Indian Network Project on Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions, Source Apportionment and Climate Impacts (COALESCE) C
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Supplement Indian Network Project on Carbonaceous Aerosol Emissions, Source Apportionment and Climate Impacts (COALESCE) C. Venkataraman, M. Bhushan, S. Dey, D. Ganguly, T. Gupta, G. Habib, A. Kesarkar, H. Phuleria, and R. Sunder Raman https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0030.2 Corresponding author: Chandra Venkataraman, [email protected] This document is a supplement to https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0030.1 In final form 3 January 2020 ©2020 American Meteorological Society For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy. AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY JULY 2020 E257 Details of survey methodology and locations This project with 22 institutions (Fig. ES1) involves participation of 40 investiga- tors (Table ES1) and most importantly, over 70 research students and staff. Sur- vey questionnaires were adapted from previously validated instruments for residential sector (Census 2011; Interna- tional Institute of Population Science, 2007, 2017; Balakrishnan et al. 2004), agricultural residue burning (Gupta 2014), brick kilns (Maithel et al. 2012; S. Maithel 2017, personal communica- tion), and on-road vehicles (Table ES2; Goel et al. 2015; S. K. Guttikunda 2016, personal communication). Selection of the survey districts/villages to capture the pan-India diversity in biomass fuels used for cooking, heating, and lighting in residential sector is based on district/ village level data (Census 2011), along with agroclimatic information (Basu and Guha 1996) for residential cooking; that in agricultural residue burning Fig. ES1. COALESCE organization structure. practices is based on district-wise crop production data (OGDP 2015) of nine target crops (Pandey et al. 2014; Sahai et al. 2011; Jain et al. 2014), different key brick kiln technologies, and a variety of fuel mixes (Table ES3; TERI 2002; Development Alternatives 2012; Maithel et al. 2012; Verma and Uppal 2013; Weyant et al. 2014; SAMEEEKSHA 2018). Details of field measurement campaigns Field measurements of aerosol emissions are planned using a design of a portable source sampler adapted from previous work (Jaiprakash et al. 2016; Jaiprakash and Habib 2018a,b) using the carbon balance method. The design and performance of portable dilution sampler is detailed in Jaiprakash et al. (2016). The modified sampler for this project will consist of an inlet, a heated duct, a dilution tunnel of 3-L capacity (diameter = 10 cm and length = 40 cm) which provides maximum dilution ratio 1:100 at 3-s residence time to achieve complete gas- to-particle partitioning, clean air generation system, and power supply unit (Fig. ES2). For residential cookstove and open biomass burning a multiarm inlet will be used to withdraw the emissions mixed with background air that will be collected on filters and a fraction will enter into a dilution tunnel which would be connected to real-time measurement instru- ments (aethalometer, nephelometer, and optical particle spectrometer). In case of vehicular and brick kiln emission measurement, the emissions will be withdrawn using a heated particle sampling probe working on ejector technique and will be collected on filters after dilution in the primary dilution tunnel. Then a fraction of diluted exhaust will enter into the secondary dilution tunnel where further dilution will take place before the real-time measurement using aethalometer, nephelometer, and optical particle spectrometer. The source sampler will also include a PM sampler consisting of PM2.5 sharp cut cyclone and filter holders for particle, a flue gas analyzer for measurement of gaseous pollutants (CO, AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY JULY 2020 E258 Table ES1. List of participating institutions and investigators. Names of principal investigators of the respective institutions are in bold. Sr. No Name Affiliation Institute Chandra Venkataraman Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering; Associate faculty, 1 (National Coordinator) IDP in Climate studies Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering; Associate faculty, 2 Mani Bhushan IIT Bombay IDP in Climate studies Assistant Professor, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering; 3 Harish Phuleria Associate faculty, IDP in Climate studies 5 Tarun Gupta Professor, Department of Civil Engineering 6 Debajyoti Paul Professor, Department of Earth Sciences IIT Kanpur 7 Anubha Goel Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering 8 Gazala Habib Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering 9 S.K. Dash Professor, Centre for Atmospheric Science IIT Delhi 10 Sagnik Dey Associate Professor, Centre for Atmospheric Science 11 Dilip Ganguly Assistant Professor, Centre for Atmospheric Science 12 Ramya Sunder Raman Associate Professor, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences IISER Bhopal 13 R. Ravi Krishna Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering 14 S. M. Shiva Nagendra Professor, Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras 15 Sachin S. Gunthe Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering 16 Shubha Verma Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering IIT Kharagpur 17 S. Sajani Senior Scientist, Multi-scale modeling Programme CSIR(4PI),Bangalore 18 S. Ramachandran Professor and Chairperson, Space and Atmospheric Sciences PRL Ahmedabad 19 Harish Gadhavi Scientist-SE, Space and Atmospheric Sciences Division 20 T.K. Mandal Principal Scientist, Radio and Atmospheric Sciences 21 S.K.Sharma Scientist, Radio and Atmospheric Sciences NPL Delhi 22 C. Sharma Sr. Principal Scientist, Radio and Atmospheric Sciences 23 S. Singh Principal Scientist, Radio and Atmospheric Sciences 24 G. Pandithurai Scientist F IITM Pune 25 Baerbel Sinha Assistant Professor, Environmental Science IISER Mohali 26 Arshid Jehangir Sr. Assistant Professor, Environmental Science University of Kashmir 27 Amit Kesarkar Scientist-SE, Weather and Climate Research Group NARL 28 Vikas Singh Scientist-SD, Weather and Climate Research Group 29 R. Naresh Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering BITS Mesra 30 Jawed Iqbal Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 31 Asif Qureshi Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering IIT Hyderabad 32 Abhijit Chatterjee Associate Professor, Environmental Science Section 33 Sanjay K Ghosh Professor, Department of Physics Bose Institute, Darjeeling 34 Sibaji Raha Professor, Department of Physics 35 Binoy K Saikia Scientist, Coal Chemistry Division CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat 36 Prasenjit Saikia Scientist, Coal Chemistry Division 37 S. Anand Scientist, Health Safety and Environment Group BARC, Mumbai 38 Tanmay Sarkar Technical Officer, Health Safety and Environment Group 39 Rohini Bhawar Assistant Professor, Department of Atmospheric and Space Sciences University of Pune Maharaja Ganga Singh University, 40 Anil Kumar Chhangani Head, Department of Environment Science Bikaner 41 Jitender Singh Laura Head, Department of Environment Science Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 42 K.S. Lokesh Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering Sri Jayachamarajendra College of 43 Udhayashankar T.H. Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering Engineering, Mysuru AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY JULY 2020 E259 Table ES2. Mapping of cities for vehicle survey. COALESCE institutes State Cities as per tier classification I II III IV V VI (100,000 (50,000 (20,000 (10,000 (5,000 (population > < < < < < No. of (Population population population population population population 5,000) surveys > ≤ < < < < (transport/ S1 1,000,000) 1,000,000) 99,999) 49,999) 19,999) 9,999) nontransport) University J&K Srinagar Jammu Anantnag Bandipore Gulmarg Achabal Banihal 670 of Kashmir IISER Punjab Chandigarh Amritsar Kapurthala Jalalabad Majitha Maloud Sansarpur 670 Mohali Rajasthan Jaipur Ajmer Balotra Bhadra Bhusawar Bhalariya Govindgarh 670 IIT Delhi Delhi Ghazaibad East Delhi West Delhi North Delhi South Delhi Central Delhi 670 Charkhi NPL Delhi Haryana Panipat Ambala Narnaul Bawal Farakhpur Rewari 670 Dadri Uttar IIT Kanpur kanpur Kanpur Khurja Mahrajganj Manikpur Mohanpur Amila 670 Pradesh BOSE Bihar Nalanda Patna Samastipur Ramnagar Thakurganj Asarganj N/A 670 Institute NEIST Assam Nagaland Dibrugarh Karimganj Nalbari Udalguri Amguri Howraghat 670 Jorhat IISER Madhya Bhopal Vidisha Jaora Multai Shahgarh Tirodi Badra 670 Bhopal Pradesh IIT Telangana Telangana Hyderabad Nirmal Naspur Utnur Tangapur Ratnapur 670 Hyderabad Mysore Karnataka Banglore Mandya Hunsur Pandavapura Arasinakunte Kadakola N/A 670 IIT Tamil Nadu Chennai Vellore Arakonam Lalgudi Pudur Puvalur Unjalur 670 Madras IIT Maharashtra Thane Ghatkopar Kharghar Uran Murbad Kharbav Saphale 670 Bombay BIT Jharkhand Ranchi Hazaribagh Rajrappa Churi Muri Bharno Topa 670 Mesra IIT West Bengal Kolkata Kharagpur Jhargram Kolaghat Mandarmani Digha Hariatara 670 Kharagpur IITM Pune Maharashtra Pune Lavasa Talegaon Keshavnagar Panchgani Dehu Adhale kh 670 Kshetra Wai Mahabaleswar Birwadi 670 CO2, NOx, SOx, and total hydrocarbons). The exhaust velocity will be measured in the duct using a pitot tube. The dilution ratio inside the dilution tunnel will be calculated using CO2 measurement of undiluted and diluted exhaust following Jaiprakash et al. (2016). Unlike earlier dilution samplers commercially available the present sampler can be operated for a range of dilution ratio 5:1 to 100:1 by varying the clean airflow and suction flow in particle sampling probe. Details of all components and instruments used in the dilution sampler are given in Table ES4. Equation for the carbon