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SUSTAINABLE Landscape Management JWBT359-Pre.indd ii 10/6/10 2:59 PM SUSTAINABLE Landscape Management JWBT359-Pre.indd i 10/6/10 2:59 PM JWBT359-Pre.indd ii 10/6/10 2:59 PM SUSTAINABLE Landscape Management Design, Construction, and Maintenance Thomas W. Cook Ann Marie VanDerZanden John Wiley & Sons, Inc. JWBT359-Pre.indd iii 10/6/10 2:59 PM 100% TOTAL RECYCLED PAPER 100% POSTCONSUMER PAPER This book is printed on acid-free paper. o Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748- 6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifi cally disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profi t or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572- 4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley. com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Cook, Thomas, 1950- Sustainable landscape management : design, construction, and maintenance / Thomas W. Cook, Ann Marie VanDerZanden. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-48093-9 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-470-88039-5 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-470-88041-8 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-470-88042-5 (ebk) ; 978-0-470-90527-2 (ebk); 978-0-470-90528-9 (ebk) 1. Landscape protection. 2. Grounds maintenance. 3. Sustainable development. 4. Sustainable horticulture. I. VanDerZanden, Ann Marie, 1966- II. Title. SB472.3.C66 2011 712--dc22 2010010794 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 JWBT359-Pre.indd iv 10/6/10 2:59 PM To my wife Marilyn who edited this sentence and my son Bryan who helped me with my computer. T. Cook To my husband Joe, and children Nina and Peter. A. M. VanDerZanden JWBT359-Pre.indd v 10/6/10 2:59 PM JWBT359-Pre.indd vi 10/6/10 2:59 PM Contents Preface ix Chapter 3 Sustainable Landscape Construction: Process, Irrigation Systems, and Hardscape Acknowledgments xi Materials 39 About the Authors xiii Introduction 39 The Conventional Landscape Construction Chapter 1 Introduction to Sustainability 1 Process 39 Introduction 1 A Sustainable Landscape Construction Process Alternative 44 Historical Perspective 1 Sustainable Irrigation Design and Installation Emergence of the Sustainability Movement 2 Strategies 49 Sustainable Landscapes 9 Sustainable Hardscape Materials 53 Summary 13 Summary 59 Study Questions 14 Study Questions 60 Suggested Reading 14 Suggested Reading 60 Chapter 2 Sustainable Landscape Design 15 Chapter 4 Retrofitting Existing Landscapes for Introduction 15 Sustainability 61 The Process of Sustainable Landscape Design 15 Introduction 61 Selecting Plants to Increase Sustainability 19 Site Analysis for Retrofi tting 61 Creating Aesthetically Pleasing Landscapes 20 Identifying Opportunities to Improve Landscape Creating Functional Landscapes 21 Sustainability 72 Creating Landscapes That Meet Basic Human Summary 79 Physical and Cognitive Needs 25 Study Questions 79 Designing to Minimize Maintenance 28 Designing to Enhance a Landscape’s Short- and Chapter 5 Ecosystem Development and Long-Term Cost Effectiveness 31 Management in the Context of Sustainable Integrating Specialized Design Approaches to Landscapes 81 Maximize Short- and Long-Term Sustainability 33 Introduction 81 Summary 37 Sustainable Landscapes and Ecosystem Services 82 Study Questions 38 Historical Review of Ecological Design 82 Suggested Reading 38 How Landscapes Function as Ecosystems 84 vii JWBT359-Pre.indd vii 10/6/10 2:59 PM viii Contents Considerations in Designing a New Landscape Planting 133 Ecosystem 85 Fertilization 140 Establishment Strategies for a New Landscape Irrigation 144 Ecosystem 88 Pruning 147 Management Strategies for a Landscape Managing the Waste Stream 157 Ecosystem 90 Summary 157 Summary 99 Study Questions 158 Study Questions 99 Chapter 9 Lawns in Sustainable Landscapes 161 Chapter 6 Environmental Issues 101 Introduction 161 Introduction 101 Matching Grass Types to Climate in Theory and Nutrient Leaching and Runoff 102 Practice 162 Pesticide Leaching and Runoff 105 Impact of Grass Breeding Programs 163 Health Concerns Associated with Pesticides 106 Species for Sustainable Lawns 165 Fish and Wildlife Issues Associated with Sustainable Maintenance Strategies 176 Pesticides 108 Summary 190 Air Pollution Due to Power Equipment Emissions 109 Study Questions 190 Depletion of Water Resources 110 Chapter 10 Sustainable Pest Management 193 Sustainability and Environmental Rhetoric 110 Introduction 193 Perspectives on Environmental Issues Regarding Defi nition of Integrated Pest Management 193 Pesticide Use 113 Components of Integrated Pest Management 194 Summary 116 Insect Control Strategies 197 Study Questions 116 Disease Control Strategies 202 Chapter 7 Sustainable Soils for Landscapes 119 Weed Control Strategies 203 Introduction 119 Summary 213 Healthy Soils 119 Study Questions 213 Sustainable Options in Developing Soils for Suggested Reading 214 Landscapes 123 References 215 Managing Soils Sustainably 127 Summary 130 Index 223 Study Questions 130 Chapter 8 Managing Trees, Shrubs, and Beds Sustainably 133 Introduction 133 JWBT359-Pre.indd viii 10/6/10 2:59 PM Preface During our combined 46 (31 + 15) years of teaching enhance a landscape’s sustainability. In some cases, landscape design and management, we have devel- existing landscapes can benefi t from retrofi tting, and oped and refi ned our curriculum to refl ect current this is the focus of Chapter 4. The chapter outlines research, incorporate contemporary issues, and meet a series of questions that should be asked as part of course objectives to prepare students for successful a site analysis, and then provides guidance on pri- careers in the landscape and golf course industries. oritizing areas to retrofi t and key issues that often The current interest in, and push for, sustainable need to be fi xed in mature landscapes to enhance landscape practices combined with our teaching and their sustainability. Chapter 5 describes landscapes in industry experiences have guided us in writing this the context of an ecosystem and highlights establish- text. Much of what is included in the text comes ment strategies for new plantings and management from our professional experiences, both in and out strategies for postplanting succession. Chapter 6 dis- of the classroom. The 10 chapters in this text are fo- cusses a number of environmental concerns includ- cused on a select group of topics that provide the ing nutrient and pesticide runoff, leaching, and the foundation for sustainable landscapes. Although impact of pesticides on humans and other nontarget the focus is on commercial landscape management, organisms. Other topics in the chapter include air the principles described are also relevant to residen- pollution from power equipment emissions and envi- tial properties. ronmental concerns with depletion of resources. The The chapters are organized to provide a context chapter concludes with an interesting perspective on for sustainability and the impact it has on landscape sustainability and environmental rhetoric. design, installation, and management practices. Sustainable soils are the topic of Chapter 7, in- Throughout the text, we have referenced scientifi c cluding a discussion of healthy soils. The chapter research that substantiates points and replaces myth then moves on to outline sustainable options when or urban legend with data and facts. Chapter 1 pro- developing soils for landscapes, including using on- vides background and a review of relevant literature site soils and the impact of adding amendments. The on the sustainability movement and sets the stage for chapter concludes by describing the role of mulches subsequent chapters to discuss sustainable landscape in sustainable soil management. Planting, fertilizing, practices with some specifi city. Chapter 2 describes irrigating,
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