Santa Fe County, Texas

Tradición April 2012 revista

Alien Visitors Apache Basket-making Through a Photographer’s Eye Revolt & Treason Trials of 1847 Dueling Boundaries, Santa Fe County, Texas

Charlie Carrillo

Santo by Charlie Carrillo and Pottery by Debbie Carrillo

Studio by Appointment

2712 Paseo de Tularosa, Santa Fe, NM 87505 505/473-7941 E-Mail: [email protected]

Tradición Featuring Southwest Traditions, Art & Culture

APRIL 2012 VOLUME XVII, No. 1 (#57) ISSN 1093-0973

Publishers/Managing Editors Barbe Awalt Paul Rhetts

Contributors Loretta Hall Francisco Toste Santana Claude Stephenson Michael Stevenson Robert Tórrez Don Usner Elisa Wood

Tradición Revista is published electronically four times a year by LPD Enterprises, 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, NM 87107-5647

505/344-9382 t FAX 505/345-5129 Website: www.nmsantos.com Email: [email protected]

The nmsantos.com website contains information on both the current issue of Tradición Revista as well as all back issues, a comprehensive index of articles, and information on the book list from LPD Press. The website also contains a variety of information on santos/saints, their identification and artists.

The subscription rate is $10 a year (4 issues) or $20 for two years (8 issues); U.S. currency only.

Copyright © 2012 by LPD Enterprises. All rights reserved. Reproduc- tion in whole or in part by any means without written permission is strictly prohibited. Tradición Revista invites letters of criticism, com- Museum of New Mexico Foundation ment, and ideas for future issues. Tradición Revista and its publishers disclaim responsibility for statements either of fact or of opinion ON the Plaza: made by contributors. Tradición Revista encourages the submission New Mexico Museum of Art Shop of manuscripts with photographs, but assumes no responsibility for Palace of the Governors Shop such submittals. Unsolicited manuscripts must be accompanied by ON MuseuM hill: self-addressed, stamped envelopes to ensure their return. Museum of International Folk Art Shop Colleen Cloney Duncan Museum Shop at the Museum of Indian Arts & Culture

ON the web: www.shopmuseum.com www.newmexicocreates.org www.worldfolkart.org Front cover: Organs, Chile & Cotton by Elisa Wood.

6 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Tradición Featuring Southwest Traditions, Art & Culture Award Winning Artist APRIL 2012 VOLUME XVII, No. 1 (#57) Ramona Vigil Eastwood IN THIS ISSUE Feature Articles

Through a Photographer’s Eye...... 20 by Elisa Wood 13th Santos Woods Carving Contest...... 40 by Francisco Toste Santana The New Mexican “Revolt” & Treason Trials of 1847...... 60 by Robert Tórrez Dueling Boundaries: Santa Fe, Texas, and the Hot Summer of 1850...... 74 by Michael Stevenson Alien Visitors...... 100 by Loretta Hall Apache Basketmaking...... 111 by Claude Stephenson Departments

Editors’ Notes/Publishers’ Message...... 9 Calendario/Calendar...... 13 Artist’s Portfolios...... 86 Book Reviews & Resources...... 92 Showing at Contemporary Hispanic Market Santa Fe, NM t July 28-29 t

A 1912 parade float in Santa Fe, New Mexi- co. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives PO Box 23455, Albuquerque, NM 87192 118354. See page 52 for more. 505.296-2749 email [email protected]

TRADICIÓN April 2012 7 Jason Salazar

Catherine Robles-Shaw Traditional & Contemporary Wood Carving Award-winning Artist 303/258-0544 Special Orders for Altarscreens 505/514-1120 or 505/271-0925 www.catherineroblesshaw.com pensamientos de los editores Publishers’ Message Happy 100th Birthday New Mexico and Arizona!!!!!!!!

Winter Traditional Market Santa Fe Mayor David Coss wants to run for Ben Lujan’s We were not there but that didn’t stop collectors and seat in the New Mexico Legislature because Coss is hav- artists from calling us with horror stories. The Santa Fe ing so much fun being Mayor. Just a suggestion: maybe Convention Center FORGOT to turn on the lights. Maybe Coss needs to stop having fun and do the job. it is us but when you rent a space it includes lights? The Winter Pay-Through-The-Nose Preview Party was a flop. Just an idea from two Anglos: why not have BOTH Beside non-traditional foods you had to BUY your own of the Markets — Contemporary and Traditional at the drinks including water. Nice! We are glad the holiday Santa Fe Convention Center? There is plenty of room, the spirit is dead! The tea had 20 elderly ladies attend at moveable wall could separate the two Markets because SCAS President Jim Long’s hotel—nice! The Home Tour we all know they don’t play well together, and they was a bust—nice too. The Home Tour visited one garage. could BOTH take advantage of each other’s marketing No one came to Winter Market and artists didn’t sell. It was promoted that 100 artists would be in attendance to sell but there were really 78. Sad! What REALLY burns us up is thousands of dollars of food for the Preview was gotten and when no one ate the food, mainly because it was cold, instead of giving it to a shelter who could use it, the food was THROWN AWAY!!!!! What are they thinking? For that alone Donna and Maggie need to be fired ASAP. So to recap - artists paid about $300 each for a booth and made no money. What about that doesn’t work for you? The print ad that the Spanish Colonial Arts Society paid for Winter Market had the wrong times. We are thinking about this and wouldn’t SCAS know what time Winter Market was? And didn’t SCAS design and place the ad? This is not the first time a SCAS ad was really wrong — the SCAS Matanza ad had no date. Maybe these are secret events — you have to be a chosen few to know. We may have seen the death of SCAS and Winter Market. If artists don’t demand accountability this is what is going to happen in July. If gas prices stay high, planning is necessary.

Contemporary Hispanic Market There were less artists in attendance and less customers. They did have Hispanic Holiday music and it did add to the event. They run a tight but casual show and have a lot of potential. One artist said all the shows in Santa Fe have been poor. Maybe it is Santa Fe? We did notice the Convention Center did not change burned out light bulbs and shovel snow off of walk-ways. We heard the loading dock was a sheet of ice. Do they know about lawsuits? But TRADICIÓN April 2012 9 and visitors. Just a suggestion — it will never happen but wouldn’t it be nice! There is more than enough room for both Markets! Saint Tim NICholas Catherine Robles Shaw made a Tim Tebow retablo for Winter Market. It was tongue-in-cheek and Catherine never called him Saint Tebow though the Albuquerque HERRERA Journal did. She got angry emails for her retablo. Her reply back to angry people was we have lost our sense of hu- mor and she never called him “saint.” Aren’t there more important things to deal with? And imagine hate mail three days before Christmas! Happy Holidays to you too! Goodwill toward men except if you like Tim Tebow! Note: Tebow had moved on to New York City now.

Hats off to the Vargas Family of Albu- querque In celebrating their son’s life the Vargas Family gave $1000 of new shoes to the Albuquerque School System. Vargas, who was a budding artist, was killed in Down- town Albuquerque.

St. John’s Back on the Radar After a year of not having the St. John’s Spanish Market in February, it came back with joy! There were more artists, more clients, music, and fun! We hope this is a trend. When we were there we saw customers and people buying. Hats off to Charlie Carrillo and Arlene Cisneros Sena, as well at the St. John’s people that made it work!

Bizarre Foods Put on your TV calendar Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern on the Travel Channel for the Matanza and other New Mexico foods. The episode is scheduled for July.

Award We are honored to receive the Mille Santillanes Edu- cation Award from the New Mexico Hispanic Cultural Preservation League. See more on page 73.

Put on Your Radar The Southwest Book Fiesta is scheduled for May 10-12, 2013 (Mother’s Day Weekend) at the Albuquerque Con- vention Center. It will be fun and support literacy and libraries.

Historical Society of New Mexico PO Box 43 The Historical Society of New Mexico is meeting at El Rito, New Mexico 87530 the Santa Fe Convention Center on May 3-5, 2012. We will debut the third volume of Sunshine and Shadows in New 505.581-4733 Mexico’s Past at the meeting. This volume focuses on the www.nicholasherrera.com Statehood Period from 1912 to present.

10 TRADICIÓN April 2012 editorial Fear This: Proposed Development for the Santuario in Chimayó

Few things have aroused such people for local people. The notion The church has published a discussion in Chimayó as the recent of making any part of Chimayó into map of the complex of the grounds proposal to develop a conference a gaudy tourist attraction turns the as they have developed them to date. center and other facilities near the stomach of anyone who lives there or This might be considered a blueprint Santuario in Chimayó. I’ve been loves to visit. The value of the place for the kind of development that speaking with a lot of people there, lies in its lack of pretension. Preser- would unfold if the church is given and the reaction in the community vation of buildings there should be free hand to proceed with its plans. is almost universally negative. The done with great care and respect for Take a look at the map, and be afraid. response from people outside of historical, cultural and environmen- It brings Disneyland to Chimayó.. Chimayó is similarly unenthusiastic tal aspects of this treasured valley. I think the church must do -- and for good reason. The develop- I’m all for stabilizing and re- much better. The recent changes ment as it has been described so far storing the old house on the hill around the Santuario have alien- would bring very little benefit to the across from the Santuario, which the ated the local community and visi- people of Chimayó and would cer- development plan calls for. It was tors alike. I know dozens of people tainly cause great harm to the place. the home of Bernardo Abeyta, my who simply won’t go there anymore It is true, as some in favor of the great-grandfather, who founded the because as the church leaders have development have argued, that Chi- Santuario and was a leading figure tried to put a shine on it, they have mayó could use an economic boost. in the community. I’ve watched with tarnished its glow as a place of spiri- It’s also hard to criticize the idea of sadness for years as the owners of tual renewal. The plans call for more “preserving” historic buildings near the building, including the church, of the same. If the church, or any the church or of providing something have let it slip slowly into ruin. It other group, wants to take action to helpful “for children and families” of should be preserved, but how that is preserve, protect or promote the San- the community. But these claims for done is of critical importance. tuario and its environs, they should the development are specious at best. And how would the church listen to people who truly care The ideas put forth so far are blatant- “preserve” this important structure? about the place. So far the church ly commercial and would degrade For an answer, one need only look has shown no inclination to respect the ambience and spirit of the place. as far as the development that has the concerns of those who hold this And how is it that a conference cen- taken place around the Santuario in place dear. ter, restaurant and other amenities the past several years. The beautiful will help children? grounds have become cluttered, be- Don Usner, author of Sabino’s Map: Life For many years, I have been a sieged with signs and pavement and in Chimayó’s Old Plaza, and Benigna’s strong advocate for preservation of gift shops. The beloved Santo Niño Chimayó: Cuentos from the Old Plaza, is a the old Plaza del Cerro in Chimayó, chapel, across the plaza from the writer and photographer whose family comes but it’s been my contention that pres- Santuario, has been transformed into from Chimayó. He lives in Santa Fe. ervation should be directed by local a kitschy shrine to bad taste.

TRADICIÓN April 2012 11 in the art world current exhibitions and shows

HATOExhibits REY, PR LAS &CRUCES, NMEventsPHOENIX, AZ April 1- 8, 2012 Through Sept. 16, 2012 April 1-July 8, 2012 Santos exhibition during Land of Enchantment: Gustave Baumann: Artisan Semana Santa Commemorating the Printmaker of the Southwest Plaza las Americas, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico Centennial of New Mexico Phoenix Art Museum, 602/257-1880. June 18-24, 2012 Statehood ROSWELL, NM 30th. Feria de Artesania en New Mexico Farm & Ranch Museum. Through Jan. 6, 2013 575/522-4100. Plaza Las Americas (Includes Roswell: Diamond of the Pecos contemporaries santos) OROCOVIS, PR Roswell Museum & Art Center. 575/624-6744. Hato Rey, Puerto Rico December 17, 2012 SANTA FE, NM September 10-23, 2012 29th Encuentro de Santeros Through May 1, 2014 Orocovis, Puerto Rico Antiques show including santos at Woven Identities Plaza las Americas Museum of Indian Arts & Culture. 505/476- Hato Rey, Puerto Rico 1269. A Centennial Celebration

New Mexico Treasures: Legacy of the New Deal 1933-1942 Through April 3, 2012 One Civic Plaza Building, Albuquerque, NM, Suite 10111 -- 505-468-7108

TRADICIÓN April 2012 13 Teresa May Duran

www.corazondeduran.com [email protected] 303/522-6994

Contemporary & Traditional Art by ROSA MARIA CALLES

P.O. Box 57135, Albuquerque, NM 87187 505-379-3230

14 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Art of the Great Depression The Monterey (California) Mu- as multiple building structures or percent, the WPA included a variety seum of Art is hosting an exhibi- farm crops rise up and wind around of special programs which allowed tion of works by Depression-era newly constructed roads—implying a Americans to regain income and artists, A New Deal: fertile and progressive regenerate the economy. This recov- Art of the Great Depres- future. ery act brought forth by President sion, through June In 1934, a national Franklin Roosevelt, named “The New 17, 2012. The exhibit government program Deal,” organized public works efforts features a series of called the Works Prog- that included construction of public lithographs, etchings ress Administration, buildings, roads, arts and literacy and woodcuts high- better known as the projects. Artists were given the op- lighting perseverance, “WPA,” was created to portunity to create artworks depict- pride and hope for initiate local and large- ing the social-political atmosphere of economic resolution. scale work projects for the time. Determined men and the unemployed dur- The legacy of the thousands of women are depicted ing the Great Depres- artists who captured American for- at work in urban and sion. With the United titude and pride is preserved in the rural scenes. Land- States reaching an powerful images included in this scapes reference com- unemployment rate important exhibition. munity collaboration of close to twenty-five

New Works by Arthur Lopez

Painting above by Dennis Ziemienski. Small Paintings Show Visit the Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery in Santa Fe to view small paintings by nationally ac- Several new works by Santero Arthur Lopez are on display at Mani- claimed artists to include Lisa Dani- tou Gallery in Santa Fe. Born and raised in Santa Fe, New Mexico, López is elle, Glenn Dean, Josh Elliott, Ron El- among the finest santero artists working in the proud heritage of northern stad, Veryl Goodnight, Gregory Hull, New Mexico wood carvers. His traditional bultos, (3- dimensional carved Gregory Kondos, Peggi Kroll-Roberts, representations of the saints) for which he has received numerous awards are Francis Livingston, Merrill Mahaffey, exhibited at Santa Fe’s annual Spanish Market, are avidly sought by muse- Jan Mapes, Dominik Modlinski, P. A. ums and private collectors. Equally important to Lopez is his need to tran- Nisbet, Howard Post, Glenn Renell, scend the bounds of the traditional santero, and use his art as a medium for Ray Roberts, Sue Rother, W. Jason expressing the full range of his culture and the world around him. Lopez has Situ, Gary Ernest Smith, and Dennis exhibited in numerous shows throughout the Southwest and his work is in Ziemienski. Show dates May 11 - Many prominent collections throughout the country. June 13, 2012. TRADICIÓN April 2012 15 santa fe Historic Arts of the Americas

Peyton Wright Gallery held its the Collection of Dr. Jose Neistein objects from the former Spanish and 19th Annual “Historic Art of the through March, 2012. Portuguese colonies – New Mexico, Americas”, an exhibition of art and The exhibit consisted of Span- Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Ar- objects from the Spanish Colonial ish Colonial Viceregal paintings, gentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and the Americas featuring works from sculpture, furniture, silverwork, and Philippines. 16 TRADICIÓN April 2012 TRADICIÓN April 2012 17 Los Chilitos a bi-lingual children’s story by Viola Peña with illustrations by Jerry Montoya 1 1 48 pages 33 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 8 ⁄2 ISBN 978-1-890689-68-1 ($16.95) (Trade paper) Los Chilitos is a very New Mexican story for children about the Little Chile Peppers by Viola Peña of Grants, New Mexico. The bright pictures of Salcita, Paula, Cía, Pepita, Chilito, Mona, Dormilón, and Marco chile peppers make an appealing story of New Mexico’s favorite crop. The illustrator is Jerry Montoya, also from Grants. This is all about how chile grow and what they can be used for; and all with Grandfather’s help. This is a great way for kid’s to learn all about chiles in the field! Ages 3-8

Order Name ______Los ChiLitos please eNClose CheCk or provide address ______Credit Card (visa or masterCard) iNfo below:

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aytime phoNe d ______U.s. orders: add $5.50 Usps shippiNg for the first book aNd $2.00 for eaCh additioNal book. iNt’l orders: add $16.00 Usps shippiNg for the first book aNd $11.00 for eaCh additioNal book. FREE Rio Grande Books SHIPPING on 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 orders 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com received by 6/1/12 18 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Art is a Gift

Sadness and hardship can bring people together to do something good and celebrate life. That is what Art is a Gift was all about. Late last fall, friends, family, and art collectors got a chance to support santero and artist Arturo Olivas and get some very good art. Arturo had been recently diag- nosed with cancer. The doctor’s visits had become financially draining. His friends joined together to ask some of the great artists of New Mexico to donate a piece of art to help support Arturo and his mounting medical bills. Art donated was from: Ralph Sena, Clare Villa, Katherine Robles Shaw, Michelle Tapia, Nick Otero, Sandra Cisneros, Arlene Cisneros Sena, Margarito Mondragon, Vicente Telles, Kenny Chavez, Patti Smith, Celeste Medina, Catalina Delgado Trunk, Adan Carriaga, Mel Rivera, Elena Baca, Charlie Carrillo, among many others.

TRADICIÓN April 2012 19 Through A Photographer’s Eye Tradición Revista has asked a couple photographers to share with our subscribers what they see in the Southwest. In this issue we share a portfolio from Elisa Wood of Las Cruces and Santa Fe. She is a regular exhibitor at Contemporray Hispanic Market in Santa Fe.

20 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Organs, Chile & Cotton, by Elisa Wood

TRADICIÓN April 2012 21 22 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Opposite page: Casita, Santa Fe by Elisa Wood; Above: Spring in Santa Fe, by Elisa Wood TRADICIÓN April 2012 23 Above: 4th of July in Santa Fe, by Elisa Wood; Opposite page: Walk through Plaza, Santa Fe, by Elisa Wood 24 TRADICIÓN April 2012 TRADICIÓN April 2012 25 26 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Spring storm over Santa Fe, by Elisa Wood

TRADICIÓN April 2012 27 28 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Canyon Road at Christmas, by Elisa Wood

lisa ood Born:E Las Cruces, W New Mexico; currently lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico Education: New Mexico State University Email/Website: [email protected]/www. elisasphotos.com Artform juried into Contemporary His- panic Market: Mixed Media (Photography) Years in CHM: 7 Years Awards: Work appears yearly in the New Mexico Office of Cultural AffairsNew Mexico Treasures. In- vited – Hubbard Museum of the American West, Ru- idoso Downs, New Mexico and The Abbott Gallery, Mesilla, New Mexico Other Shows: Santa Fe Society of Artists’ Market, Santa Fe

TRADICIÓN April 2012 29 30 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Taos Pastoral, by Elisa Wood TRADICIÓN April 2012 31 32 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Opposite page: Christmas Eve, Mesilla, by Elisa Wood; Center: Ojas del Oro, by Elisa Wood; Right: Entrada, Las Cruces, by Elisa Wood TRADICIÓN April 2012 33 34 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Opposite page: Pecan orchard, by Elisa Wood; Above: Gallinas de Mesilla, by Elisa Wood TRADICIÓN April 2012 35 36 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Trokita, by Elisa Wood TRADICIÓN April 2012 37 38 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Cinco de Mayo, San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, by Elisa Wood TRADICIÓN April 2012 39 13th Santos Wood Carving Contest of San Patricio Plaza & Gallery at Guaynabo, Puerto Rico

On the evening of March 7, 2012, First place went to Luis A. Roman as well as the overall scene im- the awards ceremony was held on Ramos from the town of Quebradil- pressed very favorably the attendants the 13th Santos Wood Carving las, a young, mid-30, santero that has to the event. The jury really must Contest under the direction of the or- devoted over 20 years to the art of have had quite a thrill. ganizer, Mr. Roberto Gonzalez, noted wood carving. His interpretation of Not a distant second place was local philanthropist and art connois- Our Lady and the pastora, with the awarded to his ‘’older” brother, Jose seur & collector. devotion and delicacy of the details, A. Roman Ramos, who is a master The theme selected was the of the miniature wood carving and Virgen de Lourdes and sixty seven excelled in his interpretation of the santeros(as) participated with their Virgen de Lourdes. unique creations, mostly polychrome Awards were also given to four although a few left their pieces in the other pieces: natural wood colors, thus highlight- 3rd place- Orlando Luque ing the variations of the tones of each 4th place- Lureida Colon particular wood used. 5th place- Marta Rodriguez-Olm- Participants included a good cross eda section of the over 200 santeros(as) 6th place- Xavier Colon of Puerto Rico that actively devote All the awards were entitled to their skills and devotion to this half- monetary incentives that amounted millennium art. to $3,400. The contests rules required the pieces not to exceed 15 inches in By Francisco Toste Santana (Paco); height but left the interpretations to [email protected]. Collector the creativeness of the artists as long and merchant of santos de palo & as they follow the theme of the appa- historian. rition of Our Lady at Lourdes.

40 TRADICIÓN April 2012 The 2012 Contest focused on the theme of La Virgen de Lourdes. Opposite page: Top - Orlando Luque, Third Place in the 13th Santos Wood Carvig Contest in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. Bottom - Xavier Colon, Sixth Place Winner. This page: Left top - José A. Roman Ra- mos, Second Place Winner; middle - Marta Rodriguez- Olmeda, Fifth Place Winner; bottom - Lois A. Roman Ramos, First Place Winner. Above: Lureida Colon, Fourth Place Winner. Photographs provided by Francisco Toste Santana.

TRADICIÓN April 2012 41 dallas Invention of Glory: Tapestries On view at the Meadows Museum in Dallas, through May 13, 2012, will be a set of four 15th-century tapestries from the Collegiate Church of Nues- tra Señora de la Asunción in Pastrana, Spain, commemorating the conquest of North Africa by Afonso V (1432-81), King of Por- tugal. Prized for their technical execution, sumptuous materials, and monumental scale (reaching 36 feet in length and 13 feet in height), they are above all rare in terms of subject matter, some of the few extant examples that depict contemporaneous events rather than biblical or mytho- logical subjects. The Mead- ows Museum exhibition — The Invention of Glory: Afonso V and the Pastrana Tapestries — includes supplementary material not seen at other venues, such as related documents and maps from the university’s DeGolyer Library; period paintings from the museum’s collection of Spanish art; additional information on the conservation process; and a suit of armor from a member of the invading force pictured in the tapestries. The exhibit will travel to: National Gallery of Art, Wash- ington, DC, Sep. 18, 2011 – Jan. 8, 2012; San Diego Museum of Art, Jun. 10 – Sep. 9, 2012; and Indianapolis Museum of Art, Oct. 5, 2012 – Jan. 6, 2013.

Pastrana Tapestry (detail): Probably produced under the direction of Passchier Grenier, Landing at Asilah, 1475-1500, wool and silk, 144 7/8 x 436 1/4 in., Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara and Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Pastrana, Spain. ©Fundación Carlos de Amberes. Photograph by Paul M.R. Maeyaert.

42 TRADICIÓN April 2012 From Mexico City to Santa Fe A Historical Guide to El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro by Joseph Sánchez & Bruce Erickson 290 pages 13 maps; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-89-6 ($18.95 pb)

As of 2000, El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Na- Order Form—Free Shipping tional Historic Trail entered the pantheon of national historic trails that have forged our nation’s history, Special Offer which is equally shared with Spain and Mexico. About Please enclose check or provide credit card info below. 1,200 miles of the trail are located between Mexico City ______Paperback $18.95@ (Add $1.50 tax if shipped to NM) and Juarez and another 400 miles in this country. This book is a reference guide for the rich heritage evident in Name______the many place names that align with El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, or Royal Road. Address______To that end, this book, both a travel guide and a place name sourcebook, is aimed at recounting the history City______of the Camino Real and its significance to our national State/Zip______story as well as the associated histories of Spain and Mexico. Daytime phone______Rio Grande Books Email address______925 Salamanca NW Card No.______Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] Expire Date______www.nmsantos.com 3-digit cvs no. from back of card______

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FREE SHIPPING VISA, Mastercard, or American Express on orders received by TRADICIÓN April 2012 6/1/12 43 phoenix Western Icon: Bolo Ties Arizona’s official state neckwear, the bolo tie, has reappeared from its exile in grandpa’s dresser drawer to enjoy a fashion comeback. Explore this uniquely Western sartorial adornment’s history and revival in a wonderful and fun new exhibit at the Heard Museum in Phoenix. Na- tive American Bolo Ties: Vintage and Con- temporary will be on display through September 3, 2012. The distinctive tie originated in the Southwest, and its popular- ity quickly spread throughout the West and in many other parts of the country. The distinguishing necktie has been made even more distinctive by contemporary American Indian artists in Arizona, who make bolo ties that are exquisite expressions of individuality and ingenuity. Bolo ties, representing the casual nature and somewhat rugged milieu of the West, emerged as a form of men’s neckwear in the 1940s. They directly countered business suits as well as the formality suits represent- ed, and instead marked a different style and a different way of life. In particular, American Indian jewelers and silversmiths brought individuality and creativity to this art form, offering a broad range of unique and artistic options. The exhibit examines how West- ern wear, including the bolo tie, was popularized through 1950s television shows and movies. Some TV and movie personalities who brought scarf slides and bolo ties into the everyday vernacular include the Cisco Kid, Hopalong Cassidy and Roy Rogers. And of course, the exhibit will showcase bolo ties created by American Indian jewelers from the late 1940s through today.

Julius Keyonnie (Navajo). Collector Norman Sandfield commissioned a silver seed pot from the artist in 2006. For this commission, the collector requested a bolo tie in the shape of a silver seed pot. The artist accomplished this in silver, gold and turquoise, 2009, 2 3/4” diameter, with figure-8 wire fitting. No hallmark.

44 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Norbert Peshlakai (Navajo). Silver seed pot bolo tie, 2008, 3 1/8” height, stampwork and hammered texture silverwork with stones including coral, jade, and shell, with wire fittings. Hall- mark is artist’s logo. Peshlakai was one of the first artists to make Thomas Nez (Navajo). Bolo tie with unusual form and tips designed by the a silver seed pot around 1976. He excels in the art form and artist, early 1980s, 3” height, turquoise from the Smith Black Matrix mine based this shape on one from the cover of the book Old Tradi- in Nevada and stampwork silver, with figure-8 fitting. Hallmark is stamped tions in New Pots. “TN” in Gothic print. TRADICIÓN April 2012 45 Voices of New Mexico edited with a Foreword by Ruthie Francis 234 pages 17 illustrations; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-67-4 ($17.95) (Trade paper)

Thirty-four authors from all over New Mexico, explore what it means to be in New Mexico—the traditions, history, quirks, landscape, and people. New Mexico artists also illustrate the book. The essays are on all subjects and give the reader a wide range of ideas and topics. This is the first book published by the New Mexico Book Co-op to showcase New Mexico’s long history with book publishing, just in time for New Mexico’s Centennial celebrations in 2012. The book is available Voices starting April 16, 2011. of New Mexico

The book includes works from: Lori Romero - Santa Fe Anastasia Andersen - Albuquerque Jeane F. Sanders - Rio Rancho Nancy R. Bartlit - Los Alamos Joan Schoettler - Fresno, California John Bartlit - Los Alamos Marilyn Stablein - Albuquerque Ashley Biggers - Albuquerque Shanti Bannwart - Santa Fe Hank Bruce - Albuquerque Sabra Brown Steinsiek - Albuquerque Antoinette Claypoole - Taos Robert J. Torrez - Albuquerque & Los Ojos David J. Corwell y Chavez - AlbuquerqueJill Lane - Chama Analinda Dunn - Abiquiu Barbe Awalt - Los Ranchos Martha Egan - Corrales Pauline Chavez Bent - Huntington Beach, California A Centennial Project of the Elizabeth Fackler - Capitan LelaBelle Wolfert - Albuquerque New Mexico Book Co-op Stephanie Farrow - Albuquerque Barbara Rockman - Santa Fe Ruth Friesen - Albuquerque Robin Kennedy – Albuquerque Artists/Photographers Melody Groves - Albuquerque Connie Gotsch - Farmington Jan Oliver – Albuquerque & Colorado Loretta Hall - Albuquerque Irene Blea - Rio Rancho Charlie Carrillo – Santa Fe Sue Houser - Albuquerque Sharleen Daugherty - Silver City John Denne – Peñasco Katherine Kallestad - Placitas Linda Michel-Cassidy - Arroyo Seco Rex Barron - Albuquerque David Kyea - Clayton Ruth E. Francis - Albuquerque Nicholas Herrera – El Rito

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Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com santa fe Between the Lines: Maps From a Spanish government that never quite knew where to draw its northern colony’s borders to a Mexi- can government that disagreed with where the lines eventually were drawn to a Texas Republic that wanted to claim the Rio Grande, Santa Fe, and much of eastern New Mexico, the U.S. government eventually managed to carve out the trusty rectangle we now know as New Mexico. Between the Lines: Culture and Car- tography on the Road to Statehood in the Governor’s Gallery is part of the state’s 2012 Centennial celebration. The exhibition explores how cartog- raphers interpreted New Mexico’s land, its physical and political boundaries, and the cultural minglings of Native, Spanish, Mexican, and American people. Between the Lines: Culture and Cartography on the Road to State- hood will be on view through May 4, 2012, in the Governor’s Gallery on the fourth floor of the state Capitol. “This exhibition looks back six centuries tracing New Mexico’s history, culture and politics through its geography,” said Merry Scully, curator of the Governor’s Gallery. “The maps on view are interesting, beautiful and educational. I am happy to open this exhibit as we begin our year-long Curated by Dennis Reinhartz, ican War and helped establish New celebration of statehood. I am sure noted historian and Professor Emeri- Mexico’s future territorial boundaries. these maps will be a delight for the tus at the University of Texas at Ar- An 1851 lithograph of the West- many students, visitors and legislators lington, and Tomas Jaehn, librarian ern Territories by E. Gilman, a drafts- who come from across the state to the at the Fray Angélico Chávez History man for the publisher Duval, that Roundhouse during the legislative Library, this exhibition represents erroneously includes the New Mexi- session.” a collaboration between the New can lands east of the Rio Grande as Drawing on maps from outstand- Mexico Museum of Art and the part of Texas (a claim of ownership ing public and private collections, New Mexico History Museum. The that Texas would cling to until New including the New Mexico History maps on exhibit include: Mexico became a state in 1912). Museum’s Fray Angélico Chávez His- An 1847 lithograph of the Ter- A 1936 Standard Oil Map (pic- tory Library, the exhibition contains ritory of New Mexico done by W. tured above) published the M.H. hand-drawn and printed maps from H. Emory, a major in the U.S. Corps Gousha Co. that celebrates the 1564 to the present day. The maps of Topographical Engineers, who “Mother Road,” Route 66. Back then, demonstrate both their utility and mapped the Southwest from 1844 gas-station maps were given away appeal as art objects. Each map is into the Civil War. The information free with tips on recreational activi- accompanied by text highlighting its he included on this particular map ties and points of interest. significance. proved useful in the Mexican-Amer-

TRADICIÓN April 2012 47 santa fe They Wove For Horses Diné Saddle Blankets

They Wove for Horses: Diné Saddle Blankets is on exhibit at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture through August 25, 2012. The exhibition highlights both the textile-weaving profi- ciency of Diné weavers who produced complex saddle blankets for all occasions and the design skills of Diné silversmiths who created dazzling headstalls of silver and turquoise. The saddle blankets on exhibit date from 1860 to 2002 and are arranged by weaving methods: tapestry weave; two-faced double weave; and twill weaves of diagonal, diamond, and her- ringbone patterns. By using a variety of warp and weft yarns—natural wool, cotton, angora mohair, unraveled bayeta, and Germantown— weavers added individuality to the everyday and fanciful tapestries they created for horses. Horse trappings on exhibit reveal the great pride that Diné horsemen took in their horses and how they adorned them for ceremonial and social events. The Diné first learned how to manufacture saddles and bridles from neighboring cultures and their proficien- cy quickly surpassed that of their mentors. That devotion resonates still, as the horse remains a viable living force in Diné life today.

Tapestry-weave double saddle blanket, 1890–1910 Cotton warp, handspun wool weft and aniline dyes Gift of Florence Dibell Bartlett (36407/12) 48 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Top left: Diamond twill-weave single saddle blanket, 1890–1910; Cotton warp and three-ply Germantown yarn; Gift of Henry Dendahl, courtesy of John and Linda Com- stock and the Abigail Van Vleck Charitable Trust (26102/12). Bottom left: Two-faced weave and diagonal-twill weave; single saddle blanket, 1900–1915; Cotton warp, handspun wool weft and commercial dyes; Mrs. Phillip Stewart Collection, courtesy of John and Linda Comstock and the Abigail Van Vleck Charitable Trust (9517/12). Top right: Tapestry-weave double saddle blanket, Empty Center style, 1920–40; Handspun natural wool warp and weft; Dr. Edgar Lee Hewett Collection, courtesy of John and Linda Comstock and the Abigail Van Vleck Charitable Trust (45301/12. Bottom right: Two-faced weave and diagonal-twill weave; single saddle blanket, 1900–1915; Cotton warp, handspun wool weft and commercial dyes; Mrs. Phillip Stewart Collection, courtesy of John and Linda Comstock and the Abigail Van Vleck Charitable Trust (9517/12). TRADICIÓN April 2012 49 santa fe Contemplative Landscapes After covering the lives of drug addicts and prostitutes in America and the struggle of Afghan rebels fighting the Soviets – including a stint as a prisoner of war – Santa Fe- based photojournalist Tony O’Brien turned to Christ in the Desert Mon- astery in Abiquiu, N.M., to restore his spirit. During the year he spent living with the Benedictine monks, they allowed him to document their daily activities and rituals, both contemplative and secular. O’Brien’s work from that era now forms the heart of a new exhibition at the New Mexico History Mu- seum, Contemplative Landscape, through Dec. 30, 2012, exploring how photographers see the state’s meditative topography: the land, art, architecture, and people who build and populate the sacred. Drawing on the extensive hold- ings of the Photo Archives, with the participation of contemporary photographers, Contemplative Land- scape’s black-and-white photographs explore the emotional and ceremonial practices of people as varied as Buddhists, Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and Sikhs, to name just a few of the diverse faith-based communities who call New Mexico home. Throughout our time, creativity and spirituality have blended in ways as monumental and communal as the world’s great cathedrals and as small and personal as a roadside descanso marking another person’s passage from the earth. Contemplative Landscape shares its space and spirit with Illuminating the Word: Saint John’s Bible (through December 30, 2012) in the museum’s second-floor Albert and Ethel Herz- stein Gallery. As part of the exhibition design, visitors will be invited to enter a contemplative area to pray, meditate or simply sit in silence – op- portunities too often lacking in the 21st-century world. Vigil’s Store, Chimayo, New Mexico, 2005. Photo by Teresa Neptune. 50 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Top: Beehive, Monastery of Christ in the Desert, 1995/2009. Photo by Tony O’Brien. Selenium-toned silver gelatin print. Photo Archives at the Palace of the Governors, No. HP.2009.52.11. Bottom: Palomas for Adolfo, 2008, by Sharon Stewart. Jenny Fresquez releases a dove over the grave of her Top: Procession, Monastery of Christ in the Desert, 1995/2009. Photo by Tony O’Brien. father, Adolfo Vigil, in the ritual, soltando Selenium-toned silver gelatin print. Photo Archives at the Palace of the Governors, No. la alma (releasing of the spirit), during a HP.2009.52.18. Middle: A Quiet Moment, Monastery of Christ in the Desert, 1995/2009. graveside service in the San Antonio cam- Photo by Tony O’Brien. Selenium-toned silver gelatin print. Photo Archives at the Palace of posanto, Chacón, New Mexico. the Governors, No. HP.2009.52.02. Bottom: Ranch House, Monastery of Christ in the Des- ert, 1995/2009. Photo by Tony O’Brien. Selenium-toned silver gelatin print. Photo Archives at the Palace of the Governors, No. HP.2009.52.09. TRADICIÓN April 2012 51 santa fe 47 Stars

New Mexicans proud of achieving statehood inspired flag manufacturers to produce a 47-star flag - despite a federal law that said flag updates could only happen every July 4. Arizona’s On April 4, 1818, Congress enact- admission to the Union 39 days after New Mexico precluded production of a 47-star flag, ed the Flag Act of 1818, setting forth but a few of these unofficial versions made it into the hands of New Mexicans. a rule that no new stars could be added to the flag until the Fourth of July immediately following a state’s admission to the union. Thanks to that once-a-year-and-only-once-a-year mandate, New Mexicans hoping to share their pride at becoming the 47th state were essentially forced into committing their first illegal acts as U.S. citizens. The New Mexico History Mu- seum commemorates that dip into the dark side with 47 Stars, an exhibit of the officially unofficial 47-star flag, through November 25, 2012.47 Stars joins a collection of long-term exhibits and a tongue-in-cheek front- window installation to help celebrate the state’s Centennial. “Conservation concerns have kept us from bringing our 47-star flags out of collections for public view,” said Dr. Frances Levine, director of the History Museum. “But the Centenni- al was too good of an opportunity to pass up. By letting visitors see these artifacts in specially designed display cases, we hope they’ll become engaged in the amazing story of New July 4, when the official flag of the The 47 Stars installation will Mexico’s struggle for statehood.” United States was to switch from 46 nestle within the museum’s core Upon achieving statehood, pa- to 48 stars. exhibition, Telling New Mexico: Sto- triotic residents hoping for a flag of But New Mexicans wanted a flag ries from Then and Now. The Photo their own found themselves in a bit of their own – one that would flutter Archives at the Palace of the Gover- of a bind: Just 39 days after New from the flagpoles of official build- nors/New Mexico History Museum Mexico became a state on January ings and showcase 47 stars, not 46 will also reproduce a 1912 photo by 6, 1912, Arizona stepped up to the and certainly not 48. Eager U.S. flag Jesse Nusbaum showing a 47-star statehood plate on February 14, 1912. manufacturers were only too happy flag waving from what was then the By virtue of coming in second, Ari- to help. Thus was born the unofficial state Capitol. zona would receive its just due on 47-star flag.

52 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Opposite page: Dignitaries join U.S. President William H. Taft as he signs New Mexico into statehood in Washington, D.C., on Jan. 6, 1912. Photo by Harris and Ew- ing. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 89760. This page, top left: Witnesses to President Taft’s signature of New Mexico’s statehood bill join him on the White House steps in Washington. Palace of the Gov- ernors Photo Archives 102042. Bottom left: The Palace of the Governors decorated for the celebration of statehood, January 1912, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 6786. Above: The New Mexico State Capitol flies the 47-star flag in Santa Fe, New Mexico. (The building was renovated with a Territorial style in the 1950s and now serves as the Bataan Memo- rial Building.) Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 51277.

TRADICIÓN April 2012 53 santa fe It’s About Time: 14,000 Years of Art

It’s About Time: 14,000 Years of Art in New Mexico celebrates the centennial of statehood by presenting a social history of the art in the Southwest. This exhibition opens May 11, 2012 at the New Mexico Museum of Art and runs through January 2014 and is an official New Mexico Centen- nial project. T.C. Cannon, Gerald Cassidy, Judy Chicago, E. Irving Couse, Robert Henri, Marsden Hartey, Luis Jimenez, Raymond Jonson, Agnes Martin, Bruce Nauman, Georgia O’Keeffe, Agnes Pelton, Florence Miller Pierce, Diego Romero, and Luis Tapia are some of the well-known artists in the exhibition.

54 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Opposite page: top-Ray Martin Abeyta (b. 1956) Indios, 2002; bottom-Gallup Black-on-White Bowl from Chetro Ketl , circa 1000–1125. Above top: Charles Craig (1846–1931), Interior Courtyard of Pueblo, Santa Clara, New Mexico, circa 1883; Bottom left: Robert Henri (1865–1929), Portrait of Dieguito Roybal, San Ildefonso Pueblo, 1916; Bottom right: Truchas Master, attributed to Pedro Antonio Fresquis, (1749–1831), Santa Coleta / St. Colette, 1780–1820s TRADICIÓN April 2012 55 santa fe Native American Portraits Since the Civil War, photographers have tried to capture the lives of Native American peoples, resulting in some of the most beautiful and elegant portraits in the collections of the Palace of the Governors Photo Archives. More than 50 of these images will be on display from May 18 to November 4, 2012, in Native American Portraits: Points of Inquiry, a salon-style exhibition in the History Museum’s Mezzanine Gallery. Together, the images document the changing perceptions of Native peoples over a span of almost 100 years.

Above left: Jesus Antonio Moya, Santa Ana Pueblo, 1899. Carbon print. Photo by De Lancey W. Gill. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 59437.; above middle: Hoiio-Wotoma, Cheyenne, 1909. Colored carbon print. Photo by De Lancey W. Gill. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 86994. above right: Unidentified woman and child, Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico, ca 1912. Photo by Jesse Nus- baum. Glass negative. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 61712. Bottom right: Patricio Calabasa, Santo Domingo Pueblo, ca 1927. Toned gelatin silver print. Photo by T. Harmon Parkhurst. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 46763. Opposite page: Loti, Laguna Pueblo, 1907. Toned gelatin silver print. Photo by Karl Moon. Palace of the Governors Photo Archives 146660.

56 TRADICIÓN April 2012 TRADICIÓN April 2012 57 santa fe Pueblo Matriarchs Pottery and paintings by former matriarch artists of New Mexico and Ari- zona are on display at Adobe Gallery in Santa Fe through the end of March. Potters: Maria Martinez, Lucy Lewis, Nampeyo of Hano, Margaret Tafoya, Fe- lipita Aguilar Garcia & Asuncion Aguilar Caté (the Aguilar sisters), Martina Vigil, and Tonita Roybal. Painters: Tonita Peña and Pablita Velarde.

Acoma Pueblo fine line olla by Lucy Lewis.

58 TRADICIÓN April 2012 tucson Hopi Quilts: Unique Yet Universal Arizona State Museum’s new- est exhibit is a cozy one, featuring 20 Hopi quilts from the 1970s to the present. While quilts and quilting are almost universally known in general American society, likely less familiar is the quilt-making tradition among the Hopi of northern Arizona. This small exhibit offers the opportunity to experience a familiar art form through a culturally unique lens. American quilting goes back to colonial times. As settlers and soldiers moved west, they brought quilts and quilting skills with them, introducing some Native American communities to the craft. Christian missionaries, particularly Mormons, introduced quilting along with other European homemaking skills to the Native people they were hoping to convert. The best known quilters in the southwestern United States are the Hopi, who have a long history of producing beautiful cotton and wool blankets, robes, belts, and ceremonial sashes. Traditionally, men were the weavers among the Hopi, their looms set up in kivas, or ceremonial chambers. From the 1880s on, quilting was embraced by both Hopi women and some men, and over the past century it has become a fixture in Hopi society. Hopi women quilt for many of the same reasons as other women – for wedding and baby gifts, for family use, for personal satisfaction, and in some cases, to sell. While many typical American quilt patterns are evident – “crazy quilt,” “log cabin,” “nine- patch” – a uniquely Hopi aesthetic is expressed through the use of katsina Pottery motif quilt by Anna Tahbo, Polacca, First Mesa, Arizona. 1990-2000. or butterfly imagery, for example, and ASM#2009-625-15. pottery and basketry motifs. “Quilting has become a popular an important part of Hopi life that sions.” activity on the mesas,” said ASM Di- quilts are now integral to traditional Hopi Quilts: Unique Yet Universal will rector Beth Grindell. “In fact, creating ceremonies such as baby namings run at Arizona State Museum from and giving of quilts has become such and other important family occa- January 21 through August 20, 2012.

TRADICIÓN April 2012 59 The New Mexican “Revolt” and Treason Trials of 1847 Robert J. Tórrez

Few events have had more impact unanimously approved House Joint fledgling nation would itself become on the history of the United States, or Memorial 25, “Requesting pardons part of an expanding United States. have been more controversial, than by the President of the United States The nascent United States was a the U.S.-Mexican War of 1846-1848. and the Governor of New Mexico for country whose borders were creep- In a period of less than two years, people accused of treason or treason- ing westward; a country intent on this conflict between neighbors ous acts in northern New Mexico in achieving its destiny—its Manifest changed the entire map of North defense of land grants.” The resolu- Destiny, some say—to encompass the America. The Treaty of Guadalupe- tion, introduced by Representative continent from “sea to shining sea.” Hidalgo formally ended hostilities in Bengie Regensberg (D–Mora), sought There was great support in the 1848, but the war cost Mexico almost to address “grave injustices and inad- United States for the annexation of half of its territory, and changed the equate adjudications” brought about Texas. But although the Mexican destinies of all those who lived in by the infamous “Revolt of 1847” and territory of Texas had declared itself this vast region that today constitutes the subsequent “treason trials” that an independent nation, Mexico’s the American Southwest. This chap- followed. Governor Gary Johnson government refused to recognize ter will provide a brief review of the later refused to issue the pardons on Texas as anything more than an- events that led to this war between the basis that the memorial did not other Mexican province in revolt, the United States and Mexico and provide enough information for him and, legally, still part of the Mexican the subsequent military occupa- to take effective action. Republic. Most Americans failed to tion of New Mexico. The principal The formal language of this me- recognize Mexico’s determination to emphasis of this chapter, however, morial clothes the issues of the 1847 resist foreign annexation of its sover- will be the little known, but critical revolt and the subsequent trails in eign territory. events in New Mexico during that terms of land grants and land loss, The election of James K. Polk as occupation which our history books but the real issues behind these President of the United States in 1844 call the “Revolt of 1847” and subse- tragic events go much deeper. It is sparked a series of events that finally quent “treason trials.” difficult to avoid noticing that his- led to war. Polk had been elected on The occupation of New Mexico tory books utilized in most schools an expansionist platform that sup- by U. S. troops in 1846 reminds and in general circulation make it ported Texas annexation and sought one of the colonization by Juan de clear that posterity regards the New to extend the boundaries of the Oñate in 1598 and the reconquest Mexicans who participated in this United States to the Pacific coast by of New Mexico by Diego de Vargas “Revolt of 1847” as rebels and traitors. obtaining New Mexico and Califor- in 1692. All three events are often Representative Regensberg’s memo- nia. In July of 1845, the United States characterized as peaceful and blood- rial may be considered a challenge Congress began this process when it less because each was accomplished for scholars and all New Mexicans to voted to annex the Republic of Texas. without firing a shot. Like the revolt re-evaluate whether the New Mexi- In an attempt to avert war with at Acoma in 1599 and the 1696 cans who died as a consequence of Mexico, Polk dispatched John Slidell Pueblo revolt that followed de Vargas’ those events should continue to be to offer the Mexican government “peaceful re-conquest” of 1692, the characterized as rebels and traitors to $35,000,000 in exchange for nearly permanent occupation of New Mex- the United States. half of its territory. Five million dol- ico by American troops in 1846 was lars were for Mexican recognition anything but bloodless or peaceful. Background of the U.S.- of Texas independence, five million Within six months of that August Mexican-American War more were for New Mexico, which 1846 occupation as many as three The declaration of war between then included all of present-day Ari- hundred New Mexicans died in the United States and Mexico was is- zona, and twenty-five million were battles against the U. S. Army and at sued on 13 May 1846. However, the for the real prize, California. It was no least two dozen others were hanged seeds of this conflict had been sown surprise to anyone that the offer was for actions they took in defense of a decade earlier when Texas declared declined, but Mexico’s refusal to sell their country. its independence from Mexico in its territory enabled the American As the 2002 session of the New 1836. Almost as soon as the Texas government to assert they had tried Mexico state legislative session drew Republic was born, it became clear it their best to acquire the territory by to a close, the House and Senate was only a matter of time before this peaceful means.

60 TRADICIÓN April 2012 The Mexican rebuff only tempo- tained in the accomplishment tection—those who are found rarily stymied the advance of Mani- of this object. It is enjoined on in arms, or instigating others fest Destiny. In early 1846, President the citizens of New Mexico to against the United States, will Polk ordered the U.S. Army under remain quietly at their homes, be considered traitors, and Zachary Taylor to march to Texas and to pursue their peaceful treated accordingly.2 and “defend the Rio Grande.” The avocations. So long as they Although it was later determined Americans built a fort north of the continue such pursuits, they Kearny exceeded his authority in do- Rio Grande crossing at Matamoros, will not be interfered with by ing so, that day he presumed to con- a site which most sources agree was the American army, but will fer United States citizenship on the not within the historic boundaries of be respected and protected people of New Mexico and absolved Texas, and waited for the Mexicans in their rights, both civil and them of any loyalties to the Mexi- to respond. They did not wait long. religious. can Republic—an action reserved to In late April 1846, elements of the All who take up arms or Congress. His error in presuming to U.S. and Mexican armies engaged encourage resistance against confer citizenship would soon weigh in skirmishes in which a number the government of the United heavily on the lives of those who of American troops were killed. States will be regarded as later chose to resist the American oc- When news of the clashes reached enemies, and will be treated cupation. Washington nearly three weeks later, accordingly.1 The reasons why Kearny’s army President Polk had accomplished Kearny and his forces then was able to take New Mexico with- what he hoped for all along: the marched unopposed into New out firing a shot are varied, complex, ability to claim American blood had Mexico. On 15 August 1846, the and certainly in need of objective been spilled on American soil by a U.S. army reached Las Vegas, New study, but beyond the scope of this foreign aggressor. Polk immediately Mexico, where Kearny climbed on discussion. Perhaps an element of went before Congress and asked, not the roof of one of the buildings sur- Mexican fatalism played into this for an outright declaration of war, but rounding the plaza and proclaimed decision. Juan Bautista Vigil y Alarid, for an acknowledgement that a state himself governor. After forcing a the Secretary of Government (a of war existed with Mexico. Congress number of local officials to take position similar to the contempo- complied on 13 May 1846. an oath of allegiance to their new rary Secretary of State) under the government, Kearny and his troops departed Governor Manuel Armijo, The War Comes to New proceeded west towards the New was apparently the ranking govern- Mexico Mexican capital in Santa Fe. ment official remaining in Santa Fe For New Mexico, the first few Three days later, the U.S. army after Armijo fled the country. Vigil weeks of the war were uneventful. entered Santa Fe without opposi- y Alarid’s formal response to Ke- But that began to change in June, tion. On 22 August, Kearny issued a arny’s proclamation noted a reluctant when the U.S. Army of the West, formal proclamation that re-iterated acceptance of this fiat accompli. “The commanded by Colonel (soon to his possession of New Mexico and sincere, honorable, and hardworking be general) Stephen Watts Kearny intention to hold this northernmost inhabitants of this Department offer began its march along the Santa Fe outpost of the Republic of Mexico as their deference to the Government of Trail towards the undefended north- per his orders from the U.S. govern- North America. No one in this world ern Mexican frontier. By late July, ment. He assured the residents that has successfully resisted the power of Kearny and his troops had reached assembled in the historic plaza that the stronger.” Then he continued, in the eastern border of Mexican terri- their right to property and freedom what had to have been a most som- tory at the Napeste (Arkansas River). of worship would be protected. He ber occasion: On 31 July 1846, while at camp near also promised that they would soon Your Excellency, do not Bent’s Fort, Kearny issued the first of be provided the right to a “free gov- think it strange that we have his proclamations regarding the oc- ernment…similar to those in the not manifested joy and enthu- cupation of New Mexico: United States.” Then he concluded: siasm in seeing our city oc- The undersigned enters The United States hereby cupied by your military forces. New Mexico with a large mili- absolves all persons residing To us the political entity of the tary force, for the purpose of within the boundaries of New Mexican Republic has died. seeking union with and ame- Mexico from any further alle- She, regardless of her circum- liorating the condition of its giance to the republic of Mex- stances, was our Mother. What inhabitants. This he does under ico and hereby claims them as son does not shed copious citizens of the United States. tears at the tomb of his par- instructions from his govern- 3 ment, and with the assurance Those who remain quiet and ents? that he will be amply sus- peaceable will be considered Perhaps anticipating that the lack good citizens and receive proof military opposition did not mean

TRADICIÓN April 2012 61 this new government was entirely A Deceptive Silence ciano Vigil’s “mortal enemy.” 8 The welcome, General Kearny’s 22 August For the remainder of 1846, there reason for this animosity is unstated, proclamation also contained a stern is little evidence of overt opposition but it is quite possible these individu- warning to the citizens of New Mex- to the new government, so while war als still considered themselves loyal ico. He carefully pointed out that his raged in Mexico, the former Mexican Mexican citizens and felt Vigil was a forces were equal to the task of sup- territory of New Mexico appeared collaborator and traitor. pressing any opposition, and made to be under peaceful occupation. By early December, reports indi- it clear it would be “foolish, ignorant But the silence was deceptive. That cate Ambrosio Armijo, brother of the and downright insanity for any dis- fall, reports bandied about names of departed Governor Manuel Armijo, contented person to even think of individuals who were speaking out had been arrested at Alburquerque resisting.…”4 Two weeks later, Kearny against the occupation and encour- after being found with “treasonable decided to follow up his warning with aging resistance, if not revolt. On 21 correspondence” hidden in a rifle steps to disarm the New Mexicans October 1846, these rumblings of a barrel. The specific nature of the and in the first week of September, growing opposition concerned Gov- correspondence is unknown, but it issued orders to the Mexican presi- ernor Bent enough to prompt him to must have not been considered very dio companies at Santa Fe, Taos, and impose a strict 10:00 p. m. curfew in important because the reports dis- San Miguel del Vado, to turn in their Santa Fe.7 In mid-November Francis- missed talk of a revolt as “Mexican weapons and ammunition.5 co Sarracino, prefect of New Mexico’s braggadocio.”9 Kearny also took initial steps to southern, or Rio Abajo, district, re- Events heated up by mid‑Decem- establish a civil government under ported widespread discontent among ber. After General Kearny departed the new American regime. On 22 a number of influential individuals New Mexico for California and September 1846, he issued the fol- residing in the central Rio Grande military command was assumed lowing “NOTICE”:6 valley. Sarracino noted, for example, by Colonel Sterling Price, Governor Being duly authorized by the blatant disrespect shown his au- Charles Bent informed Price that the President of the United thority by Diego Archuleta and José a group of men headed by Diego States of America, I hereby María Chaves. A frustrated Sarracino Archuleta and Tomás Ortiz were make the following appoint- indicated that Chaves was Dona- trying to “excite” the citizens of New ments for the Government of Mexico against the American gov- New Mexico, a Territory of the ernment. On or about 15 December, United States…. Governor Bent ordered the arrest of The offices thus appointed seven men described as “secondary will be obeyed and respected conspirators” in a plot to overthrow accordingly: the new government. Five of the Charles Bent, to be Governor. suspects were turned over to Colonel Donaciano Vigil, to be Secre- Price because Bent felt the military tary of the Territory. Richard authorities could deal with them Dallam, to be Marshall. Francis “more summarily and expeditiously” P. Blair, to be United States dis- than the civil government. Two un- trict attorney. Charles Blumner, named “leaders and prime movers,” to be treasurer. Eugene Seitzen- presumably Tomás Ortiz and Diego dorfer (sic) to be auditor of pub- Archuleta, were still being sought.10 lic Accounts. Joab Houghton, A warrant issued later that month Antonio José Otero, Charles by Judge Joab Houghton lists Tomás Beaubien to be judges of the Ortiz, Juan López, Dionicio Salazar, Superior Court. Eliseo Gonzales, another Salazar whose first name is not given, and Two weeks later, on 7 October one “padre cura” whose name is illeg- 1846, Kearny also issued the “Laws ible, as subjects of an investigation.11 of the Territory of New Mexico,” the It is possible these were the five men legal code that became the basis of arrested on orders of Governor Bent civil and criminal law in New Mexi- This essay is excerpted from Sunshine and on 15 December. These arrests appar- co. This codification of American law Shadows in New Mexico’s Past: The ently stymied an uprising originally has become more commonly known Spanish Colonial & Mexican Periods planned for the night of 19 Decem- as the “Kearny Code.” With the new 1540-1848, published in collaboration with ber 1846. These events of December civil government in place, all seemed the Historical Society of New Mexico. The 1846, as well as the role of Ortiz and quiet in New Mexico. book can be ordered from Rio Grande Books Archuleta, are not well explained or online at Amazon.com. by the contemporary literature and 62 TRADICIÓN April 2012 documentation, and require more the smoke cleared, the American 4 February, the Americans wheeled intense investigation. forces controlled the pass, and the the largest gun they had—a six New Mexicans were in retreat to pounder—to within sixty yards of the The Insurrection Begins Taos, where they regrouped and forti- church, and began to batter the wall Despite these arrests, planning fied themselves at the Pueblo of San at a spot where an earlier attempt to for a general uprising against the Geronimo de Taos. Casualty reports chop through with axes had been Americanos continued. On 19 January for the battle at Embudo show the beaten back. When the wall was 1847, a large group of armed men at- New Mexicans suffered approxi- breached, the cannon was brought tacked the home of Governor Bent at mately twenty men killed and sixty up to point‑blank range, and several Don Fernando de Taos, seventy miles wounded, while the U.S. troops had rounds of grape shot were poured north of Santa Fe. By the end of the one man killed and one severely into the hole. day, Governor Bent and six officials wounded. The onslaught was too much of the recently organized civil gov- While Colonel Price and his for the valiant but apparently out- ernment lay dead. Within two days, troops were engaging the New gunned defenders to resist, and a the uprising had spread through Mexican forces at Santa Cruz and general retreat ensued as the Ameri- much of northern New Mexico, and Embudo, a number of American trad- cans stormed through the breach. At several Americanos and Mexicans ers had been killed on the east side this point several hundred Mexicans supportive of the new government of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and Pueblo allies abandoned the were killed.12 in the vicinity of Lo de Mora (today pueblo and attempted to escape. Ac- At Santa Fe, Colonel Price learned known simply as Mora). A force of cording to several sources, Ceran St. of Governor Bent’s death on 20 Janu- U.S. troops from Las Vegas respond- Vrain’s company was ordered to pur- ary when he received word that a ed to the attacks by assaulting the sue those that fled and his men killed large force of “rebels” was advanc- settlement of Mora on 24 January. more than fifty before the survivors ing towards the capital. Price hast- Their initial assault was repulsed by reached the safety of the nearby hills. ily organized his forces, and on the the New Mexicans, but a week later, Various sources estimate between 23rd, marched north from Santa Fe the United States forces returned to 150 and 200 defenders died at the with nearly four hundred troops and Mora, and on 1 February mounted a pueblo, bringing the total number several pieces of artillery that would devastating artillery barrage which of New Mexicans who died on the prove instrumental in the battles that forced the New Mexicans to aban- battlefields of northern New Mexico ensued. Price’s force also included a don their positions in the town. In a to nearly 300, although the actual company of volunteers under Ceran portent of actions to come, the Amer- number will likely never be known. St. Vrain recruited from among the icans entered Mora and proceeded to Several dozen survivors were cap- American merchants, Santa Fe Trail raze the community to the ground. tured, including Pablo Montoya and freighters, and others who were at the At least twenty-five New Mexicans Tomás Romero, who were identified capital when Price received news of were reported killed in these actions. as principal leaders in the insurrec- the insurrection. St. Vrain’s company, The fate of several prisoners taken at tion. Romero was killed the following incidentally, included seven men Mora by the Americans is unknown. day, shot by a nervous guard while with Spanish surnames.13 Back on the west side of the allegedly trying to escape. The following day, 24 January, Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Colo- Colonel Price’s forces engaged and nel Price continued his advance on The “Treason Trials” dispersed a force of approximately Taos. On February 3rd, he marched On 6 February, Colonel Price con- 1,500 New Mexicans at the settle- through the settlement of Don Fer- vened a military court to try Pablo ment of Santa Cruz de La Cañada, nando and commenced an artillery Montoya and several unnamed indi- about twenty-five miles north of barrage on the Pueblo of Taos, where viduals for their part in the conflict. Santa Fe. The official report of the the New Mexicans and their Indian Three separate charges were lodged encounter tells us the American allies had fortified themselves. Late against Montoya. The first was that troops suffered two men killed and the following morning, Price’s troops on 19 January 1847, the day Gover- six wounded, while thirty-six “rebels” began their assault on the pueblo nor Bent was killed, Montoya “did... were killed. In the meantime, the along two fronts. The Americans excite the Indians and Mexicans insurgent forces retreated and reor- managed to fight their way past the to rebellious conduct.” Second, that ganized at the strategic gorge of the outer defenses, but were unable to on 25 January 1847, he had issued Rio Grande east of Santa Cruz near dislodge the New Mexicans from a proclamation “exciting the people Embudo, along the principal route the church of San Geronimo, whose to rebellion,” and finally, that he to Taos. On the 27th, Price advanced massive adobe walls provided a large had conspired to “rob United States to Los Luceros and, two days later, measure of protection from the artil- wagons loaded with public funds.”14 engaged the New Mexican forces lery. While it is possible to interpret these between La Joya and Embudo. When Finally, at 3:00 that afternoon of charges as being synonymous with TRADICIÓN April 2012 63 treason, contrary to many published before him: early May, charges against all three sources, the word “treason” does not Your age and grey (sic) were dropped.17 appear in any of the charges brought hairs have excited the sym- The reason for this turn of events against Pablo Montoya. pathy of both the Court and is unclear. It may be that the juries, Justice was meted out quickly the jury. Yet while each and after hearing the death sentence to Pablo Montoya. He was indicted, all were not only willing but imposed upon Trujillo, no longer tried, convicted, and sentenced to anxious that you should have wanted to be part of any such further hang, all in that first day of court. every advantage placed at actions. It may also be that imme- According to the death warrant is- your disposal that their highly diately following his conviction, sued by Colonel Price, Montoya was responsible duty under the law Trujillo’s attorney filed an appeal hanged on 7 February 1847, some- to their country would per- that questioned the authority of an time between 11:00 in the morning mit. Yet have you been found American court to try a Mexican and 2:00 that afternoon, “in the cen- guilty of the crime alleged to citizen for treason. Nevertheless, tre of the plaza” of Don Fernando.15 your charge. It would appear within days of Trujillo’s conviction The scant documentation does not that old age has not brought and sentence, many individuals, explain what happened to the un- you wisdom nor purity or hon- including judges, the United States named individuals who were to be esty of heart…. You have nour- District Attorney, and even mem- court-martialed with Montoya. ished bitterness and hatered bers of the jury that convicted him, Following Montoya’s execution (sic) in your soul. You have became convinced Trujillo was “a at Taos, the scene shifted to Santa Fe, been found seconding the acts proper subject for the mercy of the where a grand jury was convened of a band of the most traitorous government,” and joined to support a on 8 March. This jury, which was murderers that ever blackened petition to the President of the United described by an observer as a “motley with the recital of their deeds States requesting a suspension of the mixture—German, French, natives of the annals of history.… sentence and pardon for Trujillo.18 the United States and Spaniards,”16 There is no evidence, however, returned indictments for “High Trea- For such foul crimes, an enlight- that Trujillo was either hanged or son” against four men believed to be ened and liberal jury have been directly pardoned by President Polk. the principal leaders and organizers compelled from the evidence...and When Secretary of War William L. of what has come to be known as the by a sense of their stern but un- Marcy acknowledged it was prob- “Revolt of 1847.” mistakable duty, to find you guilty ably not “proper use of the legal The first indictment in these of treason against the government term” to convict Mexican citizens as “Treason Trials” was against Anto- under which you are a citizen (emphasis traitors to the United States, he ap- nio María Trujillo of Los Luceros, a added). And there only remains to parently authorized Colonel Sterling community located north of present- the court the painful duty of passing Price, as military governor, to use his day San Juan Pueblo. The long and upon you the sentence of the law, own discretion as to whether Tru- elegantly hand-written indictment which is, that you be taken hence to jillo should be pardoned. A diligent charges that Trujillo, “withdrawing prison, there to remain until Friday search has found no primary evi- the allegiance, fidelity and obedience the 16th of April next and that at 2 dence of Trujillo’s execution (or of a which every true and faithful citi- o’clock in the afternoon of that day burial that would have presumably zen of the United States should and you be taken thence to the place followed such an execution). There is of right ought to bear towards the of execution and there be hanged also no record of any official actions [government of the United States]… by the neck till you are dead! dead! taken by Colonel Price in the matter, most wickedly and traitorously did dead! And may the Almighty God so all indications are that Price subse- levy and make war against the said have mercy on your soul. quently exercised the pardon infor- government....” Trujillo’s conviction and sentence mally and ordered Trujillo released. On 12 March, Trujillo was tried seems to have sent a shock wave The probability that Trujillo was and convicted of the charges, and through the community. In the days not executed is supported by several four days later, he was sentenced to following Trujillo’s trial and convic- histories of the period. Thomas Hart hang. Judge Joab Houghton’s sen- tion, the three other men indicted by Benton, the long-serving Senator tence is not only the earliest, but one the grand jury for treason, Pantaleón from Missouri who was in position of the most eloquent of the many Archuleta of Los Luceros, Trinidad to know these things, wrote that a such condemnations pronounced Barcelo of Santa Fe, and Pedro Vigil pardon presented a quandary for by New Mexico’s territorial judi- of Trampas, were also brought to trial President Polk because the court that ciary. One can imagine the hush that for conspiring to wage war against convicted Trujillo clearly had “no descended over the crowded court- the United States. However, these jurisdiction for treason.” A pardon room as Judge Houghton addressed three trials resulted in hung juries, would have meant the United States the condemned prisoner that stood and by the time court adjourned in government supported “the legal-

64 TRADICIÓN April 2012 ity of the condemnation” and if no of the recently assassinated governor, On 7 April, the same day Polio Sala- pardon was issued and the execution serving as foreman. Among the first zar was convicted of treason, five proceeded, this action would “subject indictments were Polio Salazar and others—José Manuel García, Pedro [Trujillo] to murder.” According to Francisco “Rovali” [Ulibarri], who Lucero, Juan Ramón Trujillo, Manuel Benton, a compromise was reached were determined to have exercised Romero, and Isidro Romero—were by which Trujillo was simply turned a leadership role in the insurrec- convicted of the murder charge. All loose.19 Twenty-five other persons tion and charged with “high treason” five were sentenced to hang with being held prisoner in Santa Fe were against the United States. On 7 April, Salazar on 9 April. 21 also discharged at this time, accord- Beaubien’s court convicted Polio Official records provide no de- ing to one official, “for want of testi- Salazar of treason and sentenced him tails of the 9 April executions that mony to indict them for treason.”20 to hang. Ironically, Francisco Ulibarri, took the lives of Salazar and his the other person indicted with Sala- five companions. Catholic Church Insurrectionists Tried for zar for treason, was acquitted of the burial records simply tell us that the Murder charge a few days later. Ulibarri’s ac- Reverend Antonio José Martínez, the In the meantime, more than forty quittal and Antonio María Trujillo’s famous Padre Martínez of Taos, bur- men, possibly the ones captured earlier release gives Polio Salazar the ied five of the six the same day they with Pablo Montoya that past Febru- dubious distinction of being the only were hanged. The individual burial ary, were still being held prisoner person actually executed for treason entries note that after receiving the as a result of the events which have last Sacraments of the Church, each at Taos. To deal with these, a civil 22 court convened there on 5 April. become known as the “Treason Trials “died by judicial sentence.” Judge Charles Beaubien, whose son, of 1847.” The most complete account of the José Narcisco Beaubien, was one of At least sixteen of the other pris- events of that fateful day of 9 April, the men killed in Taos at the onset oners held at Taos were somehow comes from Lewis H. Garrard’s book, of the revolt on 19 January, was to singled out and indicted for murder Wah‑To‑Yah and The Taos Trail. Gar- preside. That first day, a grand jury in the 19 January killing of Governor rard’s eyewitness story describes the convened with George Bent, brother Bent and other American officials. last hours of the condemned men

TRADICIÓN April 2012 65 and their final walk from the jail to States Consul at the capital. Padre of these final ten executions. How- a gallows erected on a field north of Martínez informed Álvarez that ever, William B. Drescher, one of the Don Fernando’s plaza. As the prison- Charles Beaubien, the presiding judge Missouri Volunteers who had en- ers and their military guard, which (whose son was among those killed listed in the U.S. Army and marched included Garrard, neared the gallows, on 19 January), seemed intent on to New Mexico with General Kearny a wagon was driven under a cross- killing everyone in Taos. Already, he in August 1846, has left us his ac- beam that had been fastened to two noted, the events of the past months count of these events. Drescher was upright poles. The six condemned had deprived many households of with Colonel Wilcox, who had been men were positioned carefully on a their men, and if the executions ordered to “see to the executions” of thick plank placed across the rear of continued there would soon be no the nine men sentenced to hang on the wagon. The men were so close to- one left to work and plant fields at 30 April. His memoirs tell us the gether, Garrard noted, “they touched.” this critical time of the year. With nine men consisted of five Indians After the ropes were adjusted around the dark specter of famine looming from Taos and four Mexicans. He their necks, each was allowed to say over the Taos Valley, Padre Martínez also writes that two gallows were a few words to the sparse crowd that pleaded with Álvarez to accompany erected for this occasion—a large one gathered. Garrard continues: the runner when he delivered the for the five Indians and a smaller The one sentenced for trea- other letter to Colonel Price, and do one for the four Mexicans. The son [Polio Salazar] showed a what he could to put a stop to the condemned men were loaded on spirit of martyrdom worthy of suffering at Taos.25 wagons and, “with ropes around their the cause for which he died— Padre Martínez’ second letter necks,” driven under the gallows. the liberty of his country...his was addressed to Colonel Price. It is Drescher continues: speech was firm asseverations a poignant appeal for mercy and a The ropes [were] adjusted of his own innocence, the condemnation of the proceedings to gallows and the teams unjustness of his trial, and the in Taos. Besides the trials being held started forward – the gallows arbitrary conduct of his mur- in English because the prosecuting scrieked [sic] and the spirits of derers. With a scowl, as the cap and defense attorneys did not speak the unfortunate passed into was pulled over his face, the Spanish, Martínez noted the juries that world where a merciful last words he uttered between which condemned those being tried Judge reingnes [sic] ever.… his gritting teeth were, “Carajo, were “a class of ignorant men...tainted You should have seen the los Americanos”.... with passion.” The trials and execu- poor wifes [sic] of the Indians After the condemned men bade tions at Taos, he concluded, no longer hung—he heard their moans each other farewell, the wagon served any perceived need or desire and observed their dispair was driven out from under them. for vengeance and justice, and had [sic].28 Their bodies swayed back and forth, instead deteriorated into a “frightful Incomplete documentation makes bumping against each other as they spectacle” which was causing general it impossible to determine if Ávila struggled against their bonds. As discontent and resentment.26 There is was executed as scheduled on 7 May. they slowly strangled to death, two no record of Price’s response, and the However, there is no reason to be- of them managed to grasp hands, trials and executions at Taos contin- lieve he was spared the fate of those and, for a few moments, held on to ued. hanged before that date. If the hang- each other in a desperate grip, until The extant court records show ings were carried out as scheduled, unconsciousness, and then death there were ten additional convictions these last ten condemnations brought overtook them.23 One wonders if for murder before court adjourned at the total number of executions from these two were Manuel Antonio Taos. All ten received sentences of the April 1847 Taos trials to seven- Romero and Isidro Antonio Romero. death by hanging. Nine of this group, teen.29 Burial records show they were both Francisco Naranjo, José Gabriel from the nearby mountain settle- Samora, Juan Domingo Martín, Juan More Harsh Reprisals ment of Los Dolores, and may have Antonio Lucero, Manuel Sandoval, With the closing of court at Taos been cousins, if not brothers.24 Rafael Tafoya, Juan Pacheco, Manuel on 24 April 1847, it appeared New On 12 April, three days after Miera, and another identified only as Mexico’s harsh introduction to Padre Martínez buried Polio Salazar El Cuervo, were sentenced to hang American jurisprudence was over. and his companions, the appalling on 30 April. Juan Antonio Ávila was But the summer of 1847 brought spectacle of the executions and the scheduled to hang on 7 May. Catho- more tragedy. In early July 1847, continued condemnation of others lic Church burial records for Taos, military officials in Santa Fe were prompted Martínez to send a runner however, confirm only the burials of stunned when the bodies of a Lieu- to Santa Fe with two letters. The first Manuel Sandoval and Rafael Tafoya tenant Brown and two enlisted men was addressed to Manuel Álvarez, from this group.27 were discovered near Los Valles, a a prominent merchant and United There is no extant official record settlement now known as Los Valles 66 TRADICIÓN April 2012 de San Agustín, about twenty miles New Mexicans were killed in the of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed south of Las Vegas. Brown and his battles associated with the insurrec- in 1848. For several decades follow- men had been missing since late tion. Between February and August, ing the American occupation, New June, and suspicion immediately fell survivors witnessed the conviction Mexico’s territorial officials were upon the residents of this isolated and execution of twenty-one of their often puzzled and frustrated by the community. Warranted or not, repri- countrymen for murder, one for difficulty with which courts obtained sals were quick. On or about 6 July treason, and another on the dubi- convictions in capital crimes. In 1857, 1847, a detachment of U.S. troops ous charge of fomenting “rebellious New Mexico Governor Abraham descended on Los Valles and literally conduct.” The death of so many in so Rencher described a “general un- erased the community from the face short a time provided an ample dem- willingness of local juries to find a of the earth. Within hours, at least onstration of General Kearny’s early verdict in favor of the death pen- six of Los Valles’ townsmen lay dead, warning that armed resistance to the alty.”33 In 1868, Judge Perry Brocchus and nearly every building in the Americanos was futile. also noted New Mexican juries’ village destroyed. At least forty men The events of this traumatic pe- “natural and educational repugnance were taken prisoner and marched to riod in New Mexico history carried to convict for a crime punishable Santa Fe to stand trial for killing Lt. serious implications. The ruins of the by death.”34 As late as 1886, Elisha Brown and his men.30 old San Geronimo Church where the V. Long, one of New Mexico’s most On 26 July, Colonel Price con- insurrectionists took their last refuge noted jurists, commented in a letter vened a “drumhead court martial” still stand as evidence that the Pueblo to his wife that he was hearing a to try those suspected of killing Lt. of Taos incurred severe damage dur- murder case in which he expected Brown and his men. The court tran- ing the assault. The communities of a verdict of guilty in the first degree. script does not specify how it was Mora and Los Valles were in ruins, In territorial New Mexico, such a determined which of the forty or so and the villages around Santa Cruz verdict carried a mandatory sentence persons being held prisoner would and along the valley of Embudo may of death by hanging, but, Judge Long stand trial for murder, but on 27 July, have been deserted. Scores of men noted, “the tender hearts of these seven were singled out. The charge were dead and others were undoubt- Mexicans is likely to make it more for all seven was the same, that edly seriously impaired by wounds. merciful.”35 on or about the 29th of June 1847, Dozens of widows and possibly hun- Capital punishment was not un- at or near the town of Los Valles... dreds of orphans were left without known in New Mexico during the [they did]... aid, abet, or assist in the proper care and support. What effect Spanish colonial and Mexican peri- killing or murder of Lieut. Brown... would this have had on familial ods, but, contrary to popular belief, it Private James McLanahan...[and]... relations throughout the territory? As was not common. The harsh intro- Private Charles Quisenberg... in vio- Padre Martínez noted in his letter to duction to American jurisprudence lation of the civil and military law Colonel Price, this great loss of men in 1847 seems to have lingered in the governing the citizens of the United as spring approached certainly im- memory of New Mexicans. We may States and its territories. pacted the ability of several northern never know for certain why Mexi- Of this group, Manuel Alvarado New Mexico communities to plant can juries were reluctant to condemn was acquitted and presumably re- the crops needed for their subsis- men to death, but the reluctance leased, but the other six were con- tence. Perhaps some day an enter- described by early judges seems most victed and sentenced to hang.31 The prising student will take a close look apparent in the four counties—Santa executions of José Tomás Duran, at the U. S. census for 1850 and see Fe, Rio Arriba, Mora and Taos—the George Rodríguez, Manual Saens, if there were an inordinate number four counties that suffered the great- Pedro Martín, Carpio Martín, and of families headed by women in est impact of the “Revolt of 1847.” Dionicio Martín were carried out on the counties of Rio Arriba, Taos, and Mora County, for example, had no 3 August 1847. A witness noted that Mora. legal executions during the entire as the Los Valles men were hanged, territorial period, while Santa Fe had all the church bells in Santa Fe “went Consequences and Con- only two during the first forty years into motion with the solemn knell.” clusions of American territorial government. The burial entries of the Los Valles It is also probable that the bells It may be significant that these two men note each died “ejecutado por la Santa Fe executions, which took 32 which tolled for the Los Valles group justicia, en la tribulación de la orca.” on 3 August, 1847, sounded severe place in 1849 and 1860, involved The tolling of Santa Fe’s church bells consequences for the manner in individuals named Andrew Jackson sounded the end of the events we which New Mexican juries subse- Simms and Thaddeus Rogers. Santa generally associate with the “Revolt” quently approached their duties after Fe did not witness the execution of and “Treason Trials” of 1847. a Spanish surnamed person until New Mexico was formally annexed 36 During January and Febru- to the United States when the Treaty 1895. Taos, the site of the conflict’s ary 1847, three hundred or more bloodiest battle and most ruthless

TRADICIÓN April 2012 67 administration of justice, witnessed Two of these individuals, Nicolas to these men and New Mexicans only one execution between 1848 Pino and Manuel Chávez, achieved in general, as “miserable, ignorant, and 1906—and that was for an 1864 prominence in the subsequent affairs deluded wretches,” who did not dare conviction orchestrated by Kirby of territorial New Mexico, and seem disobey the orders of their superiors. Benedict, arguably territorial New to be the same persons who were “The authority which the alcaldes ex- Mexico’s most colorful judge.37 among those arrested as conspira- ercise over the people has been and We know too little about the tors that previous December. What is unbounded and completely des- motives of the men who decided to are the stories behind these devel- potic,” Dyer continued, “and the mass take up arms against the Americanos opments? Did they serve willingly of the people are so degraded, and in 1847. So far, the documentation and fight against their fellow New have been so long under that kind shows only that many suffered ter- Mexicans? Or is it as has been sug- of despotism, that they are wholly ribly for having done so. We will gested by some sources—that they unfit to be citizens of a free govern- have to wait until the documentary were forced to accompany St. Vrain ment.”39 A generation later, Territorial record uncovers more facts before so the Americans could keep an eye Secretary William G. Ritch, in his deciding whether individual actions on them? What of the other men eloquent eulogy of Donaciano Vigil, were based on patriotism, hate, fear, recruited by St. Vrain? St. Vrain was described the events leading up to or some other reason. History has a naturalized Mexican citizen. Were the assassination of Governor Bent demonstrated that although it ap- other members of his company natu- in January 1847. Ritch alluded to the parently took New Mexicans a long ralized Mexican citizens? As such, “discontent and dissentions among time to forget that the Americanos why has history not counted them as the Pueblos and the more ignorant killed many of their forefathers, the traitors to their adopted country? and vicious classes in remote dis- descendants of these men, as a group, What, if any, was the connection tricts.”40 More recently, Fray Angélico have remained steadfastly loyal to between the abortive December 1846 and Thomas Chávez dismissed these that same United States. Yet, history plans for the insurrection and the Mexican patriots as little more than has, and continues to label those who Mexican troops defeated at Brazitos, “young hot-headed caballeros who had participated in these tragic events of south of present-day Las Cruces, on declined to swear allegiance to the 1847 as rebels and traitors despite the Christmas Day? How about the men new country.…”41 belatedly acknowledged fact that the who served on the various juries that There are many more such courts convened in Taos and Santa convicted and condemned so many characterizations of New Mexicans Fe had no authority to condemn of their neighbors? We know their through the late nineteenth and early Mexican citizens for treason against names, as they are named in the twentieth centuries, many of them the United States. jury lists. And of some consequence, used to justify New Mexico’s many This chapter cannot be intended why was there no apparent material failures to achieve statehood. When as anything more than an introduc- support for the insurrection from the painted with such vicious descrip- tion to the “revolt of 1847” and the Rio Abajo, or southern region of New tions, no wonder these men quickly subsequent “treason trials.” Many Mexico? became and have remained unde- questions await answers. The events It remains clear that our his- serving of and bereft of any recogni- of December 1846 and the condi- tory books have treated the persons tion or honor. tions under which early plans for the involved in these events anony- It may now be time to suggest revolt were discovered need further mously, possibly in the hope that that instead of the disgraceful ano- research. There are also numerous they remain so. Men of influence nymity in which these events have references to the Pueblo Indians of who wrote of these events soon after been held by history, we now dare Taos who not only sided with and they occurred used derogatory terms to consider whether the events of died alongside their New Mexican to describe those who took up arms December 1846 and January 1847 neighbors, but also may actually against the United States in January should even be called a “revolt.” have been a primary force behind 1847. A newspaper report of a dance Would “insurrection” or “resistance” the revolt itself. Who were they, and given by Colonel Price at the Palace be more appropriate? If so, we must what were their motives? of the Governors in Santa Fe on the face the challenge of considering that Questions apply not only to the first anniversary of the battle at Taos, the men (and yes, possibly even the individuals who participated and described the occasion as a celebra- women),42 who died resisting the died in the insurrection, but to those tion of the “complete extinction of Americano invasion in those fateful who supported the new American the band of murderers who under days in 1847, should be worthy of government. What, for example, the pretense of patriotism killed and being remembered and honored, not were the motives of the seven Span- robbed so many defenseless inno- as rebels and traitors, but as Mexican ish surnamed individuals who are cents.”38 A. B. Dyer, writing about patriots who died defending their listed in the muster of the volunteer the trial and execution of the Los country. company raised by Ceran St. Vrain. Valles group in August 1847, alluded

68 TRADICIÓN April 2012 13. Sterling Price to Adjutant General of the Army, 15 Febru- Endnotes ary 1847; “Insurrection…”, 8-13. Details of the campaign 1. “Proclamation of General Kearny, of 31st July.” Occupation and battles are derived principally from Price’s report and of Mexican Territory. Message From The President of the its supporting documents. The muster roll of St. Vrain’s United States, December 22, 1846 (House of Representa- company is in the Territorial Archives of New Mexico, Re- tives Executive Document No. 19, 29th Congress, 2nd cords of the Adjutant General of the Territory, 1847-1911. Session , 1846-1847), Serial No. 499, p. 19. Hereafter cited It is also printed in House of Representatives Report 1435, as House of Representatives Executive Document No. 19. 52nd Congress, 1st Session, 20 May 1892. 2. “Proclamación a los habitantes...,” 22 August 1846. Twitchell 14. “Proceedings of a Drum Head Court Martial,” (St. Louis, Mis- #1113, microfilm roll 6, frame 119.Microfilm Edition of the souri) Republican, 28 April 1847. Land Records of New Mexico: Spanish Archives of New 15. Daily Missouri Republican, 28 April 1847; Price to Adjutant Mexico, Series I (Santa Fe: New Mexico State Records Cen- General, 15 February 1847; “Insurrection...,” p. 13; A.B. Dyer ter and Archives, 1987). Hereafter cited as SANM I. to Colonel George Talcott, 17 February 1847; Miscellaneous 3. Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The History of the Military Oc- Records: Letters and Diaries, NMSRCA. cupation of New Mexico of the Territory of New Mexico 16. J.N. Dunlap Journal, 8 March 1847; Misc. Records: Letters From 1846 to 1851 (Chicago: Rio Grande Press, Inc., 1963): and Diaries, NMSRCA. 75-77. The original document is in the William Gillette 17. Santa Fe County “Treason Trials” Warrant Book, 1847-1854; Ritch Papers (RI 241), Henry E. Huntington Library, San County Records: Santa Fe County, NMSRCA; “Sentence Marino, California. Translation from the original is by the of the court,” United States v. Antonio María Trujillo, 16 author. March 1847. U. S. District Court Records, New Mexico, 4. “Proclamación a los habitantes…,” 22 August 1846. SANM I, Denver Federal Records Center. Copy in History File #166, #1113. NMSRCA; Donaciano Vigil to James Buchanan, 23 March 5. “Aviso al Publico,” 3 (?) September 1846. Territorial Archives 1847, and Frank P. Blair to John Y. Mason, Attorney Gen- of New Mexico (TANM): Governors Papers, Donaciano eral of the U. S., 1 April 1847. House of Representatives Vigil. Microfilm roll 98. Executive Document 70, 30th Congress, Session 1 (Serial 6. “Appointment, by General Kearny, of civil officers,” 22 Sep- tember 1846. House of Representatives Executive Docu- ment No. 19, Doc. No. 23, p. 26. A printed version is also found in the Territorial Archives of New Mexico, Records Cristina Hernández of the Territorial Governors, 1846-1912: Stephen Watts Kearny, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico Hereafter cited as NMSRCA. Tinwork 7. Donaciano Vigil Collection, No. 124, New Mexico State Records Center and Archives, Santa Fe, New Mexico. The document is also found in the Microfilm Edition of the Ter- ritorial Archives of New Mexico, Records of the Territorial Governors, Microfilm roll 98. 8. Francisco Sarracino to Donaciano Vigil, 16 November 1846. Donaciano Vigil Collection, No. 129, NMSRCA. 9. No author noted, 5 December 1846. New York Daily Tribune, 3 March 1847, a reprint of the St. Louis Republican, 19 February 1847. 10. Charles Bent to James Buchanan , Secretary of State, 26 De- cember 1846. “Insurrection Against the Military Govern- Contemporary Reverse ment in New Mexico and California in 1847 and 1848.” & Traditional Glass Senate Document 442, 56th Congress, 1st Session (Serial Design Painting No. 3878), p. 6. Hereafter cited as “Insurrection…” 11. Judge Joab Houghton to U.S. Marshall Richard Dallam, 25 December 1846. U. S. District Court Records, Federal Re- cords Center, Denver, Colorado. 1st. Judicial District, New Mexico, Criminal Case Files, 1847-1865. Cristina Hernández Feldewert 12. Donaciano Vigil to James Buchanan, 16 February 1847; 18 Paseo del Caballo • Santa Fe, NM 87508 “Insurrection…,” 6-7. 505.473-2952 • [email protected] TRADICIÓN April 2012 69 No. 521), 24‑7. 29. Pablo Montoya, Polio Salazar, the five Fe Republican), 12 February 1848. 18. Donaciano Vigil to James Buchanan, executed with him, and the subse- These remarks were reported at a 5 23 March 1847; “Insurrection...,” quent ten convicted for murder. February 1848 dance given by Price 30‑31. 30. Twitchell, The History of the Military at Santa Fe in observation of the first 19. Charles E. Magoon to The Secretary Occupation..., 146; Donaciano Vigil anniversary of the battle at Taos. of War, 31 May 1900; “Insurrec- to Prefect of San Miguel del Vado, 39. A. B. Dyer to Talcott, 11 August 1847, tion…”, 5. Details of the request for 7 July and 8 July 1847, TANM, NMSRCA. a presidential pardon for Trujillo Governors Papers, Donaciano Vigil. 40. William G. Ritch, Proclamation, 11 are in W. L. Marcy to Sterling Price, Roll 98; Daily Missouri Republican, August 1877, Governors Execu- 11 June 1847 and 26 June 1847. 13 August 1847; Jacqueline Dorgan tive Records, TANM, SRCA. Ritch’s House of Representatives Executive Meketa, “A Soldier in New Mexico, characterization was made as part of Document 17, 31st Congress, Session 1847-1848,” New Mexico Historical an eloquent memorial to Donaciano 1 (Serial No. 573), 248-253. It should Review, vol. 66 (January 1991): 19. Vigil at the time of Vigil’s death. also be noted that the CIS Index to 31. Sterling Price, Order No. 221, 26 41. Fray Angélico Chávez and Thomas E. Presidential Executive Orders and July 1847, and Order No. 223, 31 Chávez, Wake for A Fat Vicar (Albu- Proclamations, Index by Personal July 1847, Records of the Adjutant querque: LPD Press, 2004): 76. Name, Part I: 30 April 1789 to 4 General’s Office (RG94), Orders and 42. The 17 July 1847 issue of the St. Louis March 1921 (Washington D. C.: Special Orders, Vol. 43 1/2. Army of (Mo.) Daily Republican carried a Information Service, Inc., 1987) has New Mexico, 1847, 9th Military De- story of the battle at Taos which no listing for a presidential action on partment, 11 June 1847-15 August suggests possible casualties among Trujillo; Thomas H. Benton, Thirty 1847, National Archives Microfilm. the women who carried water to Years View..., 2 Vols. (New York: D. 32. J.N. Dunlap Journal, 3 August 1847, the defenders and cared for the Appleton and Company, 1903), 2: NMSRCA; A.B. Dyer to Colonel wounded. The report noted “one old 683; A similar conclusion is reached George Talcott, 11 August 1847. squaw” was shot and killed when by John S. Jenkins, History of the SRCA; and Daily Missouri Republi- she pointed a gun at the attacking War Between the United States can, 13 August 1847, AASF, Santa Fe American troops. She reportedly and Mexico..., (Auburn: Derby and Burials (Bur-53), Microfilm roll 41. made “a complete summerset (sic)” Miller, 1851): 331. 33. Abraham Rencher to Howell Bobb, as she fell from the rampart of the 20. Blair to Mason, 1 April 1847; Vigil to 30 November 1857, TANM, Gover- building on which she stood. Phillip Buchanan, 23 March 1847; “Insur- nors Papers, Letterbook, 1853-1862, St. George Cooke, a participant in rection...,” 30-1. NMSRCA. the battle, writes in The Conquest of 21. Taos County District Court Journal 34. The Daily New Mexican (Santa Fe, New Mexico and California (New (Record), 1847-1851. District Court New Mexico), 5 May 1868. York: G. P. Putman’s Sons, 1878): 121: Records, Taos County, NMSRCA. 35. Elisha V. Long to Mrs. Long, 21 May “In the heat of the assault, a dragoon 22. Archives of the Archdiocese of Santa 1886, E.V. Long Collection: Family was in the act of killing a woman, Fe, Taos burials, 1843-1850 (Bur-41), Papers, Letters Sent, SRCA. Despite unrecognized by dress, similar to Microfilm roll 42. Hereafter cited as Judge Long’s doubts, the jury in the man’s, and both sexes wearing AASF. this case rendered a guilty verdict the hair long; in this extremity she 23. Lewis H. Garrard, Wah‑To‑Yah and and sentenced Theodore Baker to saved her life by an act of the most the Taos Trail (Norman: University hang. See Robert J. Tórrez, Myth of conclusive personal exposure!” of Oklahoma Press, 1955): 196-98. the Hanging Tree (Albuquerque: 24. AASF (Bur-41), Roll 42. University of New Mexico Press, Robert J. Tórrez is the former New 25. Antonio José Martínez to Manuel Al- 2008): 71-80. Mexico State Historian and a past varez, 12 April 1847, Benjamin Read 36. Jesús Vialpando and Feliciano president of the Historical Society Collection, Read I: 182, NMSRCA. Chávez were executed at Santa Fe of New Mexico. An expert on the 26. Antonio José Martínez to Col. Ster- on 19 November 1895. Robert J. Tór- Spanish colonial and Mexican peri- ling Price, 12 April 1847, TANM, rez, “Executions in Territorial New ods of New Mexico history, he has published many books and articles, Governor’s Papers, Sterling Price, Mexico.” History File #17, NMSRCA. including Myth of the Hanging Tree: Sto- NMSRCA. 37. Jesús María Martínez was executed ries of Crime and Punishment in Territorial 27. AASF (Bur-41), Roll 42. at Taos on 13 May 1864. Robert J. New Mexico (Albuquerque: University 28. William B. Drescher, Journal (no Tórrez, “Rio Arriba’s First Legal Hang- of New Mexico Press, 2008). date), Misc. Dairies and Journals, ings,” Salsa (January 1993): 7-9. NMSRCA. 38. “La Baile (sic)” El Republicano (Santa 70 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Fe y tragedias Faith and Tragedies in Hispanic Villages of New Mexico by Nasario García 170 pages 26 photographs; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-56-8 ($16.95) (Trade paper) The stories of tragedy and sadness shared by old-timers (viejitos) in Fe y tragedias: Faith and Tragedy in Hispanic Villages of New Mexico are as diverse as the voices behind them. Each bilingual (Spanish and English) account personifies faith, fortitude, compas- sion, and buoyancy. Without these human attributes, people beset with tragedy would have succumbed to tragedy itself. The high point of interest in this book is not to promote or engage in doom and gloom. Rather, it is to acquaint and educate readers on how humble but strong and devout folks living in isolation—in most cases far removed geographically from an urban environment—coped with tragedy and despair. The net and psychological effect of murder, drown- ing, the Rangers’ indiscriminate and callous slaughtering of poor people’s cattle, bewitch- ment, or the quirks of nature (e. g. , baby born with frog features) on the human psyche was profound but not daunting. Tom Chávez’s eloquent words in his Preface summed up best the old-timers’ poignant past when he said, “These are real people talking about real lives. They are witnesses to their own history.” If the victims of misfortune became heroes in their community, then the aggrieved surely could be categorized as tragic heroes. A more praiseworthy tribute could not be ac- corded these courageous and remarkable men and women who believed in redemption.

Nasario García was born in Bernalillo, New Mexico and grew up in the Río Puerco Valley southeast of Chaco Canyon. He received his BA and MA degrees in Spanish and Portuguese from the University of New Mexico. While a doctoral student at the University of Granada, Spain he studied under the eminent linguist Dr. Manuel Alvar. García was awarded his Ph. D. in XIX century Spanish literature from the University of Pittsburgh. He began his teaching career at Chatham College in Pittsburgh and sub- sequently taught in Illinois, New Mexico and Colorado. At the University of Southern Colorado, he served as Assistant Vice President for Academic and Student Affairs as well as Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences. For the past 30-plus years García has devoted his life to the preservation of Hispanic language, culture and folklore of New Mexico. He has authored/co-authored 21 books. Among them are—Old Las Vegas: Hispanic Memories from the New Mexico Meadowlands (Texas Tech University Press, 2005), winner of the Southwest Book Award; and Brujerías: Stories of Witchcraft and the Supernatural in the American Southwest and Beyond (Texas Tech University, 2007), Southwest Books of the Year and a 2008 finalist for the New Mexico Book Awards.

Name ______Order Fe y tragedias. please eNClose CheCk or provide Credit Card isa or aster address ______(v m - Card) iNfo below:

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daytime phoNe ______U.s. orders: add $5.50 Usps shippiNg for the first book aNd $2.00 for eaCh additioNal book. iNt’l orders: add $16.00 Usps shippiNg for the first book Rio Grande Books aNd $11.00 for eaCh additioNal book. 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 FREE SHIPPING 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com on orders received by 6/1/12 TRADICIÓN April 2012 71 Rio Arriba: A New Mexico County by Robert J. Tórrez and Robert Trapp 408 pages 68 illustrations; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-65-0 ($19.95) (Trade paper)

This book has been a long time coming. Of the thousands of books published on New Mexico’s long and varied history, none have attempted to tell the history of Rio Arriba County. Rio Arriba County was formally established January 9, 1852, one of seven original counties organized when New Mexico became a United States territory. It is a vast land mass nearly twice the size of the combined states of Delaware and Rhode Island. But its history predates 1852. It is a story of good times and hard times; of land grants, violence and yes, corruption in a remote area where the family was all-important as was the feeding of that family.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS/EDITORS: Robert J. Tórrez was born and raised in the northern Rio Arriba County community of Los Ojos and is a graduate of Tierra Amarilla High School. He received his undergradu- ate and graduate degrees from New Mexico Highlands University in Las Vegas and served as the New Mexico State Historian from 1987 until his retirement in December 2000. During the past four decades more than one hundred of his scholarly and popular articles on New Mexico history and culture have been published in numerous regional and national publications. He has also contributed to a dozen books, and since 1992, has written a monthly column, “Voices From the Past,” for Round the Roundhouse. His recent books include UFOs Over Galisteo and Other Stories of New Mexico’s History (University of New Mexico Press, 2004), New Mexico in 1876-1877, A Newspaperman’s View (Rio Grande Books, 2007) and Myth of the Hanging Tree (University of New Mexico Press, 2008). Robert Trapp is a native of the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado and a veteran newspaperman. He served with the Army Air Force in World War II and after the war attended the University of Colorado under the GI Bill. He worked on daily newspapers in Alamosa, Colorado; New Bern, North Carolina; Rock Springs, Wyoming and Great Falls, Montana. In 1956, he, his wife Ruth, also a journalist, and another couple started the Rio Grande Sun in Española and he has worked as an editor/publisher since. He and Ruth have three children and live in an old adobe in Sombrillo, a suburb of Española. Their son, Robert B. Trapp, currently is managing editor of the Sun. Order Name______Rio Arriba—$19.95 each

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Barbe Awalt & Paul Rhetts, own- vocacy of Hispanic culture. Awalt ers of LPD Press/Rio Grande Books, and Rhetts also founded the New Tradicion Revista Magazine and Mexico Book Co-op and the New authors of nine books on Hispanic Mexico Book Awards, now the New art and culture of New Mexico, will Mexico & Arizona Book Awards. be honored at the New Mexico His- They are also members of the plan- panic Cultural Preservation League’s ning committee for the Southwest First Thanksgiving Banquet as the Book Fiesta which will be at the 2012 recipients of the Mille Santil- Convention Center in May, 2013. The lanes Education Award. The banquet First Thanksgiving Banquet is in its will be held at El Pinto Restaurant – 14th year. For more information on 10500 4th St. NW in Albuquerque, attending the banquet, contact S. Pau- on Saturday, April 21, at 6pm. line Anaya 239-4335 or sanaya6@ Awalt and Rhetts were selected comcast.net. because of their promotion and ad-

TRADICIÓN April 2012 73 Dueling Boundaries: Santa Fe Coun- ty, Texas, and the Hot Summer of 1850 Michael Stevenson When New Mexico became the all of New Mexico east of the Rio even included much of what is now 47th of the United States on January Grande and extending up into what west Texas. The same was true of 6, 1912, it marked the end of a long is now Wyoming (see Figure 1).3 The Mexico after its independence from and difficult journey begun with Texas claim to these lands was never Spain and up until the Texas revolu- the occupation of New Mexico by recognized by Mexico, the United tion.4 General Stephen Watts Kearny and States, or, especially, New Mexicans, So, how did this “greater Texas” his American Army of the West in but the Texas Republic and, after an- claim come about? First, the Texas 1846. Other than the later Civil War nexation by the U. S., the state of Tex- Republic claimed that the Treaty of years, perhaps the most tumultuous as believed strongly that their claim Velasco (or Treaties, a public one and of these sixty-six years of struggle was valid, strongly enough to threat- a secret one)gave Texas all the land towards statehood were the first en war. New Mexico east of the Rio to the “source of the Rio Grande.” four, when New Mexico was under Grande had never been considered Both treaties were signed by Gen- military government and at the same in the Spanish Colonial period to be eral and President of Mexico Anto- time involved in a bitter boundary part of the province of Texas. Further, nio López de Santa Anna when he dispute with the state of Texas. New New Mexico as viewed by Spain was a prisoner of the Texans after Mexicans not only had to adjust to U. S. military governance and an influx of Anglo-Americans but also to the attempted Texas takeover of New Mexico lands, including Santa Fe, east of the Rio Grande. This political conflict over a disputed boundary came very close to an armed conflict, with the American Army committed to defending New Mexico against any Texas invasion. Such an invasion could easily have touched off the U. S. Civil War a decade before it actually occurred. The story of these four years is complex, culminating in New Mexico becoming a United States Territory with the Compromise of 1850. There are some excellent books on the subject, particularly the au- thoritative and comprehensive Texas, New Mexico and the Compromise of 1850.1 This chapter can only at best provide a summary narrative and note a few of the individuals involved, including those who were later to be in the first hundred members of the Historical Society of New Mexico in the 1859- 1863 period.2 New Mexicans are often struck by the maps of this time and the earlier Texas Republic period (1836 Figure 1: New Map of Texas, 1841 (original lithograph by Day and Haghe). Texas to 1845) showing a Texas including State Archives Map Number 0055, courtesy of the Texas State Library and Archive. 74 TRADICIÓN April 2012 the Battle of San Jacinto. The treaties about three things, “Taxes, which by Kearny, “The territory conquered were later nullified by the Mexi- they dislike; slavery, which they by our arms does not become, by the can government as being invalid hate; and Texas, which they cordially mere act of conquest, a permanent due to Santa Anna’s signing while abhor.”8 part of the United States, and the in- in captivity. Beyond this, the public Following the annexation of Texas habitants of such territory are not to treaty did not address the boundary and its simultaneous admission into the full extent of the term, citizens of question, and even the secret treaty, the Union in December 1845, the the United States.”10 did not say that Texas was to extend expansionist President James K. Polk Meanwhile, James P. Henderson, to the Rio Grande but rather not to sent troops to the area between the the first governor of the state of Texas, extend beyond it. To quote, “A treaty Nueces River and Rio Grande in protested the United State’s actions in of Commerce, Amity and limits will April 1846. The U. S.-Mexican War New Mexico if they were to inter- be established between Mexico and was then sparked by an April 24 en- fere with the Texas claims. In a letter Texas. The territory of the latter not to gagement between Mexican and U. dated January 4, 1847, to President extend beyond the Rio Bravo del Norte” S. troops near what is now Browns- Polk’s Secretary of State James Bu- (emphasis added). ville, Texas. While the U. S. Army chanan, Henderson said that Texas There was also no hint that the under Zachary Taylor was continu- would not object to the establishment reference to the Rio Grande including its invasion into Mexico in the of a U. S. Territorial government ed the great river all the way to its summer of 1846, Kearny marched provided that Texas “may exercise source, a location only vaguely, or his Army from Missouri down the her right [to New Mexico east of the not at all, understood at the time.5 De- Santa Fe Trail. Without resistance, Rio Grande] whenever she regards spite this, in 1836 the First Congress Kearny took over New Mexico in a it expedient.” Polk replied that the of the Republic declared “the south- bloodless occupation, but only blood- situation was only temporary and ern and western boundary of Texas less until the January 1847 assassina- would end when a treaty was in to be the Rio Grande from its mouth tion of the Kearny-appointed Gover- place to end the war with Mexico. to its source and thence a line due nor Charles Bent in Taos, followed by The Texans were mollified, thinking north to the forty-second parallel.”6 the insurrection begun in Taos and that Polk’s words meant they would Texas attempted to “develop” these put down by Sterling Price and the quickly “regain” control of their New boundaries at least as early as 1840 Army. Mexican lands.11 Polk was not at this when three commissioners, Wil- On August 15, 1846, from a bal- point ready to support New Mexican liam G. Dryden, John Rowland, and cony on the Las Vegas plaza, Kearny statehood, nor possibly even official William Workman, were appointed addressed an audience of New Mexi- Territorial status. However, even if to represent the Texas Republic in cans likely having trouble compre- they were aware of Polk’s feelings Santa Fe. This was followed by the hending him when he said “We and his correspondence to Texas, ill-fated Santa Fe Expedition of 1841, come amongst you as friends, not New Mexicans did not take seriously in which Rowland was one of the enemies; as protectors, not as con- the Texas claim to eastern New Mex- members of the expedition shot and querors.” A few days later in Santa Fe, ico. After all, Kearny had been clear killed following the Texans being tak- he told a similar group that it was his that he and his Army were holding en into captivity by New Mexican intention “to establish in this Depart- a New Mexico that had its original soldiers. The equally disastrous Mier ment a civil government, on a repub- boundaries. Expedition of 1842, taking over this lican basis, similar to those of our Kearny had also called for a Mexican town on the south side of own states” and that “you are now legislative assembly to be held in the Rio Grande, attempted to support American citizens.” Then on August Santa Fe. In response to this call, the Texas claim to the disputed terri- 22 he issued a proclamation that he Civil Governor Donaciano Vigil, who tory between the Nueces River and would hold “the Department with its had been appointed by Kearny after the Rio Grande. The Texas claims to original boundaries (on both sides of the assassination of Governor Bent, eastern New Mexico, the 1841 Santa the Del Norte) as a part of the United issued a circular on July 1, 1847, Fe Expedition, the later expeditions States, under the name of the Terri- calling for the election of a legisla- (particularly the Warfield expedition tory of New Mexico.”9 tive assembly. This assembly, meet- of 1843, which resulted in a number No doubt Kearny exceeded his ing in December of 1847, was the of New Mexican deaths after an at- authority in these statements, lead- first of four significant assemblies tack on Mora), and Texas attempts ing to false expectations in New and conventions supporting New to expand slavery into the west Mexico and later “clarifications” by Mexico’s struggles for statehood in influenced strongly New Mexicans’ the Washington government. For the pre-territorial period under the U. antagonisms toward Texas.7 Major example, Secretary of War William S. military government. Henry Kendrick, stationed in Santa L. Marcy said in a letter dated Janu- When it met in December, the Fe after the American occupation, ary 11, 1847, to Frank Blair, the New “Legislative Assembly of 1847” called said that New Mexicans only cared Mexico Attorney General appointed for laws modeled after other states.

TRADICIÓN April 2012 75 The principal topic at the assem- Juan Tullis bly was annexation to the United North District--Nicolas Lucero, A notable feature of this assembly States, and the final bill asked for an Pascual Martinez was Governor Vigil’s address and its election for delegates to an annexa- South District--Antonio Sandoval, call for education as an essential ele- tion convention. Antonio Sandoval Juan Otero y Chavez ment of democracy: was President of the seven-member If it (the will of the majority) will Legislative Council, and William Members of the House one day be the law of the land...the Angney was Speaker of the twenty- Speaker--William Z. Angney people must be enlightened and one-member House of Representa- Clerk--James Giddings, instructed that every man should be tives. This bicameral assembly with Doorkeeper--E. J. Vaughn able to read.... All that the Legislature the upper house labeled the Council Santa Fe County--Manuel Alva- can do in the cause of education for was to be mirrored in the subsequent rez, W. Z. Angney, Antonio Maria the people is most earnestly pressed pre-Territorial conventions and then Ortiz upon them....13 throughout the Territorial period. Santa Ana County--Tomas C. de Many of the assemblymen continued Baca, Jesus Sandoval Texans, when they heard of this in similar roles into the Territorial San Miguel del Bado County- first New Mexico governmental as- period.12 -Miguel Sanchez, Antonio Sais, Levi sembly, reacted aggressively, believ- J. Keithlay ing that New Mexico’s actions were Legislative Assembly Rio Arriba County--José Roman the first step in a plot to “dismember” Under the Military Government, Vigil, Jose Antonio Manzanares, Texas, which it was in the sense of Commencing December 6, 1847 Mariano Lucero dismembering the Texas claim to Taos County—José Martin, George a large part of New Mexico. The Members of Council Gold, Antonio José Ortiz Texans then established a Santa Fe President--Antonio Sandoval, of Bernalillo County--Juan Perea, County, Texas (see Figure 2) and be- Bernalillo County Rafael Armijo y Mestas gan an attempt to govern their new Clerk--Henry Henrie Valencia County--Wm. Skin- county.14 Spruce Baird, an ambitious Doorkeeper--James Hubble ner, Juan Cruz Baca, Juan Cristoval but not highly experienced Texas Central District--Jose Francisco Chaves, Rafael Luna, Juan Sanchez y lawyer, was appointed in March Baca y Torres, José Andres Sandoval, Carillo 1848 to be the Texas judge of Santa Fe County, although he did not arrive until November of that year.”15 Meanwhile, another New Mexico convention of delegates had met in Santa Fe in February 1848 hoping to make the case for official annexation to the United States. However, the military governor at the time, Colonel Sterling Price, made it clear to the delegates that New Mexico was already part of the United States and that he “was the only power that mattered.”16 Nevertheless, New Mexi- cans remained derisive of the Texas land claim, as the Santa Fe Republic said on July 24, 1848, We are disposed to laugh at the complacency with which the gover- nor and the Legislative Commission of Texas, in solemn-council assembled, advanced the preposterous claim, but we regret to state that the smile is not the only thing excited by a perusal of this strange document. Contempt and pity!

Figure 2: Santa Fe County, Texas, 1848. From Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the Compromise of 1850, 28, with shading added. between the U. S. and Mexico then 76 TRADICIÓN April 2012 went into effect in May (although Texas Judge Spruce Baird finally Baird.21 this news did not reach New Mexico came to Santa Fe in November 1848 With the ascension of Zachary until July 19), making at least those to begin his assignment, but was Taylor to the Presidency in March New Mexicans who wished so to greeted with considerable suspicion 1849, New Mexicans then began become American citizens. With the if not disdain. A writer in the Santa Fe their next step, that of holding a tacit approval of Major Benjamin Republican, presumably the editor, Oli- convention to develop a new con- Beall, who was acting as Military ver Hovey, noted even before Baird’s stitution. In leading up to this 1849 Governor following Price’s departure arrival that New Mexicans had not convention, New Mexico politicos in August, Governor Vigil called believed “for a moment that Texas began dividing into two factions, the for another convention of elected had any serious intention of attempt- Territorialists, led by Joab Houghton, delegates to be held. Perhaps expect- ing to legislate for New Mexico.” The and the Statehooders, led by Manuel ing that their new status as citizens writer went on to say that “there is Alvarez and Richard Weightman.22 would allow them to come out from not even a loafer in the Territory that Interestingly, the Territorialists at under the military government, the would submit his claim to the deci- this point seemed to have support of convention met in Santa Fe on Octo- sion of such a judge, nor even a New most native Hispanic leaders, despite ber 10, 1848, with the new military Mexican dog.”20 Baird was then held that statehood would have allowed governor, Colonel John Washing- off from performing his Texas duties election of officials by a large His- ton arriving that same day. Colonel by opposition from Colonel John panic majority.23 Washington also assumed the duties Washington, who told Baird that he *** of Civil Governor, and Donaciano would not turn over any jurisdic- Richard Weightman was to Vigil’s term in that role ended.17 tion to him unless ordered to do so. be the most active member of the This 1848 convention was conten- At some point in this period Colonel statehood faction. Another influen- tious. Several members walked out Washington did receive ambigu- tial Statehooder and, later, the first initially, but, finally, Padre Antonio ous orders from Secretary of War Territorial governor of New Mexico, José Martinez from Taos was elected Marcy directing him to maintain his James Calhoun, had been sent by president as a unity figure, and the government but also to honor any President Taylor as the U. S. Indian assembly continued.18 One outcome Texas attempts to establish jurisdic- Agent, arriving in July 1849, per- of the convention was a petition to tion. Whatever the intent of these haps with instructions from Taylor to the U. S. Congress, which unequivo- orders, Washington held firm against support the statehood movement.24 cally stated the conventioneers’ opposition (assuming the mantle of “the people”) to Texas and slavery, among other points: We the people of New Mexico, respectfully petition Congress for the speedy organization of a territorial civil government. We respectfully but firmly protest against the dismemberment of our territory in favor of Texas.... We do not desire to have domes- tic slavery within our borders. Signed, Antonio J. Martinez, President Donaciano Vigil Elias P. West Francisco Saracino Juan Perea Gregorio Vigil Antonio Sais Ramon Luna Santiago Archuleta Charles Beaubien James H. Quinn Manuel A. Otero 19 José Pley Figure 3: The Four Texas Counties of New Mexico, 1849. From Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850. TRADICIÓN April 2012 77 Joab Houghton, appointed in 1846 Mexico, in convention assembled... 1850, Howard urged Texas to capture by Kearny to be one of three New urge upon the supreme government Santa Fe by force. Nevertheless, Texas Mexico judges (and the Chief Judge), a redress of our grievances....” Governor Peter Hansborough Bell, had presided at the Taos insurrection Again, Padre Martinez presided who had been elected in November trials in 1847. Unfortunately, he was over the convention, which was 1849, called for moderation.29 an engineer and not a lawyer and, dominated by the Territorialists. Meanwhile, the very capable Rob- as the Santa Fe New Mexican said later, Like the earlier assemblies, this one ert Neighbors was sent to organize “his appointment to the bench is but included several of those who later Santa Fe and the other three “Texas” another evidence that those not bred were among the founding members counties in New Mexico. Neighbors in the law should not be entrusted of the Historical Society of New had been not only a forward-looking with its administration.”25 Mexico, as indicated in bold in the and compassionate Indian Agent in In addition to their political list below.27 Texas, but he had also pioneered a struggles, Houghton was roundly San Antonio-El Paso wagon route in criticized by Richard Weightman for Constitutional Convention of 1849.30 He succeeded in organizing his legal shortcomings, which led to 1849 El Paso County (which included the a great deal of rancor between the Antonio José Martinez, President Doña Ana community) with a large- two, and on September 9, 1849, a James Quinn, Secretary ly Anglo administration, but only at challenge from Houghton to Weight- Manuel Armijo y Mestas the expense of alienating “Mexican” man, who said “Sir: In consequence Ambrosio Armijo y Ortiz citizens by land grabs in Doña Ana, of slanderous words used by you...I Dr. Joseph Nangle these through no fault of Neighbors. demand of you an unequivocal Salvador Lucero Probably as a result, La Mesilla was retraction of such slanders, or the Gregorio Vigil founded on the then Mexican side of satisfaction due from one gentleman Manuel Antonio Baca the Rio Grande by Doña Ana expa- to another.” Weightman accepted Miguel Montoya triates.31 Houghton’s challenge and vowed to Francisco Tomás Baca A major factor in the ensuing meet him immediately. In the duel, Manuel Alvarez events was the presence and influ- held that day, Weightman fired the E. Vaudry Deroin ence of Colonel George McCall, a first shot, and Houghton, who was William Angney West Point graduate (1822), hero of largely deaf (perhaps explaining Ceran St. Vrain the Mexican war, and friend of Presi- some of his courtroom eccentricities) Antoine Leroux dent Taylor. McCall was sent on an did not hear the shot. Weightman Juan José Sanchez inspection tour of the Army forces then told him to fire, but Houghton William Curtis Skinner in New Mexico during 1850, but he refused. Both lived to fight another Mariano Silva was also ordered by Secretary of War day. 26 Antonio José Otero Crawford to at the least not stand in In the run-up to the next New Manuel Antonio Otero the way of those wishing to estab- Mexico assembly, the Constitutional lish statehood for New Mexico. He Convention of September 1849, Gov- Texas again reacted aggressive- may also have had secret orders from ernor James Calhoun managed to ly, this time by dividing Santa Fe Taylor to be even more aggressive bring the Territorialists and State- county into four (see Figure 3), with in supporting statehood than indi- hooders together. Calhoun was likely the idea of organizing the counties cated by Crawford’s instructions and acting on what was direction from separately. Texas newspaper articles to report back to Taylor through the President Taylor, a strong supporter and letters from passionate Texans President’s secretary and son-in-law, of statehood for New Mexico. This began to stir up Texas “resistance,” William Bliss.32 Convention was primarily focused and newspapers in other areas sup- McCall was an astute observer on gaining territorial status for New ported them. For example, one writer of not only natural and military Mexico and pleading with Congress in the St. Louis Republican called for resources, as shown in his reports, to address its problems. Part of the Texas to crush the rebellion. At the but also the political scene.33 After ar- incentive for New Mexicans was a same time, some Texas papers called riving in Santa Fe on March 11, 1850, desire to end military rule by what- for moderation.28 In a late 1849 ses- he said in a letter back to Bliss (and ever mechanism was necessary. sion, Texas legislators urged military presumably, President Taylor), The assembly was, as recorded, “A action. Texas Congressman Volney Arriving here, I found politics the convention of Delegates elected by Howard, in a letter published by the rage, engrossing the attention of all the people of New Mexico, present- Washington (D. C.) Union on January 3, classes of people; the territorial party ing a plan for a civil government of 1850, said that Texas would defend its high in the ascendant the state party said Territory of New Mexico, and claim to Santa Fe County “to the last down. The latter had lost the print- asking the action of Congress theron,” rifle.” In another letter, this published ing press, & the former had got pos- who said, “We the people of New in the Galveston News on March 11, session of it. Indeed the State party

78 TRADICIÓN April 2012 which from all accounts possessed ings of Liberty to ourselves and to Donaciano Vigil, Secretary no influence beyond the precincts of our posterity...do ordain and establish Robert Cary, Secretary the town, evidently exercised so little the following Constitution or form of Joab Houghton within those limits that to a mere Government, and do mutually agree Antonio José Otero looker-on, who from sympathy alone with each other to form ourselves Ceran St. Vrain felt any solicitude to see N. Mexico into a free and independent State, by Murray Tuley present herself for admission into the the name of the State of New Mex- José Manuel Gallegos Union as a state, the prospect would ico, with the following limits and José María Martinez have seemed less indeed.34 boundaries....36 Geoge Gold Jose Antonio Manzanares McCall clearly saw that Hough- These boundaries were spelled Jose Pablo Gallegos ton’s territorial faction was much out and are shown in Figure 4. In an Thomas S. J. Johnson stronger than the statehood faction additional message, also written by Francisco Ortiz y Delgado of Weightman and Alvarez. He then Houghton, the convention rejected Levi Keithley convinced Houghton to attempt to slavery in no uncertain terms, as had Juan Perea compromise with Weightman, de- the earlier 1849 assembly, saying, Charles Overman spite Houghton’ personal animosity “slavery in New Mexico is natu- Juan Antonio Baca y Pino towards Weightman. Not long after rally impracticable, and [is]...a moral, Ramon Luna this the Territorialists transformed social, and political evil....with its gen- themselves completely into State- eral evil tendencies, we have unani- The new “state” constitution was hooders with the aim of achieving mously agreed to reject it....” (Again, adopted by a public vote in June. statehood in the short term, clearly a the signers included several who Also in this election Henry Con- goal of President Taylor. were later members of the Historical nelly and Manuel Alvarez were In the midst of this, Robert Neigh- Society of New Mexico (in bold in elected Governor and Lieutenant bors arrived in Santa Fe on April 7, the list below.). Governor respectively, Richard 1850, to organize the county after his State Constitutional Convention Weightman and Francis A. Cun- success in organizing El Paso County. of 1850 ningham Senators, and William However, after assessing the hostility James Quinn, President Meservey the lone representative to towards him and his mission, Neigh- bors went back to Texas, in the process writing a letter to Governor Bell saying that military force would be required to organize Santa Fe County for Texas.35 At this point military Governor John Munroe called for the election of delegates to a new convention aimed at developing a state, as opposed to a territorial, constitution to expedite the process of gaining statehood. The twenty-one delegates elected and meeting in May 1850 were largely from the Houghton group, despite this group’s earlier focus on New Mexico becoming a territory. After some bickering, the convention approved what could have been the first New Mexico state constitution, if Taylor’s desires had been met by the Congress and New Mexico had indeed become a state at this early juncture. The constitution was written largely by Houghton and said, in part, We, the people of New Mexico, in order to establish Justice, promote Figure 4: New Mexico Boundaries from the State Constitution of 1850, drawn by the the welfare, and secure the bless- author. TRADICIÓN April 2012 79 the U. S. House of Representatives. Monument on an extremely hot day. equally pro-slavery, albeit some more This was a surprising victory of the Taylor died on July 9, to the great moderate than others, and the North- Alvarez/Weightman faction over surprise of all.41 Although Vice-pres- ern Democrats and Southern Whigs the Houghton group. In any case, ident Fillmore had supported Tay- were in a north-south spectrum in Colonel Munroe was not willing to lor and statehood for New Mexico, between. Generally, the Northern- give up any power to these elected he was more cautious than the old ers were more inclined toward New officials.37 soldier. Nevertheless, after Fillmore Mexico statehood and the Southern- In parallel with this New Mexico becoming President on Taylor’s death, ers against, largely on the basis that election, in June and July rallies his government prepared for a pos- New Mexico would be a “free” state. began to be held across Texas call- sible Texas invasion of New Mexico, This also became intertwined with ing for the use of force against New directing Colonel Munroe to be pre- the possible admission of other ter- Mexico. In July, Governor Bell asked pared to fight.42 ritories and, overall, an upset of the six Texas militia leaders to enroll one Following up on a request by Missouri Compromise, which had hundred men each to march to New Taylor before he died, General Win- held for three decades.46 Mexico no later than September 1. field Scott, the acting Secretary of In the session of 1850, with the He then called for a special legisla- War, estimated in July that up to two House at a stalemate, the Senate tried tive session on August 12 to help thousand troops could be available to move forward with statehood leg- prepare for “military movement” in New Mexico by fall. He also sent islation for California, New Mexico on Santa Fe. Most counties in Texas an order to Colonel Munroe on Au- and Utah. The so-called “heroic trio” passed resolutions calling for mili- gust 6 to “protect the people of New of Senators Henry Clay (of Kentucky tary action.38 Mexico...and repel force by force,” in and a moderate), Daniel Webster (of In the August 12 session, Gover- case of any military invasion from Massachusetts and anti-slavery), and nor Bell said that Texas must assert Texas. To back this up, he saw to it John Calhoun (of South Carolina its rights. A joint legislative commit- that hundreds of troops were re- and adamantly pro-slavery) were still tee affirmed this and called for troops cruited in the east and sent to New dominant leaders, although all were to be raised (3000 were recommend- Mexico beginning in July, although aging and ailing. ed) for a military expedition to New the first 249, about half of the original *** Mexico. The legislature then intro- number of their group due to losses Henry Clay, respected by all, duced and debated a “war bill,” which from disease and other causes, did though often opposed by Southern- passed the Texas House on August not reach Santa Fe until September ers, first introduced his attempt at 31.39 and October.43 Even without the ad- compromise on January 29, 1850. In The U. S. Army in New Mexico ditional troops, the U. S. Army forces a later speech on February 5, 1850, would undoubtedly have resisted in New Mexico were substantial. Fol- supporting his resolutions, Clay strongly any Texas invasion. Presi- lowing Colonel McCall’s inspections expressed his thoughts on eastern dent Taylor and Congress had au- of the eleven military posts in the New Mexico becoming part of Texas, thorized building up Army levels to Ninth Military Department (New echoing the viewpoint of most New enable sending more troops to the Mexico and the El Paso area) from Mexicans, saying “...there is a feeling West in the early summer of 1850, August 31 (Santa Fe) to October 14 approximating to abhorrence, on the ostensibly for “Indian fighting” but (San Elizario), he estimated a total of part of the people of New Mexico, of in reality more for defending New 1,737 troops present as of September any union with Texas.” Sen. Rusk of Mexico against the state of Texas, 30, 1850.44 These numbers did not Texas (a protege of John C. Calhoun if necessary. Taylor reportedly told include the large number of civilians from Rusk’s family’s South Carolina northern Congressmen “Texas will supporting the troops. For example, days but a moderate) responded, with not get New Mexico”and was also the 1850 Santa Fe census, taken in “Only on the part of office-holders, quoted as saying “the whole business December 1850, shows a total of office seekers, and those they could (with Texas) is infamous and must about 240 soldiers at the Santa Fe influence.” be put down.”40 Post and 210 associated civilians.45 Clay, then, to general laughter, Taylor’s support along with the During this period the growing said “Well, that may be; and I am new state constitution could well tensions between New Mexico and afraid that New Mexico is not the have led to statehood for New Texas were mirrored in Congress. only place where office-holders and Mexico in 1850, although it likely Congress was roughly divided into office-seekers compose the major- would have led to an armed confron- four groups, Northern Whigs (and ity of the population of the country.” tation with Texas, supported by other Free Soilers), Northern Democrats, Clay followed this with a reading of pro-slavery states. However, this was Southern Whigs, and Southern the New Mexico 1849 Convention’s not to be. In early July, the President Democrats. The Northern Whig proclamation. Clay’s speech lasted became ill after spending hours clique was very anti-slavery, the almost a day and a half (he spoke for celebrating July 4 at the Washington Southern Democrats were at least five hours total in this period). He

80 TRADICIÓN April 2012 covered other related issues, includ- of physical geography. Both Califor- over from the Texas Republic. Back in ing California statehood, slavery in nia and New Mexico are destined Washington, the “Pearce” bill, to be DC, and fugitive slaves, but he also to be free, so far as they are settled at the basis of the ultimate 1850 com- expressed his strong feeling that “in all, which...especially in New Mexico promise, had passed the U.S. Senate my own opinion...Texas has not a will be very little for a great length of on August 9. This bill, sponsored by good title to any portion of what is time. Senator Pearce of Maryland (Senate called New Mexico.”47 Bill 307), established the Texas-New A number of competing plans And later in the speech, to coun- Mexico boundary more or less as at began to be submitted as legislation, ter Calhoun: “Peaceable secession! present and authorized Federal pay- one of the first being that of Mis- ...Why, sir, our ancestors...would re- ments to Texas of $10,000,000 to help souri’s Senator Thomas Hart Benton, proach us...and cry out “Shame upon pay off the debts of the Texas Repub- a supporter of New Mexico perhaps us!”50 lic. Although this news did not reach largely because of his and Mis- Abolitionists also cried out against Austin until August 19, word of its souri’s concerns that Texas wanted Calhoun’s March 4th speech, with passing likely cooled the ardor of the to establish a southern competitor to William Lloyd Garrison writing Texas warhawks.52 The moderates in the Santa Fe Trail. His plan left Texas in his newspaper, The Liberator, on the Texas Senate were able to defeat as two slave states, a major consider- March 15, 1850: “But where or what a House passed war bill on Septem- ation if California and New Mexico, is the heart of John C. Calhoun? ber 2, and the legislature adjourned along with Utah, were to come in as Who has felt its warmth? Who can on September 6, with no actions free states.48 testify to its pulsation? Who per- taken to support an invasion of New Senator Henry Foote, of Missis- ceives in it any vitality? There is Mexico.53 sippi but a moderate, had a similar no blood in him; he is as cold as a A new bill (Senate Bill 170), creat- thought, but kept all of the disputed corpse.”51 ing the Territory of New Mexico and New Mexico land in Texas, honor- As if to punctuate Garrison’s giving New Mexico’s citizens the ing the Texas claim to eastern New words, Calhoun died on March 31, option of deciding on slavery, came Mexico. Daniel Webster, despite his his passing marked by an outpouring up on August 13. An amendment by anti-slavery viewpoint, offered up an of respect from both supporters and Senator Stephen Douglas defined the even more intricate possibility, which opponents. Even without Calhoun’s full boundaries of New Mexico Terri- could have allowed three slave states. fiery words continuing, debate in the tory, including what is now Arizona None of these proposals worked in Senate remained so intense that at and much of southern Colorado (see the growingly bitter climate of the one point Senator Foote, thinking he Figure 5). After this was passed by Senate. was about to be attacked, drew a pis- the Senate and sent to the House, A very ill Senator Calhoun coun- tol on Thomas Hart Benton of Mis- Senate Bill 307 was amended in the tered all these proposals on March 4 souri and had to be restrained. With House to include the provisions of in a speech that had to be read by a affairs in the Senate remaining very Senate Bill 170. The amended bill fellow Senator, with Calhoun sitting heated and with the death of Cal- was then passed by the House on beside him. Calhoun said that if the houn, several new plans aimed at a September 6. The Senate approved northern states were unwilling to compromise were proposed, includ- the House changes and President reconcile their differences with the ing one by Senator Stephen Douglas Fillmore signed the final bill on Sep- South, then “on the broad principle of Illinois and another by a “Com- tember 9, thus making “New Mexico of justice and duty, say so; and let mittee of 13” chaired by Henry Clay. Territory” the law of the land. Califor- the States we both represent agree to These plans showed New Mexico’s nia was granted statehood and Utah separate and part in peace.” This was territory as being much like that of its territorial status on the same day. The perhaps the first open admission in original boundaries under Spain and Texas legislature accepted the bound- the Senate that disunion might be an Mexico, and, while not accepted at ary compromise on November 25, outcome of the disputes over admis- that point, showed some progress at and war was averted, New Mexico sion of the western Territories, to the reaching a mutual agreement among came under a civilian rather than dismay of many of his colleagues.49 the different groups. military government, and the hot On March 7, Daniel Webster Meanwhile, the war fervor in summer of 1850 was finally over.54 followed with a three-hour speech Texas began to wane. There were addressing slavery in general and still many moderates in Texas calling Epilogue the new Western territories. Among for a peaceful resolution, particu- James Calhoun, appointed by other things, he said, noting the im- larly some of the cooler heads who President Fillmore, was inaugurated practicality of slavery in California realized there was no money to pay as the first official Territorial Gov- and New Mexico, for raising a military force to attack ernor in March 1851.55 and the first I hold slavery to be excluded from New Mexico, especially with pres- session of the Territorial Assembly those territories by...the law of nature, sure from the holders of bonds left convened in Santa Fe on June 2, TRADICIÓN April 2012 81 for Statehood: Sixty Years of Effort to Obtain Self Government (Santa Fe: The New Mexican Printing Company, 1910), also available in a facsimile edition (Santa Fe: The Sunstone Press, 2010). 2 The minutes of the early period (1859-1863) of the Historical Society of New Mexico, with much additional information on the founding members, are in Lansing B. Bloom, “Historical Society Minutes,” New Mexico Historical Review, vol. 18, nos. 3 and 4 (1943). Also see Michael G. Stevenson, “The First Generation of the Historical Society of New Mexico, 1859-1863,” La Crónica de Nuevo México, no. 70 (January 2006). 3 “New Map of Texas/1841,” Texas State Archives Map Number 0055, downloaded on October 1, 2010 from www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/ annexation/part2/map0055.html, courtesy of the Texas State Library Figure 5: New Mexico Territory, 1850, drawn by the author. and Archives. 4 For example, see http://www.em- 1851. Padre Martinez served as the Endnotes ersonkent.com/map_archive/mexi- President of the Council and Theo- 1 Mark J. Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, co_1786.htm. last accessed October 4, dore Wheaton, also of Taos County, and the Compromise of 1850: Bound- 2010. 56 as the Speaker of the House. Spruce ary Dispute and Sectional Crisis (Kent, 5 The map shown in Figure 1 has Baird served as a representative from Ohio: The Kent State University both the Arkansas River and Rio Bernalillo County. Richard Weight- Press, 1996). Another excellent book Grande headwaters very close man was elected as the first official together and well above 41 degrees Territorial Delegate to the U. S. Con- on the subject, particularly on the Congressional process during 1850 latitude, which would put them in gress in July 1851. today’s Wyoming. Many of those involved in the is that of John C. Waugh, On the Brink 6 The Handbook of Texas Online is pre-Territorial politics, such as Baird, of Civil War: The Compromise of 1850 and stayed active for the next decade. How It Changed the Course of American a readily available source for Texas On December 15, 1859, a “number of History (Wilmington, Delaware: history in general. For the Treaties of gentlemen” met at the Old Palace in Scholarly Resources, Inc., 2003). For Velasco, see http://www.tshaonline. Santa Fe and began organizing the the complete story of New Mex- org/handbook/online/articles/TT/ Historical Society of New Mexico. ico’s path to statehood, a standard mgt5.html, last accessed October 4, Among the one hundred members reference is Robert W. Larson, New 2010. of the Society in the time between its Mexico’s Quest for Statehood, 1840-1912 7 The original source for most founding and its Civil War adjourn- (Albuquerque: University of New descriptions of the 1841 Expedi- ment sine die in 1863 were many tion is George W. Kendall, Narrative who had played an active part in the Mexico Press, 1968). For an excellent comparative study of the statehood of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition (New politics of the pre-Territorial period. York and London: Wiley & Put- These included Ambrosio Armijo, processes for Colorado, Utah, New nam, 1844). The story of this and Merrill Ashurst, Spruce Baird, Mexico, and Arizona, see Howard Charles Blumner, James L. Collins, Roberts Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846- later expeditions is told in Ralph José Manuel Gallegos, James Gid- 1912 (New Haven: Yale University E. Twitchell, The Leading Facts of New dings, Joab Houghton, Oliver Hovey, Press, 1966). For an excellent account Mexico History, vol. II, facsimile edi- Joseph Nangle, Antonio José Otero, written before statehood, see also L. tion of original 1912 edition (Santa Juan Estevan Perea, Ceran St. Vrain, Bradford Prince, New Mexico’s Struggle Fe: Sunstone Press, 2007): 69-90. and Donaciano Vigil. 8 Quoted in Stegmaier, Texas, New 82 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850, 66. 15 Morris F. Taylor, “Spruce McCoy 20 The Santa Fe Republican, October 29, 9 Kearney’s words spoken to these Baird, From Texas Agent to New 1848. assemblies in Las Vegas and Santa Mexico Official, 1848-1860,”New 21 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and Fe and his subsequent proclamation Mexico Historical Review, vol. 53 ( the Compromise of 1850, 37-38. issued in Santa Fe are reported in a January 1978): 39-58. See also the 22 Manuel Alvarez, born in Spain, took number of sources, including several fascinating, albeit self-serving, 1848 on both Mexican and U. S. citizen- by Ralph E. Twitchell, such as The - 1849 letters from Baird to Texas ship at times and served for a period Leading Facts of New Mexico History, vol. Secretary of State Washington D. as a U. S. consul in Santa Fe, as II, 206-207, 209-210, n 146, and 211- Miller presented in William C. Bin- described in Chávez, Manuel Alvarez, 212, n 148, respectively. kley, “Reports from a Texan Agent in 1794 - 1856, A Southwestern Biography. 10 Sister Mary Loyola, The American New Mexico, 1849,” in Charles W. Chavez notes that the statehood and Occupation of New Mexico, 1821-1852, Hackett, ed. New Spain and the Anglo- territorial factions were loose and Historical Society of New Mexico American West, Historical Contributions had supporters moving back and Publications in History, vol. 8 (Albu- Presented to Herbert Eugene Bolton (Los forth at times. querque: University of New Mexico Angeles: private printing, 1932): 23 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the Press, 1939). This letter is also quoted 157-83. Despite his having served as Compromise of 1850, 37-38. in the Santa Fe Republican, Septem- a “Texan Agent,” Baird became New 24 W. W. H. Davis, El Gringo, New Mexico ber 6, 1848, where Marcy makes it Mexico’s Attorney General in 1860 and Her People (Lincoln: University plain that the political rights of New and was one of the founding mem- of Nebraska Press, 1982, reproduced Mexico “can only be acquired by the bers of the Historical Society of New from the first edition by Harper and action of Congress.” Mexico. He then left to serve as a Brothers, 1857): 111, is apparently 11 William C. Binkley “The Question of Confederate officer, but came back to the only source claiming directly Texan Jurisdiction in New Mexico New Mexico after the Civil War. that Calhoun had these orders from Under the United States, 1848-1850,” 16 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and Taylor. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. the Compromise of 1850, 32. 25 Quoted in Twitchell, The Leading Facts 26 (July 1920): no. 1, 3-4. 17 Twitchell, The Leading Facts of New of New Mexico History, vol. 2, 399, n 12 The report of this assembly and a list Mexico History, vol. 2, 267, n 192. 324. of members are given in William 18 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the 26 Weightman had first come to New G. Ritch, compiler, The New Mexico Compromise of 1850, 34. Thomas E. Mexico with Kearny’s Army of the Blue Book, 1882, facsimile of the first Chávez in Manuel Alvarez, 1794-1856, West. In 1854 Weightman killed edition (Albuquerque: University A Southwestern Biography (Niwot: The the famous Santa Fe trail rider, F. X. of New Mexico Press, 1968). The University Press of Colorado, 1990) Aubry, with a knife in a bar fight in names are listed here with spellings also provides an excellent narrative Santa Fe. He was acquitted for this as in the original document. This of the political dealings associated on the basis of self-defense, with firstBlue Book also contains lists of with the 1848 and subsequent as- Spruce Baird being one of his attor- the members of all the Territorial semblies. neys. Weightman, a Colonel in the Assemblies from 1851 through 1880. 19 Twitchell, The Leading Facts of Confederate Army, was killed in the 13 This part of Donaciano Vigil’s ad- New Mexico History, vol. 2, 267, n 1861 battle of Wilson’s Creek in the dress is quoted in Ritch, The New 192. The convention’s opposition to Civil War. Weightman is reported Mexico Blue Book, 1882, 98-99, and slavery did not include servitude in on favorably in Ralph E. Twitchell, in Twitchell, The Leading Facts of New the peonage system of New Mexico The Military Occupation of the Territory Mexico History, vol. 2, 265, n 190. The nor involuntary servitude of Indian of New Mexico, 1846 - 1851 (facsimile full address, which was very busi- captives. The former topic is covered edition of the original 1909 edition, nesslike, was printed in the Santa Fe in Alvin R. Sunseri, Seeds of Discord, Santa Fe: Sunstone Press, 2007): 383- Republican, December 12, 1847. Vigil New Mexico in the Aftermath of the 94. was an extraordinary figure in New American Conquest, 1846-1861 (Chi- 27 The proceedings of the 1849 con- Mexico history. For more informa- cago: the Nelson Press, 1979): 38-42, vention can be found in the Journal tion see the article by Paul Kraemer and the latter in great detail in James of New Mexico Convention of Delegates to in this volume. F. Brooks, Captives and Cousins, Recommend a Plan of Civil Government, 14 This map is from Stegmaier, Texas, Slavery, Kinship, and Community in September, 1949, Historical Society of New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850, the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel New Mexico No. 10 (Santa Fe: The 28, modified slightly for this publica- Hill: University of North Carolina New Mexican Printing Company, tion. Press, 2002). 1907). TRADICIÓN April 2012 83 28 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850, 222. The latter available at http://memory.loc.gov/ Compromise of 1850, 56. quote is from a letter from Alfred cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbaapc&fil 29 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and Pleasanton who, as a young lieuten- eName=33100//rbaapc33100.b&r the Compromise of 1850, 93 and 102. ant about to depart for New Mexico, ecNum=13&itemLink=r?ammem/ Bell had been elected over the previ- happened to have a conversation rbaapcbib:@field(NUMBER+@ ous governor, George Wood, due to with the president. od1(rbaapc+33100))&linkText=0, last the former’s being perceived as more 41 See, for example, John C. Waugh, On accessed October 9, 2010 supportive of Texas’ claim to New the Brink of Civil War: The Compromise of 51 William Lloyd Garrison, “John C. Mexico lands. Despite this, he was 1850 and How It Changed the Course of Calhoun, Daniel Webster, and the cautious in pursuing military action. American History (Wilmington, Dela- Compromise of 1850,” The Liberator, 30 Handbook of Texas Online, http://www. ware: Scholarly Rescources, 2003): Mar. 15, 1850, available at http://fair- tshaonline.org/handbook/online/ar- 163-67. Taylor’s death was attributed use.org/the-liberator/1850/03/15/ ticles/NN/upnse.html, last accessed to a “bilious fever,” or cholera. john-c-calhoun-daniel-webster- October 7, 2010. 42 Robert W. Larson, New Mexico’s and-the-compromise-of-1850, last 31 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the Quest for Statehood, 1840-1912, 50. accessed October 9, 2010. Compromise of 1850, 70-74. This area, 43 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and 52 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the along with much other southern the Compromise of 1850, 221-28, Compromise of 1850, 248. New Mexico territory was part of gives a detailed account of the 53 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the the later Gadsden Purchase. recruitment and deployment of the Compromise of 1850, 250-59. 32 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the units sent to New Mexico. 54 Summarized in Robert W. Larson, Compromise of 1850, 75. 44 George A. McCall, New Mexico in New Mexico’s Quest for Statehood, 33 George A. McCall, New Mexico in 1850: A Military View, 184. 1840-1912, 56. For a more detailed 1850: A Military View, Robert W. 45 1850 Federal Census; Santa Fe account of the Congressional battles, Frazer, ed. (Norman: University of County, New Mexico Territory. see Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma Press, 1968). 46 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the and the Compromise of 1850, 280-94 34 Robert W. Larson, New Mexico’s Quest Compromise of 1850, 221-28, identifies 55 Twitchell, The Leading Facts of New for Statehood, 1840-1912, 30. the positions of many key Senate Mexico History, vol. 2, 283. 35 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the and House members as the Con- 56 Ritch, The New Mexico Blue Book, Compromise of 1850, 80. gress met in January 1850. 1882, 100-01. 36 Constitution of the State of New Mexico, 47 “Speech of Mr. Clay of Kentucky, 1850, reprinted from the original In the Senate of the United States, in the Library of Congress, intro. by February 5 and 6, 1850,” Congres- Michael Stevenson is currently Jack Rittenhouse (Santa Fe: Stage- sional Globe, Senate, 31st Congress, the President of the Historical coach Press, 1968). 1st Session, 115-27, available at Society of New Mexico. He is 37 Twitchell, The Leading Facts of New http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ also a member and Secretary Mexico History, vol. 2, 274-77, includ- ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=024/ of the Museum of New Mexico Board of Regents. He received a ing n 198-200. Also Benjamin Read, llcg024.db&recNum=146, last ac- Ph.D. in 1968 from the Univer- An Illustrated History of New Mexico, cessed October 9, 2010. sity of Texas at Austin, and re- English translation by Eleuterio 48 In addition to describing the propos- tired from Los Alamos National Baca (Santa Fe: The New Mexican als, Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and Laboratory in 1993 as Associate Printing Company, 1912): 461, the Compromise of 1850, provides maps Director for Energy and Environ- includes the complete text of the of the various proposals, including ment. He is a student of New letter Colonel Munroe sent to New Benton’s, 94, Foote’s, 96, Webster’s, Mexico and Spanish Colonial Mexico officials telling them “that 106, and Douglas-McClernand’s, 110. history, most recently focusing the state government of the State of 49 Congressional Globe, Senate, 31st on the intertwined history of New Mexico has no legal existence Congress, 1st Session, 451-55, available the Historical Society of New till New Mexico is admitted into the at http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ Mexico and the Museum of New union....” ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=022/ Mexico. His chapters in the current volume originally appeared 38 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the llcg022.db&recNum=538, last ac- in the Historical Society of New Compromise of 1850, 239-42. cessed October 9, 2010. Mexico’s La Crónica de Nuevo 39 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the 50 “Mr. Webster’s Speech In the Sen- México. Compromise of 1850, 254. ate of the United Sates, March 7, 40 Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the 1850, on the Slavery Compromise,” 84 TRADICIÓN April 2012 TRADICIÓN April 2012 85 Contemporary Hispanic Market Artists Contemporary Hispanic Market celebrated its 25th year last summer and almost 90 artists participated in a new book honoring this anniversary. The annual market is held each year on the last full weekend of July on Lincoln Street just off the Plaza in Santa Fe and a Winter Market which is held at the Santa Fe Convention Center on Decem- ber 9-10. Featured here are six of the artists you can meet at the Market.

Michael M. lanco BMichael was influenced as a child with the Southwest’s beautiful scen- ery. He marvels and what God has Patricia A. given and he has tried to capture aca that beauty in his art. He is a self- BPatricia paints landscapes, still taught artist who works in a num- life, florals, portraits and figurative ber of media. The area around Taos studies. She works primarily from provides him with a wealth of inspi- photographs she has taken herself. Sandra ration and subjects. For landscapes, Patricia allows the uran ilson DSandra calls-W herself an abstract paint’s flow and light brush strokes college painter. Science is the inspi- to suggest areas of foliage. When ration for her work. She grew up on painting portraits, she concentrates the Border of Mexico with her phy- on the expression in the eyes of sician father, artist relatives, and the the person, and makes the portrait wild desert outdoors. as exact as possible working from photographs. There is a story that goes with each person that Patricia paints, about how she met them, and got their permission to photograph and paint the portrait.

86 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Anthony ernandez FTony is a staple of Contemporary Hispanic Market. He was a committee member and a volunteer for ten years and now is in Market as an artist. Tony’s art is how he sees the world around him, the timelessness of human nature, the many lives Susana W. and cultures where he has lived, and rling just being a modern day Hispano in ESusana’s original inspiration for loise arie an old world. His work is in collec- E M tions in Santa Fe, Malibu, and New- her art came from her childhood in strada Chile. In 1982 she was selected to EEloise creates “story boxes” using port Beach both in California. Tony travel to Mexico for six weeks and a variety of materials. The boxes is a Board member of Contempo- study art. She was a member of the are painted in acrylics and the rary Hispanic Market. “Chicago Ten,” a group of female figures are made in clay. The boxes artists who met and supported each are wood. They are whimsical, other to create art while holding have embellishments, and are full-time jobs. She exhibited in 2002 conversation pieces in addition to at the Flat Iron Building’s Wicker being works of art. Park Gallery in Chicago. She is now retired from teaching but works in her art full time.

TRADICIÓN April 2012 87 FREE SHIPPING on orders received by 6/1/ 12 The Indians

2010 of Arizona & New Mexico WINNER

Nineteenth Century Ethnographic Notes of Archbishop John Baptiste Salpointe Edited and Annotated by Patricia Fogelman Lange, Louis A. Hieb, and Thomas J. Steele, S.J. 392 pages 26 illustrations; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-57-5 ($19.95) (Trade paper) his volume describes the little-known world of John Baptist Salpointe, successor to Arch- bishop Lamy and the second Archbishop of Santa Fe, who worked among Indian tribes in Tboth Arizona and New Mexico during the tumultuous final years of the frontier between 1860-1898. All of his impressions and accumulated knowledge of Indian/White relations over this thirty-plus-year period are vividly described in his varied vignettes enhanced by the editors through extensive annotations contributing to a broader historical background for the reader. Por- trayed here is the growth of this church dignitary from a young French priest who volunteered to live in the desolate Southwest to a resourceful man of strong will and determination as he encour- aged the expansion of parishes, created religious schools, hospitals, and parishes, attended Indian ceremonies, and collected tribal statistics, tribal history, and folk tales from informants. This book will have special historical appeal to those readers interested in the frontier, Church philosophy, and Indian tribes of Arizona and New Mexico.

ABOUT THE EDITORS Patricia Fogelman lange, a Research Associate at the Laboratory of Anthropology Museum of Indian Art and Culture, Santa Fe, is the author of Pueblo Pottery Figurines: The Expression of Cultural Perceptions in Clay as well as a number of articles on South- western art and culture. louis a. Hieb, a specialist in Hopi studies, vernacular architecture, comparative historiography and the history of photography in the Southwest, was head of Special Collections in The University of Arizona Library and director of the Center for Southwest Research at the University of New Mexico. tHomas J. steele, s. J., a professor at Regis University and the University of New Mexico, has been active researcher of the religious culture of the people of the Southwest and is the author of numerous books on the religious art of New Mexico. Order THE INDIANS Name ______OF ARIZONA & NEW MEXICO please eNClose CheCk or provide Credit ddress a ______Card (visa or masterCard) iNfo below:

______Card No. ______City ______expire date ______

3-digit Cvs No. from baCk of Card ______state/ Zip ______daytime phoNe

______

U.s. orders: add $5.50 Usps shippiNg for the first daytime phoNe ______book aNd $2.00 for eaCh additioNal book. iNt’l orders: add $16.00 Usps shippiNg for the first book aNd $11.00 for eaCh additioNal book. Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com 88 TRADICIÓN April 2012 They Made One Of Our Books into the Centennial Opera: Shoes For The Santo Niño By Barbe Awalt

Most book pub- Hispanic Cultural Center couldn’t figure out how to sell lishers long for their books. So the book wasn’t there – not even in their gift book to be made into shop. a movie or a TV show. The old Lensic Theater was a fitting setting for the op- Small publishers can era. There was not a seat to be had and I heard it was sold hope that their book out for the other four productions both at the Lensic and is bought by a big the National Hispanic Cultural Center. The opera was publisher for increased only about 40 minutes and something that kids would distribution and fame. love. No one could every Shoes For The Santo Niño is a great gift for the people and hope that their chil- students of New Mexico to celebrate the Centennial. The dren’s book would be people need an opera for the Centennial and a cute local turned into an opera. story, that children will enjoy, fits the bill. This was a pres- Much less turned into ent to us all and a good idea. Maybe Peggy Pond Church the “People’s Opera for will be the subject of the kids to look up and learn more. the Centennial of New Maybe Peggy is smiling on us all to celebrate the Centen- Mexico” but Shoes for nial. It does make us understand the concept of the book the Santo Niño was. was better than the film or in our case the opera. The whole honor sort of snuck up on us. The children’s opera was produced by the University of New Mexico Children’s Chorus and Santa Fe Opera. You would think someone producing the opera would have contacted us but we are still waiting. They did want money from us but we think we were like anyone else who was solicited. The book, while they were working on the opera, won the 2010 New Mexico Book Award for a children’s book. It also won the Pablita Velarde Award from the Historical Bilingual Society of New Mexico. Shoes for the Santo Niño was released in 2009. It was written by Peggy Pond Church about thirty years ago but Children’s it was put in a box and when she moved it was forgotten. The story was brought to us by Kathleen Church (Peggy’s Book! daughter-in-law) and Sharon Snyder from Los Alamos. Kathleen had unsuccessfully taken it to another local publisher and it just sat without any decision. She pulled SHOES FOR THE SANTO NIÑO it and brought it to us. Peggy Pond Church had written a Zapatitos para el Santo Niño number of award-winning books for adults and we were thrilled to have her on our authors’ list. A Bilingual Tale Right away we said it had merit and insisted it had Winner, 2010 New Mexico Book Awards to be bilingual. Corina Santistevan and Yolanda Romero translated the story. Then we insisted that local santero Winner, 2011 Pablita Velarde Award from Charlie Carrillo had to illustrate it. Charlie is probably one Historical Society of NM of the experts in Santo Niño and his daughter is named Atocha. He has collected Santo Niño’s for decades. But by Peggy Pond Church working with Charlie is like working with lightening – he with illustrations by Charles M. Carrillo has no concept of deadlines, sizes, or anything else. But 1 1 he can paint. 64 pages 50 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 8 ⁄2 We were first aware that the opera was a go when ISBN 978-1-890689-64-3 ($19.95) (Trade paper) Dorothy Massey of Collected Works called us to order Rio Grande Books a massive number of books to sell at the Lensic Theater 925 Salamanca NW when the opera played there for the New Mexico Birth- day weekend – January 6 &7. Unfortunately, the National Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com TRADICIÓN April 2012 89 90 TRADICIÓN April 2012 TRADICIÓN April 2012 91 Southwest Books by Barbe Awalt

ten the respect that they children who don’t be- here they need their own deserve. If you want to have is a classic. Rudolfo New Mexico book. The Three Ring Circus: High- learn about folk art in the Anaya is also a classic. illustrations are in many lights from the William & USA this is a must read. This is a perfect way to respects like a truly gifted Ann Oppenhimer Folk Art Three Ring Circus was talk to children about child would paint. Our Collection. Released in up until January 6, but mortality and issues of friend Mary Jo Madrid 2011 by the Longwood they probably still have growing older. Bilingual who co-makes santitos Center for the Visual the book available. Call is perfect for children to created the pictures. She Arts, paperback, 161 434/395-2206 in Farm- start a second language is so new at this she pages, full color photos, ville (really!), or send $50 and the illustrations are didn’t know what or $50, no ISBN. to LCVA at 129 North perfect and colorful. If where to sign the book! This book was a Main Street, Farmville, you didn’t give this book Sweet! A wonderful pres- Christmas present by our VA 23901 (checks made to a child for Christmas ent for “just because.” good friend Nick Her- to Longwood University make sure you get one rera. He signed his entry Foundation and Folk Art for a birthday or just Las Cruces: A Photo- in the book and it was a in the memo and the $50 because. graphic Journey edited wonderful idea. The book covers shipping domesti- by the Las Cruces Bul- is a collection of folk cally) VA. The exhibit The Oldest House in letin. Published by the artists from all over the really should travel. the USA/La Casa Más Las Cruces Bulletin in country. There is Howard Antigua de los Estados 2012, hardback, 280 Finster from the South, La Llorona: The Crying Unidos by Kat Aragon pages, many B&W and Ron Rodriguez from San- Woman by Rudolfo Ana- and illustrated by Mary color photos, $60, ISBN ta Fe, Jessie Cooper from ya with translation by Jo Madrid. Published in 978-0-615-54517-2. Kentucky, Malcah Zeldis Enrique Lamadrid and 2012 by Lectura Books, This is a beautiful from the Bronx, John illustrations by Amy softback, $8.95, full book. So often the south- Martin from California, Cordova. Published in color, 22 pages, ISBN ern part of New Mexico Leroy Archuleta from 2011 by UNM Press, 978-1-60448-016-0. gets forgotten but the Tesuque, and many more hardback, $19.95, full This is a sweet little people there are not to prominent artists. The color, 43 pages, ISBN book, bilingual, that any be forgotten. They have a book’s images jump off 978-0-8263-4460-1. child will love. It helps rich history that is a part the pages and it is a fun This New Mexican them remember a trip to of New Mexico and New read. The artists for the folktale about the Crying New Mexico or if they Mexico’s Centennial. The most part, have not got- Woman who seeks out are lucky enough to live folks at the Las Cruces 92 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Bulletin were smart have. We long for Tony! ing. This book also has New Mexico on the way enough to enlist the ser- This is a collection of places and events that to Chama. I can see this vices and photo archives nine nonfiction stories may not be in the usual book part of New Mexico of New Mexico State from a journalist’s eye. tourist book but rather history classes or Span- University Library. The The central story is the places that the wanderer ish language classes and book covers good times true Taos bank robbery. might want to know required, supplemental and bad. It covers major If you are looking for about. There are casinos, reading. events, the chile connec- something to get Dad or flea markets, chapels, tion, and the way Las a brother or a husband ruins, parades, museums, Lord of the Dawn by Ru- Cruces looked then and for Father’s Day this is and almost every city dolfo Anaya. Published now. If you know very perfect BUT frankly and village. One more in 2012 by UNM Press, little about Las Cruces get everybody will love it. travel book is ho-hum 168 pages, paperback, this book. If you want to It has the true flavor of but this book has some- $19.95, B&W, ISBN 978- remember New Mexico’s New Mexico. thing more and I highly 0-8263-5175-3. Centennial get this book. recommend it for friends Rudolfo Anaya gives They are New Mexico in Signs & Shrines: Spiri- coming to New Mexico. us the legend of Quet- Las Cruces too! tual Journeys Across It will help them under- zalcóatl, the Plumed New Mexico by Sharon stand what New Mexico Serpent, of Mesoamerica. The Great Taos Train Niederman. Published is about. This is a must-have for Robbery and Other True in 2012 by Countryman those studying Mexico, Stories by Tony Hiller- Press, paperback, 256 Tierra Amarilla: Stories the influences of Native man, Foreword by Anne pages, color photos, of New Mexico by Sabine American culture, and Hillerman, and Photo- $19.95, ISBN 978-0- R. Ulibarri. Published in contemporary Hispanics graphs by Don Strel. 88150-908-3. 2012 by UNM Press, pa- in America. This book Published in 2012 by The title of this book is perback, $19.95, B&W, covers the spiritual role UNM Press, paperback, a bit misleading because 200 pages, ISBN 978-0- of the gods and their art, $15.95, 17 photos, I thought it was spiritu- 8263-1438-3. agriculture, knowledge, B&W, 168 pages, ISBN ally based and it is really This was first pub- war and peace. My one 978-0-8263-5192-0. a great idea for a travel lished in 1964 in problem with it is the This is a classic! This book with much more Spanish and the new cover looks like it was was Tony Hillerman’s depth. This book takes translation is by Erlinda put together quickly and third book before he got the New Mexico image Gonzales-Berry. This is a with little thought. That really famous with his of being different, spiritu- bilingual book. These are being said the cover has Jim Chee and mystery al, and ancient and puts the charming stories and nothing to do with the series books. It is a refig- those places in this book. world of Sabine Ulibarri. content. ured and re-issued book The usual and unusual Ulbarri is a native of Tier- that everyone should take on a new mean- ra Amarilla in Northern

TRADICIÓN April 2012 93 Unique Piece of Southwestern History For Sale

includes original portfolio case, book, 50 hand-colored wood-block prints, and documentation letter (estimated value $35,000)

Portfolio of Spanish Colonial Design in New Mexico published in 1938 No. 6 of 200 Extremely rare

inquiries welcome Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

94 TRADICIÓN April 2012 The Best Books of New Mexico: The 5th Annual New Mexico Book Awards

In the 5th year of the New Mexico Book Awards the announced winners were widely diverse and a reflection of New Mexico’s history and culture. This was also the year that two books were the best and they were vastly different in their subjects. Both books had a score that was a dead tie. A Good Goodbye: Funeral Planning for Those Who Don’t Plan to Die and The World Comes to Albu- querque: the 40th Anniversary International Balloon Fiesta book. The book is edited by and Joe Sando’s names. Bueno Foods, Jill Lane and may reflect the population Kim Vesely, Tom McCon- All three authors were Travelin’ Jack, Gary Herron is aging and New Mexico nell, Dick Brown, and Paul prolific and contributed to - event co-MC and reporter is celebrating the biggest Rhetts and is published the colorful literary his- for the Rio Rancho Observer, party in New Mexico. in collaboration with the tory of New Mexico. You Richard Melzer, and Melo- Gail Rubin’s A Good Albuquerque International Who Make The Sky Bend won dy Groves - outgoing Presi- Goodbye is funeral plan- Balloon Fiesta. It is the of- the Religious Book Award, dent of Southwest Writers. ning with a different spin. ficial guide to the Fiesta. while All Trails Lead to Santa Andres Armijo won Best This is a well- written and The Best New Mexico Fe won the Howard Bryan First Book for Becoming Part humorous look at what we Book was also a tie with Award and N. Scott Moma- of My History. are all facing. This little two books and they were day and Taos Pueblo & The Publishers represent- known book held it’s own just a hair shy of the Best Sacred Blue Lake were tied ed with winning books in the judging. Rubin takes Book score: Turquoise by Joe for the Joe Sando Award. include: UNM Press, a look at the last taboo and and Dan Lowry with Out of There were two au- SAR Press, LPD Press/ recommends planning This World by Loretta Hall. thors who won awards Rio Grande Books, Gibbs a meaningful send-off, Both books reflect the his- for two different books. Smith, St. Martin’s Press, saving money, avoiding tory and culture of New Slim Randles won for A University of Oklahoma stress, preparing directives Mexico. Turquoise is New Cowboy’s Guide To Grow- Press, Arcadia Publish- and even thank-you notes, Mexico’s official gem and ing Up Right and Sweetgrass ing, Sunstone Press, Knopf green burials, and avoiding the book explores the his- Mornings. Slim is a New Books, Chronicle Books, family conflict. tory with text and won- Mexico Breeze contributor. William Morrow, and Another book that was derful photos. Out of This Dave DeWitt, The Pope of many others. Some books honored with Best Book World documents the space Peppers and co-founder of were self published and was The World Comes to history of New Mexico in- Albuquerque’s Fiery Foods held up to the scrutiny of Albuquerque, the celebration cluding the new Spaceport. Show, won for The Southwest judges making them more of 40 years of ballooning Three categories noted Table and 1001 Best Hot & then suited to the chal- at the Balloon Fiesta and the passing of three great Spicy Recipes – tied himself lenge. Books are judged by the history of ballooning authors: Best Religious for Winner in the Cooking readers, libraries, booksell- in New Mexico. The book Book honors Father Thom- Category. ers, and teachers all over is timely because the late as J. Steele and was spon- A number of notable New Mexico. Books from Sid Cutter, the father and sored by the Archdiocese authors were also Winners the awards entries are founder of the Balloon of Santa Fe, and two West- in their categories: Anne donated to libraries and Fiesta, died in May, and ern History Awards honors Hillerman, Rudolfo Anaya, literacy programs. wrote two chapters in the books in Howard Bryan David Remely, Ana Baca of

TRADICIÓN April 2012 95 2011 New Mexico Book Award Winners

Children’s Picture Book Ana Baca Art & Photography Tia’s Tamales Kim Vesely, Dick Brown, Tom McCon- University of New Mexico Press nell & Paul Rhetts The World Comes to Albuquerque: Cel- Children’s Activity Book (Tie) ebrating 40 Years of the Albuquerque Bruce, Hank and Tomi Jill Folk International Balloon Fiesta Stasha Dog’s Secret Dream Rio Grande Books Petals & Pages Press Biography (Tie) Lane, Jill Miller, Darlis Travelin’ Jack Open Range Enchantment Lane Pubs University of Oklahoma Press

Young Readers (Tie) Remley, David Wright, Sandi Kit Carson The Adventures of Santa Fe Sam University of Oklahoma Press Art Academy de los Ninos Randles, Slim Martinez, Demeteria & Rosalee Mon- Sweetgrass Mornings toya-Read University of New Mexico Press Grandpa’s Magic Tortilla Fiction, Historical University of New Mexico Press McDuffie, Susan Business (includes career) The Faerie Hills Powers, Marianne Juvenile (Tie) Five Star Publishing Doing the Right Thing Cervantes, Jennifer Quillrunner Publishing Tortilla Sun Fiction, Mystery/suspense Chronicle Books Barber, Christine Cooking (Tie) The Bone Fire DeWitt, Dave Hauth, Katherine Minotaur Books The Southwest Table What’s for Dinner? Globe Pequot Charlesbridge Fiction, Romance DeWitt, Dave Jones, Darynda 1001 Best Hot & Spicy Recipes Young Adult (high school) First Grave on the Right Avasthi, Swati Surrey Books St. Martin’s Press Split Knopf Books Gardening Fiction, Sci Fi & Fantasy Hillerman, Anne & Don Strel Corwell, David Gardens of Santa Fe Poetry (Tie) Daily Flash 2011 Golos, Veronica Gibbs Smith Pill Hill Press Vocabulary of Silence Red Hen Press Gay/Lesbian (GLBT) Fiction, Other Bodin, Joanne Campbell, Liza Renee Gregorio, Joan Logghe, & Walking Fish The Dissemblers Miriam Sagan Outskirts Press Love & Death Permanent Press Tres Chicas Books Health Anthology Dubois, William Torrez, Robert Fiction, Adventure/drama (Tie) Beyond Fingersticks Rio Arriba: A New Mexico County Anaya, Rudolfo Red Blood Cell Books Randy Lopez Goes Home Rio Grande Books University of Oklahoma Press History, New Mexico subject Anthropology/Archaeology Hall, Loretta Margaret Nelson & Michelle Hegmon Hinton, Lynne Out of this World: New Mexico & Mimbres Lives and Landscapes Pie Town Space Travel SAR Press William Morrow Rio Grande Books Multi-cultural Subject Political/current events Travel Shaphard, Bud Taggart, Vicki Groves, Melody Chief Loco Senator Pete Domenici’s Legacy 2010 Hoist a Cold One: Historic Bars of the University of Oklahoma Press Rio Grande Books Southwest University of New Mexico Press Nature/Environment (Tie) Reference Bello, Kyce Lowry, Joe Dan and Joe P. Nonfiction, Other The Return of the River Turquoise Herron, Gary Sunstone Press Gibbs Smith Baseball in Albuquerque Arcadia Publishing Cartron, Jean-Luc Religious (in honor of Father Raptors of New Mexico Thomas J. Steele, S.J.) First Book University of New Mexico Press Sandlin, Lisa & Catherine Ferguson Armijo, Andres You Who Make the Sky Bend Becoming a Part of My History New Age Pinyon Publishing Rio Grande Books Chernoff, Seth David Manual for Living Science & Math Howard Bryan Western History Spirit Scope Publishing Kandasamy & Smarandache Award Algebraic Structures Using Natural Santa Fe 400th Anniversary New Mexico Centennial Class of Intervals All Trails Lead to Santa Fe Melzer, Richard The Educational Publisher Sunshine & Shadows II Joe Sando Western History Rio Grande Books Self-help (Tie) Award (Tie) Guyette, Susan Phyllis Morgan Parenting/Family Issues Zen Birding N. Scott Momaday Rubin, Gail O-Books A Good Goodbye: Funeral Planning for Marcia Keegan Those Who Do Not Plan to Die Randles, Slim Taos Pueblo & Its Sacred Blue Lake Light Tree Press A Cowboy’s Guide Rio Grande Books Best New Mexico Book (Tie) Philosophy Loretta Hall Burch, Jack Out of this World: New Mexico’s Con- The New Trinity tributions to Space Travel DeVorss & Company Lowry, Joe Dan and Joe P. Turquoise

The New Mexico Book Awards is organized by The New Best of Show (Tie) Mexico Book Co-op, a not-for-profit organization serving Rubin, Gail A Good Goodbye: Funeral Planning for authors and publishers Those Who Do Not Plan to Die Category sponsors: Alamosa Books, Archdiocese of Santa Fe, Artemesia Publish- ing, AZRO Press, Bookworks, Friends of the Albuquerque/Bernalillo Co Public Kim Vesely, Dick Brown, Tom McCon- Library, Hope Kiah-Santa Fe Web Design, Humanist Society of New Mexico, Lith- nell & Paul Rhetts Excel Communication, LPD Press & Rio Grande Books, Miche Bags New Mexico, The World Comes to Albuquerque: Cel- Museum of New Mexico Foundation, New Mexico Book Association, New Mexico ebrating 40 Years of the Albuquerque Breeze Newspaper, New Mexico Business Weekly, New Mexico Centennial Of- International Balloon Fiesta fice, New Mexico Coalition for Literacy, ReadingNewMexico.com, ReadWest, Rio Rancho Public Library, Santa Fe Public Library, Southwest Writers, Sunbelt Shows, Sunstone Press, Tradición Revista Magazine, Treasure House Books & Gifts, University of New Mexico Press, WalMart, Word Harvest Writers Conference, and Zimmermann Library (University of New Mexico)

New Mexico Book Co-op, 925 Salamanca NW, Los Ranchos, NM 87107 [email protected] www.nmbookcoop.com 505/344-9382 98 TRADICIÓN April 2012 TRADICIÓN April 2012 99 Alienby Loretta Hall Visitors mately three-fourths of a mile long and hundreds of feet wide were a large number of fragments including metallic fabric and thin strips of wood-like plastic with strange properties. The metallic fabric, when crushed into a ball, would open back to its original shape, unwrinkled. The strips of wood-like material would not burn or melt when a flame was applied. Other metallic pieces found at the site were described as extraor- dinarily strong, resisting deformation even when struck with a sixteen- pound sledge hammer. The foreman, Mac Brazel (pronounced like frazzle), collected several pieces of the debris and, two days later, showed them to the Roswell sheriff. Sheriff Wilcox called Intelligence Officer Jesse Marcel at the Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF). Brazel took Marcel to the field, where Marcel collected much of the debris. On July 8, RAAF officials issued a press release The UFO museum is a few blocks from the Roswell Museum and Art Center, which features a large announcing the recovery of a “flying section devoted to Robert Goddard’s rocket research. disk.” In the meantime, Marcel took some of the debris to Fort Worth, Tex- For as long as people have primarily because of the lack of hard as, and showed it to General Roger dreamed of traveling into space, they evidence. One of the most famous Ramey. On July 9, Ramey issued a have also speculated about beings episodes, which still has proponents contradictory press release, and the from other planets visiting Earth. Just on both sides of the debate, occurred Roswell Daily Record reported that the as New Mexico has provided the near Roswell in 1947. It is commonly debris was actually the remnants of a open space and sparse population for known as the Roswell Incident. high-altitude weather balloon and its human space research, it has pro- radar targets. duced a good share of UFO reports. The Roswell Incident The Roswell Daily Record’s stories While the term UFO literally means There are various accounts of about the incident on July 8 and unidentified flying object, popular culture the Roswell Incident, but the com- July 9 carried the headlines “RAAF usually confers on it the implication monly told elements of the story are Captures Flying Saucer on Ranch in of alien spacecraft. An ABC News poll that a foreman working on a ranch Roswell Region” and “Ramey Emp- conducted at the beginning of the northwest of Roswell heard a distant ties Roswell Saucer,” respectively. twenty-first century revealed that explosion during a severe thunder- The Roswell Incident faded. Between 25 percent of Americans believe in storm on the night of July 4, 1947. 1947 and 1969, the Air Force con- alien visits, although most of them When he rode his horse out the next ducted Projects Sign, Grudge, and acknowledge they have seen no morning to check the ranch animals Blue Book, which were investigations proof. and equipment for storm-related to determine whether UFOs posed A healthy debate continues damage, he came upon an unusual a threat to national security and to between those who believe in the sight. Scattered over an area approxi- scientifically analyze data about UFO real possibility of incoming space traffic and those who are skeptical, Excerpted from “Out of This World,” Rio Grande Books, by Loretta Hall, 2011. 100 TRADICIÓN April 2012 sightings. None of those projects could be accomplished by keeping a object a weather balloon. People who even mentioned the Roswell Incident detector at a very high altitude for an knew what weather balloons looked in their reports. extended period of time. Helium bal- like dismissed this as a cover-up. The incident was brought back to loons offered that potential. “As early as May 1948, polyeth- life in 1978 when a UFO researcher Between June 1947 and February ylene balloons coated or laminated happened to meet Marcel, who said 1949, more than a hundred high- with aluminum were flown from he thought the Roswell debris was altitude balloons were launched in Holloman AFB and the surrounding unearthly. In 1980, the National En- Project Mogul. The balloons carried area,” Case Closed reported. “Beginning quirer, a sensationalist tabloid news- acoustical sensing devices to detect in August 1955, large numbers of paper, picked up the story. Public cu- Soviet test explosions. More than half these balloons were flown as targets riosity and UFO researchers’ interest of the balloons were launched from in the development of radar guided began to grow. In 1989, the television Holloman Air Force Base (formerly air to air missiles. Various accounts series Unsolved Mysteries featured the Alamogordo Air Base) because of of the ‘Roswell Incident’ often de- Roswell Incident and invited wit- the area’s sparse population and the scribed thin, metal-like materials that nesses to come forward and tell their fact that commercial air traffic was when wadded into a ball, returned to stories. In 1991, researchers began prohibited from flying over White their original shape. These accounts to interview first-hand and second- Sands. The first launch consisted of a are consistent with the properties hand witnesses about what they had string of twenty-nine rubber weather of polyethylene balloons laminated seen more than forty years earlier. balloons leading a trail of radar re- with aluminum.” Mac Brazel had died in 1963 and was flectors to enable tracking of the flight As for the reports of alien bodies, not available for interviews. Some from the ground. The entire array the Air Force investigation con- other witnesses remembered seeing was 650 feet long. During its six-hour cluded that the “bodies” described bodies of dead aliens at two other flight, it reached an altitude of 58,000 by witnesses were related to other sites in southern New Mexico. Most feet. The Historical Branch of Hollo- programs, Projects High Dive and of them charged that the government man AFB reported that the balloon Excelsior. In those programs, anthro- was hiding spacecraft wreckage and equipment was recovered east of pomorphic dummies were dropped bodies. A film surfaced that appeared Roswell. from airplanes and balloons to help to show an autopsy being performed Rubber balloons had a tendency researchers develop equipment and on an extraterrestrial being. The film to burst as the helium in them ex- procedures for parachuting from caught the attention of Steve Schiff, panded at very high altitudes, so Proj- very high altitudes. The drops did not a US Representative whose district ect Mogul soon began using balloons begin until 1953, but witnesses who included Roswell, and in 1994 he made of polyethylene like those used claimed to have seen alien bodies asked for a federal investigation of the in Projects Manhigh and Excelsior. were unable to say for sure when incident. The first launch of this type took they saw them. Furthermore, several place on July 3, 1947. It consisted of a witnesses said the bodies looked like Roswell Refuted string of ten 7-foot-diameter balloons dummies or plastic dolls. As custodian of all governmen- leading a trail of radar reflectors. The Some witnesses recalled see- tal records relating to the Roswell reflectors consisted of three-dimen- ing hairless bodies being carried on Incident, the Air Force conducted an sional, triangular arrays of thin, rigid stretchers or laid in wood coffins. exhaustive investigation. It issued metal. Holloman’s Historical Branch The Air Force investigators explained a series of reports, culminating in reported that this first flight using this in Case Closed: “The dummies the 1997 book The Roswell Report: Case the new balloon material was only were sometimes transported to and Closed. partially successful. The flight lasted from off range locations in wooden A major issue was the nature of 195 minutes and reached an altitude shipping containers, similar to cas- the debris Brazel had found. The Air of 18,500 feet. Recovery was reported kets, to prevent damage to fragile Force concluded that it was, indeed, as “unsuccessful.” instruments mounted in and on remnants of a military balloon—but Case Closed concluded that Brazel the dummy. Also, canvas military not a weather balloon. In 1945, the found the remnants of this balloon stretchers and hospital gurneys were United States dropped two atomic array. The materials looked strange to used (a procedure recommended by bombs on Japan to end World War anyone not connected with Project a dummy manufacturer) to move the II. The Soviet Union was rushing Mogul, which was a highly secret dummies in the laboratory or retrieve to develop its own nuclear weapon operation (the United States did not dummies in the field after a test.” capabilities. As the Cold War was be- want the Soviet Union to know it Witnesses recalled that when ginning, the US government wanted was monitoring their atomic weap- debris was discovered, Air Force to find a way to detect nuclear bomb ons development). The Air Force personnel would come out and comb tests or ballistic missile launches tak- could not release information about the area, collecting every scrap they ing place in the Soviet Union. This this secret activity, so it called the could find. Some saw this as an TRADICIÓN April 2012 101 indication of government secrecy. come to view the exhibits and use and are larger in area. If aliens from Joe Kittinger had another explana- the research library. Globes on street outer space are, in fact, exploring tion. “We were directed to remove lights near the museum are painted the Earth, perhaps they are drawn as much of the material dropped by to look like alien faces. A McDonald’s to New Mexico for much the same the balloon as possible,” he said in restaurant down the street is built to reasons that human space research- an interview published in Case Closed. look like a flying saucer. ers have been—sparse population, “Sometimes this was difficult because Recognizing the publicity poten- high elevation, and large expanses of the balloon and payload would break tial, the New Mexico Department flat terrain. apart and cover a large area. We col- of Tourism ran an award-winning lected the debris in these cases by advertising campaign in 2007 featur- Trained Observers and ‘fanning out’ across a field until we ing space aliens visiting the state, UFOs had collected even very small por- with the slogan “The Best Place in the Skeptics may wonder about the tions of the payload and balloon. We Universe—New Mexico, Earth.” The credibility of those who report seeing were particularly careful to collect state followed up with a 2008 Tour- UFOs. However, some sightings have the large plastic balloons because cat- nament of Roses Parade float called been reported by technically adept, tle would ingest the material and the “Passport to Our World and Beyond.” trained observers such as scientists, ranchers would file claims against It featured three aliens modeled after commercial and military pilots, and the government.” the typical Roswell Incident im- law enforcement officers. For exam- The Air Force investigators docu- ages—hairless round head that nar- ple, one of Project Blue Book’s unex- mented rational explanations for all rowed to a pointed chin, flat facial plained phenomena was reported by the flying saucer and alien sightings features, large almond-shaped eyes, a group of twelve security inspectors involved under the Roswell Inci- and no ears. The float won the Grand from the Atomic Energy Commis- dent umbrella. Skeptics thought the Marshal’s Trophy for excellence in sion. Shortly before four o’clock on government concluding there was creative concept and design. the afternoon of February 25, 1950, no cover-up was like the fox saying the group saw an object in the sky he was carefully guarding the hen Not Just Roswell over Los Alamos, New Mexico. They house from carnivorous invaders. Three sites have generally been described it as a silver cylinder with included in the so-called Roswell tapered ends and flashing lights. The Roswell Image Incident—the debris field discovered Some of the witnesses watched it for The Roswell Incident continues to by Mac Brazel, a site north of Roswell as little as three seconds, and others have believers and debunkers. Believ- where a man saw what he thought for as long as two minutes, during ers are intrigued by the possibilities was a crashed spaceship and several which time it changed its speed from of alien visitors but cannot produce “bodies or dummies,” and a site 175 fast to slow, changed directions, and conclusive, physical proof of their ex- miles northwest of Roswell, in the at times fluttered and oscillated. istence. Debunkers propose rational, San Agustín Plains, where people Another unexplained sighting earthly explanations for the events claimed to have seen spacecraft took place in April 1949 near Ar- but cannot prove there has been wreckage, dead bodies, and a live rey, New Mexico—about halfway no cover-up. A CNN/Time Magazine alien. Because of the witnesses’ vague between Hatch and Truth or Conse- poll in 1997, the year Case Closed was recollections, the dates of these last quences. In midmorning, an experi- published, found that nearly two- two are unknown. However, many enced crew was preparing to launch thirds of the respondents believed an other UFO sightings have taken place a high-altitude balloon as part of alien craft crashed at Roswell in 1947. in New Mexico, some of which were Operation Skyhook, the Navy’s secret More recently, a 2008 poll by Scripps reviewed by Project Blue Book inves- counterpart to Project Mogul. Be- Howard News Service and Ohio tigators. fore the launch, the crew released a University found that a third of adult After examining 12,618 reported weather balloon to check the wind Americans believe it is either very sightings, Project Blue Book listed patterns. As they were watching the likely or somewhat likely that aliens only about 600 as “unexplained” weather balloon, they saw an unusu- from space have visited Earth. when it ended operations in early al elliptical object in the sky, higher This willingness, perhaps eager- 1970. The list included locations from than the weather balloon and travel- ness, to believe the extraterrestrial all over the world, including about ing in a different direction. It moved nature of events such as the Ro- 500 in the United States. At least rapidly across the sky, then abruptly swell Incident has brought attention twenty-eight of the unexplained turned upward and quickly moved and some economic stimulation sightings were in New Mexico. Only out of sight. Charles Moore, one of to New Mexico. The International two states had more—Texas with for- the crew members, used a theodolite UFO Museum and Research Center ty-seven and California with thirty- to track the object’s movements for opened in Roswell in 1992. By 2001, nine. Both of those states have much about a minute. His measurements more than one million visitors had larger populations than New Mexico 102 TRADICIÓN April 2012 indicated that the object was 40 feet in New Mexico. The fact that several the sighting. On July 10, 1947, La wide and 100 feet long, and its alti- of them involved respected scien- Paz was driving in southeastern tude was 35–55 miles. Astonishingly, tists enhanced their credibility. The New Mexico, from Clovis to Clines its speed was 5–7 miles per second. observations of Moore (an engineer Corners, along with his wife and In August 1949, Clyde Tombaugh, who worked on Projects Mogul and two teenage daughters. The day was his wife, and his mother-in-law Skyhook) and astronomer Tombaugh, sunny, but turbulent clouds filled the shared a UFO sighting from Tom- described above, are two examples. sky to the west. Shortly before five baugh’s back yard in Las Cruces. Another incident described in the o’clock in the afternoon, the fam- About an hour before midnight, they Life article involved Lincoln La Paz, ily saw something strange as they were enjoying the view of a clear, who was director of the Institute of looked ahead toward the clouds. “All star-filled sky. In his official statement Meteoritics at the University of New four of us almost simultaneously be- reporting the incident, Tombaugh Mexico. came aware of a curious bright object wrote, “suddenly I spied a geometri- Dr. La Paz asked Life not to print almost motionless,” La Paz told the cal group of faint bluish-green rect- his name “for professional reasons,” Life reporter. He described the object angles of light. . . . The group moved so the article described him only as as having “a sharp and firm regular south-southeasterly, the individual “one of the U.S.’s top astronomers.” outline, namely one of a smooth el- rectangles became foreshortened, However, other sources later identi- liptical character much harder and their space of formation smaller . . . fied him as the person who reported sharper than the edges of the cloud- and the intensity duller, fading from view at about 35 degrees above the horizon. Total time of visibility was about three seconds. I was too flab- bergasted to count the number of Out of this World rectangles of light, or to note some New Mexico’s Contribution to Space Travel by Loretta Hall other features I wondered about later. There was no sound. I have done What People are Saying about this Book thousands of hours of night sky “We must rekindle the sense of adventure and the watching, but never saw a sight so strange as this.” irresistible urge for exploration beyond this planet This was one of three times Tom- that took us to the Moon and, I hope, will take us baugh saw UFOs. About 1955, he to Mars. In her entertaining, inspiring Out of this wrote to a UFO researcher named World, Loretta Hall reveals the grit, determination, Len Stringfield that “I have seen daring, and down-to-earth humanness of three objects within the past seven adventurers who brought us to the verge of making years which defied any explana- space travel available to everyone.” — Buzz Aldrin, tion of known phenomena, such as Gemini and Apollo astronaut Venus, atmospheric optics, meteors, or planes. I am a professional, highly “I knew Spaceport America was an extension of skilled observing astronomer.” Tom- baugh, like many other observers important New Mexico space history. I had heard in New Mexico, saw green fireballs the names and I knew the basic storylines: God- streaking across the sky. “I have seen dard, von Braun, Stapp and Ham. But I didn’t know, in detail, the drama, the intrigue, and the level of three green fireballs which were 175 pages 30 illustrations; 7 x 10 unusual in behavior from scores of risk and passion until I read Loretta Hall’s Out of 978-1-890689-79-7 ($19.95 pb) normal green fireballs,” he wrote this World: New Mexico’s Contributions to Space 978-1-890689-86-5 ($27.95 hb) to Stringfield. “I think that several Travel. I know it’s a cliché, but here goes: I couldn’t reputable scientists are being unsci- put this book down. I was absolutely riveted by the very human stories. Most entific in refusing to entertain the importantly, this book truly establishes New Mexico’s vital role in the history of possibility of extraterrestrial origin space travel. It makes me very proud to be a New Mexican and honored to help and nature.” Rick National media attention on UFO carry on the state’s leading role through our work at Spaceport America.” — sightings reached a peak in early Homans, Founding Chairman, New Mexico Spaceport Authority 1952, when Time and Life magazines ran feature stories. “Have We Visitors 2011 Best New Mexico Book, from Space?”, the Life article, de- New Mexico Book Awards scribed ten incidents of credible UFO Rio Grande Books observations. Fully half of them were 925 Salamanca NW, Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com TRADICIÓN April 2012 103 lets. . . . [Its] wobbling motion served a half feet from the ground at that surface until 1995. That is when to set off the object as a rigid, if not time.” Next to the object were two Duke Gildenberg learned about solid body.” people wearing white coveralls. special tests that had been conducted They watched the object for more “These persons appeared normal in at White Sands around the time of than two and a half minutes as it shape—but possibly they were small Zamora’s experience. The equipment hovered, disappeared into the clouds, adults or large kids.” being tested was a Surveyor lunar quickly emerged at a much greater He lost sight of the object as he lander, an unmanned craft designed altitude, moved slowly across the drove closer through the uneven ter- to land on the moon. In addition to sky, and finally disappeared into the rain. When he saw it again, the two filming the lunar surface with its clouds. Analyzing their observations, people were no longer visible. As he television camera, the craft could use La Paz concluded that the object watched, the roar began again, and a remote-controlled shovel to dig a was 160–245 feet long, 65–100 feet the aluminum-white object began to shallow trench and reveal the ap- thick, and 20–30 miles from the car. rise into the air above a column of pearance of the lunar soil beneath He estimated its horizontal speed as light blue and orange flame. What he the surface. Surveyor had three slant- 120–180 miles per hour and its verti- saw and heard so unnerved Zamora ing legs, which ended in circular cal speed as 600–900 miles per hour. that he scrambled away from the ris- pads that matched the spacing of the La Paz remained objective about ing object, bumping into his car with circular indentations left at the So- the nature of UFOs. Following reports enough force to knock his glasses off corro site. The Socorro troughs were of mysterious yellow disks in the sky his face. He ran about twenty-five consistent with Surveyor’s scooping near Washington, DC, in 1952, La feet and jumped over the top of a shovels. Surveyor had three small Paz told an Associated Press reporter hill. “I had planned to continue run- rocket engines that enabled the craft that the disks were not mirages or ning down the hill,” he wrote. But to make in-flight course adjustments distant planets. “Any suggestion that when the roar stopped, he turned and slowed its descent for a soft land- these come from the depths of space and looked at the rising object. At ing. Test firing those engines could is fantastic,” he said. “Their origin a height of 10–15 feet, it began to explain the smoldering vegetation is Earth. The question is where on travel horizontally at a fast rate. Then, Zamora’s fellow officers saw. Earth.” he wrote, “The object seemed to lift Records show a Surveyor test up slowly, and to ‘get small’ in the flight scheduled for April 24, 1964. Unavailable Information distance very fast. . . . It had no flame During the test, the lunar landing Sightings by trained, objective ob- whatsoever as it was traveling over craft was attached to the side of a servers lent credence to their reports the ground, and no smoke or noise.” small, aluminum-white helicopter. of seemingly unexplainable phe- Other officers responded to Zamo- The two-man helicopter crew wore nomena. In some cases, information ra’s call for assistance. Where the white coveralls. surfaced years later that provided object had stood, they found smol- Although the Surveyor test compelling, terrestrial explanations. dering brush and grass. The ground presents a plausible explanation The case of a UFO report by Lonnie showed three shallow, round inden- for the mysterious event, it has not Zamora, a police officer in Socorro, tations and four freshly dug, rectan- been conclusively proven to be what is a good example. A little before six gular troughs about 6 inches wide, 16 Zamora saw. Some people believe, o’clock in the evening of April 24, inches long, and 2 inches deep. instead, that the whole thing was a 1964, Zamora was chasing a speed- Investigators were unable to come prank staged by students from the ing car when he was distracted by up with a satisfactory explanation for local college. Others maintain that it a roar and a flame in the sky less what Zamora saw. In 1975, Lieuten- was, indeed, an alien spacecraft. than a mile away. Concerned that a ant Colonel Hector Quintanilla, who dynamite shack in that area might was head of Project Blue Book from PEPP Aeroshell have exploded, Zamora hurried to 1963 until 1969, described his work The most flying saucer-like object the scene. By the time he got there, on the project in the book UFOs, an sent aloft over southeastern New the roar and flame had stopped, but Air Force Dilemma. Referring to the So- Mexico in the years following the he could see a shiny object on the corro incident, he wrote, “I’ve always Socorro incident did not generate ground. had some doubt about this case, even any UFO reports. Eight of the fifteen- “It looked, at first, like a car turned though it is the best documented foot-diameter PEPP (planetary entry upside down,” he wrote in his report. case on record. In spite of the fact parachute program) aeroshells were “I saw what appeared to be two that I conducted the most thorough launched in 1966, 1967, and 1972, legs of some type from the object to investigation that was humanly some by rocket and some by high- the ground. . . . The two ‘legs’ were possible, the vehicle or stimulus that altitude balloon. at the bottom of the object, slanted scared Zamora to the point of panic Strangely, the other-worldly ve- outwards to the ground. The object has never been found.” hicle was not even an object being might have been about three and A plausible explanation did not evaluated for interplanetary travel. 104 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Rather, it was a carrier designed to test various parachute systems that might be used for a soft landing in the thin atmosphere of Mars or Ve- nus. After the rocket or balloon had reached an altitude of about 100,000 feet, the aeroshell’s twelve rockets boosted an experimental parachute system to 140,000–160,000 feet at a high speed. This simulated the speed and air resistance that an unmanned craft would experience during a landing on one of Earth’s sister planets. Then the aeroshell was jettisoned to crash to the ground, while the payload and parachute system it had carried drifted gently down to a soft landing. To take advantage of the in- strumentation at the White Sands Missile Range that could track the parachute and payload’s descent, the aeroshells were launched from The last remaining PEPP aeroshell is on display at the White Sands Missile Range museum. the Roswell Industrial Air Center (formerly the Roswell Army Air Field). “In appearance the Viking and tics were intriguing, but to Western of strange sightings were reported Voyager probes could be mistaken ranchers they were bottom line is- in the Dulce area. Gabe Valdez, a for a flying saucer,” Duke Gildenberg sues. The Gomez family, who raised New Mexico state police officer who said in his interview published in The cattle near Dulce, New Mexico, was reported that he saw landing tracks Roswell Report: Case Closed. “They were particularly vocal and, perhaps, par- near the dead animals, said he saw both unclassified highly publicized ticularly hard hit. During the second unidentified objects in the sky every projects and I do not recall getting half of the decade, they lost at least other night. “FBI Joins Investigation any UFO reports for these flights.” seventeen cattle to the phenomenon, of Animal Mutilations Linked to and the financial consequences UFOs,” screamed a National Enquirer Alien Cowboys drove them out of business. headline in mid-1979. Ultimately, the Man first set foot on the moon in What was going on? Letters FBI investigators were stymied. They 1969, but during the 1970s an earthly poured in to federal congressmen, found no logical explanation for the (and earthy) phenomenon captured and a US Senator from New Mexico mutilated carcasses, and closed the the attention of people across the responded. Harrison Schmitt, the investigation. United States and the federal gov- last—and only scientist—astronaut to At about the time the FBI inves- ernment. Throughout the decade, walk on the moon, asked the FBI to tigation was winding down, an Ar- reports poured in from Tennessee investigate the bizarre, economically kansas sheriff responded to a ranch- to Oregon that thousands of dead harmful happenings. The agency er’s report of two mutilated calves. animals (mostly cattle, and some had no authority to investigate iso- The rancher donated a cow so the horses) were being found in puz- lated happenings on privately owned sheriff’s department could conduct zling circumstances. With little or no ranches, but fifteen of the mutilations an experiment. The cow was killed blood being spilled, their soft tissues— had occurred on Indian land in New by an overdose of tranquilizers and eyes, tongues, lips, genitalia, internal Mexico—seven on Santa Clara Pueb- its carcass was left in a field. Observ- organs—had been removed with ap- lo and eight on the Jicarilla Apache ers watched the animal all night and parently surgical precision. In New reservation near Dulce. With juris- into the next day. Eighteen hours Mexico alone, sixty-five cattle and diction confirmed, the FBI opened an after its death, flies and buzzards had six horse “mutilations” were reported investigation into those fifteen inci- eaten most of its exposed soft tissue between 1975 and early 1979. The dents, based on information collected and internal organs, leaving no pools problem seemed to be escalating— at the time of the discoveries. of blood. As the day went on, severe forty-nine of those seventy-one cases Around the country, interest in bloating ripped the animal’s skin were reported in 1978. unexplained phenomena was still apart in several places. Photographs To the general public, the statis- high. An unusually large number confirmed that the skin tears and TRADICIÓN April 2012 105 The logo at Trementina Base dwarfs the road beside it. 106 TRADICIÓN April 2012 the edges of the missing soft tissues Bennewitz’s claims were widely they were creating a time capsule,” looked the same as similar wounds rejected, but some believers perpetu- he said. on mutilated animals examined ated the story. Dulce Base became San Miguel County Sheriff Chris previously. This evidence, however, an important outpost in the gov- Najar, who took the same tour, told failed to convince those who be- ernment/alien conspiracy network. the Journal, “When they talk about lieved the mutilations were the work Reportedly, deep tunnels link it with preservation, they’re not talking fifty of aliens, Satanists, or covert govern- other underground bases in New years. They’re talking 1,000 years.” ment operatives. Mexico (including Sunspot, Carls- Media interest in the facility was bad, and Los Alamos) and beyond— aroused, not by these extreme pres- Dulce Doings Colorado Springs and even Nevada’s ervation methods, but by a large logo Not only was Dulce at the epi- notorious Area 51. marked in the ground near the vault. center of the FBI investigation, but The story had become so deeply The logo is that of the Church of local residents often reported UFO entrenched that UFO researcher Spiritual Technology, but the reason sightings that coincided with discov- Norio Hayakawa organized the for its enormous size is unclear. eries of mutilated animals. A May “Dulce Base: Fact or Fiction?” confer- A Washington Post reporter in- 1980 incident near Cimarron, New ence in March 2009. The conference, terviewed people who had once Mexico, 175 miles to the east, would which was held in Dulce, attracted belonged to the secretive Church of soon bring greater notoriety to Dulce. more than 100 attendees from as far Scientology for a November 2005 Myrna Hansen was driving with away as Pennsylvania and Hawaii. article about the large logo. “Former her young son when they saw two Speakers included local and state po- Scientologists familiar with Hub- strange aircraft. UFO investigator lice officers, several UFO researchers, bard’s teachings on reincarnation say Paul Bennewitz, who operated an Al- and a member of the Gomez family the symbol marks a ‘return point’ buquerque company that produced who had lost their ranch because so loyal staff members know where high-altitude testing equipment for of cattle mutilations. The speakers they can find the founder’s works the Air Force, interviewed Hansen. presented a range of opinions. Some when they travel here in the future Then he arranged for a fellow UFO espoused the alien connection, but from other places in the universe,” investigator, who was a psycholo- others claimed a secret base was be- the reporter concluded. gist, to hypnotize her and recover her ing operated by the government with Michael Pattinson, a former Sci- memories of the experience. During no alien involvement. Still others entologist, appeared on the CNN the next three months, she described believed the happenings have been program 360° in December 2005. He a harrowing adventure. She recalled created by the government to divert told the host, Anderson Cooper, that seeing the UFOs carrying cattle attention from covert activities taking the circles mark the location for rein- away. Then she and her son were place in the surrounding area. carnated Scientologists coming from discovered and whisked away as With no definitive proof, the de- outer space. “I think they’re not de- well. Alien creatures took them to an bate continues. signed to be seen by human beings, underground compound, where she but by alien beings,” Pattinson said. saw cattle being mutilated. The aliens Trementina Base subjected Hansen to a physical ex- There may or may not be an New Mexico and Extrater- amination, and implanted small, me- underground facility near Dulce, but restrial Phenomena tallic objects in her and in her son. there certainly is one near Tremen- Along with its lengthy involve- During his investigation of the tina, 45 miles east of Las Vegas, New ment with space-related research, abduction story, Bennewitz began to Mexico. A highly secure vault, built New Mexico seems to have an receive strange messages and visual by the Church of Spiritual Technolo- unusually high level of perceived images on his computer. He believed gy, houses archives of the writings of UFO activity. Peter White, a folk- they were transmitted to him from Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard. lore expert at the University of New the underground alien base. He Preserving the writings of promi- Mexico, suggested an explanation learned the geographical coordinates nent people is not unusual, but the to an Albuquerque Journal reporter in of the base’s location, which placed Scientologists have gone beyond 1999. He said, “I think that if belief in it underneath Archuleta Mesa, near normal measures. After touring the UFOs and aliens is a search for spiri- Dulce. While visiting the area, he facility in 2005, Las Vegas (New tual meaning and significance, or saw large UFOs, even photograph- Mexico) Police Chief Tim Gallegos spiritual reality, it’s very typical and ing one as it entered the mesa. He told the Albuquerque Journal that Hub- it’s very natural and logical that that said his investigation showed that the bard’s books were reproduced in five would happen in New Mexico, be- underground base was a scientific different formats including engraved cause the history of New Mexico has research laboratory jointly operated titanium or stainless steel plates and been this search for spiritual values.” by the US military and extraterres- special paper pressure-sealed in tita- trial aliens. nium boxes. “It appeared to me that TRADICIÓN April 2012 107 Becoming a Part of My History Through Images & Stories of My Ancestors by Andrés Armijo 1 68 pages 137 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 11 ISBN 978-1-890689-75-9 ($29.95) (Trade paper)

A perfect model for anyone interested in knowing about themselves and their world through research into genealogy and photographic collections, this book is a personal journey into the Becoming author’s past, but it is also a fascinating account of family life in New Mexico, neighborhoods in Albuquerque, the rites and rituals of Hispanos, how a family through the ages pictured itself, a Part of My History and how all this information and reflection enlightens the author. “Everything is Illuminated,” while it educates and entertains the reader. This is an original and creative approach to personal and local history. This is a new take on the story of photography and genealogy as it focuses on the importance of the family. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Beginning his career as a Spanish instructor at the University THROUGH IMAGES & STORIES of New Mexico, Armijo has been on the UNM staff for the OF MY ANCESTORS past fifteen years, working in academic programs. He has degrees in Spanish and Southwest Hispanic Studies. COMMENTS ON THE BOOK: Armijo’s book is a new take on the story of photography Andrés Armijo in Nuevo México, the importance of familia. His critical exploration takes us beyond the snapshot to more fully understand it. The family album, and the shoeboxes of pictures, become a place where deep and compelling meanings can be found and recovered. Photographs that have been generally forgotten provide a unique window into the past. Armijo’s book leads us into those images and helps us find new ways to examine the deeper meaning of New Mexico’s rich visual history.—Miguel Gandert, Photographer and Professor of Communication and Journalism, University of New Mexico

One of the great truths in life is that to know what we’ve come from lets us know ourselves better and helps us determine where we’re going. It is such a search that Andrés Armijo describes in Becoming a Part of My History: Through Images and Stories of My Ancestors. It is replete with charming anecdotes that remind us of our own family stories. It is enriched with photographs of several generations of family, a photographic genealogy rare in studies of one’s ancestors. It can be enjoyed by anyone interested in their own and other families’ histories. A gem of a book.—Nash Candelaria, novelist, short story writer 2011 Best First Book, BOOK REVIEW: New Mexico Book Awards The text and photos in this book would be wonderful in demonstrating to students or adults how to research their family and present them in an interesting way.—ReadingNewMexico.com FREE SHIPPING Rio Grande Books on orders 925 Salamanca NW received by Los Ranchos, NM 87107 6/1/12 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com 108 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Fray Angélico Chávez A Bibliography of Published Works (1925-2010) & A Chronology of His Life (1910-1996) by Phyllis S. Morgan 149 pages 6 illustrations; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-15-5 ($16.95) (Trade paper)

ew Mexico’s first native-born Franciscan priest, Fray Angélico Chávez (1910-1996) was known as a prolific poet and historian, a literary and artistic figure, and an intellectual who played a vital Nrole in Santa Fe’s community of writers. Chávez is considered to be the most prolific U.S. Hispanic writer of the twentieth century. His knowledge of many aspects of New Mexico’s history, the history of the Catholic Church in New Mexico, and related archival documents was unsurpassed. This is a bio-bibliography of his published works and works about him from 1925 to 2010 and a chronology of his life. This work is written, edited, and compiled by award-winning author Phyllis S. Morgan of Albuquerque.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Retired from a 40-year career as a reference and research librarian, educator, and information specialist, Phyllis S. Morgan is now an independent researcher and writer. She is the author of the award-winning bio- bibliographies Marc Simmons of New Mexico: Maverick Historian and A Sense of Place: Rudolfo A. Anaya (co-authored with Cesar A. González-T.). Morgan is also the author of an earlier bibliography (1980) of Fray Angélico’s works.

Order Name ______Fray angélico chávez: a BiBliography please eNClose CheCk or provide address ______Credit Card (visa or masterCard) iNfo below:

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Rio Grande Books FREE SHIPPING 925 Salamanca NW on orders Los Ranchos, NM 87107 received by 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com 6/1/12

TRADICIÓN April 2012 109 Retablos & Relief Carvings

Sylvia Martínez Rosina López de Short Johnson

New Mexico Folkart Originals

Special Orders Welcomed 1381 Bluebonnet Trl., Del Rio, TX 78840-6008 (830) 768-1734 [email protected]

GABYGLASSExquisite Custom Handmade Art Glass Designs & Creations That Warm Your Heart

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Glass Designer & Artist Scarlett’s Gallery Gabriela Bartning Aguirre 225 Canyon Road Santa Fe, NM 87501 505.983-7092 [email protected] or 602.462-9419 www.gabyglass.com 110 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Apache Basketmaking Claude Stephenson Ph.D; New Mexico State Folklorist The Apache people of the American Southwest were once famous for their exquisite baskets originally constructed for household or ceremonial use. Before the tourism boom in the 1930s, Apaches made baskets for their own needs and uses. As a highly mobile society, they required baskets that were suited to travel and camp life. There were primarily three types of baskets that fit their lifestyle. The first was a shallow coilware bowl or platter, sometimes called a winnowing basket, that was used for food preparation and serving. The shallow winnowing basket was (and still is) also used for many ceremonial purposes. The second was the twined burden basket used to carry personal possessions and household items or for gathering food. The third was a twineware water jug typically use a five-rod base. Mescalero supportive of the craft, offering classes or canteen lined with piñon pitch for employ a vertically stacked threerod since the 1960s, and there are many who waterproofing. bundle of two sumac rods and bundled practice basketmaking. One noted crafts- With the advent of the tourist trade, grasses or yucca fibers. These differences person is Lydia Pesata, awarded the New several Apache groups began construct- allow for easy identification of finished Mexico Governor’s Award for Excellence ing large ollas or basket versions of the baskets by these groups. in the Arts in 1993, who continues to large Pueblo jars used for water and Traditional Mescalero coilware bas- teach basketmaking on the reservation. seed storage. These continue to be made kets are also identifiable by their woven Coilware bowls are the most common by the Western Apache and, although patterns.The most obvious and distinc- items woven at Jicarilla although some sometimes constructed in New Mexico, tive Mescalero trademark is a base de- burden baskets are made as well. are not common here. Western Apache sign metaphor incorporating the number Very few Apache basketmakers con- bands in Arizona were the most prolific four.Whereas a Western or Jicarilla tinue to make pitch resin canteens and makers during this tourism boom, but Apache basket may have a star with five water jugs. Barbara Mauldin identifies the Mescalero were also well known for or six points in the design, the Mescalero one Jicarilla maker in her 1984 book. I their finely crafted burden baskets. star will have four points. have also heard unconfirmed reports Both the Jicarilla Apaches of north- Today, few if any, coilware baskets that there are still one or two makers ern and the Mescalero of southern New are being constructed at Mescalero. among the Western Apache. However, Mexico historically made these primary The burden basket is still found and these Western Apache jugs are not types of baskets. However, their bas- there are a few makers left, primarily in constructed today to carry water but kets are markedly different from each the Kaydahzinne family. The Apache rather to ferment a traditional Apache other and from the Western Apaches, in burden basket is a twilled basket that is corn beer called tulpai or tizwin that is that purposes are the same but materi- mainly constructed of sumac and yucca still used by some groups for ceremonial als, shapes, and styles differ. Mescalero or grass fibers, although other plants purposes. baskets are similar to traditional Western may be incorporated if these are scarce. For more information on Apache Apache baskets, but often incorporate The Mescalero burden basket usually baskets and their makers, read Indian different plant materials that are more has a buckskin bottom for added support Basketmakers of the Southwest by Larry Dal- readily available in New Mexico, such and a buckskin fringe around the top on rymple, Museum of New Mexico Press, as yucca instead of willow, in their which small tin cone bells (or jingles) 2000, Santa Fe; Traditions in Transition: Con- construction. Jicarilla baskets have been are attached. The San Carlos Apaches temporary Basket Weaving of the Southwestern influenced by Plains Indian and Pueblo claim they began the tradition of the Indians, by Barbara Mauldin, Museum patterns, techniques, and materials, but tin bells in the 1930s, but a Mescalero of New Mexico Press, 1984, Santa Fe; still retain distinctive Apache character- burden basket, from the 1880s, replete or visit the Museum of Indian Arts and istics. with buckskin and tin jingles, is part of Culture in Santa Fe. The heart of the traditional Apache the collection of the School of American basket is the sumac plant. The split twigs Research. Claude Stephensen is the Folk Arts of the sumac constitute the founda- Today, basketmaking is much more Coordinator for New Mexico Arts, a di- tion of the basket. For a coilware basket, widespread on the Jicarilla Apache vision of the New Mexico Department of the Western Apache use a three-rod reservation than at Mescalero.The Jica- Cultural Affairs. Reprinted with permis- triangular sumac base while the Jicarilla rilla tribal government has been very sion from ARTSpeak, New Mexico Arts. TRADICIÓN April 2012 111 Contemporary Hispanic Market: 25 Years by Paul Rhetts and Barbe Awalt

1 1 182 pages 280 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 8 ⁄2 ISBN 978-1-890689-98-8 ($39.95 pb)

From humble beginnings with a few artists in the Palace of the Governor’s courtyard in Santa Fe to the biggest contemporary Hispanic art show in the country, Contemporary Hispan- ic Market is celebrating its 25th Anniversary. Contemporary Hispanic Market is held on the last full weekend in July on Santa Fe’s Lincoln Avenue, just off the historic Plaza and in December at the Santa Fe Community Convention Center. Contemporary Hispanic Market is run by artists for artists. As collectors attest, they have had beautiful results. Contemporary Hispanic Market gives Hispanic artists a statewide public venue to show and sell their art. This is also a time for collectors, museum curators, or the newly curious to talk with the artist and find out more about them and their work. All kinds of art is displayed: furniture, paintings, jewelry, sculpture, mixed media, ceramics, devotional art, tinwork, drawing & pastels, photography, printmaking, fiber arts, and surprises like skateboards, tiles, glass art, Day of the Dead, recycled art, computer art, and much more. Contemporary Hispanic Market is changing quickly with customer’s desires. This is a collection of some of the artists of Contemporary Hispanic Market and their media. They want you to know who they are and the different things they are doing in the art world. They also want to celebrate what Contemporary Hispanic Market has grown into. Here is to twenty-five more colorful years!

WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING... Order Form—Free Shipping Since its inception 25 years ago, Contemporary Hispanic Mar- ket has provided a venue for the Hispano artists of New Mexico Special Offer Until 6/1/12 to present their work to a wide public demonstrating the cultural Please enclose check or provide credit card info below. richness and diversity of expression that is so abundant in this community. Through this handsome volume we can all celebrate the ______Paperback $39.95@ (Add $3.20 tax if shipped to NM) accomplishment of its founders and recognize the immensity of talent that exists in our state. We offer kudos to the Market, the gen- Name______erations of artists and the editors of this book for enriching us with their efforts.—Stuart A. Ashman, former Director of the New Mexi- Address______co Museum of Art, the Museum of Spanish Colonial Art, and Cabinet Secretary for the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs City______Contemporary Hispanic Market in Santa Fe is a terrific oppor- State/Zip______tunity every year to get to meet new voices with new visions, as well as check in with numerous acknowledged masters of contemporary Daytime phone______art in the Southwest. This handy book is a great visual reference to many of these artists.—Andrew Connors, Curator of Art, The Albu- Email address______querque Museum of Art and History Card No.______This is the first all-inclusive book of Hispano/a artists who par- ticipate in Santa Fe’s annual Contemporary Hispanic Market. It fills Expire Date______in a much overlooked void in the realm of contemporary Hispanic 3-digit cvs no. from back of card______artists in New Mexico. Including background and current information on each artist (sometimes down to how many pets they live Daytime phone______with), and color images, this book is a delight. Veteran collectors and newcomers alike will enjoy the insightful, reader-friendly for- VISA, Mastercard, or American Express mat.—Nicolasa Chávez, Curator of Contemporary Hispanic Art, Museum of International Folk Art Finalist, 2011 New Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 Mexico Book Awards 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

112 TRADICIÓN April 2012 One Nation One Year a navajo photographer’s 365-day journey into a world of discovery, life and hope Hispaniae Photographs by Don James with text by Karyth Becenti folk art of the americas 128 pages 213 illustrations; 14 x 10 ISBN 978-1-890689-99-5 ($24.99) (Trade paper) 2010 Best New Mexico Book, New Mexico Book Awards “One Nation, One Year” is a photographic journey that tran- scends borders, languages, distance, time, and cultural barriers. For one year, Navajo photographer Don James drove from one side of the Navajo Nation to the other documenting arts, traditions, sports, and people. He travelled by dirt road, horseback, on foot—even as a hitchhiker— for more than 10,000 miles and took over 105,000 photographs. The Navajo Nation and its people have been extensively photographed over the last century, but never from the eye of one of its own. Because he’s native, and knows the land and people, James embarks on a journey to show the world a different view of his culture, through his eyes and his Nikon lens. His understanding of the Navajo gives us a glimpse at a people previously off-limits to outsiders. Edited by Navajo writer Karyth Becenti, the narrative that accompanies the images are succinct and enlightening, offering the viewer the chance to at once see the Navajo people and feel a small piece of their lives. Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW santos, ceramics, textiles, books, and much more Los Ranchos, NM 87107 in Old Town, Albuquerque at 4110 Romero St. NW 505-344-9382 [email protected] (505) 244-1533 www.nmsantos.com

TRADICIÓN April 2012 113 114 TRADICIÓN April 2012 Journey of Hope • 36" by 48" 719.543-1514 www.janoliver.com TRADICIÓN April 2012originals • commissions • giclee 115

deColores Galleria 112 Rio Grande Blvd., Albuquerque, NM 87104 (505) 246-9257 PRESENTS The Masters “Old Town Treasure” — Dallas Morning News

Roberto Gonzales Charlie Carrillo

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New Mexican Tin Cedar Carvings Other artists include: Ted Roybal, David McCoy, Robert Gonzales, Steve Lucero, William Cabrara, Jerry Montoya, and youth artists Adriana & Liberty Gonzales P.O. Box 7453, Albuquerque, NM 87194 y www.decolorsgalleria.com