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Endocrine System Endocrine system Chemical Co-ordination and Integration What are Endocrine Glands ? . Ductless glands . Cell secrete “hormone” into the blood stream –Vascular system is a conduit for hormone –May have a widespread effect • Greek word – Hormaein (Starling in 1950) - To set in motion / to spur on Definition • Hormones are informational molecules secreted by endocrine glands in one part of the body and carried to another part of body to perform physiological actions. released from produce effect on SOURCE cells TARGET cells receptors travel through bloodstream Defn : A chemical messenger that is produced by one cell or a group of cells, secreted directly into the bloodstream and transported to distant target cells, in which it elicits a typical physiological response. Target Cell Hormone • Target cells will have appropriate hormone receptors in them • Not all cells in body respond to presence of hormone. Receptor Not a target • Only target cells with cell specific receptor is "in tune" to the presence of hormone in the circulation. Endocrinology • Study of endocrine glands, their secretions and functions. • W H Bayliss & E H Starling - Hormone first discovered - secretin - Hormone from Small intestine. Difference between Nervous and Endocrine co-ordination Nervous Co-ordination Endocrine / chemical co- ordination Information passes as electrical Information passes as chemical impulses along nerve fibers substances through blood and lymph There is rapid transmission of There is slow transmission of information information Response is immediate and short lived Response is slow and long lasting After its physiological action ------------------------------------- metabolised by liver and kidney Types of Endocrine glands Organized Endocrine gland Non- organized endocrine gland Hormone producing cells are present Hormone producing cells are scattered in clusters Pituitary, Pancreas, Parathyroid, Heart, liver, Kidney, GIT Penial, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal and Gonads Classification of Hormones CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES based on chemical nature based on solubility Depending on Chemical Nature HORMONES Proteins and Amino acid polypeptides derivatives Steroids Hormones and their receptors Hormone Class of hormone Location of Receptors Amine Water-soluble Cell surface Ex: epinephrine ,Nor- epinephrine, Dopamine Amine / Iodinated Lipid soluble Intracellular Ex: thyroid hormone Peptide/protein Water soluble Cell surface Ex: hypothalamic , pituitary, insulin, glucagon, PTH Steroids - from Lipid Soluble Intracellular cholesterol Ex: Hormones of adrenal cortex, testis, ovary, placenta lipid insoluble hormone Membrane bound extracellular receptors lipid soluble hormone Intracellular Receptors Mechanism of action of Hormones • Amines – catecholamines – via change in membrane permeability • Steroid & thyroid hormones – Gene expression • Peptides – second messengers 1). Adenylyl cyclase – CAMP 2). Guanyl cyclase- CGMP 3).IP3 system 4).Calcium – Calmodulin system Peptide Hormones – Second messengers Nobel Prize Winner – EW Sutherland in 1950 1). Adenylyl cyclase – CAMP 2). Guanyl cyclase- CGMP 3).IP3 system 4).Calcium – Calmodulin system 5) Tyrosine Kinase Activation 1. Adenylyl cyclase- cyclic AMP system 1 Hormone (1st messenger) Adenylate cyclase Extracellular fluid binds receptor. G protein (GS) 2nd messenger 5 cAMP acti- Receptor vates protein kinases. Active protein kinase GDP 2 Receptor 3 G protein 4Adenylate Inactive activates G activates cyclase protein kinase protein (G ). adenylate converts ATP S cyclase. Hormones that to cAMP (2nd act via cAMP messenger). Triggers responses of mechanisms: target cell (activates enzymes, stimulates cellular secretion, Epinephrine Glucagon opens ion channel, ACTH PTH etc.) FSH TSH LH Calcitonin Cytoplasm 2. Guanylyl cyclase- cyclic GMP system 1 Hormone (1st messenger) Guanylate cyclase Extracellular fluid binds receptor. G protein (GS) 5 cGMP acti- cGM vates protein Receptor P kinases. GT Active P protein kinase GDP 2 Receptor 3 G protein 4 Guanylate Inactive activates G activates cyclase protein kinase protein (G ). Guanylate converts GTP S cyclase. Hormones that to cGMP (2nd act via cGMP messenger). Triggers responses of mechanisms: target cell (activates enzymes, stimulates cellular secretion, •Nitric oxide opens ion channel, •Atrial etc.) Natriuretic Cytoplasm peptide 3. Hormone Action Via Inositol Triphosphate Hormone + Receptor Activates G - protein G- protein activates Phospholipase C Releases from cell membrane Diacyl Glycerol + Inositol triphosphate Activates Moves protein kinase C calcium out from PHYSIOLOGICAL endoplasmic ACTION reticulum 4). Calcium – Calmodulin system Hormone + receptor Activates G- protein Release Opens calcium calcium from channels in endoplasmi cell c reticulum membrane Calcium binds with Physiological action Calmodulin lipid insoluble hormone Membrane bound extracellular receptors lipid soluble hormone Intracellular Receptors Hormones and their receptors Hormone Class of hormone Location of Receptors Amine Water-soluble Cell surface Ex: epinephrine ,Nor- epinephrine, Dopamine Amine / Iodinated Lipid soluble Intracellular Ex: thyroid hormone Peptide/protein Water soluble Cell surface Ex: hypothalamic , pituitary, insulin, glucagon, PTH Steroids - from Lipid Soluble Intracellular cholesterol Ex: Hormones of adrenal cortex, testis, ovary, placenta Steroid & thyroid hormones – gene expression • Lipid soluble hormones Cross plasma membrane & Binds to cytosolic receptors Hormone receptor complex particular site on DNA (HRE) Transcription of mRNA mRNA comes to cytoplasm & promotes ribosomes to produce proteins Steroid hormone Plasma Extracellular fluid membrane 1 The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and Cytoplasm binds an intracellular receptor. Receptor Receptor- protein hormone complex 2 The receptor- hormone Hormone complex enters the nucleus. Nucleus response elements 3 The receptor- hormone DNA complex binds a hormone response element (a specific DNA sequence). mRNA 4 Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA. 5 The mRNA directs protein New protein synthesis. Amines – change in membrane permeability • Hormone + receptor • Conformational change in receptor proteins Hormone s • Opening / closing of ion channels • Influx /efflux of ions • Expected functions of hormones Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Organs containing Thyroid gland endocrine cells: Parathyroid glands Thymus Heart Liver Adrenal glands Stomach Testes Pancreas Kidney Kidney Small intestine Ovaries Hypothalamus • Base of fore brain / Diencephalon • Ectodermal origin • Neurosecretory cells • Controls secretions of pituitary gland Hypothalamus • co-ordinator of Hormone release. • Controls anterior & posterior pituitary. • Secretes Releasing & inhibitory hormones • Hormones: SR PRH H Hypothalamus Melanocyte stimulating Melanocyte stimulating hormone hormone releasing hormone Inhibiting hormone Controls Anterior Pituitary SKIN MSH Skin Pigmentation Pituitary Gland / Hypophysis It was called as master gland of the endocrine system. It controls the functions of the other endocrine glands . Connected to Hypothalamus via pituitary stalk. Ovoid, flattened organ,0.5X1X1cm, 0.5g in weight. situated in a socket of sphenoid bone, called sella turcica • Lobes : 2 Anterior Posterior Pituitary • Length – 1 cm • Width – 1-1.5cm • • Thick – 0.5cm • Weight – 0.5gm • Origin • Ant pit – roof of mouth - Rathke’s pouch • Post pit – Floor of diencephalon - downward growth Pituitary Gland Anatomical division Pars Nervosa Pars Dorsalis Posterior lobe Anterior lobe Pars Intermedia Intermediate lobe Pituitary Gland Functional Division Adenohypophysis / Neurohypophysis / Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Ectodermal- Rathkes Neuro ectodermal- pouch- buccal cavity outgrowth of Hypothalamus Hypothalamus --- anterior pituitary • Hypothalamus secretes hormones through axons. • Axons terminates on portal blood vessels. • Endocrine cells of Anterior pituitary releases corresponding hormone. Hypothalamus --- Posterior Pituitary • Axons from hypothalamus • Terminates on blood vessels of posterior Pituitary. • No specific endocrine cells from posterior pituitary. Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis Hypothalamo - hypopyseal Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Portal System Tract Histology of Anterior Pituitary Pars Distalis Cells Chromophils Chromophobes a)Acidophils - 40% b)Basophils - 10% Somatotrophes-30%( GH) Gonadotrophes-10-20% (LH,FSH) Mamotrophes- 10% Prolactin Thyrotrophes-3-5% (TSH) Corticotrophs- (ACTH Hormones secreted by Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone • STH (Somatotropin Hormone) • Protein Hormone • 188 Amino acids • Promotes growth - Whole body - Elongation of bones - Growth of muscle and cartilage - Mitosis and cell proliferation in visceral organs Effect of Growth hormone on metabolism • On Carbohydrates – GH decreases uptake of glucose from blood into cells causing hyperglycemia --- Thus called diabetogenic Hormone. • On Proteins – GH increases amino acid uptake from blood to liver and skeletal muscles increasing protein synthesis – thus called anabolic hormone. • On Fats – GH increases lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and utilises it for ATP production. Abnormalities in GH Secretion 1)Hyposecretion: Before Puberty : Dwarfism After Puberty : Acromicria 2)Hypersecretion: Before Puberty : Gigantism After Puberty : Acromegaly DWARFISM • GH hypo secretion • Premature arrest of skeletal development • stunted physical growth • Maximum height at adult age is only 3 feet • No mental retardation GigGantism GH
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