far longer than the design life of asphalt which will require maintenance overlay every 10 years, mitigation measures and feasible options to reduced impact on pavement have been included in the environmental management plan-operation phase.

19. A rapid bio-diversity assessment was carried out to identify wildlife movement along/across the project road and floral diversity near the forest patches. Methodology adopted to identify potential locations for elephant crossings was mainly based on:

(i) Review of existing literature (ii) Consultation with forest/wildlife experts (iii) Interviews of Local villagers (iv) Identification of potential habitats along and near the proposed highway, Collection of data on wildlife accident due to road traffic and wildlife-human conflict

6. Assessment of Potential Impacts

20. The assessment of the type, nature, direct, indirect, cumulative or induced impacts and their significance to the physical, biological, and socio-economic components of the environment has been done to ascertain whether the project is environmentally sustainable or not. Nature of impacts has been classified as significant, insignificant, short-term, long-term, reversible, irreversible etc. After identification of nature and extent of impacts, mitigation measures have been suggested.

7. Preparation of the Environment Management Plan

21. The road specific EMP has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and propose enhancement measures. This includes: (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts, (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation, (iii) institutional capacity building and training (iii) compliance to statutory requirements, and (iv) integration of EMP with project planning, design, construction and operation.

G. Structure of the report

22. IEE has been structured in accordance with SPS, 2009. An executive summary describing critical facts, significant findings, and recommended actions has been presented in the beginning of the report. The report has been compiled and presented as follows.

Executive Summary Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Chapter 3- Description of Project Chapter 4- Description of the Environment Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation Chapter 7- EMP and Grievance Redress Mechanism Chapter 8 - Conclusion and Recommendation 7

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

A. Location of the Project

23. The 16 sub-project roads under Tranche-1 are located in 15 districts of Rajasthan state namely: Kota, Jhalawar, Bharatpur, Alwar, Pali, Barmer, Jalore, Nagaur, Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Hanumangrah, Jaipur, Ajmer, and Bikaner. The State can be divided into two major divisions structurally along the Aravalli range which cuts the state into east Rajasthan and west Rajasthan. The sub-project roads majorly falls in the western Rajasthan except few stretches which falls under Kota and Jhalawar district.

B. Project Category

24. Project categorization has been done using Rapid Environment Assessment (REA) checklist of ADB for roads and highways after survey and initial consultations. Project scope is limited to improvement and widening of existing single/intermediate/2-lane roads to mainly 2- lane with granular shoulder. Hence it expected that stress on exiting natural resource viz, land, water, soil, and aggregates is not significantly adverse. Widening and improvement will be mostly accommodated within available right of way except in few roads where bypasses are proposed. Project road does not pass through or located nearby any wildlife sanctuary, national park, protected area network, archeological monument/heritage sites or any other similar eco- sensitive areas. Few sections of the project roads are passing through protected/open scrub forest. Mostly these are degraded forest with very less floral and faunal diversity. Moreover, diversion of forest land is involved only for one sub-project (Tarnau-Mukundgarh) of 1 hectare.

25. Erratic and undefined movement of wild animals predominantly the Blue Bulls was observed in most of the sub-project area. Movement of Chinkara (a Schedule- I5 animal as per Indian Wildlife Act, 1972 and least concern as per IUCN) was also reported in few sub-projects (Kanwas-Aklera, Barmer-Jalore, and Bidasar-Nokha). Adequate mitigation measures have been incorporated in design to avoid their collision with vehicles and uninterrupted movement. Other impacts are mainly temporary and localized in nature which can be mitigated by effective implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) included with the IEE. Hence, the project has been categorized as Category ‘B’ as per SPS, 2009.

26. As per environmental impact assessment Notification 2006 and its amendments of Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MOEFCC), the project is not under purview of environmental clearance.

C. Traffic

27. The average daily traffic (ADT) on the project road and surrounding network is presented in the succeeding Table based on the traffic study prepared during the feasibility study. The summary of ADT in terms of vehicles and PCU at all locations is presented in Table 2. The traffic projection on the road normally consists of normal traffic, diverted traffic, and induced/generated traffic. Since most of the project corridors are not connecting major industrial

5 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 has six schedules which give varying degrees of protection. Schedule I and part II of Schedule II provide absolute protection - offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties. Species listed in Schedule III and Schedule IV is also protected, but the penalties are much lower. Schedule V includes the animals which may be hunted. The plants in Schedule VI are prohibited from cultivation and planting. 8

places and no major activities are not planned in near future, induced or diverted traffic is not expected except for Ahore-Bali-Mundara, Barmer-Jalore, Roopangarh-Naraina and Sikar- Jaswantgarh roads. Traffic projection has been done assuming 5% growth rate (both for construction as well as concession period. Existing and Project traffic in different homogenous sections of sub- section is given in Table 2.

Table 2: Present and Projected Traffic of Tranche-1 Roads Homogenous 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Sections Vehicle PCU Vehicle PCU Vehicle PCU Vehicle PCU Vehicle PCU Kanwas-Aklera 906 820 1156 1047 1476 1336 1884 1705 2404 2176 680 588 868 750 1108 958 1414 1222 1804 1560 Deoli- Kanwas 1532 1420 1956 1813 2496 2014 3186 2953 4066 3769 Alot Suwansara 2755 2072 3516 2644 4488 3374 5728 4307 7310 5497 Kherli-Pahari 3402 3812 4342 4865 5541 6209 7073 7925 9027 10113 2880 3189 3676 4069 4691 5194 5987 6629 7641 8460 3287 3310 4195 4225 5354 5391 6833 6880 8721 8781 4366 7302 5572 9319 7112 11893 9077 15179 11584 19373 Barmer – Jalore 3208 5184 4300 6933 5486 8831 7005 11266 8936 14356 4045 4152 5425 5566 6925 7106 8837 9069 11283 11580 Ahore-Mundara 4910 5294 6267 6760 8001 8627 10211 11009 13033 14053 Pelibanga- 1848 2225 2357 2834 3655 4399 4665 5613 5953 7167 Lakhwali Sardarsahar- 615 981 822 1320 1078 1745 1407 2296 1832 3001 Loonkaransar 527 858 710 1168 937 1556 1224 2052 1597 2695 Churu-Bhaleri 1242 1595 1628 1658 2115 2804 2731 3646 3525 4744 Sanju-Tarnau 2793 3370 3565 4301 4550 5489 5806 7006 7411 8942 Roopangarh- 1922 2618 2453 3341 3131 4264 3996 5442 5100 6945 Naraina 1732 2325 2211 2967 2821 3787 3601 4834 4596 6169 Nagaur-Tarnau 4414 6457 5631 8239 8736 12787 11159 16325 14231 20829 3233 5115 4128 6538 6397 10133 8159 12925 10407 16484 Tarnau- 2790 3471 4430 5654 7216 Mukundgarh 4931 6293 8032 10251 13083 2228 2844 3629 4632 5912 5366 6848 8740 11154 14236 6737 8598 10974 14005 17875 4304 5493 7011 8948 11420 Ajeetgarh-Chala 5897 6301 7491 8049 11620 12489 14830 15939 18925 20334 4748 6004 6056 7658 9397 11886 11994 15171 15307 19365 Sikar- 5705 6682 7281 8528 9292 10884 11860 13891 15136 17728 Jaswantgarh Bidasar-Nokha 3263 4873 4165 6219 5316 7937 6784 19130 8659 12928 2124 3079 2711 3929 3460 5015 4416 6400 5636 8168 Singhana- 1886 2249 2918 3476 3722 4434 4747 5648 6058 7213 Buhana- 2169 3448 3362 5344 4292 6281 5476 8699 6993 11115 Haryana Border Source: Feasibility Report

D. Characteristics of Existing Roads

28. Existing roads under Tranche-1 have varying width and road conditions. ROW is generally 25-30m in most cases with reduced width in settlements varying from 8 to12m. Major part is 2-lane with or without earthen shoulder. Riding condition is mostly poor to fair. Roadside 9

drains are present in some urban stretches but mostly choked and non-functional. Overtopping of roads is not observed in general but water-logging is very common in built-up areas. Waterways are being crossed only in few roads. Major bridges are present only on 5 roads. Roads of Packages 3 and 4 have very few cross drainage (CD) structures except in Peelibanga- Lakhuwali and Bidasar-Nokha sub-projects. There are 11 level crossings in Tranche 1. Bus shelters are present in some built-up areas. Most of the roads have inadequate road safety provisions. Horizontal and vertical profile are incoherent to applicable codal provisions. Horizontal curve is mostly insufficient in built-up areas. Vertical curves are deficient to severely deficient throughout the stretches of all sub-projects except in Package-1. This is due to the fact that roads are constructed on stabilized sand dunes which normally follow its undulating topography. Abutting land use is mainly agricultural along Packages 1 and 2 roads namely: Ajeetgarh-Chala and Peelibanga-Lakhuwali. Others are dominated by fallow/barren land. Habitated portion varies from 5-15% of the total alignment along most of the sub-projects.

E. Improvement/Strengthening Proposal

29. Project road improvement will mostly follow special codal provisions relevant to state highways prescribed by Indian Road Congress (IRC: SP: 73-2007 Manual of Standard and Specification for Two-Laning of State Highways on B.O.T Basis) and Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) Guidelines. In case of any compromise or variation thereof has been specifically highlighted with reasons in relevant section of the report.

30. Improvement of the project roads involves its widening from single/intermediate/2-lane lane to 2-lane with granular shoulder of 2.5 m on either side except Kanwas-Aklera which is proposed for widening to intermediate lane of 5.5 m with 2m earthen shoulder on either side. Paved shoulder is only proposed for 40 km stretch in Tarnau-Mukundgarh section. Main upgradation components involves improvement in pavement conditions and geometrics, reconstruction and widening of CD structures, provision of roadside drains, raising of embankment in water logged sections, junctions/intersection improvement, safety provisions for road users and wildlife and provision of road facilities like bus bays/bus shelters, and toll plaza. Environmental enhancement measures like additional plantation and rain water harvesting are also included. Salient features of the improvement proposals are discussed in brief in following paragraphs.

31. All efforts have been made to accommodate the improvement work within available ROW. Land acquisition is inevitable for curve improvement, toll plaza (no.=26) and 9 proposed bypasses (1 for Kanwas-Aklera , 1 for Singhana-Buhana, 3 for Nagaur-Mukundgarh and 4 for Sikar-Jaswantgarh totaling 34.275 Km)

32. The horizontal curves have been eased to the extent feasible considering the ground constraints. Horizontal geometry will be based on IRC: 38-1988 “Guidelines for Design of Horizontal Curves for Highways (First Revision)” and vertical geometry will be based on IRC: SP 23-1993 “.

33. No major bridge is proposed under the projects since all existing major bridges are recently constructed and have been retained. All vented and flush causeways have been upgraded to minor bridge or slab culverts. Additional slab culverts and up-gradation of few pipe culverts are proposed in sub-projects where active Chinkara movement were reported to facilitate its crossing. Budgetary provisions have been separately included EMP cost. 34. Existing roads are largely devoid of side drains. In some urban stretches where drains were observed, are blocked and choked. Covered lined drain with foot-paths has been 10 proposed in all built-up sections. Open unlined earthen drains have been provided to capture surface run off from the main highway for most of the sub-projects.

35. All major junctions are proposed for improvement as per IRC guidelines mostly at grade except one at Ganeri where rotary is proposed. Earthen pedestrian walkway of 2m-width on one side has been proposed along Tarnau-Mukundgarh (Ganrii to Salasar via Laxmangarh) and Sikar-Jaswantgarh (Sikar-Ganeri) sub-project roads for pilgrims visiting famous Salasar Temple.

36. Since the project highway road will be a toll road, 26 toll plazas are proposed to include a weigh bridge, office building, a traffic aid post, a medical aid post and paved yard for parking and unloading of vehicles. Roof top rainwater harvesting proposed at both toll plazas for augmentation of groundwater.

37. Bus shelters have been provided at all important habitations. As bus bays have not been designed but an additional paved area of 4.0 m width and 20 m length shall be provided in order to enable a bus to stop without obstructing the flow of traffic. The Concessionaire may shift these locations, if necessary, in consultation with the local people and Independent Engineer. 38. Safe crossing facilities for pedestrians are proposed at major intersections and bus bays. These facilities are planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-116, IRC-677 and IRC-1038. At intersections, controlled form of crossing is achieved through provision of 3 m wide zebra crossing, accompanied by STOP line.

39. The project roads have been provided with all safety features as per IRC: 89, IRC:2510, IRC:2611, IRC:3512, IRC:6713, IRC:10314 and Section 80015 of MORTH. Key features includes provisions of crash barriers in high embankment areas, speed breakers near built-up areas, school, and toll plazas, speed restrictions in built-up sections and active wildlife crossing areas, delineators, road studs, cat’s eye, chevrons, object markers etc. have been included in the design.

40. For existing 11 level crossings, ROBs are not proposed for existing level crossings because (i) TVU is less than warranted (ii) approach length is not available due to heavily built- up area and (iii) it is already proposed by Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation Ltd (DFCCIL) where the roads are being crossed by proposed western freight corridors. Only ROB proposed for level crossing at Laxmangarh.

41. For construction stage safety, a proper traffic diversion plan shall be prepared as per IRC: SP: 55-201416. Separate traffic diversion plan shall be prepared for structures and CD works. The execution of the project road should be planned such that inconvenience to road

6 Recommended Practice for the Design and Layout of Cycle Tracks 7 Code of Practice for Road Signs 8 Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities 9 Type Design for Highway Kilometer Stones 1010 Type Design for Boundary Stones 11 Type Design for 200-meter Stones 12 Code of Practice for Road Markings 13 Code of Practice for Road Signs 14 Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities 15 Specifications for Traffic Signs and other Safety-Related Works 16 Guidelines on Traffic Management in Work Zones 11

users is minimal. The width of temporary diversion should be equal to the width of existing carriageway. Embankment heights are proposed for raising for grade improvement and locations where overtopping was reported either due to local drainage problem or ponding due to over flow of rivers during monsoons one like Kanwas-Aklera.

42. By-passed existing road sections will be subjected to regular road maintenance works by the Contractor. This includes routine maintenance of sealed road pavement, foot paths, kerbs and channels, storm drainage, and pavement markings.

43. Existing road’s characteristics and proposal for improvement has been summarized in Table 3.

Table 3: Tranche-1 Road’s Salient Features and Improvement Proposals Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Length=75.22  Project Road Length : 74.8 Km  Location: Starts from a 4-legged junction at  Configuration: intermediate lane of 5.5m with km 11.730 of SH-74 near Kanwas in Kota earthen shoulder of 2m on either side district and terminates at the T- Junction (km.  Bypass: at Khanpur of 4.85 Length

374.220 of NH-12) near Arnia in Jhalawar  10 Bus shelters

74) district.

-  2 toll plazas at Km 3.4.70 and 53.5

 Habitations are Kanwas, Basyahedi, Dhulet  Cross Drainage Structures: (SH

Panwad, Dahikheda, Kethuni, Kalarevan,

Dundi, Khanpur, Sarola, Taraj, Arnia -  ROW: 20-25m

Cross n Total

Aklera

New

– repair

 Configuration: Single lane (43.5 km) and Drains Retain

& Repair &

Widening with with Minor below single lane (14.0km). Intermediate lane constructio and two lane is 10.5 km and 7.22 km Pipe 26 17 2 3 48

respectively. Pavement condition is mostly culvert Khanpur - poor (39.20 km) to fair (34.27km). Only 1.25 Slab 8 11 0 12 31 km is in good condition culvert  Junction/Intersections: 2 major and 31 minor Minor 6 8 0 10 24

 Cross Drains: 1 major and 18 minor bridges. Bridge Kanwas 23 slab culverts, 22 pipe culverts, 9 flush causeways and 5 vented causeways Major bridge at Kalisindh River recently  Terrain and Land use: Mainly flat with few constructed hence not included in project scope. stretches rolling/hilly. Land use mainly agricultural. 12

Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Length=15 Km  Project Road Length: 14.850 Km  Location: starts at Kota-Sangod (SH-51) at  Configuration: 2 lane of 7m carriageway with Km. 34+200 near Deoli T- Junction) ends at earthen shoulder of 2.5 m on either side Kanwas (Sangod-Dara) on MDR-55. Entirely  Bypass: Nil located in Kota district.  3 bus lay byes and 1 truck lay byes

 Major settlements are Deoli, Peesahera,  1 toll plaza at Km 6.400

Awan, Dudhiakhera, Madhopur and Kanwas  Cross Drainage Structures:

74A) -

 ROW: 12-30m

 Configuration: Intermediate lane with0.795m

- (SH Cross Total

to 2.385 m earthen shoulder. on

with with

New

Minor repair

 Pavement condition is mostly poor 93.86 % Drains Retain

& Repair & Widening (13.937Kms) to fair 6.14 % (0.913 Kms) constructi

Kanwas Culverts 2 1 9 - 12

 Junction/Intersections: 1 major and 10 minor - Minor  Cross Drains: 1 minor bridge. 6 slab/box 1 - 1 - 2 culverts, 5pipe culvert Bridge Deoli  Landuse: Mainly flat with few stretches rolling/hilly. Landuse mainly agricultural Side Drains: covered drains with foot-paths for 6.3  Side drains: existing in few built-up sections km open drains throughout but mostly choked and non-functional. No lined/unlined drain in remaining open sections  Length=24.600 Km  Project Road Length: 24.550 Km  Location: Starts at village Unhel and ends at  Configuration: 2 lane of 7m carriageway with MP border near village Sankariya. There is granular shoulder of 2.5 m on either side an overlap part of 2.575 km (from km 14.900  Bypass: Nil to km 17.475) with MDR-44 Overlapping part  4 bus shelters

is considered under this project scope.  1 toll plaza at Km 12.6 at Malharganj 19C) - Entirely in Jhalawar district.  Cross Drainage Structures:

 Villages enroute are Unhel, Kherkheda,

Raipuria, Malharganj, Gangdhar, Sankriya

 ROW: 12-30m - Cross Total

 Configuration: Mostly Intermediate lane with Re New

and without earthen/gravel shoulder. Drains Repair

Retainwith

Widening &

Minorrepair

construction Suwansara(SH

 Pavement condition is mostly fair to good - (62.75%) and in poor condition (37.25%) Culverts - 8 1 10 19  Junction/Intersections: 1 major and 15 minor Minor 1 - 1 - 2  Cross Drains: Major Bridge- 2, Minor Bridge- Bridge 3, Culvert- 21

Gangdhar Major

– - - - 2 2  Landuse: Mainly flat with few stretches Bridge rolling/hilly. Landuse mainly agricultural  Side Drains: covered drains with foot-paths for Alot  Side drains: existing in few built-up sections 1.23 km but mostly choked and non-functional. No  ROB: Not proposed lined/unlined drain in remaining open sections  1 level crossing at Km 23+160 13

Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Length=61.160  Project Road Length=150  Location: Starts at km 137+000 (Kherli  Configuration: 2 lane with 2.5 m earthen Bypass end) and ends at Pahari at km shoulder on either side 198+000. Bharatpur and Alwar districts.  No bypass proposed  Villages: Kherli, Aarwa, Kathumar, Nagar,  Culvert: 12 retained (6 slab, 6 pipe) 17

Chirawal, Bharuka, Beru, Palka, Gulpada, reconstructed (15 slab, 2 pipe), 21 widened 22)

- Punaya, Sakari, Jhanti, Gopalgar,Pahari (18 slab, 3 pipe), and 10 new pipe culverts  ROW:30 m on an average and 10-15 in built-  Side Drains: 12 km= covered,111.4 =open up sections unlined trapezoidal and 12 km=open  Configuration: 2 lane (70%), single lane rectangular

(30%)  ROB not warranted since TVU is less than Pahari(SH -  Road condition: Poor (46%), fair (35%) and required as per codal provision good (19%)  12 bus shelters and 1 truck lay byes

Kherli  Junction/Intersections: 7 major and 36 minor  Toll Plazas=2 (Km 145.00 and Km 187.5)  Cross Drains: No major or minor bridge. 50 culverts (39 slab and11 pipe culverts  Terrain and Landuse: Flat topography and abutting land use is mainly agricultural  1 level crossing at km 163.200  Length=148.8  Project Road Length=148.09  Project highway is divided in two sections i.e.  Configuration:2 lane with granular shoulder of (i) Barmer-Sindari and (ii) Sindari to Jalore. 2.5m on each side Section (i) starts from junction of SH-40 with  Cross Drainage Structures: NH-68 at Barmer and ends at km 37/0 of SH-

16 at junction with SH-28 (Phalodi – Ramji Ki

16) - Gol, Mega Highway) at Sindari. Section (ii)

starts from end of section (i) and terminates Type of

at km 84/6 of BRO chainage (at Bishangarh) Re

Structure New

junction with SH-38 (Now NH-325) Retained

Widening

construction Construction

Jalore (SH  Important habitations are Barmer , Sirana,

– Khural, Chawa , Jeewana, Ummedabad, Pipe Culvert 1 2 3 76 Kharntiya and Bawatara

 ROW:25-30 m on an average Slab Culvert 4 5 4 1 Sindari

 Configuration: 2 lane = 87.400, intermediate

- Box Culvert 0 0 1 0 lane=30.600 and single lane=30.200  Pavement Condition: Mostly fair Major Bridge 0 0 1 0

 Junction/Intersections: 8 major and 20 minor Minor Bridge 0 0 11 0 Barmer  Cross Drains: 11 Pipe culverts, 15 slab  Side drains: :Covered=7.35 km ,open unlined culverts, 11 flush and 1 vented causeways trapezoidal=140.740 kms  Terrain and Landuse: Flat topography and  15 bus shelters, 2 truck lay byes abutting landuse is mainly  3 toll plaza (km 39.650, km 77.100 and agricultural/fallow/barren land 136.100) 14

Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Length=30.5  Project Road Length=148.09  The Project Highway starts from km 224/700  Configuration:2 lane with granular shoulder of of SH-16 at VUP Junction with NH-62 2.5m on each side (Existing 4-lane Bypass of Sanderao) and  Cross Drainage Structures:

ends at Mundara, Km 254/2 of SH-

16.Located entirely in Pali district 16) -  Major habitations are: Sanderao ,Falna,Sela Type of

Bali , Ronwada , Kotbaliyan and Mundara

(SH

Structure New

 ROW:25-35 m on an average

Retained

Widening construction  Configuration: Mostly intermediate lane (27.4 Construction Km) except town portion of Falna and Bali

Mundara where it is 4-lane divided carriageway. Pipe Culvert 0 0 0 10 –  Pavement Condition: Mostly fair Slab Culvert 0 1 3 2

 Cross Drains: 1 Major bridge, 1 minor bridge Bali - and 17 culverts Box Culvert 0 0 11 0  Junction/Intersections:2 major and 13 minor Major Bridge 0 0 1 2

Ahore  1 level crossing at Falna Town, km 235/700 (TVU- 3, 03,542). Minor Bridge 0 1 2 0  Terrain and Landuse: Flat topography and  Covered drains for 1.2 km abutting landuse is mainly  15 bus shelters agricultural/fallow/barren land  1 Toll Plaza at km 228 of SH-16

 Length: 34.533  Project Road Length=34.500  Location: It starts from Peelibanga at its  Configuration:2 lane with granular shoulder of junction with Suratgarh- Hanumangarh Road 2.5m on each side

103) (MDR 103) and ends at Lakhuwali meeting  Cross Drainage Structures: - SH-7. Falls entirely in Hanumangarh district. Retained Re-  Main habitations are Kalibanga Devnagar, Type with repair&

(MDR construction Panditawali, Chohilawali, Jorawarpura and rehabilitation Lakhuwali. Major bridge 2 -

 ROW: 24m on an average

Minor bridge 2 -

 Configuration: Intermediate lane for entire Slab culverts 3 27 Lakhuwali

length except for 0.275m which is 2 lane Pipe culverts - 16 –  Road Condition: Poor (68.75%), Fair Slab with pipe - 28 (31.25%)  Side Drains: Covered=1.1, Km unlined=1.27  Junctions: Minor=12, Major=Nil Km  Cross Drains::2 major bridge, 2 minor bridge  1 Toll Plaza at Km 9.300 and 74 culverts (30 slab, 16 pipe and 28 slab Peelibanga with pipe for irrigation)  1 level crossing at Km0.045 15

Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Length=76.500Km  Project Road Length=75.800 Km

 Location: Project road is a part of SH-6A. The  Configuration: 2-lane with hard shoulders

project road starts at Sawai Bari SH-06 2.5m on each side. 6A) - junction (0/0 km) and ends at NH – 15  4-lane concrete pavement for 1.3 km length in

(SH junctions (76/500 km). The project road Lunkaransar town

traverses through Churu & Bikaner districts  Cross Drains: 1 slab culvert and 11 new pipe  Main habitations are Sawai Bari, Mitasar, culverts Khundiya , Ghadsisar, Arsisar , Garabdesar ,  Side Drains: 2.6 km covered drains in built-up Kaloo and Lunkaransar area with foot path

 ROW: 15-20m  8 bus shelter, 1 truck lay bye Loonkaransar

-  Configuration: 48%Single and 52% 2 lane  2 toll plazas at km 17.000 and Km 66.000  Pavement Condition: 23 km good, 22 km fair and 31.5 poor  Junctions: Minor=33, Major=2  Cross Drains: only 1 culvert  1 level crossing at Km 75.725 Sardarshahar  Terrain: Plain/Rolling.  Predominantly fallow/barren uncultivable land  Length=35.0 Km  Project Road Length=34.8 Km  Project road is a part of SH-69. The project  Configuration: 2-lane with hard shoulders road starts at Churu NH-65 junction (0/0 km) 2.5m on each side.

and ends at Bhaleri SH - 69 (35.00 km). The  4-lane concrete pavement for 2.5 km length in

project road traverses through Churu district Churu town. 69) -  Major Habitation: Churu, Gajsar, Ghantel,  Cross Drains: 1 slab culvert and 9 new pipe Somasi, Charanwasi, Rampura, and Bhaleri culverts  Cross Drain: No bridge or culvert 1 cause  Side Drains: 2.635 km covered drains in built- way up area with foot path

 ROW: 30 on an average  6 nos. of bus shelter Bhaleri(SH -  Configuration: Single lane (48.57%),  1 truck lay-bys Intermediate Lane (8.57%), 2 lane (35.71%)  1 toll plaza at Km 14.900

Churu and 4-lane (7.15%)  Existing road has significant vertical curves.  Pavement Condition: Good (57%), Fair (37%) All are proposed for improvement as per IRC and poor (6%) guidelines.  Junctions: 3 Major and 22 Minor  Terrain: Plain/Rolling.  Length=16.700  Executive Length=16.703 km  The project road starts from Sanjoo at Km.  Configuration: 2-lane with granular shoulders 90+300 from the junction of NH-458 & SH-60 2.5m on each side.

and ends at Tarnau at Km. 107+050 at the T  Cross Drains: 3 existing pipe culverts 60)

- -Junction at Km 38+350 of SH-19. Located proposed for reconstruction and 5 new pipe entirely in Nagaur district. The major culvert proposed. habitations are Sanju Dotina, Rohina and  Side Drains: covered drain=0.503 km and Tarnau open unlined=16.1 km

 ROW: 30 m on an average  1 toll plaza at Km 104+950. Tarnau(SH -  Configuration: 2 lane mostly without shoulder  8 bus shelters  Pavement Condition: 92% poor to fair and  All major junctions proposed for improvement

Sanju 8% very poor condition as per IRC guidelines  Cross Drains: 3 culverts  No bypass, ROB/RUB/VUP/rest area etc.  Terrain: Flat and rolling proposed.  Landuse: Predominantly fallow/barren 16

Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Length=35.000  Executive Length=34.800 km  Starts from Naraina at Km 13+000 of MDR-  Configuration: 2-lane with granular shoulders

85 and ends at Roopangarh meeting SH-7 at 2.5m on each side.

85) Rupangarh Bypass (Km 49+000). The project  Cross Drainage:

road traverses through Jaipur & Ajmer district

in the State of Rajasthan.

 Major Habitations: Maliyon ki dhani, Kheda, Type of CD Re

Mamana, Marwa & Jhunda. Structure New Retained

 ROW: 30 m average but restricted ROW in Widening

with repair with

construction construction

Naraina(MDR built-up sections even lower than 10m -  Configuration: single lane (1.14%), Minor Bridge 1 - 1. - Intermediate (7.76%) and 2 lane (91.10%) Slab Culverts 1 - - -  Road Condition: 28% poor and 72% fair Pipe Culverts 5 8 7 2  Junctions/Intersections: Causeways - - - 1

Roopangarh  Cross Drainage. 2 minor bridge, 1 slab  Side Drains: covered =1.750 km with foot path culvert,22 pipe culverts and 1 causeway and unlined in rural section.  1level crossing at km 13.500  1 toll plaza at Km 25.350  Length=33.135  Project Road Length=33.135  Location: The project highway is a section of  Configuration: 2-lane with granular shoulders

SH-13, starts at Ajeetgarh and ends at Chala 2.5m on each side

via Garh Taknet, Bamarda Joda , Badi Dhani  Culverts=7 (1 retained,3 widening, 1 13) - , Thoi , Lamba ki Dhani,Ghasipura. reconstruction and 2 new)  ROW: 18-28m  Major bridge=nil  Configuration: single lane (1.14%),  Minor bridge=1 (retained)

Intermediate (7.76%) and 2 lane (91.10%)  Side drain: 0.335 Km covered drain Chala(SH -  Pavement Conditions Condition: 40% good,  6 bus shelters 48% fair and 12% poor  Toll Plaza at Km 29.550  Junctions/intersections: 5 major and 13 minor  Cross Drainage. 1minor bridge, 5 culverts

Ajeetgarh  1 level crossing at Ghasipura (47.500)  Landuse: Predominantly agricultural  Terrain: Flat/rolling 17

Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Length=199.903  Executive Length=196.000 km  Location: Project road comprises different  Configuration: 2 lane with granular shoulder of sections of SH-8, 19, 60, 82-A and 83. 2.5 m except Tarnau-Mukundgarh section  Nagaur-Tarnua is a part of Sh-19 which (Km 130.090 to 172.010) which is proposed Starts from Nagaur City (Vijay Vallabh for 2-lane with paved shoulder. Urban Chowk) on NH-89 at Km. 0+000 and sections of Tarnau and Nagaur are proposed ends at Tarnau Town on T-Junction at for 4-laning. Km 39+700.  Bypasses: No bypass for Nagaur-Tarnau.  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: starts from SH-60 Bypasses for Tarnu-Mukundgarh section are; at Tarnau having its own chainage km  Deedwana (Km 89.4 to Km 95.74) -5.34km 39+668 and ends at km 204+485. The  Meethari (Km 118.1 to 121.75) -3.65 km project stretch passes through district  Bochi (Km 124.9 to 125.8) -0.9 km Nagaur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Churu in  Laxmangarh (175.385 to 179.34) -3.955 Km Rajasthan and passing through important  Cross Drainage Villages/towns like Tarnau, , Deedwana,  Nagaur-Tarnau: Total 23 culverts (19 Meethri, Bochi, Ganeri, Salasar,,

A ,83) A retained and 4 proposed for - Aantorili, and end at Mukundgarh Km. widening/reconstruction) 204+485.  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: out of.8 existing  ROW culverts, 4 are retained and 4 proposed  Nagaur-Tarnau:25-40m in general for reconstruction. Additionally 8 new

8,19,60,82  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: 22-24m in general.

- culverts have been proposed in bypasses limited width in urban stretches (7-15m)  Side Drains:  Pavement condition:  Nagaur-Tarnau: 4.010 km covered drains  Nagaur-Tarnau: Intermediate/Two lane with foot-paths. Unlined drain in remaining with flexible/rigid pavement in fair/poor portion throughout the stretch condition  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: 9.14 km covered  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: Good (26.25 %), drains with foot-paths. Unlined drain in poor (61.40 %), Fair (2.95 %), Kucha remaining portion throughout the stretch

Mukundgarh (SH Mukundgarh track (9.40 %)

-  ROB:  Road Configuration  ROB for level crossing at Deedwana is  Nagaur-Tarnau: Mostly 2-lane with 1.0 already proposed by RIDCOR

to 1.5m earthen shoulder  ROB proposed under this project for level Tarnau -  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: Varying width in crossing at Laxmangarh in bypass section different section from 3.63 m to 18.14  ROB at Mukundgarh yet not proposed m since line is not commissioned

Nagaur  Junctions  Bus bays/shelter, truck lay byes  Nagaur-Tarnau: 3 major and 16 minor  Nagaur-Tarnau: 10 bus shelter, 3 bus  Tarnau-Mukundgarh:11 major, 64 minor bays and 1 truck lay bye  CD Structure:  Tarnau Mukundgarh: 20 bus shelters, 3  Nagaur-Tarnau: 1 pipe, 1 box and 21 truck lay byes. Parking cum rest areas at slab culverts. No minor or major bridge km.43.000 after Tarnau, Km. 93.000 at  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: no major or minor Deedwana B/P, and Km. 140.000 at bridge. 8 Slab culverts Salasar.  Level Crossings:  Toll Plaza  Nagaur-Tarnau: None  Nagaur-Tarnau: 1 at km 43.950  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: 3 level crossings at  Tarnau-Mukundgarh: 4 at km 63.500, km Design Chainage 95.900 (Deedwana), 107.600, km 162.375 and km 191.500 175.870 (Laxmangarh) and 203.700 (Mukundgarh). 18

Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Length=75.126 Km  Length=75.126 Km  Existing ROW: 10-25m with 8-10m in  Configuration: Mostly 2-lane with granular Jaswantgarh-Ganeri section along village shoulder. Few urban sections is proposed for roads and kutcha track 4-laning. In remaining urban sections 2-lane  Location: starts from Subash Chowk at Sikar with rigid pavement is proposed.

20&20A) on SH-20 traverses up to Ganeri through Bypass- - stretch of SH-20A (Ganeri-Raidhana- 1. Ganeri (42.000-44.500) Length=2.70km Tanwara-Kasumbhi) and ends at 2. Raidhana (47.0-48.75) Length=2.07km Jaswantgarh at junction of NH-65 (RIDCOR 3. Tanwara (56.400-60.200) Length=3.80km Mega Highway). The Project Highway 4. Kusumbi (66.100-69.150) Length=2.9 km comprises the section of state highway SH- Cross Drainage: Total= 26 (11 20 commencing from 0.000 to km 42.000, retained/reconstructed and 15 new culverts SH-20A from 42.000 to 75.126. Total length proposed)

Jaswantgarh (SH Jaswantgarh is 75.126 Kms  Side Drains: Covered drain for 3 km length -  Configuration: The project corridor has a  24 bus shelters, no truck lay byes Single/Intermediate/Two lane/Four lane  Toll Plaza: 1 at Sevad Bari at Design

carriageway at various sections. Chainage (km 22.000) Ganeri -  Pavement Condition: Poor (42%), Fair (49%) and good (9%)

Sikar  Cross Drainage Structure: Slab Culvert=5, Pipe Culverts=6, No major or minor bridge  Junctions: 4 major and 8 minor  Length=93.000 km  Length=93.000 km  Length: Bidasar Dungarh road junction of  No byepass proposed MDR-38 at Bidasar of Churu district on SH-  Configuration: Mostly 2-lane with granular 20 and end at Nokha NH-89 Junction shoulder. Few urban sections is proposed for

 Habitations are: Bidasar, Sandwa, Tehndsar, 4-laning. In remaining urban sections 2-lane 20) - Katar choti, Jasrasar Kakra, Himmatsar, with rigid pavement is proposed. Mukam, Somalsar, Madiya, Nokha  Cross Drainage: Total= 26 (11  ROW: 25-40m retained/reconstructed and 15 new culverts  Configuration: Mainly 2-lane with earthen proposed)

Nokha(SH shoulder and single or 4- lane at few places  Cross Drainage: 31 slab culverts including 1 -  Pavement condition is mainly fair (54%) to with reconstruction poor (43%) barring 3% with good condition  Side Drains; 17.3 km

 Junctions:4 major and 9 minor  2 Toll Plaza at Km: 33.613 and Km 82.700 Bidasar  Cross Drains: 31 Slab culverts  23 bus shelter  Level crossing : Km 93.00 at Nokha   Terrain: Plain/rolling  Landuse: predominantly fallow/agricultural 19

Road Existing Road’s Salient Features Improvement Proposal  Project Road Length=32.690  Length=34.017  Configuration; 16 kms proposed for  Location: Starts from Km 0.000 the Junction strengthening with overlay and remaining 2- of SH-13 at Singhana and ends at km 34.017 lane with granular shoulder of 2.5 mon either up to Haryana Border connecting Satnali. side

Haryana Haryana Road entirely in Jhunjhunu district  1 Bypass of 1.35km for Singhana

- 13B)

-  Major habitation: Singhana, Gurjarwas,  Cross Drains: 1 slab culvert reconstructed Raghunathpura, Thali, Kalakhari, Manpura, with RCC pipe culvert=6 retained, 4

Buhana, Kuharwas, Bhuriyawas, and Kajlan reconstructed and 2 new. Buhana

-  ROW:112-25 m  Side Drains: covered drain for 3 km in urban  Configuration:2lane with 1-1.5m earthen section and open unlined drain for remaining

Border (SH Border shoulder in rural section and 2-lane rigid section pavement in urban section  1 toll plaza at km 31.7900

Singhana  Pavement: Mostly in fair condition  Cross Drains: 10 pipe and 1 slab culvert  Junctions: 4 major and 12 minor

F. Construction Material (Quantity and Sourcing)

44. Due to favorable topography and geological conditions, aggregates for the project is available in abundance in most of the project districts with an average lead distance of 40-70 kms. Good earth for embankment is also available within 0-5 km lead distance for all sub- projects except 3 roads of Package-1 which are underlain by black cotton soil which is considered unsuitable for embankment formation. Soil for these sub-projects will be transported from nearby upland/foothills located within 15 km from project road. Sand is also available in plenty in beds of rivers being crossed by the project roads. Water requirement for construction will be met through combination of ground water and surface water. Some of the project road lies within 100 km distance from operational thermal power plants and hence fly-ash utilization is mandatory as per Fly-Ash Notification 2003. However, due to technical constraint17fly-ash utilization is not proposed including bypass section. Moreover, as confirmed by F/s consultants, all the TPPs are tied up for supply of fly-ash to cement manufacturing and tiles/bricks manufacturing industries Quantity and sources of construction materials are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4: Quantity and Source of Construction Material S. No Name of Road Earth, Sand, Cement, Aggregat Bitumen cum cum bags es, cum , tons 1 Kanwas-Aklera 512878 5750538 181187 10449572 3000 2 Deoli-Kanwas 131629 963967 30373 1765586 664 3 Alot-Suwansara 105220 4487 3387 105299 2136 4 Kherli-Pahari 518884 124069 21960 310173 4445 5 Barmer- Jalore 896350 30025 2844 525000 10867 6 Ahore-Bali-Mundara 276952 22000 6935 MT 31171 2340 MT 7 Peelibanga – 208215 - 1017 Lakhuwali - -

17As per IRC SP 58 2001, a cushion of 0.5 m between fly-ash and granular material is required. Additionally, 1 to 3 m thick cushion of earth cover on slopes is required where fly-ash is to be used. Embankment height of the existing road varies between 0-0.5 m and for bypass it is 1.5-1.6 m which is less than desired height for fly-ash utilization both for existing road and new bypass section. 20

S. No Name of Road Earth, Sand, Cement, Aggregat Bitumen cum cum bags es, cum , tons 8 Sardarsahar- 12698 457829 Lunkaransar 6349 Bags 89235 4457 MT 9 2928 39624 Churu-Bhaleri 350542 Bags 4757 1247 MT 10 Sanju- Tarnau 215618 746 497 112891 492 11 Roopangarh-Naraina 330434 1330 886 204764 1166 12 Nagaur-Tarnau 166427 2247 1498 160291 5150 MT 13 Tarnau-Mukundgarh 903729.6 8124651 256006 14985257 21767 14 Ajeetgarh-Chala 29269 5696 3665 176758 609 15 Sikar-Jaswantgarh 80626 1377 1054 MT 1936 MT 3882 MT 16 Bidasar-Nokha cum MT 17 Singhana-Buhana 98799 4927.5 3285 106841.5 3250 MT Note: the above sources are tentative. Concessionaire is free to select the sources after compliance to legislations/permits and consent from panchayat and concurrence of land owners.

G. Cost and Implementation Schedule

45. Project construction period will be 18 months for Packages-1 and 2 roads and 24 months for the other Packages followed by 6 year performance based maintenance. Concessionaire will be recruited for the construction and maintenance related works. Estimated total project cost is approximately INR 2079 Cr. 21

III. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

46. This chapter presents a review of the international agreements and commitments, existing institutions and legislations relevant to the project at the National and State level. The environmental assessment process needs to adopt environmental regulations and guidelines of Government of India (GoI) and ADB’s safeguard requirements.

A. International Agreements and Commitments

47. India is party to various international agreements/conventions/treaties for conservation of environment at global level. Important among them have briefly described and analyzed vis- a- vis the project development.

48. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 1971: The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an inter-governmental treaty, which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. Out of 19 designated wetlands of International Importance in India, none of them is located in project influence area.

49. Convention on Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity has embodied these objectives in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972. There are Twenty-six world cultural heritage and natural sites in India. None of them is located in project influence area.

50. Vienna Convention for Protection of the Ozone layer, 1985 and Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone layer, 1987: The Vienna Convention outlines states responsibilities for protecting human health and the environment against the adverse effects of ozone depletion, and established the framework under which the Montreal Protocol was negotiated. The Montreal Protocol stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform) are to be phased out by 2010. The project does not envisage production and consumption of ODS.

51. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), 1994: As per the convention the reduction/limitation requirements of Green House Gases (GHG) apply only to developed countries. The only reporting obligation for developing countries relates to the construction of a GHG inventory (GHG sources and sinks, potential vulnerability to climate change, adaptation measures and other steps being taken to address climate change). India acceded to the Kyoto Protocol but has not ratified it and hence the carbon emission limits are not binding upon India.

52. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is dedicated to promoting sustainable development and came into force in 1992 Rio Earth Summit. India signed the CBD in 1994. Member Parties have committed themselves to achieve by 2010, a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on earth. 22

B. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements

53. The implementation of the RSHIP will comply with the environmental acts, policies, rules, and regulations of the Government of India which has a comprehensive coverage of environmental issues and requirements. This environmental legal framework imposes command and controls on certain activities deemed detrimental to the environmental integrity and encompass the conservation of various components of the biological and physical environment and environmental assessment procedures and requirements for public consultation. The policies and requirements which are most relevant in the context of this project are provided in Table 5 below.

Table 5: Summary of Environmental Legislation Applicable to the Proposed Project Act Application to the Project Responsible No. Institution 1 National Environmental Project should adhere to the principle MoEF Policy, 2006 of environmental resources conservation and pollution abatement 2 Environment (Protection) Act Project should follow applicable MoEF (1986) and Rules (1986) requirements of the Act and Rules including amendments 3 Environmental Impact category B2 projects does not require MoEF Assessment (EIA) Notification EC state highways not inside under Environmental protected areas notified under the Protection Rules (2006, 2009, Wildlife Protection Act 1972 classified 2011) and relevant Office as Cat. B For tranche 1 none of the Memorandums (OM) roads fall under category B 4 Wildlife Protection Act (1972 Applicable to subprojects located MoEF and amended in 1993) within core or buffer zone of Protected Areas (Wildlife Sanctuaries, National parks, biosphere reserves etc) Permission from chief wildlife warden/ State Wildlife Board/ National Board of Wildlife For T1, none of the project roads are located inside core or buffer zone 5 Notification of Eco-Sensitive Restriction of activities (including MOEF CCF Zones construction, tree cutting, etc) in the notified zones There are no eco sensitive zones in or near the sub-project roads 6 Notification No. S.O.319 (E) Prohibits certain development types MoEF dated 7 May 1982 restricting on certain land uses. Road projects certain activities in Aravalli are allowed provided no tree cutting is Range done. 7 The Forest (Conservation) Restricts use of forest lands for non- MoEF Act 1980 (Amended 1988) forest purposes. Applicable to project and Rules 1981 (Amended roads located in forests; requires prior 2003) permission to take up the works. Under T1, only Tarnau-Mukundgarh requires forest diversion of 1 ha. 23

Act Application to the Project Responsible No. Institution 8 The Water (Prevention and Provides effluent standards to be RSPCB Control of Pollution) Act 1972 complied by the labor and construction (Amended 1988) and Rules camp. Requires control of suspended 1974 solids from exposed construction sites. 9 The Air (Prevention and Applicable for equipment and RPCB and Control of Pollution) Act, machineries potential to emit air Road 1981(Amended 1987) and pollution hot mix plant, rock crusher, Authorities Rules 1982 diesel generator and construction vehicles. Consent for Establishment (CFE) and Consent for Operation (CFO) from RPCB 10 Noise Pollution (Regulation Applicable to construction vehicles, SPCB and Control Act) 1990 processing plants (hot mix, rock crusher, etc.) to meet day and night time standards 11 Explosives Act 1984 Stipulates transport, storage, and use Chief of explosive materials. T1, Pkgs 3 and Controller of 4 requires blasting. Explosives 12 Fly Ash Notification, 1999 as Reuse of flyash from thermal power MoEF amended up to 17th August plants for projects 100 km. Although 2003 some roads are located within this radius, the materials specification does not qualify for use. 13 Office Memorandum dated In case of renewal of quarries and SEIAA 18.05.12 by MoEF in view of opening of new borrow areas, required Apex Court Order dated to conserve top soil, aquatic 27.2.2012 biodiversity, hydrological regime etc., by haphazard and unscientific mining of minor minerals 14 Municipal Solid Waste Solid waste generated from the camps (Management and Handling) and demolition debris Rules, 2000 15 Hazardous Waste Rules defines and classifies RSPCB (Management, Handling and hazardous waste Trans-boundary Movement) Provides procedures for handling Rules 2008 (Amended 2009), hazardous wastes like oils, lubricants, and bitumen 16 Central Motor Vehicle Act To control vehicular air and noise State (1988) and Rules (1988) pollution. To regulate development of Transport the transport sector, check and control Department vehicular air and noise pollution. 17 Ancient Monuments and Applicable to subprojects located in Rajasthan Archaeological Sites and proximity with the Protected Archaeological Remains Act (1958) Monuments/ Sites. No Dept. GOI excavation/construction work is allowed within 300 m boundary of the protected monument 24

Act Application to the Project Responsible No. Institution Requires prior permission of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) for taking works within 500 m of boundary of the Protected Monuments 18 Antiquities and Art Treasures Chance find artifacts must be handed District Act, 1972 along with Rules to District Authorities Magistrate 1973 19 The Mining Act Regulate activities for safe and sound mining of aggregates from river and quarries. 20 Minor Mineral and Regulate the quarrying of minor District Concession Rules minerals like stone, soil, and river Collector sand 21 Public Liability and Insurance Regulate the employment and ---- Act 1991 conditions of construction workers and provide for their safety, health and welfare measure and for other matter incidental thereto. 22 The Building and Other Regulate the employment and Ministry of Construction Workers conditions of construction workers and Labor and (regulation of employment to provide for their safety, health and Employment and conditions of service) Act, welfare measure and for other matter 1996 incidental. 23 Bonded Labour System Abolition of bonded labor. Ministry of (Abolition) Act, 1976 along Labor and with Rules, 1976 Employment 24 Contract Labour (Regulation Prevent exploitation of contract labor Ministry of and Abolition) Act 1970 along and also to introduce better conditions Labor and with rules, 1971 of work. Employment 25 Employees Provident Funds Promote and secure the well-being of Ministry of and Miscellaneous Provisions the employees where contractors Labor and Act 1952 employ more than 20 persons during Employment Construction Phase. 26 Minimum Wages Act 1948 Ensure that workman gets at least Ministry of along with Central Rules minimum wages as fixed by Govt. Labor and 1950 Employment 27 Inter State Migrant Workmen Protect workers whose services are Ministry of (Regulation of Employment Requisitioned outside their native Labor and and Conditions Service Act states in India. Employment

54. The following requirements are particularly important and need special attention in order to avoid any delays for a project: i) Under EIA Notification 2006 (amended 2009, 2011, and 2013) all new state highways, or expansion of existing state highway outside hilly terrain above 1000 m above mean sea level (amsl) and or ecologically sensitive areas does not require environmental clearance. ii) Further, under the same notification, it is stated that any state highway projects will be treated as category A if located in whole or in part within 5 km from the 25

boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972; (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time; (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas; and (iv) 5 kilometers from interstate boundaries and international boundaries. iii) As per the Forest Conservation Rules (1981, amended 2003) a forestry clearance from Department of Forests is required for diversion of forest land for non-forest purpose. Processing of the forestry clearance entails two stages: stage I and stage II. Amongst other requirements stage I clearance requires the applicant to make payments for compensation of forestry land that will be acquired and trees that will be cut under the project. Accordingly timely allocation of budget for this purpose by the applicant is necessary to expedite the clearance process. iv) Cutting of trees in non-forest land require a tree cutting permit from the local forestry department. All trees cut under a project must be compensated by compensatory afforestation as required by the State Forest Department. v) Placement of hot-mix plants, quarrying and crushers, batch mixing plants, discharge of sewage from construction camps requires No Objection Certificate (Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate) from State Pollution Control Board prior to establishment. vi) Permission from Central Ground Water Authority is required for extracting ground water for construction purposes.

C. Procedure for Forest Clearance

55. MOEFCC has initiated online submission and disposal of forest clearance cases. The detail procedure is available on ministry website http://forestsclearance.nic.in/ . However, the work-flow is unchanged which has been illustrated in the succeeding Figure. 26

Figure 1: Procedure and Work Flow for Forest Clearance

D. Steps and Procedure for Obtaining Borrow Area Permit

Steps Activities 1 Contractor identifies the Borrow Area (BA) quantity based on prospective BA identified in F/S/DPR 2 Contractor identifies the Borrow pits with quantity and raise Request for Inspection (RFI) to IE/CSC. 3 IE/CSC inspects borrow pit in the presence of Environmental Engineer of contractor and land owner with his lease document. 4 Contractor takes the sampling of soil in identified pit and test in lab. IE/CSC approves the pit based on the test report (Moisture contents, particle size etc.) 5 Contractor makes the agreement with land owner and get NOC from Gram Panchayat if necessary 6 If BA is more than 5Ha (B1 category), contractor submit application for clearance to State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) the project is treated as B1 EIA and Public Hearing needs to be carried out. 7 If BA is < 5Ha (B2 category), contractor submit application in Form 1M, Prefeasibility report and approved mine plan to District Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEISAA). DEIAA gives clearance base on the recommendation of District Environment Appraisal Committee (DEAC). 8 Contractor pays Royalty amount to state government at the prescribed rate. 9 Contractor submit Borrow Area Redevelopment plan to IE/CSC. 10 Contractor raise RFI to IE/CSC for Borrow pit excavation 11 Contractor fulfils the compliance of EC agency observations if any. 12 Contractor will maintain haul road and ensure for fugitive dust suppression 13 Contractor does sampling of each pit at the time of excavation test and gets approval of IE/CSC. 14 Contractor raises RFI to IE/CSC before closing the pit. 15 Contract reclaims borrow pit as per owner agreement and gets clearance from him.

Key Considerations prior to selection of Borrow Areas:

 Cluster shall be formed if the distance between peripheries of one lease to the other and is less than 500m in homogenous mineral area.  Minimum distance between two clusters is 500 meters.  Maximum depth of excavation 2000mm from existing ground level.  In case of fertile land; 15 cm top soil is stock piled, further up to max.30 cm depth.  Maintain 5m distance from the toe of the final section of the road/Embankment.  BA should not be dug within 1500 m of town/village. If unavoidable should not exceed 30 cm in depth.  Ridges not less than 8m width shall be left an interval of not exceeding 300m.

E. Applicable Indian Road Congress (IRC) Codes to the Project Road

56. Key IRC guidelines have been summarized that have a direct/indirect bearing on the environmental management during design and construction stages.

Table 6: Applicable Indian Road Congress (IRC) Codes Sr. N. IRC code Theme IRC code Recommended practice for borrow pits for Rural road embankments 1. IRC: 10 1961 constructed by manual operations 2. Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities IRC: 103 -1988 3. Guidelines for EIA of Highway projects IRC:104-1988 4. Ribbon developments on highways and its prevention IRC: SP: 1996 28

5. Manual on Landscaping of road IRC: SP: 21-1979 Report on recommendations of IRC Regional workshops on highway 6. IRC: SP: 27-1984 safety 7. Road safety for Children (5-12 years old) IRC: SP: 32-1988 8. Guidelines on road drainage IRC: SP: 42-1994 9. Highway safety code IRC: SP: 44-1994 10. Guidelines for safety in construction zones IRC: SP: 55-2001

F. ADB's Safeguard Requirement

57. The Asian Development Bank has defined its environmental safeguard requirements under its “Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009‟ (SPS 2009). The SPS 2009 key requirements include screening for significant impacts and categorization, consultation, and disclosure. Proposed projects are screened according to type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the magnitude of their potential environmental impacts, including direct, indirect, induced, and cumulative impacts.

58. Projects are classified into the following categories:  Category A. The proposed project is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented; impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. A full-scale environmental impact assessment (EIA) including an environmental management plan (EMP), is required.  Category B. The proposed project’s potential environmental impacts are less adverse and fewer in number than those of category A projects; impacts are site- specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and impacts can be readily addressed through mitigation measures. An initial environmental examination (IEE), including an EMP, is required.  Category C. The proposed project is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed.  Category FI. The proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to, or through, a financial intermediary.

59. Project categorization has been done using REA checklist following the guidance provided above and the project is categorized as B. As per SPS 2009, Category B projects warrants preparation of an IEE. The SPS includes 11 policy principles on environment safeguards on screening, conduct of environmental assessment, alternative analysis, mitigation hierarchy, need for meaning consultation, public disclosure, environmental management planning, biodiversity protection and conservation, pollution prevention, occupational health and safety, and conservation of physical cultural resources. 29

IV. DESCRIPTION OF EXISITNG ENVIRONMENT

A. Physical Environment

1. Climate

60. The climate of Rajasthan state has varied contrasts and the presence of Aravalli is the greatest influencing factor. The Aravalli Mountains stretching diagonally across the State from the South-West to North-East separate the desert and semi-desert areas to the West from the sub-humid areas in the East. The climate of Rajasthan can be divided into four seasons: pre- monsoon (April to June), monsoon (July to Sept), post-monsoon (October to December), and winter (January to March).

61. There are distinct temperature range variations diurnal and seasonally throughout the state, revealing the most typical phenomenon of the warm-dry continental climate. The summer begins in the month of March while the temperature keeps rising progressively through April, May and June. West of Rajasthan and the eastern side of Aravalli Range, in the region of Bikaner, Phalodi, Jaisalmer and Barmer, the maximum daily temperature hovers around 40°C to 45°C. Sometimes, it even reaches as high a 49°C during the summer months. Nights of summers see a considerable temperature fall with a minimum daily temperature around 20°C to 29°C. However, Udaipur and Mount Abu, have a pleasanter climate in summers with a relatively lower daily maximum temperature that reaches 38°C and 31.5°C, respectively. The daily minimum temperature at nights for these two stations hovers around 25°C and 22°C, respectively. The major portion of the state that consists of the arid west and the semi-arid mid- west has an average maximum of 45°C in June. January is the coldest month in the state of Rajasthan. The minimum temperatures sometimes fall to -2°C in the night at places like Sikar, Churu, Pilani and Bikaner. The sandy land gets even colder with occasional secondary Western winds that cross the western, northern and eastern Rajasthan during winter months, and even cause light rainfall and chilly winds can be experienced during this period. Most of the Rajasthan, except the southeast Rajasthan comprising of Kota, Bundi and Baran and western Barmer have an average temperature of more than 10°C. Due to the cold western winds, the whole of Rajasthan sometimes come under the spell of the cold wave for 2 to 5 days during winters.

62. Rajasthan being predominantly a desert area, its climate varies mostly from arid to sub- humid. To the west of the Aravalli, the climate is marked by low rainfall, extreme diurnal and annual temperature, low humidity and high velocity winds. In the east of the Aravalli, the climate is semi-arid to sub-humid marked by lower wind velocity and higher humidity and better rainfall. The annual rainfall in the state differs significantly. The average annual rainfall ranges from less than 10 cm in north-west part of Jaisalmer region (lowest in the state), to 20 to 30 cm in the regions of Ganganagar, Bikaner and Barmer, 30 to 40 cm in the regions of Nagaur, Jodhpur, Churu and Jalor and more than 40 cm in the regions of Sikar, Jhunjhunun, Pali and the western fringes of the Aravalli range. The more fortunate eastern side of the Aravallis see 55 cm rainfall in Ajmer to 102 cm rainfall in Jhalawar. Mount Abu in the Sirohi district in the southwest region receives the highest rainfall in the state (163.8 cm). The southwest monsoon begins in the last week of June in the eastern parts and may last till mid-September. Winters may also receive a little rainfall with the passing of western distribution over the region. However, Rajasthan receives most of its monthly rainfall during July and August. 30

63. The Aravalli plays a significant role here, as on the west of Aravallis the climate is arid having low rainfall, low humidity. To the east of Aravallis the climate is semi-arid to sub-humid having higher humidity and rainfall.

2. Topography/Landforms and Drainage

64. Topography: The geography of Rajasthan is enriched with variable topographic features. The dry and the parched region are predominant in the major portions of the state. The main features of topography are rolling sand dunes, river-drained plains, rocky terrain, wetlands, plateaus, barren tracks or land filled with the thorny shrubs, wooded regions and ravines. District wise topography of the project area is illustrated below:

Table 6: Details of Topography of Project Districts District Topography Elevation Ajmer The land is flat and undulating. Mountains are almost absent in the city with the 486 m Aravalli Range being a major hilly tract in the region. Does not have any desert and is found to be separated from the Thar Desert by the Nagpathar Range. Alwar Relatively flat, located in the alluvial plain beneath the Aravallis in the west. 268 m Bharatpur Lies in the north east of Rajasthan and it is leveled and saucer in shape. 183 m Bikaner District is comprised of desolate and dry regions which form part of the Great 242 m India Desert of Thar. Shifting sand –dunes of varying heights ranging from 6 to 30 meters. The general slope of the region is towards the west and North West. Churu It is a part of the great Thar Desert. The terrain in general is sloping from south 292 m to north. There are no big hill in the district expect some hillocks. Hanumangarh Topography of district is almost plain with some hill formations in the southern 177 m part forming part of Aravalli mountain range. The town is located in the transition zone where Aravalli mountain ranges ends and a vast arid plain starts forming part of the Thar Desert characterized by sand dunes and scanty vegetation. Jaipur The general slope direction of city and its surroundings is from north to south 587 m and then to southeast with nearly all, the ephemeral streams flowing in this direction. Higher elevations in the north exist in the form of low, flat-topped hills of Nahargarh. Jalore District has almost an even topography in its western section; the eastern 991 m section is dominantly hilly, forming the flank of Mount Abu range. Generally the 31

District Topography Elevation terrain slopes westwards. Jhunjhunu District falls under the desert plain. The general slope of the area is from south 300 m to north. Most of the part of the district is characterized by blow sand and dunes which for part of the Great Thar Desert sand. Jhalawar Plain, and bounded in the north, south and east by the Mukunda hills. North- 312 m east of Jhalawar, between two ridges of hills, lies a long valley containing the artificial lakes of Kadila and Manasarowar. Kota District is characterized by undulating topography with gentle plains. The land 271 m slopes from south to north and is drained by the river Chambal and its tributaries. Nagaur Nagaur district is fairly even. Slope of the area is fairly even. Slope of the land 250-640m surface is towards west. South-eastern part of the district comprises small scattered hillock. The northern, north-western and north-eastern part of the district is having sand dunes. Pali Topography of Pali area is mostly plain with some isolated hilly areas in 207 m southern parts. General slope is towards east/southeast. Sikar The district can be divided into two main topographic units the western half 437 m characterized by dunal country and waste land, and the eastern half characterized by NE-SW trending hill ranges.

65. Drainage: Project districts are drained by a number of rivers. The status of project road intersection is discussed in the following Chapters of the report. The major river in the project districts are Luni (Barmer and Jalore district), Ghaggar (Hanumangarh district), Mashi (Jaipur district), Chambal (Kota and Jhalawar District), Ahu, Piplaj, Kyasri, Kantli, Rawa, Kalisindh and Chandrabhaga (Jhalawar District), Mendha, Kantli, Dohan, Krishnawati, and Sabi (Sikar District).

3. Geology and Soil

66. Geology: From the oldest Archaen Metamorphic, represented by Bhilwara Super Group to sub-recent alluvium and wind-blown sand, Rajasthan is endowed with a continuous geological sequence of rocks (Map – 1). A vast blanket of young unconsolidated deposits are present in western and north-western parts of the state which include the blown sand of the Thar Desert of western Rajasthan. A wide variety of hard rock which include various types of metamorphic schist, quartzite, marble and gneiss of pre-Cambrian age with associated acid and basic intrusive rocks remain exposed in the rest areas of the state.

Figure 2: Geology of Rajasthan

67. The major geological formation of the districts in which proposed roads are sited is summarized in the following table 7.

Table 7: Major Geological Formation of Project Districts S.No. District Major Geological Formation 1. Ajmer Granites, felspathics chists, calgeneisses marble and quartzites rocks. 2. Alwar Delhi Super Group (Quartzite, Limestone, Phyllite, Granite and Pegmatite) & Bhilwara Super group (Granite, Gneiss, and Schist). 3. Barmer Aeolian sand, Alluvium, Tertiary sandstone, Lathi sandstone and Barmer sandstone (Mesozoic), Malani rhyolite, granite and Jalore Siwana granite (Post 33

S.No. District Major Geological Formation Delhi). 4. Bharatpur Bhilwara & Aravalli, Delhi Super group, Vindhyan Super group and Quaternary Alluvium 5. Bikaner Sandstone, Limestone -Evaporite sequence: Sandstone - clay - Sandstone sequence, Aeolian sand, River flood Deposits. 6. Churu Delhi Supergroup , Erinpura Granite, Malani Igneous Suite and the Marwar Supergroup and the tertiary sediments including the Palana Formation of Palaeocene age. 7. Hanumangarh Alluvium, Sandstone 8. Jaipur Quaternary alluvium, quartzite & schist of Delhi Super Group and gneiss of Bhilwara Super Group. 9. Jalore Older alluvium, Younger alluvium, Jalore Granite, Siwana Granite, Malani Rhyolite (Volcanics) Idar Granite, Erinpura Granite. 10. Jhunjhunu Alluvium & Formations of Delhi Super Group 11. Jhalawar Basalt, Sandstone, shale (Deccan trap & Vindhyan supergroup) and Quaternary alluvium 12. Kota Quaternary : Alluvium & Formations of Vindhyan Super Group : Sandstone and shale and limestone 13. Nagaur Aeolian sand, Alluvium, Nagaur Sandstone, Bilara Limestone and Jodhpur Sandstone of Marwar Super Group, Eranpura granite & rocks of Delhi Super group. 14. Pali Post-Delhi intrusive (Jalore granite, Malani rhyolite) and metamorphic rocks of Udaipur Group of Aravali Super group, followed by thin alluvial cover of sub- Recent to Recent period of Quaternary Era. 15. Sikar Alluvium, Gneiss, Schist Source: District Groundwater Brochures, CGWB.

68. Soil: The Aravallis divide Rajasthan state into eastern and western Rajasthan. The soil improves in fertility from west and northwest towards east and northeast. In many parts of the state the soils are saline or alkaline. The soils of the State have been divided into the 7 groups (Map – 2) on the basis of their occurrence, chief characteristics and suitability for cultivation. These soil types are: Desert Soil, Grey and Brown (Desert) Soil, Red and Yellow Soil, Ferruginous Red Soil, Mixed Red and Black Soil, Medium Black Soil, and Alluvial Soils. 34

Figure 3: Soils of Rajasthan

69. The soil type varies from district to district in the state of Rajasthan. The soil type of project district is summaries in the following Table 3.

Table 8: Soil Formation of Project Districts S.No. District Soil Formation 1. Soil of the district are Sierozeme, Lithosols and Regosols of hills, Brown soils Ajmer (Saline phase) & Alluvium types. 2. The soil is mainly alluvial and non-calcareous, semi-consolidated to consolidated, Alwar brown in colour, and loamy sand to sandy loam in texture. 3. Soil of the region falls within low rainfall zone of 200- 400 mm. The soil is Barmer generally desert type and sand dunes. Specifically soil is aeolian, coarse sand in texture and some places calcareous. The nutrient status of the Barmer soil is graded as very low to medium level. 4. Soil of the region falls within low rainfall zone of 500- 700 mm. The soil is Bharatpur generally alluvial, prone to water logging. The nature of recently alluvial calcareous has been observed. The nutrient status of the Bharatpur soil is graded as low to medium level. 35

S.No. District Soil Formation The soils of Bikaner district are predominantly light textured, weak – structured, 5. Bikaner sand to sandy loam with the clay content. Soils are generally of desertic type with poor fertility status and very low water retention capacity. In general the soils have good porosity (40%) and good to very good permeability. Soil of the region falls within rainfall zone of 100-350 mm. The soil is desert type. 6. Churu Sand dunes Aeolian soil is loamy coarse in texture and calcareous. The nutrient status of the Churu soil is graded as very low to medium level. The district soil type varies in northern, southern and central parts. Majorly the 7. Hanuman district has alluvial soils, loamy soil, entisols i.e. desert soil, arid soil i.e. non calcic garh brown desert soil. The soil types found in the district are: Recent alluvium, Aravalli pediment, Soils 8. Jaipur of Aravalli hills, Old alluvium, and Fluvioaeolian.

Soils are shallow with deep gravel encrusted with CaCO3. The texture of the 9. Jalore Soils in general varies from sandy to sandy loam. The fertility status of the soils in general is low and the proportion of organic matter varies from 0.2 to 1.0 %. Soils are yellowish brown, sandy to sandy loam, loose, structure less, well 10. Jhunjhunu drained with high permeability. Part of Jhunjhunu district is also covered by red desert soil These are pale brown to reddish brown, structure less, loose and well drained having texture from sandy loam to sandy clay loam. Soil of the district is looser and granular, with a more sandy texture. 11. Jhalawar The soil of the Kota district is characterized by deep, medium and black shallow 12. Kota alluvium soils. The soils in general are clay loam to clay in texture and moderately to less permeable and developing cracks in dry season. The soils can be classified as Chromusterts great group of Vertisols order. Soil of the region falls within low rainfall zone of 300- 500 mm. The soils are 13. Nagaur sandy loam, shallow depth red soils in depressions. The nutrient status of the Nagaur soil is graded as medium to high level. In Pali town, the top soil of up to a depth of about 4 m is characterized by loose 14. Pali sand, followed by hard soil mixed with boulders from 4 to 10 m below the ground.

Soil of the region falls within rainfall zone of 300 – 500 mm. The soil is sandy 15. Sikar loam, sallow depth red soils in depressions. The nutrient status is graded as low to medium level.

4. Natural Hazard

70. Earthquake: As per the seismic zone classification of India, State of Rajasthan leis in Zone II i.e. least active zone. As per the BIS classification the project road area majorly classified as Zone II (least to moderate) except Alwar, Bharatpur, Jhunjhunu, Bikaner, Barmer and Jalore district. Alwar district is classified as Zone IV (High damage risk zone), Bikaner, Barmer, Jalore and some part of Bharatpur and Jhunjhunu districts are classified as Zone III (Moderate damage risk zone). Map showing earthquake zone of Rajasthan is given below. 36

Figure 4: Earthquake Zone of Rajasthan

Figure 5: Drought Frequency of various districts in Rajasthan

71. Drought: The state of Rajasthan has the maximum probability of occurrence of drought in India, with recurring droughts in 3–4 years in a cycle of 5 years (Mall et al., 2006) and this condition may deteriorate in terms of severity of droughts in Rajasthan (RPCB, GoR, 2010).Low 37 rainfall coupled with erratic behavior of the monsoon in the state makes Rajasthan the most vulnerable to drought. In Rajasthan, there have been 48 drought years of varied intensity in the period 1901-2002, which means that the chance of occurrence of a meteorological drought in the state is 47% (Rathore, 2004). The frequency of drought occurrence in the project districts is given in the map below.

72. Flood: The state of Rajasthan is popularly known as the Desert State of India is largely water deficit yet there are incidents of flood in that state and there are flood prone regions as well. The flood prone regions in the state lies in of Ajmer, Alwar, Baran, Barmer, Haratpur, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Ganganagar, Jaipur, Jalore, Jhalawar, Jodhpur, Kota, Nagaur, Pali, Sirohi and Udaipur districts. These regions spread across the Basins and Sub-Basins of the rivers Banas, Banganga, Chambal, Ghaggar, Luni, Mahi, Sabi, Shekhawati, Sukli and West Banas. Graph – 2 depicts the district wise frequency of “Moderate Flood‟ and “Severe Flood‟ years in the state.

Source: Flood Manual, Rajasthan (Disaster Management and Relief Department) Figure 6: District wise frequency of “Moderate Flood‟

Source: Flood Manual, Rajasthan (Disaster Management and Relief Department) Figure 7: Flood prone area map

5. Land Use Land Cover

73. State Profile: Most of the geographical area of the state is available for utilization. Major portion of the land use is under agriculture. Total cultivable land is 136.25 lakh ha. (39.79%), 77.62 lakh ha. (22.67%) is under current fallow and 84.77 lakh ha is under wasteland (24.75%). The net forest area is 26.64 lakh ha. (7.78%). The most important crops are wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco and oilseeds. The area of 0.11 lakh ha. (0.03%) is under plantation. Around 1.59% of the land is under Built up sections (Map 5), where incidentally concentration of tribal population is also found.

Figure 8: Land Use/ Land Cover Distribution of Rajasthan

6. Study Area and Influence Zone

74. Land use of the study area and 10 km buffer zone majorly imitate the land use of the state. However, abutting land use of the sub-project corridors varies each other. Land use along Barmer - Sindari – Jalore, Ahore-Bali – Mundara, Sardarshahar-Loonkaransar, Churu-Bhaleri is predominantly waste land with plantation. Organized road side plantation has been done by forest department along most of its stretches. Alot– Suwansara, Peelibanga – Lakhuwali, Ajeetgarh-Chala, Sikar-Ganeri-Jaswantgarh are characterized with maximum percentage of wasteland and agricultural land. Kanwas -Khanpur –Aklera and Deoli- Kanwas comprises of vegetation and agricultural sections majorly. Detailed project wise Land use and Land cover summary and maps are given in the succeeding sections.

Table 9: Summary of Land use/ Land Cover S.No Particular Built Agri. Vegetation Plantation/ Waste/ Water up / Forest Shrub Barren body 1 Kanwas -Khanpur -Aklera 2.67 19.44 42.66 3.59 29.05 2.05 2 Deoli- Kanwas 4.07 64.22 26.52 2.93 2.19 3 Alot– Suwansara 0.49 23.84 14.35 10.94 45.44 2.01 4 Kherli-Pahari 4.89 26.23 17.13 18.43 32.19 -- 5 Barmer - Sindari - Jalore 2.39 -- 5.26 11.43 79.54 0.92 6 Ahore-Bali - Mundara 4.03 5.64 10.51 13.15 63.40 2.24 7 Peelibanga - Lakhuwali 0.78 28.26 8.40 21.21 39.03 1.97 8 Sardarsahar-Loonkaransar 1.06 8.17 1.64 12.39 75.83 0.50 9 Churu-Bhaleri 2.42 -- -- 7.05 89.77 0.06 10 Sanju- Tarnau 1.00 25.80 -- 8.53 64.62 0.05 11 Roopangarh-Naraina 4.76 12.17 -- 13.96 67.80 0.20 12 Tarnau-Mukundgarh 11.96 4.58 6.11 7.62 64.52 -- 13 Ajeetgarh-Chala 2.74 16.29 19.30 10.88 47.52 1.47 14 Sikar-Ganeri-Jaswantgarh 1.26 5.48 3.53 9.88 78.85 -- 15 Bidasar-Nokha 3.91 5.56 1.27 12.70 76.30 -- 16 Singhana-Buhana 2.01 16.80 6.56 8.43 65.48 -- 40 41

46 47

7. Air Quality

75. Project area is characterized mainly by rural/open areas and intermittently traversed by few semi-urban settlements/built-up areas. Sources of air pollution in the project area are mainly vehicular emission, dust emanation due to use of unpaved shoulders/deteriorated roads by vehicles and domestic fuel burning as the project area is rich in vegetation, all such emissions will be very well dissipated.

76. Monitored parameters of ambient air quality largely meet the prescribed limit (Appendix B) of World Bank (WB), National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) except particulate matter (PM10) and Carbon Mono oxide (CO). At Deoli Kanwas, Alot Sunwansara stretch, and at Sirohi Khurd in Roopangarh-Naraina. Particulate matter (PM10) and Carbon Monooxide (CO) are not meeting any prescribed guideline. Increased level in these areas may be attributed due to poor road conditions and high traffic density. Detailed 24 hourly data is appended as Appendix B. Compliance status of Air quality data is presented in Table 10.

Table 10: Status of AAQ in the Project Area S.No. Particulars WB GOI Remarks EHS NAAQS (in (in µg/m3) µg/m3) 1 Kanwas -Khanpur -Aklera   -- 2 Deoli- Kanwas  X All parameter are meeting WB interim target. PM10 & CO are exceeding GOI limit. 3 Alot– Suwansara  X All parameter are meeting WB interim target. Except PM10 & CO all parameters are meeting GOI limit also. 4 Kherli-Pahari   -- 5 Barmer - Sindari - Jalore   -- 6 Ahore-Bali - Mundara   -- 7 Peelibanga - Lakhuwali NA NA NA 8 Sardarshahar- X X All parameter are meeting WB interim Loonkaransar target GOI limit Except PM10 & CO. 9 Churu-Bhaleri X X All parameter are meeting WB interim target GOI limit Except PM10 & CO. 10 Sanju- Tarnau   -- 11 Roopangarh-Naraina  X All parameter are meeting WB interim target. PM10 at few locations exceeding GOI limit. 12 Nagaur-Tarnau-   -- Deedwana-Mukundgarh 13 Ajeetgarh-Chala   -- 14 Sikar-Ganeri-Jaswantgarh   -- 15 Bidasar-Nokha   -- 16 Singhana-Buhana-   -- Haryana Border Note:  - within limits X- above limits

8. Noise Level

77. Traffic noise is the principal source of noise in the project area. The area mostly includes rural open areas with a good vegetation cover and therefore the noise levels are relatively low. Noise level monitoring indicates that the noise level mostly meets the prescribed noise standards (Appendix C) for all land use categories viz. commercial, industrial as well as residential zones. There is no continuous sound frequency of impulsive nature near industries. It is anticipated that noise level will decrease significantly after road expansion and improvement work enabling decongestion at existing built up areas. Noise level in the project area has been appended as Appendix C. Compliance status of Noise quality data is presented in Table 11.

Table 11: Compliance Status of AAQ around the project area S.No PARTICULARS WB EHS GOI NAANS Res Inst Indl Res Indl Comm. Sensitive D N D N D/N D N D N D N D N 1 Kanwas -Khanpur -Aklera              2 Deoli- Kanwas              3 Alot– Suwansara              4 Kherli-Pahari              5 Barmer - Sindari - Jalore              6 Ahore-Bali - Mundara              7 Peelibanga - Lakhuwali Sardarshahar- 8              Loonkaransar 9 Churu-Bhaleri              10 Sanju- Tarnau              11 Roopangarh-Naraina              Nagaur-Tarnau- 12              Deedwana-Mukundgarh 13 Ajeetgarh-Chala              14 Sikar-Ganeri-Jaswantgarh              15 Bidasar-Nokha              Singhana-Buhana- 16              Haryana Border

9. Groundwater

78. Availability, Occurrence and Yield. Rajasthan covers 10.5% of the country’s geographical area but shares only 1.16% of its water resources. It is the driest state with nearly 70 percent (2/3rd) of the area classified as arid and semi arid region. Rajasthan has always been a water deficit area. Water resources in the state are not only scarce but have a highly uneven distribution both in time and space with most of the available water resources been confined to south and south-eastern part of the State. The ground water condition of the state is quite alarming. The condition has deteriorated very fast in the last two decades. The stage of groundwater exploitation, which was just 35% in the year 1984, has reached a level of 125% in 2014. Out of 249 blocks in the state, only 30 blocks come under the safe category. District wise details related to ground water are given in the succeeding Table. Only Churu district out of the all project districts is completely notified by Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA).

Table 12: District wise Groundwater Detail. District Water Bearing Formation Water Table Stage of GW Pre Monsoon Post Monsoon Development Ajmer Gneiss, Schist & Alluvium 3.13-30.80 1.45-28.89 122.79% 51

District Water Bearing Formation Water Table Stage of GW Pre Monsoon Post Monsoon Development Alluvium; Weathered and 5- 77 m 2 -80 m 167 % Alwar fractured hard rocks Quaternary alluvium, Tertiary 5.60-111.90 0.90-111.75 104.11% Barmer sandstone, Lathi sandstone, Malani rhyolite and granite. Quaternary, Unconsolidated 1.6-24.48 0.34-28.08 112.14% Bharatpur formation & Hard Rocks Alluvium, Tertiary sandstone, 8.54-111.70 7.64-116.24 132.48% Bikaner Sandstone, Limestone Quaternary alluvium and 10.30-70.20m 7.15m- 70.05m 186.60% Jaipur quartzite Older and Younger alluvium, 4.74-64.60 2.84-75.85 197.11% Jalore Granite, Rhyolite. Alluvium, Sandstone, Shale 8-16 5-12 120.22% Jhalawar and Basalt. Quaternary alluvium and talus 16.45-73.29 15.23-75.67 200.05% Jhunjhunu & scree. (covering 78.70 % of district area) Alluvium, limestone, 1.92-20.72 0.76-0-14.25 90.27% Kota sandstone and shale form the main aquifers Quaternary Alluvium, Nagaur 10-80 6-75 168% Sandstone, Bilara Limestone Nagaur and Jodhpur Sandstone, Granite, Schist and Phyllites. Quaternary alluvium and 3.13-30.80 1.45-28.89 153.03% Consolidated formations Sikar (quartzite, schist, phyllite, gneiss and amphibolite) of Delhi super group Hanumang Younger Alluvium 1.7-47.25 1.56-47.14 80.41% arh Source: District wise brochure, CGWA.

79. Groundwater Quality: Monitored parameters largely conforms to the drinking water standards (IS:10500-1991) prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard. This was also ascertained by the study done by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) in the project districts. Some of the parameters like Electrical conductivity, Fluoride, Nitrate and Iron exceed the permissible limit in all districts. Project site specific compliance of the permissible and desirable limit is tabulated as under:

Table 13: Compliance Status of Ground Water Quality around the project area S.NO. PARTICULARS GOI LIMITS REMARKS Desirable Permissible Kanwas -Khanpur - X Some parameters are exceeding 1  Aklera desirable limits but all are well within 2 Deoli- Kanwas X  permissible limits. 3 Alot– Suwansara X  X  Mg and alkalinity are not meeting 4 Kherli-Pahari desirable limits but all are well within permissible limits.

S.NO. PARTICULARS GOI LIMITS REMARKS Desirable Permissible Barmer - Sindari - X Only some parameters are 5  Jalore exceeding desirable limits but all are 6 Ahore-Bali - Mundara X  well within permissible limits. 7 Peelibanga - Lakhuwali Sardarshahar- X 8  Loonkaransar 9 Churu-Bhaleri X  10 Sanju- Tarnau X  11 Roopangarh-Naraina X  Nagaur-Tarnau- X  Only TDS and Alkalinity are 12 Deedwana- exceeding desirable limits but all are Mukundgarh well within permissible limits. X  Only TDS, Alkalinity and Ca are 13 Ajeetgarh-Chala exceeding desirable limits but all are well within permissible limits. Sikar-Ganeri- X Some parameters are exceeding 14  Jaswantgarh desirable limits but all are well within Singhana-Buhana- X permissible limits. 15  Haryana Border X  Only Mg and Hardness are 16 Bidasar-Nokha exceeding desirable limits but all are well within permissible limits. Source: Baseline Monitoring conducted at project sites.

10. Surface water Quality

80. Surface water resources in the state are in a precarious situation. Except in canal command area in the north, surface water potential is very low in the central, western and southern parts of the state (CAZRI, 2009).

81. Total surface water available in the state is 21.71 BCM, out of which 16.05 BCM is economically utilizable. The state has so far harnessed 11.84 BCM which is 72% of economically utilizable portion (State Water Policy, 2010).

82. Constant drinking water supply is available in project district by Government supply. Churu, Hanumangarh and Jhunjhunu are getting constant water supply from Apni Yojna of Government of Rajasthan. Surface water is not used for drinking or domestic purpose in the project area except for outdoor bathing, cattle feeding and irrigation at some places. Although surface water samples from rivers and ponds have been analysed to confirm its suitability for different classes prescribed for freshwater classification by CPCB. Analyzed samples are summarized in Table 14 for compliance of the prescribed limits.

Table 14: Compliance Status of Surface Water Quality around the project area S. PARTICULARS GOI (CPCB) REMARKS NO. Drinking Water Source Outdoor Irrigation without conventional bathing treatment but after (Organised) disinfection 1 Kanwas -Khanpur X   Only DO levels are -Aklera not meeting drinking water criteria. 53

S. PARTICULARS GOI (CPCB) REMARKS NO. Drinking Water Source Outdoor Irrigation without conventional bathing treatment but after (Organised) disinfection 2 Deoli- Kanwas X   DO, BOD & coliform 3 Alot– Suwansara X   are not meeting drinking water criteria. 4 Kherli-Pahari X   Do is slightly lesser than prescribed for drinking usages. 5 Barmer - Sindari -    As per monitoring Jalore reports water is fit for 6 Ahore-Bali -    all usage. Mundara 8 Sardarshahar-    Loonkaransar 9 Churu-Bhaleri No Surface water body in close vicinity hence not monitored 10 Sanju- Tarnau 11 Roopangarh-    As per monitoring Naraina reports water is fit for 12 Nagaur-    all usage. Mukundgarh 13 Ajeetgarh-Chala No Surface water body in close vicinity hence not monitored 14 Sikar-Jaswantgarh 15 Bidasar-Nokha 16 Singhana-Buhana

11. Waterways and Water Bodies

83. Project roads are crossing four rivers as summarized in the following table. Besides there are a number of ponds/stagnant water bodies and one dam. All waterways and water bodies has been listed in Table below.

Table 15: List of waterways/ Water Bodies Road Ch. Km Side Water Body/Waterway Type 14.445 Crossing Kalisindh River Perennial Kanwas -Khanpur - 25.300 Ujad River Non Perennial Aklera 25.9 Kharand River Non Perennial Deoli- Kanwas None 24.185 Crossing Kachhal River Non Perennial Alot– Suwansara 15.187 Kalisindh River Non Perennial Kherli-Pahari None Barmer - Sindari - Jalore None Ahore-Bali - Mundara None Peelibanga - Lakhuwali None Sardarshahar- None Loonkaransar Churu-Bhaleri None 16.075 LHS Pond Non Perennial Sanju- Tarnau 16.275 RHS Pond Non Perennial 5.35 LHS Pond Non Perennial Roopangarh-Naraina 11.30 LHS Pond Non Perennial

Road Ch. Km Side Water Body/Waterway Type 21.00 LHS Pond Non Perennial 29.75 RHS Pond Non Perennial 32.20 RHS Pond Non Perennial Nagaur-Tarnau- 24.00 LHS Pond Non Perennial Deedwana-Mukundgarh 32.600 LHS Pond Non Perennial Ajeetgarh-Chala None 2.40 LHS Pond Non Perennial Sikar-Jaswantgarh 3.100 LHS Pond Non Perennial 73.425 RHS Pond Non Perennial Bidasar-Nokha None Singhana-Buhana None

B. Ecological Resources

1. State Profile

84. Forest: Rajasthan state is largely arid for the most part. Only 9.5 % of the state’s total geographical area is recorded as forest. The forests of Rajasthan are spread unequally in the northern, southern, eastern and southeastern parts. The total reserved and protected forest areas are 12,453.92 and 17,415.00 sq. Km respectively and the unclassified forest constitutes about 2,768.86 sq.km. The extent of Natural Forests in Rajasthan is not only one of the lowest in the country but also low in terms of forest productivity. On the contrary, the State is endowed with the largest expanse of wasteland, which is about 20% of the total wastelands of the country.

85. Floral and Faunal Species: The flora and fauna in Rajasthan are specifically endemic to the dry region and they are adapted to survive in Rajasthan's water-scarce and arid regions. The forest vegetation includes the grasses, shrubs and thorny trees. The commonly found tree species in Rajasthan are bamboo, khejri, teak and varied species of acacia. Some of the national parks have several species of plants and herbs, having great medicinal value. The fauna of Rajasthan contains about 25 species of serpents and 23 species of lizards. The wildlife in Rajasthan includes species like Indian gazelles or chinkaras, black bucks, Indian foxes, great Indian bustards, the Nilgai, and wild cats. Nilgai has been spotted in almost all project sites.

86. Protected area Network: Rajasthan has 2 National Park and 25 Wildlife Sanctuaries under protected area network. None of these protected areas are located within 10 km radius of the project site.

2. Forest in the Project Districts

87. Project districts other than Alwar (14.38%) & Kota (11.30%) have very less forest cover compared to state. Proportion of open forest is highest followed by moderately dense and very dense forest. Forest cover in different canopy classes of the project districts is given in Table below.

Table 16: Forest Cover in Project Districts Geographical Very Moderately Total Forest Project Open % to Total Area Dense Dense Area District Forest Geo. Area (sq. km Forest Forest (sq. Km) Ajmer 8,481 0 38 239 277 3.27 Alwar 8,380 59 336 810 1205 14.38 Barmer 28,387 0 3 169 172 0.61 Bharatpur 5,066 0 34 204 238 4.70 Bikaner 27,244 0 28 180 208 0.76 Churu 16,830 0 5 85 90 0.53 Jaipur 11,588 13 114 504 631 4.49 Jalore 10,640 0 13 195 208 1.95 Jhalawar 6,219 0 83 314 397 6.38 Jhunjhunu 5,928 0 24 171 195 3.29 Kota 5,481 0 154 461 615 11.30 Nagaur 17,718 0 11 108 119 0.67 Pali 12,387 0 216 446 662 5.34 Sikar 7,732 0 32 161 193 2.50 Source: Forest Survey of India; state of Forest, 2011

3. Forest along the Project Roads

88. Protected forests are present along some the road sections. These are Kanwas-Aklera, Sikar-Jaswantgarh, Bidasar-Nokha, Tarnau-Mukundgarh and Sardarsahar-Lunkaransar. All these forests are degraded having very little or no floral and faunal diversity. Forest diversion is required only in case of Tarnau-Mukundgarh section near Laxmangarh only for 1 ha.

4. Trees within Right of Way

89. The road side plantation is mixed type and natural regeneration is seen. A total of 6,255 trees have been enumerated within right of way. Predominant specie in the project district are Neem, Babul, Khejri and Ardu. Majority of trees are of girth size are between 120-180 cm. All efforts will be made to restrict the tree cutting to toe line of the formation width considering the safety issue. Details of the trees enumerated in project district are given in Table below.

Table 17: Affected Trees due to Project Development Girth Size of Affected Trees (in cm) Road Section 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-180 >180 Total Ahore Bali Mundara 59 62 78 22 6 227 Ajeetgarh-Chala 38 90 27 12 9 176 Alot - Suwasara (MDR-45) - 23 30 - - 53 Barmer Sindari Jalore 115 107 62 34 3 321 Bidasar Nokha 27 53 160 214 80 534 Churu Bhaleri 17 31 18 10 1 77 Deoli to Kanwas 62 113 - - - 175 Kanwas-Khanpur-Aklera 114 33 4 - - 151 Kherli to Pahari 508 218 95 - 122 943 Nagaur Tarnau 0 7 15 20 5 47 Roopangarh Naraina 0 15 22 30 7 74 Sanju Tarnau 0 3 5 4 4 16 Sardarshahar – Lunkaransar: 166 153 49 27 4 399 Sikar Jaswantgarh 140 279 837 1116 418 2790 Singhana-Bhuhana-Haryana Border 70 88 51 41 22 272

5. Wildlife movement along the Project Road:

90. Erratic and undefined movement of wild animals mainly that of Nilgai (Blue bull) is reported in most of the sub-projects. This species is under Schedule-III of wildlife act and not assessed as per IUCN. Due to its large population causing heavy crop damage, MOEF has issued an advisory to include it in Vermin category of Schedule V so that killing/hunting of such animals are outside purview of regulations. State govt. has nominated Tehsiladar, Ranger officers and other officer of same level to be competent authority for killing of such animals. Besides, movement of Chinakara (a schedule-1 animal as per Wildlife Act but least concern under IUCN classification) was also reported in few sub-projects (Kanwas-Aklera, Barmer- Sindari section of Barmer-Jalore sub-project and Bidasar-Nokha)

C. Economic Development

91. Rajasthan’s economy is predominantly agricultural and rural with fluctuations in the growth rate of the NSDP (Net State Domestic Product) because of the uncertainties in agriculture as it is almost entirely dependent on rainfall. The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), Net State Domestic Product (NSDP), and Per Capita Income (PCI) are key parameters to assess the economic performance of the state during a specific period of time. The trend of the past few years (2005-10) indicates an upward trend in the GSDP/NSDP and PCI both at current and constant prices in the state (State Economic Review, 2009-10). The State GSDP estimates at current price and constant prices for the year 2009-10 show an increase of 8.97% and 2.51% respectively over the previous year. For NSDP, these increases turn out to be 8.80% and 2.21% respectively. The PCI estimates at Rs 28,885 at current price (2009-10) also show an increase of 6.98% over the previous years (State Economic Review, 2009-10).

1. Agriculture and allied sector

92. The Agriculture and allied sector plays a significant role in the State economy. It includes the agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, and fishing sectors, which contributes about 20 to 34 % to the State's economy (State Economic Review, 2009-10). Agriculture in Rajasthan is mostly dependent on rainfall that mostly remains scanty, low and irregular. Despite low rainfall, Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in the country and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in the country. The main food grain crops of the state are maize, wheat, rice, jawar, bajra and pulses. The other main agriculture products include oilseeds, groundnut and vegetables. Rajasthan is known for its spice production. The chilly of Mathania is famous throughout India. The Pushkar region of Rajasthan is renowned for its horticulture and produces Rose flowers. The state also produces herbs and aromatic products.

2. Industries and Mineral Resources

93. Industries: The Industrial sector also plays a significant role in the State economy. It includes mining, quarrying, manufacturing, utilities such as electricity, gas and water supply, and the construction sector. Together these sectors contribute about 26 to 30 % to the State's economy (State Economic Review, 2009-10). The mineral-rich State is fast emerging as a prominent industrial destination in the country. Major industries are textiles and woolens, sugar, cement, glass, sodium plants, dyes, pesticides, zinc, fertilizers, railway wagons, ball bearings, water and electricity meters, television sets, synthetic yarn, and insulating bricks.

94. Minerals: The State is geologically a veritable repository of minerals. There are about 64 different kinds of major and minor minerals produced in the State, contributing an annual revenue of more than Rs. 600 crores. Rajasthan is the sole producer of garnet (gem variety), jasper and wollastonite. Almost the entire production of zinc (concentrate), calcite, asbestos and gypsum in the country was reported from Rajasthan. Besides, Rajasthan is the leading producer of ball clay (40%), feldspar (70%), fluorite (graded) (59%), Kaolin (44%), lead concentrate (80%), ochre (72%), phosphorite (79%), silver (54%), steatite (85%), barites (53%), copper (34%), quartzite (33%) and silica sand (21%).

3. Infrastructure Facility

95. Roads: The total road length in the state of Rajasthan is 1, 86,086 km out of which 1, 12,717 km is with PWD, Rajasthan. This includes National Highways, State Highways, major district roads, other district road and village roads. There are 20 National Highways passing through the state of Rajasthan. The total length of these is 5,722 km, out of which for the present 1,447 km has been transferred to NHAI.

96. Railway: Rajasthan has a good railway network with a total length about 5911 km, out of which 3842.15 km (65 %) is under broad gauge. During the year 2008 the total length of railways was 5683.01 km, out of which almost 3885.47 km (68.37%) was covered under broad gauge, 1,710.78 km (30.10%) under meter gauge and 86.76 km (1.53%) under narrow gauge. The national average of railway route length per 1000 sq. km. of geographical is 19.23 km. The same in Rajasthan is 17.05 km. One of the most important means that contributes significantly to the state's revenue collection and economy is the super luxurious train-Palace on Wheels.

97. Aviation: Rajasthan has full-fledged airports at Jaipur, Bikaner, Kota, Jodhpur, Udaipur, and Jaisalmer. Jaipur has recently been designated as an international airport at Sanganer.

98. Power: The total installed generation capacity in the State is 7,716.63 MW of which the state generates about 4,820.30 MW; 3,847 MW from state sector projects (RVUN), and 972.95 MW from partnership projects. The state also gets 1,878.18 MW power from the central government. Apart from conventional power generation, the state also generates 883.145 MW power from non-conventional sources like wind (851.84 MW) and Biomass (31.30 MW) respectively.

D. Social and Cultural Resources

99. Demography: According to 2011 census the total population of the state is about 68.5 million. The population density of the state is 201 per sq. km. (compared to the country’s average of 436 sq. Km). The decadal growth rate recorded during the previous decade at 28.41% is higher than the national level of 21.5 %. Over 76% of the population resides in rural areas. The number of females per 1000 males (sex ratio) in Rajasthan was 951 in 2011 and had shown an increase as compared to that in 2001 at 931. The future demographic projections suggest a further increase. Facts and figures about demography of the project district is summarized in the succeeding Table.

Table 18: Demography of the Project Districts Indicators Ajmer Alwar Barmer Bharatpur Bikaner Churu Jaipur Jalore Area Sq. Km 8,481 8,380 28,387 5,066 27,244 16,830 11,588 10,640 Actual 2583052 3674179 2603751 2548462 2363937 2039547 6626178 1828730 Population Male 1324085 1939026 1369022 1355726 1240801 1051446 3468507 936634 Female 1258967 1735153 1234729 1192736 1123136 988101 3157671 892096 Population 18.40 22.78 32.52 21.29 41.19 6.01 26.19 26.21 Growth (%) Density/km2 305 438 92 503 78 147 595 172 Sex Ratio (Per 951 895 902 880 905 940 910 952 1000) Child Sex Ratio 901 865 904 869 908 902 861 895 (0-6 Average Literacy 69.33 70.72 56.53 70.11 65.13 66.75 75.51 54.86 Male Literacy 82.44 83.75 70.86 84.10 75.90 78.78 86.05 70.67 Female Literacy 55.68 56.25 40.63 54.24 53.23 54.04 64.02 38.47 Child proportion 14.76 16.00 19.26 17.11 16.94 15.58 14.03 17.30 (0-6 Age) (%) Boys proportion 15.14 16.26 19.24 17.21 16.92 15.89 14.40 17.83 (0-6 Age) (%) Girls Proportion 14.35 15.72 19.29 17.01 16.97 15.25 13.63 16.75 (0-6 Age) (%)

Table 19: Demography of the Project Districts (continued…) Indicators Jhalawar Jhunjhunu Kota Nagaur Pali Sikar Hanumangarh Area Sq. Km 6,219 5,928 5,481 17,718 12,387 7,732 1774692 Actual Population 1411129 2137045 1951014 3307743 2037573 2677333 931184 Male 725143 1095896 1021161 1696325 1025422 1374990 843508 Female 685986 1041149 929853 1611418 1012151 1302343 16.91 Population 19.55 11.67 24.39 19.20 11.94 17.03 16.91 Growth (%) Density/km2 227 361 374 187 164 346 184 Sex Ratio (Per 946 950 911 950 987 947 906 1000) Child Sex Ratio 912 837 899 897 899 848 878 (0-6 Age) Average Literacy 61.50 74.13 76.56 62.80 62.39 71.91 67.13 Male Literacy 75.75 86.90 86.31 77.17 76.81 85.11 77.41 Female Literacy 46.53 60.95 65.87 47.82 48.01 58.23 55.84 Child proportion 14.75 13.50 13.07 15.33 14.60 14.19 13.20 (0-6 Age) (%) Boys proportion 15.02 14.33 13.16 15.76 15.27 14.95 13.40 (0-6 Age) (%) Girls Proportion 14.48 12.62 12.98 14.88 13.91 13.38 12.98 (0-6 Age) (%) Source: Census Survey, 2011

100. Educational Facility: There has been a leap in the literacy rate in the last ten years. The literacy rate has grown from 61% in 2001 to over 67% in 2011. Primary education is free and mandatory for all children in the state. At present, the state has nine universities and more than 250 colleges, 55,000 primary and 7,400 secondary schools. 41 engineering colleges at present. There are 23 polytechnics and 152 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) that impart 59 vocational training. The state has 10 medical colleges, 8 dental colleges and 28 pharmacy institutes. Rajasthan also has 26 Management Institutes.

101. Health Infrastructure: Rajasthan has 108 hospitals, 1612 primary health centers (PHCs) in rural area and 37 in urban area, 12,701 sub-centers, 428 CHCs, 195 dispensaries, 118 Maternity and Child welfare centers and 37,417 impatient beds. The broad objectives of the state’s Department of Health include enhancing maternal-and child-healthcare, stabilizing population growth and improving nutritional status.

102. Tourism: Rajasthan is a land of great beauty and diversity. From the Thar Desert in the west to the fertile Southeastern plains enhances the beauty of state. The main cities in Rajasthan enjoying benefit of tourist attraction are Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Mount Abu, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Chittor, Bharatpur and Alwar. The customs and traditions, fairs and festivals, handicrafts, art and music reflect the very broad spectrum of the Rajasthani culture where much of the Rajasthani thought, philosophy and culture is being reflected all over the state.

103. Archaeological and Historical Monuments and Sensitive Receptors: There are no archeological or historical monuments along the project roads. However, there are a number of religious structures and other community property resources (CPR)1 including sensitive receptors like schools and health centers. List of all sensitive receptors have been listed in road specific EMPs. The list excludes the receptors which are very close to the alignment and are likely to be relocated. In addition to the specific sensitive structures enlisted in the tables above there are a few residential areas or towns (residential cum commercial areas) along the project roads.

1 In India CPRs are structures or facilities that belong to a community such as hand pumps, wells, schools, health centers, temples, grave yards etc. Some Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) such as temples can also be a CPR if it belongs to the community

V. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

104. This Chapter presents the environmental assessment process and planning undertaken by RPWD in addressing the environmental impacts and risk associated with the upgrading of state highways under the RSHIP Tranche 1. This chapter starts with the identification and screening of potential impacts. The identification of impacts was conducted by identifying the general project components e.g. site mobilization, establishment of camps, road construction, and road operation and corresponding interaction with specific environmental aspects e.g. physical, biological, and human.

105. The critical project components that will have substantial interaction with the environment are as follow:

i) Preconstruction stage: a. Road alignment and design – involves the screening and selection roads to avoid environment sensitive areas, finalization of road alignment including by-passes to minimize land acquisition, minor geometric realignment like eccentric road widening where the available RoW permits to preserve the trees on one side of the road from being cleared, and cross-drainage design to incorporate wildlife crossing function b. Utility shifting – removal and transfer the carriage way of electric, telephone, and water lines, drainage pipes, and hand pumps c. Construction mobilization - land clearing, installation of electricity and other utility connections, perimeter fencing, establishment of storage areas, waste disposal, and installation of production equipment (hot mix, concrete batching, rock crusher, casting) in the labor and camp sites. d. Tree cutting and clearing – tree marking, cutting, and grubbing ii) Construction Phase a. Road construction – includes earthworks for sub-grade, sub-base, gravelling of base; preparation of wearing course, and construction of shoulders b. Quarries and borrow area site management c. Construction plants operation for hot mix and cement batching d. Maintenance of by-passed roads - routine maintenance of sealed road pavement, foot paths, kerbs and channels, storm drainage, and pavement markings. e. Site-Restoration involves the clean-up and restoration of construction zones to near its original condition prior to Contractor demobilization to include: river beds used for sand mining; camps; hot mix plant, crushers, batching plant sites; and borrow areas rehabilitated. iii) Post-Construction Phase a. Road maintenance similar to the by-passed roads b. Vegetation control – involves periodic mechanical mowing, trimming, removal of brush, and removal of trees when necessary to enhance aesthetics and to prevent potential safety hazards (e.g. reduced visibility, obstruction of signs, and debris in the roadway).

A. Identification and Assessment of Environmental Impacts

106. The identification of potential effect requires identifying the components of the physical, biological, and human environments that are at risk of being impacted in the upgrading of state roads in Rajasthan. Similar to the classical Leopold matrix, it involved an integration grid between the valued environmental components and project activities. The valued environmental components for this project were drawn from the environmental baseline and are as follow:

a) Physical environment – air quality and greenhouse gas emissions, land and soil, surface water quality and quantity, and groundwater quality and quantity, b) Biological environment – terrestrial vegetation, mammals, avifauna, and special status species (Chinkara) c) Human environment – private land and buildings, public infrastructures, sound environment, aesthetic and visual, and community and occupational health and safety.

107. The assessment of potential environmental impacts requires the definition of the effects associated with the state highway upgrading in terms of intensity, duration, and scope as follow:

i. Intensity of the effect: The intensity of the effect refers to the level of disruption to the component. Three levels have been defined: 1. Low: Little change in the characteristics of the component. Difficult to quantify; 2. Average: Change in certain characteristics of the component. The change may be quantifiable; 3. High: Change in all or in the main characteristics of the component. The change is quantifiable ii. Duration of the effect: Duration means the time dimension of the effect. The terms permanent, temporary and short are used to describe the period of time: 1. Short-lived: the effect disappears promptly; 2. Temporary: the effect is felt during one project activity or, at most, throughout implementation of the project; 3. Permanent: the effect has repercussions for the life of the infrastructure. iii. Scope of the effect: The scope describes the spatial dimension of the effect caused by an action in the environment. It refers to the distance or area covered by the disruption. The terms regional, local and limited are used to describe the scope: 1. Limited: the scope is limited when the action affects only one environmental element located near the project; 2. Local: the scope is local when the action affects the study area; 3. Regional: the scope is regional when the action affects areas beyond the study area iv. Assessment of the potential effect. These three parameters are incorporated into a multicriteria matrix, making it possible to place the potential effect into one of three categories: 1. Major (MAJ): signifies an effect that is permanent and that affects the integrity, diversity and sustainability of the element. Such an effect substantially or irremediably alters the quality of the environment. 2. Medium (MED): signifies a perceptible, temporary and/or low- return effect that has little impact on the environmental component

and is not irreversible. Such an effect is short-lived and/or limited in scope. 3. Minor (MIN): signifies that the effect is non-existent or virtually non-existent, that it does not affect the environmental component in any observable or quantifiable way and that it is related to a randomly occurring natural effect. As a rule, this would be a short- lived effect, limited in scope.

Table 20: Multi-Criteria Analysis to Determine the Potential Environmental Impacts Intensity Scope Short-lived Temporary Permanent Duration Low Limited MIN MIN MED Local MIN MIN MED Regional MIN MED MAJ Average Limited MIN MED MED Local MED MED MAJ Regional MED MAJ MAJ High Limited MED MAJ MAJ Local MED MAJ MAJ Regional MAJ MAJ MAJ

108. The relationship between these project phases and its components, and the environment were established to identify anticipated environmental impact is provided in the succeeding Figure.

Table 21: Grid Displaying the Interaction between Environmental Components and RSHIP Tranche 1 Upgrading

Pre-Construction Construction Operation

sites Design

Environmental Component Clearing

operations

Mobilization

Construction

passedroads

andcamp site

Utility shifting Utility

Drainageworks

Site Restoration Site

Constructionand

TreeCutting/Land

RoadMaintenance VegetationControl

RoadConstruction Maintenanceby-of

Camp Site Location CampSite

Constructionplants

RoadAlignmentand Quarriesand borrow

Physical Environment Air Quality and GHG X X X X X Land and Soil X X X X X Surface Water Quality and Quantity X X X X X Groundwater Quality and Quantity X X Biological Environment Terrestrial Vegetation X X X X X Mammals X X X X Avifauna X Special Status Species X X X X X Human Environment Private Land and Buildings X X X X Public Infrastructures X X X Sound Environment X X X X Heritage and archeology X X Aesthetic and Visual X Community and OH Safety X X X X X X 63

109. Mitigation measures were identified to reduce the significant adverse impacts including residual effects. As the project will be implemented based on engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) modality a number of construction alternatives like location of camp and plant sites, borrow area, source quarries, and even minor geometric realignments to minimize the number of remains to be decided and from which a host of impacts will be assessed. However, the analysis of impacts shown in the succeeding Table revealed the following:

Table 22: Analysis of Environmental Impacts-RSHIP Tranche 1 No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects 1 Pre- Road Terrestrial Tree cutting High Permanent Local Major Avoid or minimize the Non- Construction Alignment Vegetation number of trees to be significant and Design cleared through minor geometric realignment or eccentric widening.

Roadside trees to be removed with prior approval of competent authority.

Compensatory plantation at 1:10 basis and additional plantation as per the IRC guidelines in consultation with Forest Department.

Avoid or minimize diversion of forest 3 Pre- Road Mammals Disturbance to Average Permanent Limited Medium A number of pipe Non- Construction Alignment (Nilgai and movement and culverts be converted significant and design Chinkara) animal-vehicle into a box culvert or a crashes construction of new culverts to attain a crossing density of 1 every 5 kilometers of open grazing land stretches. These culverts will be exclusive used as underpass animal crossings and measures such as 65

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects stone barriers and installed along entrance to prohibit crossing of people and motorcycles which could disturb movement of Chinkara and Nilgai

Along 5 kilometers of open grazing land 100 and 50 meters before the underpass crossing , installation of animal crossing signposts 2 Pre- Road Special Status Disturbance of High Permanent Regional Major no project activity is Non- Construction Alignment Species protected permitted in whole or significant and Design species in part within 5 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972; (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time; (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas; 5 Pre- Road Land and Localized Average Permanent Limited Medium Construction of Non- Construction alignment Buildings flooding from concrete pavement significant and design inadequate in habitat areas drainage considering alignment level and drainage.

Raise road level above the nearby areas with provision of adequate side drains to evacuate the rain water an domestic discharges (drained by habitats occasionally to prevent damage to road and rain water entry to habitats’ houses.

Provision of adequate no. of cross drainage structures based on drainage pattern around the alignment

Raise embankment height above the HFL levels in the flood prone areas.

Provision of adequate balancing culverts.

Improvement in existing culverts/ Bridges to increase their carrying capacity. 6 Pre- Road Community Road crashes High Permanent Local Major Make provisions of Non- 67

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects Construction alignment Safety crash barriers at significant and design accident prone areas as identified in the road safety studies

Provision of rumble strips in habitat areas to regulate speed.

Provision of retro- reflective warning sign boards nears school, hospital, religious places and forests areas

Provision of proper side-walks /pedestrian zone along the road near habitat areas, school, hospital, religious places and forests

Compliance with norms specified in IRC codes for state highway for curvature and grading

Provision of safety kerb at all bridges

The design should attempt to equalize

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects cut and fill. Minimize the cutting in hill areas. Incorporate slope stabilization measures to prevent any land slide situation 7 Pre- Construction Terrestrial Tree cutting All camps should Non- Construction and Camp Vegetation maintain minimum significant Site distance from Location Special Status Encroachment following: Species in protected # 500 m from areas habitation Mammals # 500 m from forest Disturbance or areas where possible hunting # 500 m from water Land and bodies where Building Disturbance of possible inhabited areas # 500 m from through traffic route where possible

The average distance between two camps should be 50 km

The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labor camp will be submitted to PMC and PIU prior to their construction. The construction shall commence only after approval of PMC. 69

Preparation of solid waste management plan that includes collection, storage, and disposal subject to the review and approval of the CSC- ES. 8 Pre- Utility Public Disruption of Low Short-lived Limited Minor All telephone and Non- Construction shifting infrastructures utility services electrical poles/wires significant to local and community underground cables should be shifted before start of construction

Necessary permission and payments should be made to relevant utility service agencies to allow quick shifting and restoration of utility services

Local people must be informed through appropriate means about the time of shifting of utility structures and potential disruption of services if any 9 Pre- Utility Heritage and Digging may Low Short-lived Limited Minor procedure upon Non- Construction shifting archeology unearth chance discovery, a rapid significant

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects artifacts response procedure to protect chance finds while minimizing disruption to project activities

Implement relevant provisions of Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains Act (1958) to include: i) consultation with the Rajasthan Archeology Department, ii), demarcation of the discovery site, iii) chance finds report, iv) arrival and actions of cultural authority, and v) suspension/non- suspension/further suspension of work. 10 Pre- Utility Aesthetic and Diggings, Low Short-lived Limited Minor Immediately complete Non- Construction shifting visual shifting and re- the utility shifting to significant establishment reduce the duration of of poles will impact and restore impair the view the disturbed areas of community areas Provide visual barriers, when necessary, on active construction zones

Consultation with 71

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects affected people prior to the start of utility shifting presenting construction timelines and guidelines

Proper disposal of demolition debris 11 Construction Site Air quality Construction of Low Short-lived Local Minor Transport, loading Non- Mobilization temporary and unloading of significant facilities, loose and fine hauling of materials through equipment and covered vehicles. materials may result to short- Paved approach term air quality roads. deterioration Storage areas to be located downwind of the habitation area.

Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved haulage roads and other dust prone areas.

Provision of PPEs to workers 12 Construction Site Surface water Accidental Low Temporary Limited Minor No vehicles or Non- Mobilization spills equipment should be significant parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants.

Oil and grease traps and fueling platforms to be provided at refueling locations.

All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.

All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual clean-up. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors Construction Site Groundwater Accidental Low Temporary Limited Minor Construction vehicles Non- Mobilization quality spills when and equipment will be significant transporting maintained and construction refueled in such a materials fashion that oil/diesel particularly spillage does not 73

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects fuels and contaminate the soil. lubricants could To avoid soil affect contamination Oil- groundwater Interceptors shall be quality provided at wash down and refueling areas.

Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled ‘Waste Oil’ and ‘Hazardous’ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors Construction Site Sound Mobilization of Low Temporary Limited Minor Construction Non- Mobilization environment heavy equipment and significant equipment and machinery to be fitted machineries with silencers and will increase maintained properly. noise level Only IS approved equipment shall be used for construction activities.

Timing of noisy activities shall be done during night time and weekends near schools and selected suitable times near temples when there are no visitors, concurrent

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards. Else provision of temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations or near sources.

Time regulation near residential, built up and forest areas to daylight hours.

Honking restrictions near sensitive areas

PPEs to workers Construction Tree cutting Terrestrial Loss of trees High Permanent Limited Major Avoid or minimize the Non- and clearing Vegetation and vegetation number of trees to be significant cleared through minor geometric realignment or eccentric widening.

Roadside trees to be removed with prior approval of competent authority. Construction Tree cutting Avifauna Disturbance of Low Short-lived Limited Minor Avoid cutting of trees Non- and clearing potential during nesting time for significant 75

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects avifaunal birds habitat Construction Drainage Land and soil Compaction of Low Temporary Limited Minor Equipment to be work soil and impact stationed in the on quarry haul designated ROW to roads due to avoid compaction. movement or vehicles Approach roads/haulage roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction. Construction Drainage Surface water Disturbance of Low Temporary Limited Minor Provision of Silt Non- work quality waterway bed fencing shall be made significant to cause at water bodies. increase suspended Silt/sediment should solids be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re- vegetated.

Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system. Construction Drainage Special Status Disturbance of Low Temporary Limited Minor Immediately complete Non- Work Species Chinkara the drainage significant movement that upgrading that are

Provide camouflage to minimize disturbance Construction Drainage Public The works may Low Temporary Local Medium Temporary access Non- work Infrastructure damage the and diversion, with significant road used by proper drainage local and facilities shall be regional planned by the population contractor and approved by the ‘Engineer’.

Access to the schools, temples and other public places must be maintained when construction takes place near them.

Fencing wherever cattle movement is expected.

The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for Night time traffic and precautions for 77

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with requirements of IRC’s SP 55 document’.

The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow.

On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed.

Restriction of construction activity to only one side of the existing road.

The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”. Construction Road Air quality and Fugitive dust High Short-lived Local Medium Transport, loading Non- Construction GHG emission and and unloading of significant fumes from loose and fine construction materials through vehicles covered vehicles.

Paved approach roads.

Storage areas to be located downwind of the habitation area.

Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved haulage roads and other dust prone areas such as unpaved roads

Provision of PPEs to workers.

Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Construction Road Land and Soil Slope failure Low Temporary Limited Minor Bio-turfing of Non- Construction and Soil embankments to significant erosion protect slopes. due to Construction Slope protection by 79

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects activities, providing frames, dry earthwork, and stone pitching, cut and fill, masonry retaining stockpiles walls, planting of etc. grass and trees.

The side slopes of all cut and fill areas will be graded and covered with stone pitching, grass and shrub as per design specifications. Care should be taken that the slope gradient shall not be greater than 2:1.

The earth stockpiles to be provided with gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion. Construction Road Surface water Sourcing of Low Temporary Limited Minor Provisions shall Non- Construction quality and water during be made to significant quantity construction connect road side could compete drains with exiting with the local nearby ponds demand otherwise make provision water harvesting pits intermittently

Existing drainage system to be maintained and further enhanced.

Embankment slopes to be modified suitably to restrict the soil debris entering water bodies.

Provision of Silt fencing shall be made at water bodies.

Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re- vegetated.

Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system.

No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants.

Oil and grease traps 81

All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.

Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater from Central Groundwater Authority

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects Arrangements shall be made by contractor that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. Construction Road Terrestrial Loss of Low Temporary Limited Minor Minimize tree cutting Non- Construction Vegetation vegetation to the extent possible. significant

Provision of LPG in construction camp as fuel source to avoid tree cutting, wherever possible.

Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Integrate vegetation management (IVM) with the carriage way completely clear of vegetation. From the edge of the road to the boundary of ROW, vegetation structured with smaller plants near the line and larger trees further away to avoid costly and provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals. Additional plantation 83

In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA.

Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring.

Controlled use of pesticides/ fertilizers Construction Road Mammals Disturbance/ Low Temporary Local Minor Installation of active Non- Construction crashes with Nilgai crossing for significant Nilgai equipment operator to reduce speed

Prohibit hunting Construction Road Special Status Disturbance/ Low Temporary Local Minor Installation of active Non- Construction Species Crashes with Chinkara crossing for significant Chinkara equipment operator to reduce speed

Coordinate with local District Forest Office

Phase demolition of existing pavement and structures earth moving, and ground impacting activities not to occur simultaneously.

Avoid nighttime activities.

Avoid vibratory rollers and packers near sensitive areas Construction Road Public Soil Low Short-lived Limited Minor Route heavily loaded Non- Construction Infrastructures compaction trucks away from significant producing residential streets. vibration can Select streets with the damage fewest homes in buildings and routing haul trucks. pipes Operate earthmoving 85

Phase demolition of existing pavement and structures earth moving, and ground impacting activities not to occur simultaneously.

Avoid nighttime activities.

Avoid vibratory rollers and packers near sensitive areas Construction Road Sound Noise from High Short-lived Local Medium All equipment to be Non- Construction environment construction timely serviced and significant vehicle, properly maintained. equipment and machinery can Traffic bottlenecks to elevate be removed. ambient noise Construction equipment and machinery to be fitted with silencers and maintained properly.

Only IS approved equipment shall be used for construction activities.

Timing of noisy construction activities shall be done during night time and weekends near schools and selected suitable times near temples when there are no visitors, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards. Else provision of temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations or near sources.

Time regulation near residential, built up and forest areas construction shall be restricted to daylight hours.

Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation 87

Honking restrictions near sensitive areas

PPEs to workers Road Heritage and Loss of Low Short-lived Limited Minor procedure upon Non- Construction Archeology artifacts discovery, a rapid significant response procedure to protect chance finds while minimizing disruption to project activities

Implement relevant provisions of Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains Act (1958) to include: i) consultation with the Rajasthan Archeology Department, ii), demarcation of the discovery site, iii) chance finds report, iv) arrival and actions of cultural authority, and v) suspension/non- suspension/further suspension of work. Construction Road Community Increase Average Temporary Local Medium The location, layout Non- Construction and human and basic facility significant occupational mortality and provision of each

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects health and injuries labor camp will be safety submitted to PMC and PIU prior to their construction. The construction shall commence only after approval of PMC.

The contractor will maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities in functional and hygienic manner as approved by the EA.

Adequate water and sanitary latrines with septic tanks attached to soak pits shall be provided.

Preventive medical care to be provided to workers including a First-Aid kit that must be available in the camp.

Waste disposal facilities such as dust bins must be provided in the camps and regular disposal of waste must be carried out. 89

The Contractor will take all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.

No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community.

Awareness raising to immigrant workers/local community on communicable and sexually transmitted diseases.

Contractors to adopt and maintain safe working practices.

Usage of fluorescent and retroreflector signage, in local language at the construction sites

Mandatory appointment of safety officer.

All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with.

Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials.

The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 18 years for any work

Use of hazardous material should be minimized and/or restricted.

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects Emergency plan (to be approved by engineer) shall be prepared to respond to any accidents or emergencies.

Temporary access and diversion, with proper drainage facilities.

Access to the schools, temples and other public places must be maintained when construction takes place near them.

Fencing wherever cattle movement is expected.

To avoid the need for cattle underpasses, some of the proposed culverts `near habitations may be widened to facilitate cattle movement.

Restrict access to construction sites to authorized personnel.

Adequate signage must be provided for safe traffic movement

Construction Quarries Air quality and Deterioration of Low Short-lived Limited Minor Transport of materials Non- and borrow GHG air quality in covered trucks. significant sites along haul road due to increase Ensure adequate in dust water sprinkling of storage and rock crushing operation. Construction Quarries Land and soil Loss of Average Permanent Limited Major Non-productive, Non- and borrow productive barren lands, upland significant sites lands and shall be used for topsoil borrowing earth with the necessary permissions/consents.

Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected for use at the rehabilitation stage.

IRC recommended practice for borrow pits (IRC 10: 1961).

Aggregates will be sourced from existing licensed quarries. . The contractor will develop a Quarry Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to PMC and PIU. Construction Quarries Surface water Deterioration of Low Temporary Limited Minor Installation of bunds Non- and borrow quality receiving water around exposed area significant sites quality from surface runoff Collection of surface runoff in sedimentation pond prior to disposal Construction Quarries Sound Increase noise Average Short-lived Limited Minor Comply with the Non- and borrow Environment level in location separation significant sites quarries from distance from nearest blasting, rock inhabited area crushing, and hauling Use materials storage piles to attenuate noise Construction Quarries Community Increase risk of Low Permanent Limited Medium Depths of borrow pits Non- and borrow and accident from to be regulated and significant sites occupational open borrow sides not steeper than health and areas 25%. safety To the extent borrow

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be leveled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for re-development of Borrow Areas.

Construction Construction Air Quality and Air quality Low Short-lived Limited Minor Batching, asphalt Non- Plant GHG deterioration mixing plants and significant operation from plant crushers at downwind combustion (1km) direction from and fugitive the nearest emissions settlement.

Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used

DG sets with stacks of adequate height and use of low Sulphur diesel as fuel. 95

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects Construction Construction Surface water Deterioration of Low Short-lived Limited Minor Collection of all Non- Plant and quality receiving water surface runoff and significant Camp Site quality from facility washing to a Operation batching and sedimentation basin hot mix plants prior to disposal effluents Proper collection, storage, and disposal of waste according to the approved solid waste management plan. Construction Construction Groundwater Deterioration of Low Temporary Limited Minor Construction vehicles Non- Plant and quality ground water and equipment will be significant Camp Site quality maintained and Operation refueled in such a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does not contaminate the soil.

To avoid soil contamination Oil- Interceptors shall be provided at wash down and Refueling areas.

Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled ‘Waste Oil’ and ‘Hazardous’ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects Collection and treatment of sewage in septic tanks Construction Construction Mammals Reduction of Low Short-lived Limited Minor Strictly prohibit the Non- Plant and population from hunting of wild significant Camp Site hunting by the mammals by the Operation workers workers Construction Construction Special Status Disturbance of Low Short-lived Limited Minor Do not locate camps Non- Plant and Species Chinakara along active significant Camp Site movement Chinakara movement Operation Reduction of Provide perimeter Chinkara fences that will keep population Chinaka out of the camp sites.

Trapped or injured Chikaras will be properly snared and either returned to the wild and in case of injury turned over to the Wildlife authorities for rehabilitation and care.

Strictly prohibit the hunting of wild mammals by the workers Construction Construction Private lands Damage to Low Short- Limited Minor Locate of plants and Non- Plant and and buildings private lands Lived camp sites away from significant Camp Site and properties community areas. Operation In case of leased properties, ensure the 97

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects proposed activities are clearly stated in the agreement and nearby properties are consulted and prior consent secured.

Construction Construction Sound Increase in Low Short-lived Limited Minor Observe regular and Non- Plant and Environment noise level due proper maintenance significant Camp Site to batching of plant equipment Operation plant and hot mix plant Install silencers on all operations tail/emission pipes

Establish multi-layer vegetation in-between the plant and nearest sensitive receptor for attenuation To the extent possible, enclose noise generating equipment with noise barriers Construction Maintenance Air Quality and Emissions from Average Short-lived Limited Minor Provision of PPEs to Non- of by-passed GHG hot patch work, workers significant roads fumes from pavement Water sprinkling to marking works, control dust dust from concrete Covered haul trucks grinding, and dust demolition debris may deteriorate local air quality

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects Maintenance Community Risk of injury to Low Short-lived Limited Minor Training to workers on Non- of by-passed and pedestrian and safety procedures significant roads occupational road users and precautions. health and safety Mandatory appointment of safety officer.

All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with.

Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials.

The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 18 years for any work

Emergency plan (to be approved by engineer) shall be prepared to respond to any accidents 99

Temporary access and diversion, with proper drainage facilities.

Access to the schools, temples and other public places must be maintained when construction takes place near them.

Fencing wherever cattle movement is expected.

Restrict access to construction sites to authorized personnel.

Physical separation must be provided for movement of vehicular and human traffic.

Adequate signage must be provided for safe traffic movement 1 Post Site Land and soil Clean-up Contractor will Non- Construction Restoration Operations, prepare site significant

100

The clean-up and restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization.

All construction zones including river-beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the satisfaction of the Environmental officer.

All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated and PMC will certify in this regard. Toll Road repair Air Quality and Emissions from Average Short-lived Limited Minor Provision of PPEs to Non- Operation GHG hot patch work, workers significant fumes from pavement Water sprinkling to marking works, control dust 101

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects dust from concrete Covered haul trucks grinding, and dust demolition debris may deteriorate local air quality Toll Road Increase Air Quality and Air quality Low Permanent Limited Medium Maintain an adequate Non- Operation Traffic GHG1 deterioration vehicle road capacity significant as congestion decreases vehicle speed, deteriorates fuel efficiency, and increases emissions per kilometre travel.

Maintain optimum range of vehicle speed within the toll road. CO2 emissions drastically increases when vehicles are travelling less than 30 kph and faster than 70 kph.

Maintain good riding quality of the toll road, expressed in

1 GHG emissions CO2 (eq) in tons/year for each road estimates as follow using TEEMPT: Ahore-Mundara (15,321.5), Ajeethgarh-Chola (16,500.2), Alot-Ganghar (388.6), Barmer-Sindari (50,091.5), Bidasar-Nokha (37,197.8), Churu-Bhaleri (6,497.7), Deoli-Kanwas (1,589.7), Kherli- Pahari (1,541.1), Nagaur-Tarnau (27,303.9), Peelibanga-Lakhwali (8,207.8), Roopnagarh-Naraina (8,409.8), Sanjau-Tarnau (5,971.1), Sadarshahar-Lunkaramsar (19,218.5), Sikar-Jaswanthgarh (46,971.8), Singhana-Haryana Border (8,129.3), Tarnau-Laxmangarh (84,392.1), and Kanwas-Aklera (967.6)

102

No Project Project Environmental Description of Intensity Duration Scope Assessment Required Mitigation Significance Phase Component Components the of Potential Measures of Residual Environmental Effect Effect Effects roughness and measured as m/km. The impact of deteriorating road quality with decrease in fuel efficiency and hence increase in emission per kilometre travel.

Operation Road Repair Public Localized Low Short-lived Limited Minor Regular cleaning of Non- Infrastructures flooding and drainage before start significant damage to of monsoon and road from proper disposal of clogging of debris drainage Operation Road Repair Community Risk of injury to Low Short-lived Limited Minor Training to workers on Non- and pedestrian and safety procedures significant occupational road users and precautions. health and safety Mandatory appointment of safety officer.

All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with.

Provision of a readily 103

The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 18 years for any work

Emergency plan (to be approved by engineer) shall be prepared to respond to any accidents or emergencies.

Temporary access and diversion, with proper drainage facilities.

Access to the schools, temples and other public places must be maintained when construction takes place near them.

Fencing wherever cattle movement is expected.

Restrict access to

104

Physical separation must be provided for movement of vehicular and human traffic.

Adequate signage must be provided for safe traffic movement

Vegetation Community Risk of injury to Low Temporary Limited Minor Vegetation clearing to Non- Control and pedestrian and enhance aesthetic significant occupational road users and prevent potential health and safety hazard like safety reduced visibility, obstruction of signs, and debris in the roadway.

105

VI. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND RISKS

A. Trends in Extreme Events1

110. Trend analysis of the mean (monsoon season, non-monsoon season and annual) and extreme annual daily rainfall and temperature at the spatial and temporal scales was carried out for all the 33 urban centers of the arid and semi-arid state of Rajasthan, India. In the case of extreme events for annual daily rainfall both positive (southeastern) and negative (northeastern) trends were observed in some of the urban centers. Other urban centers did not show any significant trends in extreme annual daily rainfall.

111. Significant increasing trends were observed in extreme annual daily minimum temperature (at 0.03 to 0.07 °C/year) for the urban centers located in the northeastern and western regions of Rajasthan State. However, significant trends were not found in the other urban centers of Rajasthan State. A significant increasing trend in extreme annual daily maximum temperature (at 0.03 to 0.05 °C/year) was observed in the south (i.e., Banaswara, Baran, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Jhalawar, Pali and Sirohi), east (i.e., Churu and Jaipur) and west (i.e., Jaisalmer) urban centers of Rajasthan State.

B. Climate Change Scenarios for Arid Region (Thar) of Rajasthan2

112. High resolution climate change scenarios simulating future climate for Indian sub- continent indicate that by the last quarter of this century, there will be a rise in annual mean surface air temperature for all parts of India. Temperatures are likely to increase by 2-5OC and 2.5-4OC in A2 and B2 IPCC SRES emission scenarios by the end of 21st century (2071-2100), with warming more pronounced over the northern parts of India. Long-term trends in mean air temperature (1971-2011) for Thar region showed by the end of 21st century, an increase in temperature by +3.3OC at Bikaner, +3.4OC at Jaisalmer, +2.9OC at Jodhpur and +2.5OC at Pali, if the present rate of warming continues. A 2-5oC increase during peak summer months of April to June from the historical monthly average of about 39oC may have detrimental effect on the integrity of asphalt road as rutting increase rapidly when the air temperature is higher than 38°C, and serious rutting of pavement will happen in several days if the air temperature is continually higher than 40°C.

113. Although the period of prediction is far longer than the design life of asphalt which will require maintenance overlay every 10 years, mitigation measures like phase change materials additive and asphalt cooling techniques will be explored and feasible options will be included in the environmental management plan-operation phase.

114. The overall regional trend in annual rainfall (1960-2011) for Thar showed no significant rise (@ 0.56 mm/year) in the rainfall, however, the rainfall trend at different locations showed that the annual rainfall is likely to increase by +100 mm at Bikaner, +124 mm at Jaisalmer, -40 mm at Jodhpur and +21 mm at Pali.

1 Spatial and temporal trends of mean and extreme rainfall and temperature for the 33 urban centers of the arid and semi-arid state of Rajasthan, India; Santosh M. Pingale, Deepak Khare, Mahesh K. Jat, Jan Adamowski, 2013; Atmospheric Research Journal 238(2014), 73-90; www.elsevier.com/ locate/atmos 2 Climate Change and Its Impact on Thar Desert Ecosystem, A.S. Rao, et.al, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur - 342003, Rajasthan, 2013

106

C. Key risks and adaptation measures

Given the climate change trends described above the main risks for the project roads are rutting of the asphalt road due to rapid increase in temperature and exceedance of the drainage capacity in the few locations where the rainfalls levels are expected to increase. To mitigate these risks the adaptation measures included in the project design are: i) increase in the vent size of all new and reconstructed pipe, slap, and causeway cross-drains in flood prone areas; ii) included in the concession agreement a mandatory requirement for maintenance asphalt overlay of 10 years to prevent rutting in the thar desert area iii) recommendation for Rajasthan PWD to continue to explore the feasibility phase change materials. Approximate costs for increasing the vent size is INR 143,803 or $2,154 per km or a total of about INR 141 million or $2.1 million for 981km of tranche 1 roads which is about 1% of the project costs.

D. Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions

115. One of the main triggering factors for climate change is increase in greenhouse gas emission. Transportation sector in India contributes to around 7.5% of the total GHG emission. Out of which road transportation alone has a share of 87%12. Road construction accounts for 5% of its total life cycle GHG emission whereas, operation that is traffic accounts for rest 95%. GHG emission likely to be generated from the project roads have been computed using the Transport Emissions Evaluation Model for Projects (TEEMP) 3 developed by Clean Air Asia4 was utilized to assess the CO2 gross emissions with and without the project improvements. The main improvement from the project that was considered for the model are better surface roughness with less than 2m/km, and increase in capacity by widening of some of the roads from 1.0 lane and 1.5 lane to uniform 1.5 lane or from 1.5 lane to 2 lane. These translated into faster vehicle speed and less fuel consumption. The model was also been used to estimate CO2 emission during construction stage.

116. Few assumptions made in this software are: a) Fuel efficiency as reckoned in business as usual (BAU) and with project scenario (WPS) is given in Table below. It is assumed that the fuel efficiency of the vehicles would increase due to improvement of the roads. a) It is assumed that there would be no or minimum number of vehicles with vintage year before 2000 using Euro –I fuel type after 20 years (Table 2). Pre-Euro vehicles are assumed to be completely discarded.

Table 23: Fuel efficiency in km/l BAU WPS Scenario Petrol Diesel Petrol Diesel 2 Wheeler 40.00 50.00 3 Wheeler 15.00 20.00 Car 12.00 15.00 15.00 20.00 LCV 5.00 8.00

1 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion highlights (2012 Edition) by International Energy Agency 2 Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment, MoEF, 2010 3 TEEMP is an excel-based, free-of-charge spreadsheet models to evaluate emissions impacts of transport projects. 4 A network of 250 organizations in 31 countries established by the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, and USAID to promote better air quality and livable cities by translating knowledge to policies and actions that reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transport, energy and other sectors. 107

BAU WPS Scenario Petrol Diesel Petrol Diesel Bus 5.00 8.00 HCV 5.00 Source: DPR Consultant

Table 24: Emission Standards of Fleet (%) Vehicle Current Scenario Post 20 Years Type Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro I Euro II Euro III 2 Wheeler 50% 50% 30% 70% 3 Wheeler 80% 20% 20% 40% 40% Car 40% 40% 20% 40% 60% LCV 70% 20% 10% 10% 40% 50% Bus 70% 20% 10% 10% 40% 50% HCV 70% 20% 10% 10% 40% 50% Source: DPR Consultant

117. The model demands information on length of road or section, lane configuration, mode wise count of AADT in vehicles, average trip length, share or local traffic, trip length of local traffic, fleet characteristics i.e. breakdown of fleet based on fuel type, percentage breakdown of vehicle- fuel type based on Euro standard. Input parameters as considered for all the project roads are as given in succeeding Tables. Design period is considered to be 20 years and volume capacity saturation limit is considered based on the current traffic velocity and hence varies in each project road. Traffic forecasts were taken from the detailed project reports, which are assumed as 5% per annum at each of the project road.

108

Table 25: Input Parameters for TEEMP Project Roads Alot - Bidasar - S. Ahore-Bali- Barmer - Deoli - Kherli- Particular Ajeetgarh - Gangdhar - Jasrasar - Churu - No. Mundara Sindari - Kanwas Pahari Chala Road Suwasara Nokha Bhaleri Road Road Jalore Road Road Road Road Road 1 Length of Road (km) 30.31 34.017 24.55 148.09 93.8 35 14.85 61.15 2 BAU - No. of Lanes 1.5 2 1.5 1.5, 1.5, 1.0 2 4, 2, 1 1.5 1.5, 2 3 WPS - No. of Lanes 2 2 1.5 2 2 4, 2, 2 1.5 2, 2 4 BAU - Land Width (m) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5, 3.5, 3.05 3.5 3.5, 3.5, 3.75 3.5 3.5 5 WPS - Lane Width (m) 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.7, 3.5, 3.5 3.5 3.5, 4.75, 4.75 3.7 3.5 6 BAU - Roughness (m/km) 5.2 5 5 5 5 5, 10, 10 5 6, 5 7 WPS - Roughness (m/km) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 Induced Traffic Yes No No Yes Yes No No No 9 Start of Assessment Year 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 10 AADT in Vehicles 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2-wheelers 2468 5953 3493 8421 2333 5627 1052 2545 794 1921 406 991 1168 2826 2329 5617 3-wheelers 159 394 12 39 0 0 571 1386 54 142 34 93 13 41 12 39 Car 1955 4715 2021 4880 392 957 647 1569 1376 3321 449 1094 215 529 655 1588 HCV 215 529 208 517 74 191 603 1464 231 572 52 139 16 50 271 666 Bus 554 1350 345 848 205 504 239 585 825 2001 318 777 160 396 221 546 LCV 72 185 395 962 19 59 301 739 152 377 66 172 73 189 77 199 Total 5423 13126 6474 15667 3023 7338 3413 8288 3432 8334 1325 3266 1645 4031 3565 8655 Source: DPR Consultant

109

Table 26: Input Parameters for TEEMP Project Roads Sardarshaha Singhana- Tarnau- S. Peelibanga- Roopangarh Sikar - Particular Nagaur - Sanju - r – Buhana- Ganeri- No. Lakhuwali -Naraina Jaswantgarh Tanau Road Tarnau Road Lunkaransar Haryana Laxmangarh Road Road Road Road Border Road Length of Road 1 (km) 39.668 34.548 35.132 16.703 75.8 75.126 32.686 165.565 2 BAU - No. of Lanes 2, 2 1.5, 2 1.5, 2 2 1, 1.5 2, 1.5 1.5, 2 2, 1.5, 1.5 WPS - No. of 3 Lanes 2, 4 2, 2 2, 2 2 1.5, 2 2, 2 2, 2 2, 2, 2 BAU - Land Width 4 (m) 3.5, 3.5 3.5 3.5, 3.5 3.5 3.2, 3.5 3.5, 3.5 3.5, 3.5 3.5, 3.5, 3.5 WPS - Lane Width 5 (m) 3.5, 3.5 3.5 3.5, 3.5 3.7 3.5, 3.5 4.5, 3.5 3.5, 6 6, 4.5, 6 BAU - Roughness 6 (m/km) 5 5 5 5 10, 5 5 5 5 WPS - Roughness 7 (m/km) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 Induced Traffic No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Start of 9 Assessment Year 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 10 AADT in Vehicles 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2017 2035 2-wheelers 1509 3646 1061 2567 929 2246 1520 3670 141 355 1346 3251 709 1725 2153 5195 3-wheelers 57 150 34 93 5 25 30 83 27 78 49 132 15 47 111 279 Car 1488 3597 624 1517 541 1316 563 1370 272 669 3850 9279 551 1337 3200 7714 HCV 600 1456 139 346 350 856 289 706 119 298 146 364 595 1447 596 1448 Bus 974 2357 394 959 233 574 608 1475 968 2344 507 1232 486 1182 1083 2619 LCV 245 603 25 74 69 180 75 194 44 120 98 250 40 109 333 815 Total 4873 11809 2277 5556 2127 5197 3085 7498 1571 3864 5996 14508 2396 5847 7476 18070 Source: DPR Consultant

110

118. Maximum PCU for 1.0, 1.5 and 2 lanes were considered as 4,000, 12,000 and 36,000 respectively in consistent to IRC guidelines. Emission factors were mostly taken from the CPCB/ MoEF&CC (2007) Draft Report on Emission Factor Development for Indian Vehicles, The Automotive Research Association of India, and C. Reynolds et. al (2011) Climate and Health Relevant Emissions from in-use Indian three-wheelers rickshaw as presented in Table 4. Furthermore, it has been assumed that after 20 years, there will be reduction of 20% in the emissions, due to advancement of technology and improved efficiency:

Table 27: CO2 Emission Factors for different vehicle types1 CO2 Emission Factor (kg/L) Vehicle Type Gasoline Diesel 2-Wheel 2.28 3-Wheel 2.63 Cars/ Jeeps 2.59 2.68 LCV 3.21 Bus 3.61 HCV 3.50

119. The total emission of CO2 as estimated during BAU and WPS for all the project roads individually is less than 100,000 tons per year threshold set by ADB23. Therefore it is not necessary to implement options to reduce or offset CO2 emissions under the project. The project road-wise CO2 emission intensity are provided in succeeding Table.

120. The design life of road is 20 years. Total CO2 emission at business-as-usual and with project scenarios (over the design life of road) were estimated as 16,484 tons and 15,733 tons, respectively. It is also to be noted that with project scenario will also include 3,620 tons of CO2 emission due to road construction/ upgrade. It is therefore evident that with project scenario will be having lesser CO2 emissions than the business-as-usual scenario (excluding construction related emissions).

121. Total CO2 emission at business-as-usual, and with project (including construction) scenarios was estimated at 357,926 tons/year and 354,269 tons/year, respectively. Although the with-project scenario remains lower than without project due to improvement in vehicle speed from road capacity and surface roughness. Measures to ensure the GHG emission will not increase further during project operation includes the following:  Maintain an adequate vehicle road capacity as congestion decreases vehicle speed, deteriorates fuel efficiency, and increases emissions per kilometre travel. The relationship between road capacity and vehicle speed is provided in Table 28

Maintain optimum range of vehicle speed within the toll road, as provided in

 Figure 9 CO2 emissions drastically increases when vehicles are travelling less than 30 kph and faster than 70 kph  Maintain good riding quality of the toll road, expressed in roughness and measured as m/km. The impact of deteriorating road quality with decrease in fuel efficiency and hence increase in emission per kilometre travel is presented in Table 29.

1 It has been assumed that the emission factors will be reduced by 20% in 20 years. 111

Table 28: Speed-Flows Relationship with Traffic Volume-Capacity Ratios Rural Road No. of Lanes V/C 2 4 0 30.00 50.00 0.1 29.97 49.90 0.2 29.81 49.43 0.3 29.40 48.43 0.4 28.67 46.78 0.5 27.51 44.38 0.6 25.85 41.13 0.7 23.61 26.96 0.8 20.72 31.80 0.9 17.09 25.56 1.0 15.00 18.20 1.5 15.00 18.20 2.5 15.00 18.20

Figure 9: Impact of Speed on CO2 Emission1

Table 29: Effect Road Roughness and Fuel Consumption Roughness (m/km) Impact on Fuel Consumption (kmpl) 2 1 3 0.99 4 0.98 5 0.98 6 0.97 7 0.96 8 0.95 9 0.95

1 Transport Emissions Evaluation Model For Projects (Teemp) Roads Model User Guide

112

Roughness (m/km) Impact on Fuel Consumption (kmpl) 10 0.94 11 0.93 12 0.92 13 0.92 14 0.91 15 0.90

122. The project’s CO2 emission intensity indicators are provided in the succeeding Table.

113

Table 30: Summary of CO2 Emissions with Different Scenarios Road Road Parameter Scenario S. No. Length BAU WPS (Without WPS (with WPS (without WPS (with (km) Construction) Construction) construction & with construction & with induced traffic) induced traffic) 1 Ahore-Bali- 30.31 total CO2 Emission in 305589.0 280893.4 282360.4 306430.4 307897.4 Mundara Road Project Life (tons) tons/km 10082.1 9267.4 9364.2 10109.9 10206.7 tons/year 15279.4 14044.7 14191.4 15321.5 15468.2 tons/km/year 504.1 463.4 468.2 505.5 510.3 2 Ajeetgarh - Chala 34.017 total CO2 Emission in 328822.7 326712.5 328358.5 Road Project Life tons/km 9923.7 9604.4 9959.4 tons/year 16441.1 16335.6 16500.2 tons/km/year 496.2 480.2 498.0 3 Alot - Gangdhar - 24.55 total CO2 Emission in 66679.5 65396.5 66584.5 Suwasara Road Project Life tons/km 2716.1 2663.8 2760.6 tons/year 3334.0 3269.8 3388.6 tons/km/year 135.8 133.2 138.0 4 Barmer - Sindari - 148.09 total CO2 Emission in 997082.1 987493.9 994661.9 1079978.3 1087146.3 Jalore Road Project Life tons/km 12857.3 6668.2 9315.0 7292.7 10174.9 tons/year 49854.1 49374.7 50091.5 53998.9 54715.7 tons/km/year 642.9 333.4 465.8 364.6 508.7 5 Bidasar - Jasrasar 93.8 total CO2 Emission in 740464.3 734876.8 739416.8 - Nokha Road Project Life tons/km 7894.1 7834.5 7931.3 tons/year 37023.2 36743.8 37197.8 tons/km/year 394.7 391.7 396.6 6 Churu - Bhaleri 35 total CO2 Emission in 134941.1 126565.4 128259.4 Road Project Life tons/km 8433.8 3616.2 3713.0 tons/year 6747.1 6328.3 6497.7 tons/km/year 421.7 180.8 185.6 7 Deoli - Kanwas 14.85 total CO2 Emission in 31315.9 30356.3 31075.3 Road Project Life tons/km 2108.8 2044.2 2141.0 tons/year 1565.8 1517.8 1589.7 tons/km/year 105.4 102.2 107.1 8 Kherli-Pahari 61.15 total CO2 Emission in 295421.9 298903.1 301863.1 Road Project Life tons/km 4831.1 4888.0 4984.8

114

Road Road Parameter Scenario S. No. Length BAU WPS (Without WPS (with WPS (without WPS (with (km) Construction) Construction) construction & with construction & with induced traffic) induced traffic) tons/year 14771.1 14945.2 15241.1 tons/km/year 241.6 244.4 249.2 9 Nagaur - Tanau 39.668 total CO2 Emission in 539755.9 542237.5 544157.5 Road Project Life tons/km 13606.8 13669.4 13766.2 tons/year 26987.8 27111.9 27303.9 tons/km/year 680.3 683.5 688.3 10 Peelibanga- 34.548 total CO2 Emission in 154494.0 160811.7 162483.7 Lakhuwali Road Project Life tons/km 4473.8 4654.7 4753.6 tons/year 7724.7 8040.6 8207.8 tons/km/year 223.7 232.7 237.7 11 Roopangarh- 35.132 total CO2 Emission in 165872.8 164794.7 166494.7 180108.4 181808.4 Naraina Road Project Life tons/km 4467.1 4690.7 4787.5 5126.6 5223.4 tons/year 8293.6 8239.7 8409.8 9005.4 9175.4 tons/km/year 223.4 234.5 239.4 256.3 261.2 12 Sanju - Tarnau 16.703 total CO2 Emission in 118782.5 117805.9 118613.9 Road Project Life tons/km 7111.4 7053.0 7149.8 tons/year 5939.1 5890.3 5971.1 tons/km/year 355.6 352.6 357.5 13 Sardarshahar – 75.8 total CO2 Emission in 405481.5 377031.4 380700.4 Lunkaransar Project Life Road tons/km 5349.4 4974.0 5070.8 tons/year 20274.1 18851.6 19218.5 tons/km/year 267.5 248.7 253.5 14 Sikar - 75.126 total CO2 Emission in 964239.3 932164.3 935800.3 931588.7 935224.7 Jaswantgarh Project Life Road tons/km 12835.0 12408.0 12521.5 12400.3 12513.8 tons/year 48212.0 46608.2 46971.8 46579.4 46943.0 tons/km/year 641.7 620.4 626.1 620.0 625.7 15 Singhana- 32.686 total CO2 Emission in 153486.1 159421.8 161003.8 Buhana- Haryana Project Life Border tons/km 4695.8 4877.4 4974.2 tons/year 7674.3 7971.1 8129.3 tons/km/year 234.8 243.9 248.7 16 Tarnau-Ganeri- 165.565 total CO2 Emission in 1739611.3 1671814.7 1679827.7 Laxmangarh Project Life 115

Road Road Parameter Scenario S. No. Length BAU WPS (Without WPS (with WPS (without WPS (with (km) Construction) Construction) construction & with construction & with induced traffic) induced traffic) Road tons/km 12997.5 10097.6 10194.4 tons/year 86980.6 83590.7 84392.1 tons/km/year 649.9 504.9 509.7 17 Kanwas-Khanpur- 74.8 total CO2 Emission in 16,484 15,733 19,353 Aklera Project Life tons/km 220.38 210.34 258.74 tons/year 824.21 786.66 967.67 tons/km/year 11.02 10.52 12.94

Figure 10: Road wise CO2 emissions in Tons/year

100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000

0 CO2 CO2 Emission (tons/year)

Road

BAU WPS (Without Construction) WPS (with Construction)

116

VII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

A. Meaningful consultation

123. Meaningful consultations were carried out during feasibility study and preliminary/ design and IEE preparation. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, co-ordination, and engagement into dialogue were incorporated in the consultation process. A framework of mitigating different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially at the micro level by setting up a dialogue with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected. This will be continued during detailed design and implementation of the project by implementing NGOs and through grievance redress mechanism.

B. Objectives of the Public Consultations

124. Public consultations were held to allow the incorporation of relevant views of the stakeholders in the final project design, mitigation measures, implementation issues, and enhance the distribution of benefits. Stakeholder’s consultations were held with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, overall opinion and solicit recommendations to improve project design and implementation. Informal meetings, interviews were organized covering the entire project design stage. Consultations provide affected public a platform to ensure incorporation of their concerns in the decision making process and foster co-operation among officers of RPWD, the community and the stakeholders to achieve a cordial working relationship for smooth implementation of the project. It inculcates the sense of belongingness in the public about the project.

125. The discussions were designed to receive maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the sub-project. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinions was sought particularly in identifying and mitigating any potential adverse impact.

C. Methodology

126. Consultation with the stakeholders, beneficiaries, and community leaders were carried out using standard structured questionnaires as well as unstructured questionnaires. Questionnaire survey/ discussions were designed to obtain background information and details of general environmental issues that concern people in the project area. In addition, environmental issues were discussed with relevant organizations, government officials, beneficiaries, community leaders and experts. In addition, personal discussions with officials, on site discussion with affected stakeholders, and reconnaissance visits have also been made to the project area.

D. Project Stakeholders

127. All types of stakeholders were identified to ensure as wide coverage as possible like Residents, shopkeepers and businesspeople who live and work along the road specially the project affected persons, road users/commuters, executing agency, government institutions whose remit includes areas or issues affected by the project (state environment and forest department, Pollution Control Board (PCB), Irrigation Department, Public Health Engineering (PHED) Department and most importantly the beneficiary community in general. 117

E. Consultations with Government Agencies

128. The list of officials from various government departments contacted during IEE preparation and issues discussed is summarized in Table below.

Table 31: Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments S. No Designation Issues Discussed and Information Obtained 1 Principal Chief Conservator of Discussion about location of sub-projects vis a vis eco- Forests (Wildlife) sensitive areas of the state. Received information 2 Additional Chief Conservator of regarding distribution of wildlife populations. Enquiries Forest (Wildlife) made about status of draft notifications submitted by state governments regarding delineation of eco- sensitive zones and probable date of publication of final notification. Received GIS maps of protected areas of the state 3 Divisional Conservator of Forest Information obtained about floral and faunal diversity of (Mukundara Wildlife, Kota) Darra wildlife sanctuary and movement pattern of wild animals especially Chinkara w.r.t to nearest sub- 4 Chief Conservator of Forest projects. He suggested several generic measures to (Territorial), Kota avoid wildlife-vehicle collisions on high speed highways. They assured full cooperation during implementation of 5 Chief Conservator of Forest the project to identify location specific mitigation (Wildlife), Kota measures for wildlife movement. 6 Divisional Forest Officer (Kota) Information collected about forest stretches falling along Kanwas-Aklera road in the portion of Kota Division 7 Divisional Forest Officer (Jhalawar) Information collected about forest stretches falling along Kanwas-Aklera road in the portion of Kota Division. He also helped in identifying resource persons for carrying bio-diversity assessment for Kanwas-Aklera road. 8 Divisional Forest Officer (Barmer) Informed that Thar forms a good habitat of Chinkara. In context of Barmer-Sindari-Jalore sub-project, he shared that Chinkara movement is more prominent along Barmer to Sindari. Key suggestions made was (i) culverts shall be incorporated in design at every 5 km exclusively for animal pass in addition to the culverts design for the project. If not possible, pipe culverts should be converted into slab culvert (ii) speed restrictions in Barmer-Sindari sections (iii) rumble strip and sign boards near all culverts in open areas (iv) creation of water harvesting/collecting structures along road at safe distance. This will meet water requirement for both avenue plantation and wildlife. He sought information if PWD can contribute with a rescue van/ambulance assisted by the project. 9 Divisional Forest Officer (Bikaner) Enquiries made about presence of forest stretches and wildlife movements. He confirm that though there are few forest Stretches along Sardarshahr-Lunkaransar road but at safe distance from ROW 10 Range Forest Officer (Kanwas) Shared specific locations of Nilgai and chinkara movement and forest patches both for Deoli-Kanwas and Kanwas-Aklera road 11 Range Forest Officer (Khanpur) Shared specific locations of Nilgai and chinkara movement and forest patches both for Deoli-Kanwas and Kanwas-Aklera road

118

S. No Designation Issues Discussed and Information Obtained 12 Divisional Forest Officer, Churu Detailed information sought about WLS located in the 13 Assistant Conservator of Forest (Tal district and boundary of eco-sensitive zone of the Chhapar Wildlife sanctuary) sanctuary. They confirmed that the nearest sub-project 14 Range Forest Officer (Tal Chhapar roads (Bidasar-Nokha) are beyond 10 km radius. Wildlife sanctuary) Informed that Chinkara movement along Sikar- 15 Range Forest Officer (Tal Sujangarh Jaswantgarh Divisional Forest Officer, Sikar Forest stretches along Ajeetgarh-Chala and Sikar- Jaswantgarh road. He confirmed that there 3 locations where road is passing close to the protected forest. No forest recorded along Ajeetgarh-Chala 16 Member Secretary, Rajasthan Discussed about EC requirements for all sub-project Pollution Control Board roads and if the sub-project roads attracted by any local 17 Chairman State Environmental /national legislations. Information about Aravalli Impact Assessment Authority Notifications was also obtained. Dy.: Deputy, DFO: Divisional Forest Officer, RFO: Range Forest Office, CF, Conservator of Forests, CCF: Chief Conservator of Forests Divn: Division

F. Consultations with Local People/Beneficiaries

129. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the project, followed by an explanation to potential impacts. Participant’s views were gathered with regard to all aspects of the environment which may have direct or indirect impact on local people. Table summarizes the details of consultation with local people. Key issues discussed are:

 Awareness and extent of the project and development components;  Benefits of the project for the economic and social upliftment of community;  water logging and drainage problem if any;  Environment and health  Flora and fauna of the project area  Socio-economic standing of the local people

130. Consultations were held along all sub-projects. Local community welcomed the decision of road widening and improvement proposal They perceived several benefits like faster and cheaper connectivity, improved accessibility to better infrastructure facilities, reduction in migration, increased economic activities and appreciation in value of land and many others. But at the same time they apprehended that the risk of accident, air and noise pollution will increase due to high traffic density after widening. Main demand and suggestions made by the participants are;

 Adequate compensation and rehabilitation assistance to affected households  Preference to locals in employment and petty contracts during construction  Active role of gram-panchayats in road development activities  Labour availability in the project area or requirement of outside labor;  Local disturbances due to project construction work;  Improvement in vertical profile of the roads  Provision of side drains, culverts, safety measures, avenue plantation Bus Shelters, parking and lighting markets/built-up areas  creation of new ponds/water harvesting structures assisted by project  Water sprinkling in built-up areas.  Signage and speed restriction near schools and active animal crossing 119

131. Design considerations have been made to incorporate most of the suggestions and demands of the local people except those which are beyond the scope of project like improvement of already deteriorated water quality, Drinking water facility, electricity facility etc.

G. Consultations with Women and Vulnerable Groups

132. Focused group discussions were held with women and vulnerable groups The purpose of these exclusive discussions was to ensure women were aware about the project and understand their concerns and expected benefits out of the project.

133. There were various concerns that were raised by the women during the consultations. The women expressed a number of both key benefits and concerns that they perceive out of this subproject. The improvement of the road network will have positive impact as it will increase the frequency and quality of the transportation which will not only improve the accessibility issue but will also increase the value of land. They were also of opinion that the augmentation of the road network would help in creating employment opportunities for the local people.

134. However, the women participants did voiced their concerns regarding the safety of them and their children as they were of opinion that the widening of the road would increase the frequency of the vehicles which would lead to the risk regarding accidents. They were informed that adequate provisions for road safety and have been integrated in the road design by the technical design team to address the accident risks. The other negative impacts that they raised was the increase in the level of air and noise pollution as a result of the project. In response they were informed that air and noise issues will be minimal. And necessary measures to reduce noise levels such as speed control, tree plantation and noise barriers will be installed in locations with sensitive receptors. Further details on the discussions held with women are provided in the RPs.

H. Disclosure of information

135. IEE report will be made available at PPP cell of RPWD and respective PIUs. The same will be posted on PWD’s website. Based on ADB disclosure requirements, it will be posted on its website.

120

Table 32: Outcome of Consultations Held in the Project Area Road Section and Consultation Demands and Suggestion Location 1. Kanwas -Khanpur –Aklera (SH-74)  Bypass at Sarola, Khanpur and Dundi All demands and suggested measures have  Karnwas: 17 (all males)  Gram Panchayats shall be consulted and been integrated in design including bypass  Moru Khurd: (6 male and 6 Females) involved before any design modification, CPRs for Khanpur covering Dundi village. Bypass  Basyahedi: 15 males relocation, avenue plantation or any other similar for Sarola Khurd and Sarola Kalan is not  Panwar: 17 males environmental enhancement activities assisted by considered due to manifold negative impact  Kalareva:21 males the project. in terms of displacement and livelihood loss  Simalkhedi: 18 males and 3 Females  Side drains in built-up sections compared to widening along existing road.  Taraj: 24 males  Speed and honking restriction in built-up-section Women will be preferred in employment during construction and operation. The  Aranai 4 males and 11 females  Women demanded safety installations near school and employment during construction and provision has been recommended in operation phase for activities like clearance and concession agreement. grubbing etc

2. Deoli- Kanwas (SH-74A)  Employment and petty contracts during Most of the demands have been construction incorporated except lighting and provision of  Pisaheda Village: 15 male and 10  Adequate road safety measures parking areas. Lighting in municipal areas is females  Provision of side drains and adequate culverts normally done by municipal body. Although  Anwa Village; 12 males and 7  Extensive plantation lighting is not included in BOQ, EMP females  Restriction on honking near built-up areas and recommends the provision of lighting under 136. sensitive receptors operation and maintenance cost.  Lighting in built-up areas  Measures to minimize air and noise pollution Similarly localized parking in market is outside the purview of highway improvement  Bus Shelters proposal. Design requirement is limited to  Parking areas in markets and truck lay-byes near provision of truck lay-byes depending on industries. traffic volume. 121

Road Section and Consultation Demands and Suggestion Location

3. Alot –Gangdhar- Suwansara (SH-  Maintenance of road is often uncared after Participant was informed about road 19C) improvement. It must be taken after every configuration, provision of operation and  Unhel: 13 males monsoon. maintenance of road under the BOT annuity  Talawali: 14 males  Participants enquired about; financing scheme.. They were assured that  Gangdhar: 16 males  Road Configurations one lane of the existing road will remain  Compensation Policy available for the traffic during construction  Proposal in stretches with restricted ROW stage. Information about resettlement  Assistance for encroachers and squatters assistance to non-titleholders was  Suggested to maintain half of the carriageway disseminated. It was also explained that that available for traffic during construction stretches with restricted ROW will be improved with concrete/rigid pavement requiring minimum width. 4. Kherli-Pahari (SH-22)  Side drains and cross drainage in built-up area All demands and suggestions have been  Arruwal: 18 males and 2 Females which remains water-logged during monsoon integrated in final design except bypass at  Nagar : 17 Males and 2 Females  Speed breakers and signages near schools and Aru to avoid. Comparative analysis  Sikari: 14 males habitations recommends that negative impact due to on  Pahari:21Males 3 females  Bypass for Aru few residential structures. Safety measures  Water Sprinkling in residential areas during like rumble strips and sign boards have been construction included in design. Budgetary provisions for  Measures to avoid accidents due to blue bulls water sprinkling in all built-up sections have movement across the road been made in Environmental Management  Adequate compensation to land looser Plan  Avenue plantation

122

Road Section and Consultation Demands and Suggestion Location

5. Barmer - Sindari – Jalore(SH_16)  Measures must be included to prevent water Most of the suggestions are incorporated in  Barmer: 24 Males logging in built-up areas the design. Dedicated cattle underpasses  Saini: 18 Males  Safety Measures especially near schools are not proposed since there are no specific  Kundla: 15 males and habituated areas locations. Of cattle crossing.  Chaba: 16 males  Bus shelters on both sides in villages  Sindari 10 Males  Green belt development The clearance of shrubs from ROW annually  Cattle underpasses under operation and maintenance fund will  Compensation for land and assets at market provide sufficient lateral visibility to control value vehicles in case of cattle crossing.  Dust control measures during construction stage  Compensation as per market value

123

Road Section and Consultation Demands and Suggestion Location 6. Ahore-Bali - Mundara (SH-16) None specific other than the generic highway ROB is already proposed by Western  Ahore improvement issues mentioned above and demand Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation  Bali for ROB at level crossing in Falna market area. Limited (DFCC). Any negative due to  Mundara proposed ROB will be addressed by DFCC.  Kot Baliyan  Falna

7. Sardarshahar-Loonkaransar (SH-6A)  Bypass with ROB in Lunkaransar town ROB not included in design since Train  Lunkaransar: 22 males and 3  Creation of New Ponds Vehicle Unit (TVU) is less than 50000. Need Females  Measures to minimize air and noise pollution in of bypass also not envisaged since  Kalu:16 Males and 5 Females residential areas during construction stage adequate row is available along the existing  Kikasar 12 males and 3 Females  Women members voiced their concern regarding alignment Enhancement of existing water safety of their children going to school harvesting structures along the road being  Restriction on honking near built-up areas and used by local people. All other demands and sensitive receptors suggestions incorporated in design.Provision  Employment and petty contracts for preference in employment and petty contracts has been made in concession agreement.

124

Road Section and Consultation Demands and Suggestion Location

8. Churu-Bhaleri (SH-69) All generic issues highlighted as above. One specific Vertical Profile of the road has been  Somasi: 21 Males demand made was to improve vertical profile of the improved in consistent to IRC guidelines for  Bhaleri: 16 males road. State Highways .

9. Sanju-Tarnau (SH-60) Key Information by the local people: High fluoride All demands and suggestions incorporated.  Panchmukhi Junction: 2males 11 content in the water. Water logging at Km 16.050 to km Improvement in deteriorated water quality is females 16.250, Kuchera Junction, Panchmukhi Junction, outside project scope. However, safe  Dootina 19 Males and 5 Females Rurani Nadi and Dhotira Bust stand. drinking water supply to workers in labor  Tarnau: 17 males and 3 Females Main demand are provision of side drains and culverts camp is ensured through contractual at water logged locations and safety measures in built- clauses. It will be also ensured that there is up sections. Other demands are green belt no further deterioration in water quality due development and control of dust and noise level during to any project activities by employing best construction phase. construction practices. 125

Road Section and Consultation Demands and Suggestion Location

10. Roopangarh-Naraina (MDR-85)  ROB for level crossing at 0.500 RUB proposed by Dedicated Freight Marwa : 33 males and 21 Females  Culverts near Sirohi, Sand Baba, ki Dhani,and Corridor Corporation Limited. Speed Sirohi Khurd: 19 Males and Females Mamana restrictions and signage provided near built- Mamana: 4 Women and 8 Males  Foot Over Bridge for School at Mamana up areas and school. Foot over bridge not  Safety measures in built-up-areas proposed due to budgetary constraints.  Cattle underpass before and after village limits Adequate number of culverts included in  Employment opportunity for women during design. construction

126

Road Section and Consultation Demands and Suggestion Location 11. Nagaur-Tarnau-Mukundgarh (SH- 8,19,60,82-A ,83)

12. Ajeetgarh-Chala (SH-13) None Specific or location specific issues highlighted Necessary mitigations already incorporated  Ajeetgarh: 10 males and 3 Females All demands and suggestions were generic to in the design  Rampura/Jharli: 3 Males 9 Females highway improvement project  Thoi: 12 Males  Chala 18 Males

13. Sikar-Ganeri-Jaswantgarh (SH-  Informatory sign boards indicating village name Bypasses included in design. Among 20&20A) and other relevant information wayside amenities, bus shelters are  Bypass for Ganeri, Raidana and Kushumbi proposed. Toilets etc. not proposed due to  Seating area, toilets and drinking water facilities maintenance problems. Preference to locals at bus stops especially women will be preferred as per  Employment of from each affected family contract clauses. Provision for water harvesting structures has been made under 127

Road Section and Consultation Demands and Suggestion Location  water harvesting structure assisted by project environmental enhancement budget.  Avenue Plantation Location and need will be identified by the contractor with support from CSC/IE. Avenue plantation has been proposed

128

VIII. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM

137. Grievances related to the implementation of the project, particularly regarding the environmental management plan will be acknowledged, evaluated, and responded to the complainant with corrective actions proposed using understandable and transparent processes that are gender responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to all segments of the affected people. The responsibility agency for addressing the grievances along with proper timelines will be clearly indicated. Records of grievances received, corrective actions taken and their outcomes will be properly maintained and form part of the environmental monitoring report to ADB.

138. A Grievance Redressal Committee (GRC) will be established at two-levels, one at the District or PIU level and another at PMU level. The GRC will provide an opportunity affected person to have their grievances redressed. Depending on the nature and significance of the grievances or complaints, the GRM will comprise procedures to address grievances at the project site or PIU level, PMU level. Most serious complaints which cannot be addressed at the PIU level will be forwarded to the PMU. The PMU level will comprise members from the PWD, PMC, contractor, local community, and local forestry authority.

139. During preparation of IEE or at latest during pre-construction stage, the local communities in the project area will be informed by the PMC and PIU on the grievance redress procedure and the contact persons for lodging complaints. Provisions shall also be made for lodging complaints at the respective PWD’s website.

129

IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Environment Management Plan

140. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is intended to set out clearly and unambiguously the likely negative impacts of construction and/or operation of the project, the action that is required to avoid or mitigate each impact and the responsibility for taking each action. Responsibility is made legally binding when actions are subsequently specified in contracts.

141. The EMP has been prepared based on all foreseen impacts at the time of preparing this IEE. Mitigation measures were identified to reduce the significant adverse impacts including residual effects. As the project will be implemented based on engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) modality a number of construction alternatives like location of camp and plant sites, borrow area, source quarries, and even minor geometric realignments to minimize the number of remains to be decided and from which a host of impacts may be generated and warrants updating of the EMP under the supervision of the PMC and ADB.

B. Environment Monitoring Program

142. The monitoring and evaluation are critical activities in implementation of the project. Monitoring involves periodic checking to ascertain whether activities are going according to plan or not. It provides the necessary feedback for project management to ensure project objectives are met and on schedule. The reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the environmental mitigation measures are implemented. Environmental monitoring program has the underlying objective to ensure that the intended environmental mitigations are realized and these results in desired benefits to the target population causing minimal deterioration to the environmental parameters. Such program targets proper implementation of the EMP. The broad objectives are:

 To evaluate the performance of mitigation measures proposed in the EMP.  To evaluate the adequacy of environmental assessment.  To suggest ongoing improvements in management plan based on the monitoring and to devise fresh monitoring on the basis of the improved EMP.  To enhance environmental quality through proper implementation of suggested mitigation measures.  To meet the requirements of the existing environmental regulatory framework and community obligations.

C. Organizational Set-up to Implement the EMP

143. The Government of Rajasthan (GOR) through RPWD is the Executing Agency (EA) for the project. The PMU in RPWD will be responsible for ensuring that all components of this EARF are complied with. Under the PMU there will be a number of Project Implementation Unit (PIUs) to manage individual road packages or groups of packages under project. The PIU will be headed by a Project Director (PD). The PMU will have a Safeguard Officer-Environment (SOE) with a rank of Executive Engineer to coordinate with the PD-PIUs to ensure project implementation complies with the EARF and EMP.

130

144. The Project Management Consultants (PMC) will support the PMU to implement the project and supervise the contractor including environment safeguards. The PMC’s team will include one Environmental Specialist to supervise and guide the contractor on implementation of the EMP and EMOP and will assign relevant staff on site per package to oversee day to day implementation of the EMP. The contractor’s team will include health and safety officers and/or environmental focal persons to ensure implementation of the EMP and EMOP. The responsibilities of various agencies and parties for implementing environment safeguards are provided below.

145. PPP Division RPWD. Is the Project Management Unit (PMU) and responsible for the overall compliance ADB SPS 2009 and the applicable laws and rules under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). The PMU will have a Safeguard Officer-Environment (SOE) with a rank of Executive Engineer to coordinate with the PD-PIUs to ensure project implementation complies with the EARF and EMP. The SOE is responsible for:

 Environmental screening and proposed categorization to reflect the significance of potential impacts or risks that a proposed road might present and advice feasibility for inclusion and identify the needed level of assessment.  Reviewing and approving all environment safeguards related documents such as IEE, monitoring reports, and due diligence prepared under the Facility with recommendations and clarifications from the PIUs and PMC where necessary.  Timely endorsement and signing of key documents and forwarding to the respective agency required for processing of forestry clearance, tree cutting permit, permission for groundwater extraction, etc. and disclosure on ADB and PWD websites.  Ensure all contractors obtain permits, licenses etc. for activities such as operation of asphalt plants, quarries, borrow areas etc. before the implementation of the respective construction activity.  Taking proactive and timely measures to address any environment safeguards related challenges at the national or state level such as delays in processing of clearances during pre-construction stage and significant grievances (during construction stage)

146. PWD PIUs. The PIUs through the PD will be responsible for supervising implementation of the EMP and EMOP by the contractor through the following:

 Review all sub-plans identified in the EMP to be prepared by the Contactor to include camp layout, waste/debris management plan, borrow area management plan, traffic management plan with guidance from the PMC  Review monthly environmental monitoring reports prepared by the Contractor- Environmental Focal Person (EFP)  Conduct monthly site and follow-up inspection to ensure the veracity of the submitted monitoring reports and enforce the EMP and EMoP  Conduct compliance conference with the Contractor to discuss non-compliance and agree on corrective measures with guidance from the PMC  Recommend sanctions to the PMU-SOE in case of recalcitrant contractors

147. Project Management Consultant (PMC). The main objective of Project Management Consultant is to support the PMU implement the environmental requirements of the Project by providing assistance in the monitoring of the EMP implementation. The PMC’s team will include 131 one Environmental Specialist to supervise and guide the contractor on implementation of the EMP and EMOP and will assign relevant staff on site per package to oversee day to day implementation of the EMP. Key responsibilities of the PMC will be:

 Review, monitor, and advise the Contractor on needed revisions on the EMP and EMoP as part of the engineering design  Conduct environmental site induction training28 to all contractors and PIUs to ensure understanding of the EMP and domestic environmental laws and regulations requirements particularly on the required clearances and permits, training on occupational and community health and safety, timely mobilization of the Contractor’s EFP, and review of sub-plans required in the EMP and advise the PIU on adequacy  Conduct on the job training to the contractors as needed during project construction  Conduct at least monthly site inspections (PMC, Environmental Specialist)  Ensure contractors secure necessary permits and clearances  Prepare environmental due diligence reports on EMP implementation needed for the processing of subsequent tranches  Prepare environmental monitoring report template for contractor’s self-monitoring reports  Design quarterly and semi-annual compliance assessment checklist and report formats for PMU and ADB review  Prepare annual environmental monitoring reports required by the ADB for public disclosure  Preparing summary monthly, quarterly, and semi-annual monitoring reports based on the monthly environmental self-monitoring reports prepared by the Contractor’s EFP and reports for the review and guidance of the PMU and PIUs  Advise the Contractor through the PMU and PIUs on how to comply with requirements address non-compliances  Report apparent unanticipated impacts, recommend mitigation measures to be implemented by the PMU and update the IEE report

148. Independent Consultant-Environment. The RPWD will mobilize on a limited basis an environmental specialist that was involved in the preparation of environmental safeguards documents in Tranche 1 to ensure lessons are carried to the succeeding tranches by providing initial guidance to the PMC on the preparation of the IEE and review of revised EMP and EMoP prepared by the Contractor as part of the detailed design.

149. Contractor. The Contractor is the principal agent to implement the EMP and EMoP during the pre- and during construction stage. Specifically, the contractor will:  Appoint the Contractor’s environment focal person (EFP) and attend the site induction workshop to be organized by the PMC

28 Site induction training includes but not limited to: i) discussion and review of EMP and EMoP detailing how specific environmental risks associated with their Scope of Work will be managed legal compliance, inspection and audits, and progress tracking and reporting; ii) environmental training and awareness needs shall be determined and documented via a training needs analysis prior to commencement; iii) Health and Safety Awareness Course, which details general environmental awareness and specific performance requirements expected on site; and iv) GRM.

132

 Obtain necessary environmental license(s), permits etc. from relevant agencies as specified by EARF (Table 3) for associated facilities for project road works, quarries, hot-mix plant etc. prior to commencement of civil works contracts  Revised the EMP and EMoP, as advised by the PMC and PWD independent consultant, as part of detailed engineering design  Implement all mitigation measures in the EMP and activities in the EMoP  Submit monthly, quarterly, and annual self-monitoring reports to the PIU and PMU with guidance from the PMC  Ensure that all workers, site agents, including site supervisors and management participate in training sessions delivered by PIU.  Ensure compliance with environmental statutory requirements and contractual obligations  Collect the baseline data on environmental quality before the start of physical works and continue collection of environmental quality data as given in the Environmental Monitoring Plan during construction and operation  Participate in resolving issues as a member of the GRC  Respond promptly to grievances raised by the local community or any stakeholder and implement environmental corrective actions or additional environmental mitigation measures as necessary.  Based on the results of EMP monitoring, cooperate with the PIU to implement environmental corrective actions and corrective action plans, as necessary.

150. ADB. ADB is responsible for the following:  Review REA checklist and endorse or modify the tranche classification proposed by the PMU  Review IEE report and disclose the final reports on the ADB website as required;  Issue tranche/subproject’s approval based IEE report;  Monitor implementation of the EMP through due diligence missions;  Provide assistance to the RPWD, if required, in carrying out its responsibilities and for building capacity for safeguard compliance;  Monitor overall compliance of the subprojects to this EARF; and  If necessary provide further guidance to the RPWD on the format, content, and scope of the IEE report and annual monitoring reports for submission to ADB.

Asian Development Bank Rajasthan Public Works Department Executing Agency Project Management Consultant Independent Consultant 1 Environment Spcialist 1 Environment Specialist PPP Division - RPWD Implementing Agency 1 Safeguard Officer Environment

Contractor 1 Designated Environment Focal Person Figure 11: Institutional Arrangement to Implement Environmental Management Plan

133

D. Environment Management Budget

151. The succeeding Table presents the total budget provided in the civil works contract and RPWD budget to implement the EMP and EMoP. The total cost of about INR129 million is broken down to the following items: a) Mitigation cost which includes dust suppression29, installation of movable noise barriers30, connection of side drains to nearby ponds/tanks for water harvesting31, toll booth water harvesting32, compensatory plantation33, additional plantation34 b) Monitoring cost which includes air, water, noise, and soil quality c) Provision of 2 vehicles to the DFO of Barmer and Nokha to assist in the rescue of injured Chinkara from road crashes

Table 33: Estimated Environment Management Cost as Part of Civil Works

2929 Estimated based on the total length of built-up areas traversed by the road which needs to be sprinkled with water for 30 days, 2 passes per day using a 5.25m3 truck at a cost of INR1,000/truck load 30 3mx3m movable noise barrier, metal with foam insulation @ INR 20,000. Total length of barrier is estimates at 30% of the longest continuous built-up area. 31 Estimated at INR1.5M/100 km 32 Estimated at INR300,000/booth 33 Cost borne by RPWD part of utility shifting cost 3434 Limited to Aklera-Kanwas, Uniarah-Indegarh, A lot-Gangadhar, and Kanwas-Aklera to be implemented by the Contractor

134

ADB Tranche 1 Roads S. Environmental Management Cost No Design Project Cost SH/ MDR No. Name of Road Mitigation Monitoring Water Vehicle for Total Length (Km.) (Rs in Cr.) Measures Harvesting Chinkara Rescue 1 SH-74 Kanwas -Khanpur -Aklera 74.800 125 2,908,000 605,000 300,000 3,813,000

2 SH-74 A Deoli- Kanwas 14.850 42 384,000 300,000 150,000 834,000

3 SH-19 C Alot (MP) –Gangdhar- 24.550 33 318,000 300,000 150,000 768,000 Suwansara (MP) 4 SH-22 Kherli-Pahari 61.160 106 2,364,000 282,000 150,000 2,796,000

Sub-Total (1) 175.360 306 5,974,000 1,487,000 750,000 8,211,000 5 SH-16 Barmer - Sindari - Jalore 148.000 320 7,681,000 1,598,000 500,000 9,779,000

6 SH-16 Ahore-Bali - Mundara 30.000 74 8,480,000 1,562,000 10,042,000 (Sanderao to Mundra) Sub-Total (2) 178.000 394 16,161,000 3,160,000 500,000 19,821,000 7 MDR-103 Peelibanga - Lakhuwali 34.500 60 4,096,192 1,000,000 517,500 5,613,692 8 SH-6A Sardarshahar- 76.500 103 8,082,115 1,500,000 1,147,500 10,729,615 Loonkaransar 9 SH-69 Churu-Bhaleri 35.000 53 9,625,000 500,000 525,000 10,650,000 10 SH-60 Sanju- Tarnau 16.710 29 4,819,881 300,000 250,650 5,370,531 11 MDR-85 Roopangarh-Naraina 35.000 52 3,494,231 500,000 525,000 4,519,231 12 SH-8,19,60,82-A ,83 Nagaur-Tarnau-Deedwana- 196.000 465 10,201,538 2,500,000 2,940,000 15,641,538 Mukundgarh Sub-Total (3) 393.710 762 40,318,958 6,300,000 5,905,650 52,524,608 13 SH-13 Ajeetgarh-Chala 33.135 59 11,170,487 300,000 497,025 11,967,512 14 SH-20 & 20 A Sikar-Ganeri-Jaswantgarh 75.130 257 19,919,258 500,000 1,126,950 21,546,208

15 SH-20 Bidasar-Nokha 93.000 218 1,395,000 1,500,000 1,395,000 500,000 4,790,000 16 SH-13 B Singhana-Buhana-Haryana 32.690 82 7,482,658 300,000 490,350 8,273,008 Border

Sub-Total (4) 233.955 617 39,967,402 2,600,000 3,509,325 500,000 46,576,727 Grand Total 981.025 2079 127,133,335

135

X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

152. The scope of works under Tranche 1 involves upgrading of existing and recently notified state highways through widening of existing roads into 2 lane with shoulders. All 16 roads with an aggregate length of 981 kms are existing35, outside any legally protected, eco-sensitive, or critical habitat areas36. RSHIP Tranche 1 is classified as environment Category B in accordance with the ADB’s SPS 2009. Most of the adverse impacts are co-terminus with the construction stage, site specific, limited within the RoW, and are easily mitigated through good engineering and housekeeping practices.

153. Potential significant environmental impacts identified are: i) pre-construction phase: permanent loss of trees, disturbance of national protected species, increase road crashes from inadequate road alignment and design, increase in animal-vehicle crashes from unregulated higher vehicular speed, and localized flooding from inadequate drainage design; ii) construction phase: loss of productive soil from new borrow areas, dust emissions, generation of noise, risks of accident from improper management of borrow areas, and inadequate clean-up operation, restoration and rehabilitation prior to decommissioning. Potential impacts during pre- construction is mitigated through design changes as permanent loss of trees is minimized through alignment selection including minor adjustments and eccentric widening and residual impacts are compensated through mandatory compensatory plantation and voluntary additional plantation. Disturbance of Chinkara and Nilgai is minimized by redesigning some of the pipe to box culverts and allow Chinkara movement and installation of animal crossing to warn drivers. Road crashes emanating from existing poor alignment will be corrected.

154. During construction phase, adequate guidance and resources are provided by RPWD to the Contractor to comply with the borrow area management requirements, suppress dust, control noise, and implement proper closure. A PMC will be engaged by the RPWD to ensure mitigation and monitoring measures are implemented. As the project will be implemented based on engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) modality a number of construction alternatives like location of camp and plant sites, borrow area, source quarries, and even minor geometric realignments to minimize the number of remains to be decided and from which a host of impacts will be assessed.

155. The road-specific EMPs and concomitant costs is part of the bidding documents. Meaningful consultations have been conducted during the project preparation stage and all concerns of the affected persons and stakeholders have been incorporated in the IEE and the EMPs. These consultations were represented by key environmental agencies, roadside communities, and non-government organizations. An integrated social and environmental Grievance Redress Mechanism has been formed to continue receiving feedback and complaints, if any, from affected parties and addressing them during the construction stage and operation stage. This IEE report is disclosed on the ADB and PWD websites.

35 Of the total length, 30.69 kms are by-passes to minimize resettlement and are located on agricultural lands 36 Critical habitat according to the SPS is an area with high biodiversity value, including habitat required for the survival of critically endangered or endangered species; areas having special significance for restricted range species; sites that are critical for the survival of migratory species; areas supporting globally significant concentrations or numbers individuals of congregatory species; areas with unique assemblages of species or that area associated with key evolutionary processes or provide ecosystem services; and areas having biodiversity of significant social, economic or cultural importance to local communities.

136

156. The initial environmental examination ascertains that the project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Need of undertaking detailed EIA is not envisaged at this stage. The RPWD shall ensure that EMP and EMoP are included in Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and forms part of bid document and civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB

Appendix A 137

APPENDIX A: RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST

ROADS AND HIGHWAYS

Instructions: (i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer. (ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists. (iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: Rajasthan State Highways Improvement Program Sector Division: Roads and Highways

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? . Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage site is located within the road x ROW or vicinity. . Protected area None of the project road is inside or adjacent to x any notified protected area. . Wetland x None. . Mangrove x None . Estuarine x None . Buffer zone of protected area x None . Special area for protecting No special biodiversity area is located within the x Biodiversity project area. B. potential environmental impacts will the project cause… . Encroachment on No encroachment of historical places. However, historical/cultural areas; some religious structures exist along the project disfiguration of landscape by road road which may get partially impacted.

embankments, cuts, fills, and Disfiguration of landscape is not envisaged since x quarries? it is expansion/reconstruction of existing roads. Cut and fills are required only to improve the vertical profile of the road.

138 Appendix A

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Encroachment on precious No National Parks, wildlife sanctuaries or similar ecology (e.g. sensitive or eco-sensitive areas along the project road. protected areas)? Diversion of forestland (1Ha) is involved only for 1 sub-project (Tarnau-Mukundgarh).

Erratic and undefined movement of wild animals mainly that of Nilgai (Blue bull) is reported in most of the sub-projects. This species is under Schedule-III of wildlife act and not assessed as per IUCN. Due to its large population causing heavy crop damage, MOEF has issued an advisory to include it in Vermin category of Schedule V so that killing/hunting of such animals are outside purview of regulations. State govt. has nominated Tehsiladar, Ranger officers and other x officer of same level to be competent authority for killing of such animals.

Besides, movement of Chinakara (a schedule-1 animal as per Wildlife Act but least concern under IUCN classification) was also reported in few sub- projects (Kanwas-Aklera, Barmer-Sindari section of Barmer-Jalore sub-project and Bidasar-Nokha)

Adequate measures like conversion of existing pipe culverts to slab culverts, exclusively designed additional culverts, rumble strips, sign boards, speed restriction etc. have been proposed to enable their free and safe movement. . Alteration of surface water There is no perennial waterway being crossed by hydrology of waterways crossed the sub-project roads except River Kalisindh in by roads, resulting in increased Kanwas-Aklera sub-project. All 8 existing major sediment in streams affected by bridges have been retained hence no major increased soil erosion at bridge proposed under project scope. Most of the construction site? minor bridges also have been retained. New x minor bridges are proposed either on causeways or culverts with inadequate waterway.

All culverts construction will be done during lean flow period. There is no waterway or water bodies near cut and fill locations. . Deterioration of surface water A temporary earthen bund or silt fencing will be quality due to silt runoff and provided around the construction site to avoid any sanitary wastes from worker- sedimentation in nearby streams during rainfall. x based camps and chemicals used in construction? Adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the workers camps will help to avoid this possibility. . Increased local air pollution due to Air pollution level is likely to be increased for short rock crushing, cutting and filling duration during construction period. Appropriate works, and chemicals from asphalt distance from settlement area and wind direction x processing? may be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit etc. use of environment friendly equipment/machineries will Appendix A 139

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks help to reduce air pollution. . Risks and vulnerabilities related to Workers may be exposed to dust and noise occupational health and safety due during construction activities. However, the to physical, chemical, biological, exposure levels are likely to be short. Workers will and radiological hazards during be provided requisite PPEs to minimise such x project construction and exposure and associated harmful occupational operation? health effects. Traffic on roads is expected to be low and as such, no occupational health hazard is anticipated during operation phase. . Noise and vibration due to blasting Blasting is not involved. Ambient noise level is and other civil works? expected to increase in the range of 80-90 db (a) due to various construction activities, maintenance workshops, and earthmoving equipment. Although this level of noise exceeds national standards, their occurrence will be intermittent and co-terminus with the project construction. All stationary noise making equipment will be installed with acoustic x enclosures. Timings of noise construction activities will be regulated near sensitive receptors. Multi-layered plantation proposed.

Quarry material will be procured from existing licensed quarries. Opening and operation of new quarry, if needed will follow consent conditions of Pollution Control Board and clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). . dislocation or involuntary Minimal since improvement work will mostly be resettlement of people x accommodated within available ROW Except for few bypasses. . Dislocation and compulsory ROW encroachment in the project state is very resettlement of people living in x uncommon. right-of-way? . Disproportionate impacts on the Extent of impact being assessed. Pls refer RP poor, women and children, and IPDP. x indigenous peoples or other vulnerable groups? . Other social concerns relating to Deterioration in ambient air quality will be inconveniences in living conditions localized and temporarily during construction in the project areas that may activity. Regular water sprinkling to reduce the trigger cases of upper respiratory dust emission up to negligible standard. Noise problems and stress? x barriers at sensitive receptors and community place will be provided to avoid any stress. Extensive plantation along the highway and improved road conditions will improve the air quality of the area. . Hazardous driving conditions Suitable traffic management plan will be designed where construction interferes with x and implemented by the contractor to prevent any pre-existing roads? hazardous driving condition in above situations. . Poor sanitation and solid waste Proper provisions for sanitation, health care and disposal in construction camps x solid waste disposal facilities are included in the

and work sites, and possible contract documents. transmission of communicable

140 Appendix A

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks diseases from workers to local populations? . Creation of temporary breeding No such risk anticipated. Borrow areas are mostly habitats for diseases such as from upland and digging is minimal hence those transmitted by mosquitoes x ponding of water is not envisaged. and rodents? . Accident risks associated with All road improvement, except for limited by- increased vehicular traffic, leading passes to minimize resettlement, will be x to accidental spills of toxic undertaken along existing roads currently being materials? used. . Increased noise and air pollution Increase in noise and air pollution is expected resulting from traffic volume? during construction phase from unpaved road travel, materials handling, earth moving, and x fumes from heavy equipment and processing plants. During operation, increase in fumes from motor vehicles may increase. . Increased risk of water pollution This is expected from accidental spillage. from oil, grease and fuel spills, and Adequate safety provisions have been proposed x other materials from vehicles using to avoid such situation. the road? . Social conflicts if workers from Most of the workers will be from local areas and other regions or countries are x hence such conflict is not anticipated. hired? . Large population influx during Workers will be mostly from local villages. Worker project construction and operation from remote places will be provided with that causes increased burden on adequate facility. x social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? . Risks to community health and Road construction involves handling of hazardous safety due to the transport, substances like fuel, lubricants, explosives, and storage, and use and/or disposal of bitumen which poses risk during transport and x materials such as explosives, fuel storage. and other chemicals during construction and operation? . Community safety risks due to both Adequate measures have been adopted to accidental and natural causes, mitigate such risks. especially where the structural elements or components of the Adequate awareness will be created amongst project are accessible to members people and workers through information x of the affected community or where disclosure, safety signage and public consultation their failure could result in injury to about safety aspects. the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning.

Appendix A 141

A Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening

Country/Project Title: Rajasthan State Highway Improvement Program Sector: Transport Subsector: Road Division/Department: SATC/SARD

Screening Questions Score Remarks37 Location Is siting and/or routing of the 1 The project area has a history of drought but and Design project (or its components) likely this has very little impact on the road upgrading. of project to be affected by climate The study area does not have flood problem. conditions including extreme However, 9 project districts lie in flood prone weather related events such as regions. Flash flood had occurred only in one floods, droughts, storms, project district in 2006. landslides? Would the project design (e.g. 0 All cross-drainage structures have been the clearance for bridges) need designed for 50 yr return period. Major bridge to consider any hydro- were designed to a 100 yr return period flood on meteorological parameters (e.g., the designed structure. sea-level, peak river flow, reliable water level, peak wind The predicted increase in annual rainfall south speed etc)? of Rajasthan estimated from 350-375 mm/year where Kanwas-Aklera is located has been addressed. Embankment heights are proposed for raising for grade improvement and locations where overtopping was reported either due to local drainage problem or ponding due to over flow of rivers during. Materials Would weather, current and 0 Rajasthan is the largest state in India with two- and likely future climate conditions third of its area as Thar desert. The Thar desert Maintenance (e.g. prevailing humidity level, experiences low and erratic rainfall, high air and temperature contrast between soil temperature, intense solar radiation, and hot summer days and cold high wind velocity. Based on global climate winter days, exposure to wind model ensemble, the change in monthly future and humidity hydro- average high temperature from 2046-2065 at A2 meteorological parameters likely scenario during peak summer months of April to affect the selection of project June ranges from 2.4oC to 3.8oC from the inputs over the life of project historical monthly average of about 39oC. Based outputs (e.g. construction on surveys, rutting of asphalt increase rapidly material)? when the air temperature is higher than 38°C, and serious rutting of pavement will happen in several days if the air temperature is continually higher than 40°C. The project design coincidentally addresses the risk of accelerated rutting as maintenance contract requires asphalt overlay every 10 years which is far less than the period of climate prediction.

37 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are considered in design standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.

142 Appendix A

Screening Questions Score Remarks37 Would weather, current and 1 The warmest predicted average monthly likely future climate conditions, temperature of about 39oC may increase the and related extreme events likely frequency of road repair due to rutting. affect the maintenance However, this is minimal as this temperature is (scheduling and cost) of project only breached during the month of April. output(s)? Further, the 10-year asphalt overlay maintenance requirement to concessionaires ensure continued good road quality. Performance Would weather/climate 0 The predicted increase in temperature is at of project conditions, and related extreme levels that may cause rutting but not at a scale outputs events likely affect the that can jeopardize the achieving the project performance (e.g. annual power objective of providing safe and efficient production) of project output(s) transport. (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities) throughout their design life time?

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below: Response Score Not Likely 0 Likely 1 Very Likely 2

Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response, will be categorized as high risk project.

Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): MEDIUM

Other Comments:______

Prepared by: Karma Yangzom, Environmental Specialist, SATC.

Appendix B 143

Appendix B: Baseline Air Quality Status in Project Area

KANWAS-AKLERA S. No Locations PM 10 PM 2.5 Sox NOx CO µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 1 Kanwas 57 24 12 10

2 Near Khanpur 54 31 14 14

3 Taraj 55 35 16 10

DEOLI-KANWAS 1 Awaan Junction 77.16 52.30 22.16 32.30 0.88 ALOT-SUWANSARA-GANGDHAR 1 Gangdhar 96 27 14 17 2.9 2 Unel 88 26 12 15 2.8 KHERLI-PAHARI 1 Town Phari 77.50 36.67 15.05 31.19 0.56 2 Town Nagar 77.38 30.00 14.11 29.64 0.75 3 Town Kherli 89.08 39.17 15.19 32.48 0.74 BARMER-SINDARI-JALORE 1 km 4+600 69.00 19.00 9.00 19.00 0.50 2 km 28+300 72.00 18.00 11.40 18.00 1.10 3 km 63+500 73.00 21.00 14.00 28.00 0.45 4 km 88+400 74.00 22.00 16.80 33.00 0.70 5 km 122+300 59.00 26.00 12.00 15.00 0.85 6 km 148+000 65.00 22.00 14.00 16.00 0.35 AHORE-BALI-MUNDARA 1 km 226 76 29 7.7 14 0.35 2 km 232 74 26 7.8 14.1 0.34 3 km 244 77 28 7.5 14.2 0.37 SARDARSHAHAR-LUNKARANSAR 1 Mitthasar 85.4 48.2 9.2 20.4 320 2 Garabdeshar 272 57.8 7.9 18.5 270 3 Police Station, 142.5 54.4 8.4 18.3 290 CHURU-BHALERI 1 Lohiya ground* 189.1 72 8.6 17.3 240 2 Johri SagaR 176.9 68.4 9.7 21.2 310 3 Bharat Gas godown 170 65.9 12.3 25.1 360 SANJU-TARNAU 1 Sanju 71.5 49.9 17.43 11.23 0.094 2 Tarnau 71.51 49.73 17.36 11.04 0.084 ROOPANGARH-NARAINA 1 Sirohi Khurd 84.27 44.71 16.94 10.1 0.067 2 Roopangarh 79.24 44.69 16.06 10.31 0.086 NAGAUR-TARNAU-MUKUNDGARH 1 Nagaur 70.8 41.46 17.33 9.56 0.043 2 Tarnau 74.93 39.71 15.96 8.85 0.063 4 Deedwana 76.1 39.17 15.19 30.3 0.74 5 Meetheri 86.28 40.4 16.12 33.25 0.78 6 Laxmangarh 86.45 41.55 14.65 33.33 0.75 AJEETGARH-CHALA 1 Ajeetgarh Maximum 75 32 BDL <2 BDL <6 2 Chala Maximum 78 34 BDL <2 BDL <6

144 Appendix B

SIKAR-GANERI-JASWANTGARH 1 Sikar 80.9 43.3 15.88 34.56 0.76 2 Chailasi 74.25 44.86 14.98 33.84 0.71 3 Sewad Badi 77.1 38.9 15.15 28.6 0.73 4 Kachawa 68.1 38.6 10.5 26.1 0.7 5 Nechawa 73.2 36.7 15.7 30.1 0.74 BIDASAR-NOKHA 1 Sandwa 113+000 81.1 40.9 15.94 31.28 2 Kaatar 139+500 77.54 35.85 14.86 30.3 3 Jasrasar 151+000 78.2 38.5 16.15 34.05 4 Himmatsar 173+000 76.3 36.85 17.11 30.54 5 Somalsar 185+500 75.88 37.5 17.23 35.14 SINGHANA-BUHANA 1 Singhana 71.97 48.4 10.06 17.44 0.07 2 Buhana 72.79 49.01 10.1 17.23 0.069

Appendix C 145

Appendix C: Noise Level in Project Area

KANWAS-AKLERA Leq - Day S. No Locations Leq – NightdB (A) in dB (A) 1 Awan Junction 45 35 2 Panwad 52 40 3 Bislai 43 32 DEOLI-KANWAS 1 Deoli 56.70 43.9 ALOT-SUWANSARA-GANGDHAR 1 Gangdhar 55.5 47.9 2 Unel 54 45 KHERLI-PAHARI 1 Pahari 52.19 43.18 2 Nagar 58.11 46.2 3 Kherli 53.54 43.51 BARMER-SINDARI-JALORE 1 km 4+600 39.00 12.00 2 km 28+300 42.00 14.00 3 km 63+500 44.00 18.00 4 km 88+400 22.00 12.00 5 km 122+300 29.00 16.00 6 km 148+000 22.00 15.00 AHORE-BALI-MUNDARA 1 km 226 51 41 2 km 232 52 38 3 km 244 54 40 SARDARSHAHAR-LUNKARANSAR 1 Mitthasar 52.4 40.7 2 Garabdeshar 53.7 40.1 3 Police Station, 54.8 40.2 CHURU-BHALERI 1 Lohiya ground* 59.3 39.6 2 Johri SagaR 57.9 37.8 3 Bhaleri 53.8 40.3 SANJU-TARNAU 1 Sanju 55 49 2 Tarnau 62 50 ROOPANGARH-NARAINA 1 Sirohi Khurd 59 50 2 Roopangarh 63 51 NAGAUR-TARNAU-MUKUNDGARH 1 Nagaur 62 51 2 Tarnau 64 53 4 Deedwana 57.65 46.2 5 Meetheri 54.1 44.3 6 Laxmangarh 51.3 42.1 AJEETGARH-CHALA 1 Ajeetgarh 64.8 52.2 2 54.6 Chala 60.2

146 Appendix C

SIKAR-GANERI-JASWANTGARH 1 Sikar 52.22 43.54 2 Chailasi 53.1 42.14 3 Sewad Badi 51.65 42.98 4 Kachawa 52.14 41.64 5 Nechawa 50.85 43.1 BIDASAR-NOKHA 1 Sandwa 49.54 40.12 2 Kaatar 53.18 43.34 3 Jasrasar 51.21 42.33 4 Himmatsar 53.44 43.29 5 Somalsar 52.34 42.68 SINGHANA-BUHANA 1 Singhana 57.9 53.5 2 Buhana 56.9 50.7

Groundwater Quality in the Project Area KANWAS-AKLERA S. No Parameters and Unit Location1 Location 2 Location3 Location4 1 PH 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.5 2 Temp 20 20 20 21 3 DO 4.5 4.2 5.1 4.9 Conductivity 4 1200 1220 1260 1100 (mhos/cm) 5 Alkalinity(mg/I) 430 420 350 425 6 TDS(mg/I) 620 640 715 735 7 Ca 146 110 90 110 8 Mg 140 146 176 130 9 SO4, mg/l 26 48 29 28 10 P, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 11 NO3 BDL BDL BDL BDL 12 MPN/100 ml BDL BDL BDL BDL

ALOT-GANGDHAR Parameters Unit Result 1 pH 8.7 2 TDS mg/l 500-600 3 T/Hardness(as a CaCO3) mg/l 300-350 4 Chloride as Cl-1 mg/l 14-1337 5 Fluoride mg/l 0.25 - 2

KHERLI-PAHARI S. No Parameters and Unit Pahari Nagar Kherli 1 pH 8.02 7.52 7.72 2 Colour BDL (DL 5Hazen) BDL (DL 5Hazen) BDL (DL 5Hazen) 3 Turbidity BDL (DL 1NTU) BDL (DL 1NTU) BDL (DL 1NTU) 4 Odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 5 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 6 Total Hardness 185.84 130.56 525.20 7 Calcium as Ca 19.43 27.80 63.15 Appendix C 147

S. No Parameters and Unit Pahari Nagar Kherli 8 Alkalinity 234.82 437.80 497.50 9 Chloride 61.10 65.04 110.38 10 Cyanide BDL(DL 0.02 mg/l BDL(DL 0.02 mg/l BDL(DL 0.02 mg/l 11 Magnesium as Mg 33.71 14.87 89.34 12 TDS 360.00 450.00 705.00 13 Sulphate 23.11 25.84 86.82 14 Fluoride 0.72 0.63 1.02 15 Nitrate 3.76 3.76 5.72 16 Iron 0.32 0.31 0.35 17 Aluminum BDL (DL 0.03 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.03 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.03 mg/l) 18 Boron 0.52 0.42 0.95 19 Hexa Chromium BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 20 Phenolic Compound BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) 21 Mineral Oil BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 23 Zinc as Zn 0.09 0.10 0.27 24 Copper 0.13 0.17 0.16 25 Manganese BDL (DL 0.10 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.10 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.10 mg/l) 26 Cadmium BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) 27 Lead BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 28 Selenium BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 29 Arsenic BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 30 Mercury BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) 31 Total Coliform <2/100ml <2/100ml <2/100ml 32 E.coli Absent Absent Absent

BARMER-SINADRI-JALORE S. No Parameters and Unit Location1 Location 2 Location3 Location 4 Location 5 1 pH 7.16 7 6.8 6.9 7 2 Temperature (C) 38 36 38 40 35 3 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 3.8 3.2 4 3.3 3.1 4 Conductivity 959.78 722 672 739 699

5 TSS (mg/l) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 6 Total Dissolved Solid 623.86 626.86 629.86 632.86 635.86 7 Alkalinity (mg/l) 312 315 318 321 324 8 Total Hardness as 373 CaCO3 (mg/l) 376 379 382 385 9 Ca as CaCO3 (mg/l) 298 301 304 307 310 10 Mg as CaCO3 (mg/l) 75 78 81 84 87 11 Chlorides as Cl (mg/l) 56 59 62 65 68 12 Phosphate as PO4 (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 13 Nitrates as NO3 (mg/l) 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.3 14 Sulphates as SO4 (mg/l) 48.4 48.1 47.8 47.5 47.2 15 Sodium as Na (mg/l) 45 44.7 44.4 44.1 43.8 16 Potassium (as K) (mg/l) 5 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8 17 COD (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 18 BOD (at 270C 3-Days) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

148 Appendix C

AHORE-BALI-MUNDARA S. No Parameters and Unit Location1 Location 2 Location3 1 pH 7.44 7.54 7.2 2 Temperature (C) 37 35 34 3 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 4.7 4.5 4.2

4 Conductivity 1025.24 989.15 984.26 5 Total Suspended Solid (mg/l) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 6 Total Dissolved Solid(mg/l) 666.41 642.95 639.77 7 Alkalinity(mg/l) 332 310 320 8 Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) 330 335 335 9 Ca Hardness as CaCO3(mg/l) 270 275 275 10 Mg Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) 60 60 60 11 Chlorides as Cl (mg/l) 66 68 60 12 Phosphate as PO4 (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 13 Nitrates as NO3 (mg/l) 2.5 2.4 2.38 14 Sulphates as SO4 (mg/l) 48 48 45 15 Sodium as Na (mg/l) 77 72 70 16 Potassium (as K) (mg/l) 2.6 2.7 2.6 17 COD (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL 18 BOD (at 270C 3-Days) (mg/l) BDL BDL BDL

SARDARSHAR-LUNKARANSAHAR AND CHURU-BHALERI S. No Parameters Unit Mitthasar Garabdeshar Lunkaransar Bhaleri 1 pH - 7.91 7.8 7.85 7.88 2 Colour Hazen <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 3 Turbidity NTU 2 2 2 2 5 Chloride as a mg/I 132.63 136.56 141.3 132.65 6 Total Hardness mg/l 290.56 310.45 298.65 290.56 7 Calcium as Ca mg/I 78.5 89.63 92.56 90.5 8 Sulphate as 504 mg/l 48.77 45.78 50.66 48.7 10 Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 502.35 490.45 522.35 501 11 Alkalinity mg/l 340.8 270.8 290.5 341 12 Iron mg/I 0.42 0.26 0.4 0.4 13 Fluoride as F mg/I 1.2 0.95 0.88 1.2 14 Magnesium as Mg Mg/I 23.01 21.1 16.45 21.1 15 Boron mg/I 0.91 0.58 0.62 0.91 16 Chromium mg/I <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 17 Copper mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 18 Manganese mg/I <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 19 Nitrate mg/I 8.62 9.78 9.01 8.62 20 Cadmium mg/I <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 21 Lead mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 22 Arsenic mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 23 Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 24 Selenium mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 25 Aluminum mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 26 Zinc mg/I 0.35 0.25 0.31 0.28 27 Residual free Cl mg/I <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Anionic Detergent mg/I <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 Appendix C 149

S. No Parameters Unit Mitthasar Garabdeshar Lunkaransar Bhaleri 29 Cyanide mg/I <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 30 Phenolic Compound mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 31 Total Coliform MPN/ 100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent 32 E.coli CFU/ 100 ml Absent Absent Absent Absent

SANJU-TARNUA S. No Parameters Unit Location1 Location 2 1 Specific Conductance µS/cm 1202 1236 2 pH value 7.5 7.3 3 Total hardness mg/l 228 228 4 Sulphate mg/l 40.3 36.5 5 Chloride mg/l 226 206 6 Fluoride mg/l 1.1 1.3 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 760 720 8 Total Alkalinity mg/l 276 290 9 Calcium mg/l 46.4 46.4 10 Magnesium mg/l 27.3 27.3 11 Nitrate mg/l 5.8 6.8 12 Fixed Residue mg/l 540 500 13 Volatile Residue mg/l 220 220

ROOPANGARH-NARAINA S. No Parameters Unit Location1 Location 2 1 Specific Conductance µS/cm 1260 1296 2 pH value 7.5 7.5 3 Total hardness mg/l 368 352 4 Sulphate mg/l 30.5 33.5 5 Chloride mg/l 220 280 6 Fluoride mg/l 1.1 0.9 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 882 926 8 Total Alkalinity mg/l 320 310 9 Calcium mg/l 80 78.4 10 Magnesium mg/l 41 38.1 11 Nitrate mg/l 5.7 6.1 12 Fixed Residue mg/l 646 700 13 Volatile Residue mg/l 236 226

NAGAUR-TARNAU-MUKUNDGARH S. No Parameters Unit Location1 Location 2 1 Specific Conductance µS/cm 1180 980 2 pH value 7.6 7.1 3 Total hardness mg/l 156 148 4 Sulphate mg/l 41.3 41.3 5 Chloride mg/l 302 380 6 Fluoride mg/l 0.8 1 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 686 770 8 Total Alkalinity mg/l 280 296 9 Calcium mg/l 36.8 33.6 10 Magnesium mg/l 15.6 15.6 11 Nitrate mg/l 3.7 5.7 12 Fixed Residue mg/l 474 572

150 Appendix C

13 Volatile Residue mg/l 212 196

AJEETGARH-CHALA S. No Parameters Unit Location1 Location 2 1 Color, <5.0 <5.0 2 Ph Value 7.23 7.56 3 Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 185 256 4 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.04 0.03 5 Chlorides as Cl, mg/l 58 79 6 Calcium as Ca, mg/l 147 122 7 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 3 3.3 8 Sulphate as So4, mg/l 63 53 9 Nitrate as NO2, mg/Liter mg/l 18 17 10 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 767 1339 11 Odour, mg/l Unobjectionable Unobjectionable 12 Alkalinity mg/l 312 423 13 Arsenic mg/l BDL BDL 14 Fluoride mg/l 0.2 0.6

SIKAR-JASWANTGARH S. No Parameters Unit Location1 Location 2 Location3 Location 4 Location 5 1 Turbidity NTU >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 2 PH ° C 7.67 7.42 8.01 7.38 7.5 Hardness 3 mg/l 416.8 360.80 246.90 366.10 420.1 (total) 4 Iron mg/l 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.32 5 Chloride mg/l 197.45 160.10 68.52 75.49 98.24 6 TDS mg/l 650.50 530.00 260.10 290.00 480.2 7 Calcium mg/l 59.54 52.40 48.28 64.13 78.25 8 Odour Unobjectionable 9 Magnesium mg/l 65.18 55.90 30.73 50.08 54.64 10 Copper(as Cu) mg/l 0.32 0.21 0.24 0.18 0.20 Sulfate 11 mg/l 75.24 39.80 35.72 41.82 46.48 (as SO4) 12 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 1.01 0.60 0.67 0.71 1.05 13 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 0.23 0.30 0.20 0.26 0.23 14 Alkanity-T mg/l 253.18 215.20 102.65 108.30 220.54 15 Aluminum mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 16 Boron (as B) mg/l 0.99 0.75 0.70 0.74 0.76 17 Selenium mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 18 Barium as B++ mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

BIDASAR-NOKHA S. No Parameters Unit Location1 Location 2 Location3 Location 4 Location 5 Location 6 1 Turbidity NTU >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 2 PH ° C 7.32 7.40 7.25 8.11 7.45 7.68 3 Hardness mg/l 414.50 329.90 351.37 228.70 429.20 568.48 4 Iron mg/l 0.33 0.30 0.34 0.29 0.31 0.32 5 Chloride mg/l 97.97 79.63 106.34 95.55 123.37 93.88 6 TDS mg/l 480.00 240.10 327.50 304.20 525.10 420.30 7 Calcium mg/l 60.82 69.68 78.84 34.75 82.84 80.96 8 Odour Unobjectionable Appendix C 151

S. No Parameters Unit Location1 Location 2 Location3 Location 4 Location 5 Location 6 9 Magnesium mg/l 63.85 37.92 37.58 34.51 54.07 89.06 10 Copper mg/l 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.22 0.26 0.27 11 Sulfate mg/l 44.92 49.35 38.52 62.23 59.12 39.45 12 Fluoride mg/l 0.81 0.72 0.78 0.91 0.92 0.68 13 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 0.19 0.31 0.20 0.28 0.33 0.22 14 Alkanity-T mg/l 132.19 122.75 197.60 167.50 252.25 214.05 15 Aluminum mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 16 Boron mg/l 0.65 0.81 0.63 0.90 0.82 0.90 17 Selenium mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 18 Barium mg/l <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

SINGHANA-BUHANA S. No Parameters Unit Location1 Location 2 1 Specific Conductance µS/cm 1120 1385 2 pH value 7.5 7.5 3 Total hardness mg/l 292 280 4 Sulphate mg/l 65.2 70.5 5 Chloride mg/l 176 220 6 Fluoride mg/l 1.1 1.2 7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 720 790 8 Total Alkalinity mg/l 302 380 9 Calcium mg/l 62.4 65.6 10 Magnesium mg/l 33.2 28.3 11 Nitrate mg/l 4.8 4.8 12 Fixed Residue mg/l 240 510 13 Volatile Residue mg/l 480 280

152 Appendix D

Appendix D: Water Quality in Project Area

KANWAS-AKLERA S. Parameters and Unit Location1 Location 2 Location3 Location 4 No 1 PH 7.2 7.6 7.5 7.5 2 Temp 23 22 21 22 3 DO 5.1 4.2 4.3 4.5 4 Conductivity (mhos/cm) 1100 1020 1050 1100 5 Alkalinity(mg/I) 410 420 380 450 6 TDS(mg/I) 645 680 710 725 7 Ca 210 150 88 120 8 Mg 130 145 186 127 9 SO4, mg/l 34 56 28 34 10 P, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 11 NO3 BDL BDL BDL BDL 12 MPN/100 ml BDL BDL BDL BDL

ALOT-GANGDHAR S. No Parameters and Unit Location1 Location 2 1 pH 7.4 7.5 2 TDS (mg/l) 442 550 3 T/Hardness(as a CaCO3) (mg/l) 252 265 4 Chloride as Cl-1 (mg/l) 55 78 5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 4.6 4.5 6 BOD3 (mg/l) 2.7 4 7 COD (mg/l) 51 61 8 Total Coliform MPN (100ml) 115 125

KHERLI-PAHARI S. No Parameters and Unit Pahari Nagar Kherli 1 pH 8.05 8.10 7.72 2 Colour BDL (DL 5Hazen) BDL (DL 5Hazen) BDL (DL 5Hazen) 3 Turbidity 25.00 28.00 34.00 4 Odour Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 5 Total Hardness as 236.64 191.76 403.92 CaCO3 6 Calcium as Ca 50.69 31.07 83.40 7 Alkalinity 342.28 485.56 366.16 8 Chloride 118.26 67.01 179.36 9 Cyanide BDL (DL 0.02 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.02 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.02 mg/l) 10 Magnesium as Mg 26.77 27.76 47.59 11 Total Dissolved Solids 580.00 484.00 724.00 12 Total Suspended 69.33 25.00 32.00 Solids 13 Dissolved Oxygen 5.70 5.70 5.80 14 Sulphate 68.00 35.97 110.92 15 Flouride 0.63 1.14 1.15 16 Nitrate 18.87 9.39 18.78 17 Iron 0.33 0.39 0.36 18 Aluminum BDL (DL 0.03 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.03 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.03 mg/l) 19 Boron 0.95 1.07 1.08 Appendix D 153

S. No Parameters and Unit Pahari Nagar Kherli 20 Hexa Chromium BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 21 BOD(3 Days at 27 0c 13.50 9.00 10.50 22 COD 38.72 29.04 34.85 23 Zinc 0.23 0.34 0.19 24 Copper 0.40 0.21 0.28 25 Manganese BDL (DL 0.10 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.10 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.10 mg/l) 26 Cadmium BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) 27 Lead BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 28 Selenium BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 29 Arsenic BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 30 Mercury BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l)

SARDARSHAHAR-LUNKARANSAR No. Parameter Lunkaransar 1 pH (at 25C) 7.98 2 Color(Hazen Units) <5.0 3 Turbidity (NTU) 3 4 odor Agreeable 5 Taste Agreeable 6 Chloride Cl (mg/l) 240.5 7 Total Hardness (Mg/l) 305.63 8 Calcium Ca (mg/l) 80 9 Sulphate (mg/l) 52 10 Total dissolved Solids (mg/l) 690 11 Alkalinity(mg/l) 410 12 Iron as Fe (mg/l) 0.52 13 Fluoride as F(mg/l) 0.79 14 Magnesium as Mg (mg/l) 26 15 Boron as Br (mg/l) 0.7 16 Chromium as Cr. (mg/l) <0.01 17 Copper as Cu (mg/l) <0.02 18 Manganese as Mn (mg/l) <0.02 19 Nitrogen (mg/l) 28 20 Cadmium (mg/l) <0.003 21 Lead as Pb (mg/l) <0.01 22 Arsenic as (mg/l) <0.01 23 Mercury as Mg (mg/l) <0.001 24 Selenium as Se(mg/l) <0.01 25 Aluminum as Al ( mg/l) <0.02 26 Zinc as Zn( mg/l) 1.25 27 Residual Free Chlorine (Mg/l) <0.05 28 Anionic Detergents as MBAS (ng/l) <0.02 29 Cyanide as Cy (mg/l) <0.02 30 Phenol Compounds (mg/l) <0.001

NAGAUR-TARNAU-MUKUNDGARH S. No Parameters Unit Deedwana 1 pH at 25C -- 7.6 2 Colour Hazen BDL (DL 5Hazen) 3 Turbidity NTU BDL(DL 1 NTU) 4 Odour -- Agreeable

154 Appendix D

S. No Parameters Unit Deedwana 5 Taste -- Agreeable 6 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 402.3 7 Calcium as Ca mg/l 85.6 8 Total Alkality mg/l 450.2 9 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 165.3 10 Residual Free Chlorine mg/l BDL (DL 0.02 mg/l) 11 Cyanide as CN mg/l BDL (DL 0.02 mg/l) 12 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 45.96 13 Total Dissolved Solids (as TDS) mg/l 763.4

14 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 95.6 15 Flouride (as F) mg/l 1.9

16 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 51.2 17 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.7 18 Aluminum as Al mg/l BDL (DL 0.02 mg/l) 19 Boron mg/l 0.9 20 Phenolic Compound mg/l BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) 21 Anionic Detergent as MBAS mg/l BDL (DL 0.02 mg/l) 22 Chromium as Cr mg/l BDL (DL 0.02 mg/l) 23 Zinc as Zn mg/l 1.93 24 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.8 25 Manganese as Mn mg/l B(DL 0.02 mg/l) 26 Cadmium as Cd mg/l BDL (DL 0.003 mg/l) 27 Lead as Pb mg/l BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 28 Selenium as Se mg/l BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 29 Arsenic as As mg/l BDL (DL 0.01 mg/l) 30 Mercury as Hg mg/l BDL (DL 0.001 mg/l) 31 Total Coliform 100 ml <2/100 ml 32 E coli 100 ml Absent