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Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System the Heart

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Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System the Heart 2/20/2016 Cardiovascular System • Blood • Heart The Cardiovascular System • Blood vessels Part 1 Cardiovascular System The Heart • Functions • Four separate chambers in humans –Transport gases, wastes, food, hormones, blood cells – Also other mammals, birds • Systems affected • Double pump two closed circuits – Respiratory • 5 L/minute –Urinary –Digestive –Musculoskeletal –Immune system Capillary beds of lungs where The Heart gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit • Symmetrical in design, but not in position Pulmonary veins Pulmonary arteries Aorta and branches – 2/3 of mass to the left of midline Venae cavae Left atrium – 1/3 to right Right atrium Left ventricle Heart Right ventricle Systemic Circuit Oxygen-rich, Capillary beds of all CO 2-poor blood body tissues where Oxygen-poor, gas exchange occurs CO 2-rich blood Figure 18.5 1 2/20/2016 Located within mediastinum Midsternal line Superior Aorta vena cava Parietal 2nd rib pleura (cut) Pulmonary Left lung Sternum trunk Pericardium Diaphragm Point of (cut) maximal Apex of intensity Diaphragm heart (PMI) (a) (c) Figure 18.1a Figure 18.1c Pericardium Pericardium – –Membrane surrounding and protecting the heart Double walled organ • Confines while still allowing free movement • Fibrous pericardium • Serous pericardium Pericardium Pericardium –Double walled organ –Double walled organ • Fibrous pericardium • Fibrous pericardium –Fibrous connective tissue • Serous pericardium –Prevents overstretching, protection, anchorage –Serous epithelium • Serous pericardium –Double layer » Parietal layer * Epithelial cells * Secrete serous fluid (thin mucus) * Fused to fibrous pericardium » Visceral layer (epicardium) * Thin connective tissue * Forms surface of heart 2 2/20/2016 Pericardium • Pericardial cavity –Between visceral and parietal serous pericardium –Scant amount of serous fluid – accumulation may cause… • Pericarditis –Inflammation of pericardium –Sharp, stabbing chest pain –May be caused by viral infection, heart attack –Begins suddenly but resolves quickly Muscular Wall of the Heart • Three layers Pulmonary Fibrous pericardium trunk Parietal layer of –Epicardium serous pericardium • Also called the… Pericardium Pericardial cavity Myocardium Epicardium –Myocardium (visceral layer Heart –Endocardium of serous wall pericardium) Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber Figure 18.2 Muscular wall of the heart • Epicardium Pulmonary Fibrous pericardium trunk Parietal layer of – Serous membrane serous pericardium Pericardium Pericardial cavity – Typicially infiltrated Myocardium Epicardium with fat in the elderly (visceral layer Heart of serous wall pericardium) Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber Figure 18.2 3 2/20/2016 Muscular wall of the heart Muscular wall of the heart • Myocardium • Myocardium –Primarily cardiac muscle –Branching cardiac muscle cells –Bulk of heart –Connected to one another by crisscrossing connective tissue –Variable thickness fibers • Ventricles thicker than atria • Non-excitable – limits the spread of action potentials to specific • Left ventricle thicker than right pathways in the heart –Inner surface raised into finger- –Arranged in spiral or circular bundles like projections –Bundles interlace and effectively link all parts of the heart • Papillary muscles together Myocardium Muscular wall of the heart • Endocardium –Squamous epithelium • Cardiac Smooth, white muscle –Continuous with bundles endothelial linings of large blood vessels entering/exiting the heart Figure 18.3 Muscular wall of the heart Anatomy of the Heart • Endocardium • Chambers –Endocarditis – inflammation of the endocardium –Common in IV drug users –Leads to valve damage, emboli 4 2/20/2016 Anatomy of the Heart Anatomy of the Heart • Chambers • Chambers –Right and left atria –Right and left ventricles • Separated by interatrial septum • Separated by interventricular septum • Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove ) encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles – Blood vessels that supply the myocardium rest inside • Auricles – Atrial appendages – Increase atrial volume Anatomy of the Heart • Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Left ventricle Right ventricle Interventricular septum Figure 18.6 Major Vessels of the Heart Left common carotid Brachiocephalic trunk Major Vessels of the Heart artery Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Aortic arch Right pulmonary Ligamentum arteriosum • Numerous blood vessels are associated with the artery Left pulmonary artery Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins heart… Pulmonary trunk Right pulmonary Auricle of veins left atrium Circumflex artery Right atrium Right coronary artery Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Right marginal artery Great cardiac vein Anterior interventricular Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus) Apex (b) Anterior view Figure 18.4b 5 2/20/2016 Major Vessels of the Heart – Entering Right Atrium Left common carotid Atria Brachiocephalic trunk artery The Receiving Chambers Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Aortic arch Right pulmonary Ligamentum arteriosum • Vessels entering right atrium artery Left pulmonary artery Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins –Superior vena cava Pulmonary trunk –Inferior vena cava Right pulmonary Auricle of –Coronary sinus veins left atrium Circumflex artery • Vessels entering left atrium Right atrium Right coronary artery Left coronary artery –Right and left pulmonary veins (in coronary sulcus) (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Right marginal artery Great cardiac vein Anterior interventricular Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus) Apex (b) Anterior view Figure 18.4b Major Vessels of the Heart – Entering Right Atrium Major Vessels of the Heart – Entering Right Atrium Aorta Aorta Superior vena cava Superior vena cava Left pulmonary Left pulmonary Right pulmonary artery artery artery Right pulmonary Left atrium Left pulmonary Right pulmonary veins artery Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk veins Auricle of left Right atrium Right atrium atrium Mitral (bicuspid) Right pulmonary valve Left atrium Inferior vena cava veins Great cardiac Fossa ovalis Aortic valve vein Coronary sinus Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Right coronary artery Tricuspid valve Posterior vein (in coronary sulcus) Left ventricle of left ventricle Right ventricle Papillary muscle Posterior Left ventricle Chordae tendineae Interventricular interventricular septum artery (in posterior Trabeculae carneae Epicardium interventricular sulcus) Apex Inferior vena cava Myocardium Middle cardiac vein Endocardium Right ventricle (d) Posterior surface view (e) Frontal section Figure 18.4d Figure 18.4e Major Vessels of the Heart – Entering Left Atrium Major Vessels of the Heart – Entering Left Atrium Left common carotid Brachiocephalic trunk Aorta artery Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Left pulmonary Superior vena cava Aortic arch artery Right pulmonary Right pulmonary Ligamentum arteriosum Left atrium artery Left pulmonary artery artery Left pulmonary Pulmonary trunk Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins veins Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Mitral (bicuspid) Right pulmonary Auricle of Right pulmonary valve veins left atrium veins Fossa ovalis Circumflex artery Aortic valve Right atrium Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Right coronary artery Left coronary artery Tricuspid valve (in coronary sulcus) Left ventricle (in coronary sulcus) Papillary muscle Anterior cardiac vein Right ventricle Left ventricle Chordae tendineae Interventricular Right ventricle septum Trabeculae carneae Right marginal artery Great cardiac vein Epicardium Anterior interventricular Inferior vena cava Myocardium Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior Endocardium Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus) Apex (b) Anterior view (e) Frontal section Figure 18.4b Figure 18.4e 6 2/20/2016 Major Vessels of the Heart – Exiting Right Ventricle Left common carotid 2entricles Brachiocephalic trunk artery The Discharging Chambers Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Aortic arch • Right pulmonary Ligamentum arteriosum Vessel leaving the right ventricle artery Left pulmonary artery –Pulmonary trunk → right and le> pulmonary arteries Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk • 2essel leaving the left ventricle Right pulmonary Auricle of –Aorta veins left atrium Circumflex artery Right atrium Right coronary artery Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Right marginal artery Great cardiac vein Anterior interventricular Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior Inferior vena cava interventricular sulcus) Apex (b) Anterior view Figure 18.4b Major Vessels of the Heart – Exiting Right Ventricle Major Vessels of the Heart – Exiting Right Ventricle Left common carotid Brachiocephalic trunk Aorta artery Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Left pulmonary Superior vena cava Aortic arch artery Right pulmonary Right pulmonary Ligamentum arteriosum Left atrium artery Left pulmonary artery artery Left pulmonary Pulmonary trunk Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins veins Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Mitral (bicuspid) Right pulmonary Auricle of Right pulmonary valve veins left atrium veins Fossa ovalis Circumflex artery Aortic valve Right atrium Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Right coronary artery Left coronary artery Tricuspid valve (in coronary sulcus) Left ventricle (in coronary sulcus)
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