DOCSLIB.ORG

Computer Programs for Texture Simulation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Computer Programs for Texture Simulation Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 19, 2017 Computer programs for texture simulation Leffers, Torben Publication date: 1973 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Leffers, T. (1973). Computer programs for texture simulation. (Denmark. Forskningscenter Risoe. Risoe-R; No. 283). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Risø Report No. 283 00 CM O Z o o. ni Danish Atomic Energy Commission o c/) Research Establishment Risø Computer Programs for Texture Simulation by Torben Leffers March 1973 Sults distributors: Jul. Gjellerup, 87, Sølvgade, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark Available on exchange from: Library, Danish Atomic Energy Commission, Risø, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark We regret that some of the pages in the microfiche copy of this report may not be up to the proper legibility standards, even though the best possible copy WPS used for preparing the master fiche. UPC 6*1.3.06 : »9.374:621.771 March t 973 Risø Report No. 283 Computer Programs for Texture Simulation by Torben Leffers Danish Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment Risø Metallurgy Department Abstract A description is given of three computer programs (ROL.TEX 2, ROL - TEX 1, and HORS dOEUVRE) for the simulation of the plastic deformation in face-centred cubic poiycrystals and the derived development of rolling texture. The description includes a variety of test examples demonstrating that the programs work correctly. The report does not deal with the actual results produced by the programs and the physical interpretation of these results. i ISBN 87 550 0)89 0 - 3 - CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 5 2. The Computer Programs 5 2.1. Mode of Operation 5 2.2. The Program ROLTEX 2 6 2. 3. The Program ROLTEX 1 18 2.4. The Program HORS dOEUVRE 20 3. The Testing of the Programs 21 3.1. Lattice Rotations 22 3.2. Additional Stresses 25 3.3. Random Stresses 28 3.4. Random Orientation Distributions 30 3.5. Miscellaneous 32 4. Concluding Remarks 33 Acknowledgements 33 References 33 Tables and Figures 34 Appendices - 5 - 1. INTRODUCTION The computer programs ROLTEX 1 and ROLTEX 2 are used for simu­ lating the plastic deformation during rolling of face-centred cubic poly- crystals and the derived texture development. HORS dOEUVRE is an auxil­ iary program to the ROLTEX programs. The results obtained with the programs and the discussion of the physi­ cal significance of these results are published elsewhere ~ \ This report will provide a detailed description of the organization of the programs, of the mathematical formulation of the problems, and of the testing procedure applied to ensure that the programs actually do perform the desired calcu­ lations. Listings of the programs are included as appendices. ROLTEX 1 was written first, but before it came into real use, it was realized that so many alterations and so much rationalization were needed that it would be the easiest to write a new program, ROLTEX 2. All the results referred to in refs. 1 -6 have been obtained with ROLTEX 2, and therefore only ROLTEX 2 will be described in detail. The only reason for including ROLTEX 1 is that some of the tests referred to can only be per­ formed with this program. The parts of the auxiliary and test program HORS dOEUVRE that are different from ROLTEX 2 will also be described. 2. THE COMPUTER PROGRAMS 2.1. Mode of Operation A predetermined number of crystals are treated one by one. The starting orientation of the crystals may be fed into the computer, or the computer may generate random orientations. In the individual crystals the program selects the {ill} (110) slip system with the highest resolved shear stress. The resolved stress is calculated from the following external stresses: (i) the basic stress system which is a tensile stress in the rolling direction combined with a compress­ ive stress in the normal direction, the two stress components being of equal size numerically, (ii) if wanted, additional stresses restricting the changes in shape that the crystals can undergo, and (iii) if wanted, random stresses (the physical significance of these stresses are given in refs. 2,3,6). When the most heavily loaded slip system has been found, a certain amount of slip takes place on this system, and the crystal lattice is rotated - 6 - correspondingly. The lattice rotatum Likes place such as to fulfil the fol­ lowing two requirements: (a) a string of material lying in the rolling direc­ tion before slip must retain this orientation after deformation and lattice rotation, and (b) a plate of material lying parallel to the rolling plane be­ fore slip must also retain its orientation after deformation and rotation (see refs. 1, 2, 3, 6). The change in shape caused by the slip is registered; it is used for calculating the total deformation and, if the stresses (ii) men­ tioned above are applied, for calculating the new shape-restoring stresses. Then a new slip event with rotation takes place like the one already de­ scribed, and so on until the predetermined degree of deformation is reached. When the deformation of a crystal is finished, its {ill} and {100} poles are either plotted directly in stereographic projection or stored in the drum for later plotting (the plotting of the poles is only accomplished in ROLTEX 1 and ROLTEX 2, not in HORS dOEUVRE). 2. 2. The Program ROLTEX 2 The program was written in GIER ALGOL, and the structure of the program is such as to minimize the running time on a G1ER computer (minimum number of array calls, drum storing of the plotter data for plotting when all calculations are finished). Later the program has been translated into ILLINOIS ALGOL for use on the IBM 7094. The version listed in this report (Appendix A) is the GIER ALGOL version. The present description will concentrate on showing how the physical problems of deformation and texture development are translated into com­ puter language. Less attention will be paid to computer-administration problems (such as the problem of plotting the poles in the order that will minimize the computer-time consumption). 2. 2.1. Meaning of the General Variables The underlined variables are input variables, the others are only used inside the computer. indicator An integer that governs the program; it can be given values from -2 to 3. The different values correspond to the following operation modes; -1: orientations are given ) to the computer ) no deformation, 0: random orientations ) "J"?!*11*« are generated j Pitting of the poles 1: random orientations ) are generated ) - 7 - -2: orientations are given) to the computer ) deformation 2 and 3: random orienta- ) bff?5e tions are generated ) PtottuW indicator * Q: plotdng in four quadrants indicator ) 0: plotting in first quadrant only indicator * 3: apart from plotting, the orientations of the crystals are printed out. The number of crystals. RANDOM The maximum number of steps for which the same random stress is allowed to operate. STOP The maximum number of steps for each crystal. randomparameter An integer that governs the generation of random stresses. crystalparameter An integer that governs the generation of random orientations. counter An integer used for counting the number of steps. K P. «t r, s. t, rr, ø, Integers used for different purposes P. 0. PP, 00. PQ throughout the program. K. Kfi12, KS13. Ks23 Proportionality factors for the shape- restoring stresses; when they are all given the value zero, there is no shape restoration. K is used for tensile and compressive stresses, the others for shear components. L A real used for the calculation of the maximum value for the random stresses. SHOOT A real used when overshooting is included. When SHOOT < -0.5, the part of the program that takes care of the overshooting is omitted. R The final reduction in per cent. step The amount of shear in each slip event. sq, u Reals used for various purposes. red The actual reduction of a crystal during "deformation". length T> e actual length of the crystal considered. thickness The actual thickness of the crystal. trans dim The actual transverse dimension (width) of the crystal. - 8 - SA lised for finding the slip system with the highest resolved shear stress. fault Used for calculating the deviation from orthogonality in the crystal lattice after deformation. A11, A12, A1 3, A21 When starting with a new crystal Apq is the ..., A33 q-co-ordinate of the crystallographic p-axis in the "geometric" co-ordinate system having the transverse, the rolling, and the normal direction as axes (it should be noted that the numbering of the geometric axes in the program is different from the numbering in refs. 2, 3,6). When dealing with the lattice rotation corresponding to a slip event, Apq is the q-co-ordinate of the "old" geometric p-axis (the p-axis before rotation) in the "new" geometric co-ordinate system. In routine use of the program the Apq's are not input variables, and therefore they are not underlined.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Role of Protein O-Mannosyltransferase in The
    THE ROLE OF PROTEIN O-MANNOSYLTRANSFERASE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DROSOPHILA TORSION PHENOTYPES A Dissertation by RYAN ANDREW BAKER Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Vladislav Panin Committee Members, Gary Kunkel Lanying Zeng Paul Hardin Head of Department, Gregory Reinhart December 2016 Major Subject: Biochemistry Copyright 2016 Ryan Baker ABSTRACT Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD’s) are serious diseases affecting muscle, brain, eye, and other tissues and often result in premature death of patients. These forms of muscular dystrophy are largely underlain by defects in the glycosylation of dystroglycan, and specifically by defects in the O-mannosylation pathway. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a good model system for studying many genetic diseases, including CMD’s, as they utilize many of the same molecular processes as mammals. They have homologues of mammalian Protein O-MannosylTransferase (POMT) 1 and 2 which have been shown to O-mannosylate dystroglycan. In this dissertation I studied the biological defects associated with POMT mutations primarily by using a live imaging approach in Drosophila. In Drosophila the most prominent defect associated with POMT mutations is a clockwise torsion of posterior abdominal segments relative to anterior segments. The mechanism by which this torsion arises was not previously known. Here I characterized the gross physiological mechanism by which torsion arises. I showed that it is present at the embryonic stage, that embryos undergo chiral rolling within their shells during peristaltic contractions, and that abnormal contraction patterning in POMT mutants leads to differential rolling that gives rise to torsion of the dorsal midline.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Aquatic Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments for the Interior West
    FINAL REPORT: SYNTHESIS OF AQUATIC CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS FOR THE INTERIOR WEST MARCH 31ST, 2015 This report was produced by the Rocky Mountain Research Station as part of the Southern Rockies Landscape Conservation Cooperative project “Vulnerability Assessments: Synthesis and Applications for Aquatic Species and their habitats in the Southern Rockies Landscape Conservation Cooperative”IA#R13PG80650 Report authors: Megan M. Friggens United States Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Albuquerque, New Mexico Carly K. Woodlief United States Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Albuquerque, New Mexico For More Information or to request a copy of this report or data, please contact: Megan Friggens Rocky Mountain Research Station 333 Broadway SE Albuquerque, NM 87102 [email protected] Cover: Adapted From Averyt et al. 2013. Sectoral contributions to surface water stress in the coterminous United States. Environmental Research Letters 8: 035046 (9pp). 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Vulnerability Assessments ........................................................................................................................ 6 Vulnerability Assessment Approaches .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Huygens' Horologium Oscillatorium ; Part Five 1 Translated and Annotated by Ian Bruce
    Christian Huygens' Horologium Oscillatorium ; Part Five 1 Translated and annotated by Ian Bruce. HOROLOGII OSCILLATORII PART FIVE. [p. 157] In which the construction of another kind of clock is considered from the motion of a circular pendulum; and Theorems on Centrifugal Force. There is another kind of oscillatory motion, besides that which we have been using until now. Truly of that kind where the pendulum weight is carries round in a circle. Thus we have deduced the construction of another kind of clock, almost at the same time as the other; and likewise based on the same principles of equal times; but used less frequently on account of the ease and simplicity of construction of the other kind. Moreover, many clocks of this kind have been constructed successfully. For these, the final hand is seen to be carried around in a continued and equal motion, designating the seconds; while for our first clock, and all other clocks, the hand is carried around in small jumps. Likewise here too, there is an absence of all the din and noise arising from the working of the clock; though for astronomical observations, the sound of the single seconds ticking away is something useful that one would not be without. And indeed, I had put in place a description of these clocks with these other matters to be published at last, which have been delayed, concerning circular motion and what can be called centrifugal force; for which it may be said I have many arguments, and these may follow this work if leisure time permits.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of the Gene Abdomen Rotatum on the Development of Drosophila Melanogaster
    THE EFFECT OF THE GENE ABDOMEN ROTATUM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER NORMAN P. MARENGO AND RUTH B. HOWLAND WashingtonSquare College of Arts and Science New York University Received May 22, I942 INTRODUCTION ECENTLY considerable emphasis in genetic research has been cen- R tered on the effects of genes upon development. The determination of the time at which a gene begins to act and of the manner in which it expresses its specific action in terms of cell or tissue structure has led to a better understanding of the mechanism of gene activity. This is especially true of carefully controlled mutant stocks of Drosophila melanogaster, about which investigations have already yielded much important informa- tion. A number of gene mutations in Drosophila melanogaster causing ab- dominal rotation have been reported in the literature from time to time, but no record of the embryological picture of their effects has appeared. BRIDGESand MORGAN(1923) described a mutant showing abdominal rotation which was in all cases to the left, through 60 to 90 degrees. This mutation was determined to be a simple recessive and was located in chromosome 111. Aside from the counter-clockwise rotation of the ab- domen in the adult, no structural changes were observed. This stock has been lost, due both to poor viability and to difficulty in mating. In 1928 DEMEREC(1938) found a mutant, twisted, located on chromosome I. The abdomen was twisted through 30 degrees in a manner similar to the first described mutant. In 1932 MOHR (1938) discovered a similar mutation located on the same chromosome as DEMEREC’Stwisted.
    [Show full text]
  • Risø National Laboratory
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 26, 2021 Computer programs for texture simulation Leffers, T. Publication date: 1973 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Leffers, T. (1973). Computer programs for texture simulation. Risø National Laboratory. Denmark. Forskningscenter Risoe. Risoe-R No. 283 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Risø Report No. 283 00 CM O Z o o. ni Danish Atomic Energy Commission o c/) Research Establishment Risø Computer Programs for Texture Simulation by Torben Leffers March 1973 Sults distributors: Jul. Gjellerup, 87, Sølvgade, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark Available on exchange from: Library, Danish Atomic Energy Commission, Risø, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark We regret that some of the pages in the microfiche copy of this report may not be up to the proper legibility standards, even though the best possible copy WPS used for preparing the master fiche.
    [Show full text]
  • CR 97-2 Pages
    A Floristic Inventory and Spatial 97-23 Database for Fort Wainwright, Interior Alaska Charles Racine, Robert Lichvar, Barbara Murray, October 1997 Gerald Tande, Robert Lipkin, and Michael Duffy SPECIAL REPORT Abstract: An inventory of the vascular and ground-in- Flats and associated wetlands, 4) the upland buttes and habiting cryptogam flora of Fort Wainwright, in interior Blair Lakes area in Tanana Flats, and 5) the floodplains Alaska, was conducted during the summer of 1995 to of the Tanana and Chena Rivers. Over 100 sites were support land management needs related to the impact visited, with habitats ranging from very dry south-facing of training. Primary plant collecting, identification and slopes to forest, floodplains, wetlands, and alpine tun- verification were conducted by the Alaska Natural Heri- dra. tage Program and the University of Alaska Museum. Vascular collections represented 491 species (includ- The work was supervised and the data compiled into a ing subspecies and varieties), included about 26% of geographic information system by the USA Cold Re- Alaska’s vascular flora, and are considered to be rela- gions Research and Engineering Laboratory and the tively complete. The cryptogam collections included 219 USA Waterways Experiment Station. species, representing 92 mosses, 117 lichens, and 10 Fort Wainwright covers 370,450 hectares (915,000 liverworts. The flora is characteristic of the circumpolar acres); it was divided into five areas: 1) the valleys of boreal forest and wetlands of both North America and a cantonment area of base facilities, 2) the slopes and Eurasia, but it also contains alpine and dry-grassland alpine areas of the Yukon–Tanana Uplands, 3) Tanana and steppe species.
    [Show full text]
  • Chitons and Gastropods (Haliotidae Through Adeorbidae) from the Western Pacific Islands
    Chitons and Gastropods (Haliotidae Through Adeorbidae) From the Western Pacific Islands GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 531 Chitons and Gastropods (Haliotidae Through Adeorbidae) From the Western Pacific Islands By HARRY S. LADD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 531 Description and preliminary paleoecologic in­ terpretations of fossil moll usks from seven island groups UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library ut' Oongivw, catalog-curd Xo. GS 66-257 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ________________ __ - 1 Paleontology Continued Introduction - 1 Paleoecology ____ 11 Area and localities 1 Faunal relations _ 15 Purpose and scope ____ .. - 1 Systematic paleontology . 20 Earlier references to fossil mollusks _______ ______ 3 Chitons ________ - 21 Palau ____________________________- 3 Schizochitonidae _ _ 21 Mariana Islands ___________________ 3 Chitonidae _______________ ______ 23 Marshall Islands __________ _ _ 3 Acanthochitonidae _ ___ 24 Ellice Islands _____________________ 3 Gastropods ______ 25 Funafuti ________________________. 3 Haliotidae _ 25 Scissurellidae .. 26 New Hebrides _____________________ 3 Fissurellidae ________ 27 Fiji ______________________________ 4 Patellidae __________________-_ 32 Tonga ____________________________ 5 Trochidae ____________-__ - 33 Collections __________________________ 5 Stomatellidae ________ . 41 Acknowledgments _______-_______________ 6 Angariidae (Delphinulidae) 42 Geology ________________________________ 6 Turbinidae _______ - 43 Stratigraphy _________. 6 Phasianellidae ________ _ _ 53 Eocene ____________. Neritopsidae ______________ _ 55 Oligocene ____________ Neritidae _______________________- 55 Miocene ___________. Littorinidae _ 59 Iravadiidae ________________ ___ 59 Post-Miocene ________. Rissoidae ______________________ 60 Pliocene ________.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontario Wetland Evaluation System
    OntariO Wetland evaluatiOn SyStem Southern manual 3rd edition, version 3.2 2013 © Queen’s Printer for Ontario 2013 OWES Revision History: 1st edition – 1981 2nd edition – March 1984 3rd edition – March 1993 3rd edition, 1st revision, May 1994 3rd edition, 2nd revision, December 2002 Cette publication spécialisé n’est pas disponible qu’en anglais MNR #62803 ISBN 978-1-4606-0200-3 Print ISBN 978-1-4606-0201-0 PDF ISSN 1192-8484 Harold Lee (Southern Science and Information Section) provided valuable contributions to the new substrate sections of the manual and to developing the Wetland Systems Key. Adam Hogg (Inventory Monitoring and Assessment Section) updated the sections on wetland mapping. Don Sutherland, Mike Oldham, Mike McMurtry, Tanya Taylor (all Natural Heritage Information Centre) and Bill Crins (Ontario Parks) reviewed sections and/or undertook analyses. Rich AcknOWlEdgEmEntS Russell created the new black duck maps, and Brigitte Collins reviewed the update to this section (both Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service), (northern manual only). Other contributors and reviewers include: Gary Allen (MNR Midhurst), John Boos (MNR Southern Region), Peter Davis (MNR Northwest Region), Ron Huizer (Beacon Environmental), Peter Uhlig (MNR Ontario Forest Research Institute), Steve Varga (MNR Aurora), Ron Black (MNR Parry Sound), Anne Yagi (MNR Guelph), Dave Richards (MNR Aylmer), Debrupa Ontario Wetland Evaluation System, 3rd edition Pathak, Martha Allen, and Elizabeth Wright (all (version 3.2): Biodiversity Policy Section), Dave Webster (Ontario This 2013 version of the Ontario Wetland Evaluation Parks), and Ken Hare (MMAH). System (OWES) builds upon the work and input that a range of public, private and academic contributors made We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by to the previous editions of the OWES manuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Harold's Physics “Cheat Sheet”
    Harold’s Physics “Cheat Sheet” 3 May 2021 Mechanics: Atomic and Mechanics: Fluid Mechanics Angular / Electricity / Nuclear / Linear / Thermo- Rotational Magnetism Waves and Translation dynamics Motion Optics Kinematics Horizontal / 1-D: 10−100 Fluid Mechanics: Waves: 1 2 1 2 = 푔표표푔표푙푡ℎ 1 2 푓(푥, 푡) = 퐴 sin (2휋 풙 = 풙0 + 풗푥0푡 + 풂푡 휽 = 휽0 + 흎0푡 + 휶푡 10−24 = 푦표푐푡표 푃1 + 휌푔푦1 + 휌푣1 푥 2 2 2 (푓푡 − ) + 휙) + 푘 10−21 = 푧푒푝푡표 1 휆 = 푃 + 휌푔푦 + 휌푣2 Vertical: 10−18 = 푎푡푡표 2 2 2 2 −15 Optics: 1 2 10 = 푓푒푚푡표 (Conservation of Mass) 풚 = 풚0 + 풗푦0푡 − 품푡 −12 푣 2 10 = 푝푐표 푓 = 10−9 = 푛푎푛표 푚 휆 휌 = 10−6 = 푚푐푟표 풙 = 풙ퟎ + 풗푡 휽 = 휽0 + 흎푡 푉 −3 1 1 1 10 = 푚푙푙 −2 + = 10 = 푐푒푛푡 ∆ℓ = 훼ℓ0∆푇 푑표 푑푖 푓 풙 = ∫ 풗 푑푡 휽 = ∫ 흎 푑푡 10−1 = 푑푒푐 100 = 1 Position Refraction: 1 (m) 푠 = 푟휃 10 = 푑푒푐푎 (bend) 102 = ℎ푒푐푡표 푐 (rad) 3 푛 = 10 = 푘푙표 푣 6 풙(푡) = 퐴 cos(흎푡 + 휙) 10 = 푚푒푔푎 109 = 푔푔푎 Snell’s Law: 1012 = 푡푒푟푎 푛 sin 휃 = 푛 sin 휃 풙(푡) = 퐴 cos(2휋푓푡 + 휙) 1 1 2 2 1015 = 푝푒푡푎 1018 = 푒푥푎 푛1 푣2 21 = 10 = 푧푒푡푡푎 푛2 푣1 1024 = 푦표푡푡푎 10100 = 푔표표푔표푙 Diffraction: 101000 (spread out) = 푔표표푔표푙푝푙푒푥 ∆퐿 = 푑 sin 휃 푚휆 = 푑 sin 휃 Copyright © 2011-2021 by Harold Toomey, Wyzant Tutor 1 Atomic and Fluid Mechanics Mechanics: Mechanics: Electricity / Nuclear / / Thermo- Linear Angular Magnetism Waves and dynamics Optics 푑 ∆풙 푑풙 휃 ∆휃 푑휃 Speed of Light: Fluid Mechanics: Waves and Optics: 풗 = = = 흎 = = = 푚 푡 ∆푡 푑푡 푡 ∆푡 푑푡 푐 ≈ 3.00 × 108 퐴1푣1 = 퐴2푣2 푣 = 푓휆 푠 풗 = 풗 + 풂푡 흎 = 흎 + 휶푡 Reflection: 0 0 3푅푇 푣푟푚푠 = √ (throw back) 2 2 2 2 푀 풗 = 풗0 + 2풂(푥 − 푥0) 흎 = 흎0 + 2휶(휃 − 휃0) Critical angle: 풗0 + 풗 흎0 + 흎 푛1 풗̅ = 흎̅ = 3푘퐵푇 sin 휃푐
    [Show full text]
  • Lomatogonium Rotatum for Treatment of Acute Liver Injury in Mice: a Metabolomics Study
    H OH metabolites OH Article Lomatogonium Rotatum for Treatment of Acute Liver Injury in Mice: A Metabolomics Study Renhao Chen 1, Qi Wang 2, Lanjun Zhao 1, Shilin Yang 1, Zhifeng Li 1,*, Yulin Feng 2, Jiaqing Chen 3, Choon Nam Ong 4 and Hui Zhang 5,* 1 National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herb Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330002, China; [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (S.Y.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Nanchang 330006, China; [email protected] (Q.W.); [email protected] (Y.F.) 3 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; [email protected] 4 Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore; [email protected] 5 NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (H.Z.) Received: 10 September 2019; Accepted: 12 October 2019; Published: 14 October 2019 Abstract: Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries ex Nym (LR) is used as a traditional Mongolian medicine to treat liver and bile diseases. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of LR on mice with CCl4-induced acute liver injury through conventional assays and metabolomics analysis. This study consisted of male mice (n = 23) in four groups (i.e., control, model, positive control, and LR). The extract of whole plant of LR was used to treat mice in the LR group.
    [Show full text]
  • Ptilagrostis Porteri (Rydb.) W.A. Weber (Porter's False Needlegrass): a Technical Conservation Assessment
    Ptilagrostis porteri (Rydb.) W.A. Weber (Porter’s false needlegrass): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project May 3, 2006 Barry C. Johnston Grand Mesa–Uncompahgre–Gunnison National Forests 216 N. Colorado St. Gunnison, CO 81230-2197 Peer Review Administered by Society for Conservation Biology Johnston, B.C. (2006, May 3). Ptilagrostis porteri (Rydb.) W.A. Weber (Porter’s false needlegrass): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http:// www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/ptilagrostisporteri.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks to Jill Handwerk, Dave Anderson, and Susan Spackman Panjabi of the Colorado Natural Heritage Program for their generous sharing of data, maps, and observations about Ptilagrostis porteri and its habitats. Sheila Lamb, Stephanie (Howard) Leutzinger, Vickie Branch, Todd Phillipe, Shawna Rice, and Sara Mayben of the South Park Ranger District in Fairplay shared their monitoring data and answered many questions about the management of P. porteri sites. Ken Kanaan, Soil Scientist with the Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Comanche and Cimarron National Grasslands in Pueblo kindly supplied soil maps and the draft soil survey for the Western Pike and Northern San Isabel National Forests. Steve Olson, Botanist in the same office, helped with photographs, monitoring data, and helpful advice. Denny Bohon of the South Platte Ranger District in Morrison answered many questions about the management of Geneva Park and began the monitoring of those populations. John Sanderson, David Cooper, Denise Culver, Dave Bathke, and Benjamin Madsen were more than willing to share data, observations, and advice that contributed greatly to this assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • Maine's Climate Future: an Initial Assessment
    An Initial Assessment February 2009 Revised April 2009 Maine’s Climate Future: An Initial Assessment Acknowledgements Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the Office of Vice President for Research; Office of the Dean, College of Natural Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture; the Climate Change Institute; Maine Sea Grant; the Center for Research on Sustainable Forests; the Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Environmental and Watershed Research; the Forest Bioproducts Research Initiative; and the Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences for their generous support of the publication and printing costs of Maine’s Climate Future. Please cite this report as Jacobson, G.L., I.J. Fernandez, P.A. Mayewski, and C.V. Schmitt (editors). 2009. Maine’s Climate Future: An Initial Assessment. Orono, ME: University of Maine. http://www.climatechange.umaine.edu/mainesclimatefuture/ Cite individual sections using Team Leader as first author. Design and production: Kathlyn Tenga-González, Maine Sea Grant Printing: University of Maine Printing Services Printed on recycled paper Maine’s Climate Future SUMMARY Earth’s atmosphere is experiencing unprecedented changes that are modifying global climate. Discussions continue around the world, the nation, and in Maine on how to reduce and eventually eliminate emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), other greenhouse gases, and other pollutants to the atmosphere, land, and oceans. These efforts are vitally important and urgent. However, even if a coordinated response succeeds in eliminating excess greenhouse gas emissions by the end of the century, something that appears highly unlikely today, climate change will continue, because the elevated levels of CO2 can persist in the atmosphere for thousands of years to come.
    [Show full text]